Unit weight of suitable rock for Gabions and/or Reno mattresses Type of Rock gstone (lbs/ft3) gstone (kN/m3)

Basalt 185 29 Granite 165 26 Hard Limestone 165 26 Trachytes 159 25 Sandstone 146 23 Soft Limestone 140 22 Tuff 108 17

The unit weight of a Gabion or Reno mattress is : ggabion = gstone (1 - n) The index of voids in a gabion structure (n = 0.25 to 0.40) depends on : Angularity of the rock river shingles (low "n") / quarry rock (high "n") Type of filling by hand (low "n") / mechanical (high "n") Type of grading uniform (low "n") / non uniform (high "n")

Typical properties of Soils Group Symbol GW GP GM GC SW SP SM SC ML CL OL MH CH OH PI (%) ------------<4 >7 4-7 4-7 0-20 0-60 0-60 0-60 Friction (degrees) 38-55 37-50 34-45 31-40 35-38 35-38 32-35 30-33 27-32 23-27 --20-25 17-20 --Cohesion (lbs/ft2) ------------200-300 400-450 150-200 250-300 --400-450 250-300 --Bearing Capacity (CBR) 40-80 30-60 20-60 20-40 20-40 10-40 10-40 05-20 <15 <15 <5 <10 <15 <5 Permeability (cm/sec) 0.025 0.05 1 x 10-6 1 x 10-7 0.001 0.001 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-7 1 x 10-6 1 x 10-8 --1 x 10-7 1 x 10-9 ---

Description Well graded gravels, no fines Poorly graded gravels, no fines Silty gravels Clayey gravels Well graded sands, no fines Poorly graded sands, no fines Silty sands Clayey sands Silty fine sands; clayey silts Inorganic silts of low plasticity; silty clays Organic silty clays and silts Inorganic silts Inorganic clays of high plasticity Organic clays of medium to high plasticity

MACMAT UNREINF. AND REINFORCED - ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR DESIGN USE (VEGETATED AND UNVEGETATED)
Material safety factors were considered for each product and condition in relation to the different failure propagations observed

18.00 Mac Mat 16.00 MacMat-R 14.00 Mac Mat vegetated 12.00 Macmat-R vegetated

Allowable shear stress (psf)

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00 0 10 20 30 Duration (hrs) 40 50 60

ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESSES

Average Stone size diameter d50 (inch) (inch) Gabions (18 inch) Reno Mattress (6 inch) Reno Mattress (9 inch) Reno Mattress (12 inch) Mastic grouted R.M. (9 inch) Macmat-R (TRM) 4.0 - 10 2.8 - 5.0 2.8 - 5.9 2.8 - 8.0 2.8 - 5.9 7.50 3.90 4.70 5.40 4.70 END OF INSTALLATION Allowable tractive Roughness n force tl (psf) (Manning) 0.0301 7.14 0.0277 4.26 0.0277 4.88 0.0277 5.64 0.0158 6.77 0.0303 0.74-3.34 (a) VEGETATION COMPLETELY GROWN Allowable tractive Roughness n force tl (psf) (Manning) 0.07-0.4 (d) 8.35 0.07-0.4 (d) 8.35 0.07-0.4 (d) 8.35 0.07-0.4 (d) 8.35 0.07-0.4 (d) 8.35 0.07-0.4 (d) 6.26

(a): It is a function of the flood duration (b): The coefficient shall be computed on the basis of the real typology of the work, taking into account shape and dimensions of the stones using equation (12). (c): The actual resistant shear stress depends on the stone dimensions and may be computed using the equation (24) (d): It depends on the vegetation growth (e): The actual resistant shear stress depends on the stone dimensions and may be computed using the equation

ALLOWABLE WATER VELOCITIES Type Reno mattress Reno mattress Reno mattress Reno mattress Reno mattress Reno mattress Gabions Gabions Thickness (in) 6 6 9 9 12 12 18 18 Filling stones (in) Stone size 2.8 - 3.9 2.8 - 5.0 2.8 - 3.9 2.8 - 5.9 2.8 - 4.7 3.9 - 5.9 3.9 - 8.0 4.7 - 9.8 d50 3.4 4.3 3.4 4.7 3.9 4.9 5.9 7.5 Critical velocity (fps) 11.5 13.8 11.8 14.8 13.8 16.4 19.0 21.0 Limit velocity (fps) 13.8 14.8 18.0 20.0 18.0 21.0 25.0 26.2

B.E. TECHNIQUES
END OF INSTALLATION Roughness n Allowable tractive (Manning) force tc (psf) Fine sand (< 0.2 mm) Gravel (< 2 cm) Sand and gravel Cobbles and shingles Grass mats Cutting - Shrubs Brush mattress with willow Riparian wattle fences Willow protection Vegetated rock wall 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.04-0.07 (b) 0.041 0.313 0.626 1.044 0.208 0.208 1.044 0.208 0.417 (c) VEGETATION COMPLETELY GROWN Roughness n Allowable tractive (Manning) force tc (psf) 0.02 (d) > 0.2 (d) 0.02 (d) > 1.5 (d) 0.03 (d) > 3 (d) 0.035 (d) > 5 (d) 0.05 (d) 3 0.07-0.4 (d) 6 0.07-0.4 (d) 30 0.07-0.4 (d) 5 0.07-0.4 (d) 10 0.07-0.4 (d) 35 (e)

(a): It is a function of the flood duration (b): The coefficient shall be computed on the basis of the real typology of the work, taking into account shape and dimensions of the stones using equation (12). (c): The actual resistant shear stress depends on the stone dimensions and may be computed using the equation tc = C* (gs - gw) dm (d): It depends on the vegetation growth (e): The actual resistant shear stress depends on the stone dimensions and may be computed using the equation

ROUGHNESS VALUES FOR NATURAL STREAMS

Minimum n MINOR STREAMS (top width at flood stage < 30m) Streams on plain 1. Clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 2. Same as above, but more stones and weeds 3. Clean, winding, some pools and shoals 4. Same as above, but some weeds and stones 5. Same as above, lower stages, more ineffective slopes and sections Normal n Maximum n

0.025 0.03 0.033 0.035

0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045

0.033 0.04 0.045 0.05

0.04 0.048 0.055 0.045 0.05 0.06 6. Same as 4, but more stones 0.05 0.07 0.08 7. Sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 8. Very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways with heavy stand of timber and underbrush 0.075 0.1 0.15 Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks usually steep, trees and brush along banks submerged at high stages 0.03 0.04 0.05 9. Bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.04 0.05 0.07 10. Bottom: cobbles with large boulders FLOOD PLAINS Pasture, no brush 11. Short grass 12. High grass Cultivated areas 13. No crop 14. Mature row crops 15. Mature field crops Brush 16. Scattered brush, heavy weeds 17. Light brush and trees, in winter 18. Light brush and trees, in summer 19. Medium to dense brush, in winter 20. Medium to dense brush, in summer Trees 21. Dense willows, summer, straight 22. Cleared land with tree stumps, no sprouts 23. Same as above, but with heavy growth of sprouts 24. Heavy stand of timber, a few down trees, little undergrowth, flood stage below branches 25. Same as above, but with flood stage reaching branches

0.025 0.03 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1

0.03 0.035 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.1 0.15 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.12

0.035 0.05 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.16 0.2 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.16

MAJOR STREAMS (top width at flood stage >30 m) The n value is less than that for minor streams of similar description, because banks offer less effective resistance. 0.025 ...... 0.06 26. Regular section with no boulders or brush 0.035 ...... 0.1 27. Irregular and rough section

ROUGHNESS VALUES FOR NATURAL STREAMS (US units)

The roughnesses are obtained from the original values shown in Open Channel Hydraulics (Ven Te Chow, 1959), divided by the conversion factor SI-US equal to 1.486

Minimum n

Normal n

Maximum n

MINOR STREAMS (top width at flood stage < 30m) Streams on plain 1. Clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 2. Same as above, but more stones and weeds 3. Clean, winding, some pools and shoals 4. Same as above, but some weeds and stones 5. Same as above, lower stages, more ineffective slopes and sections

0.017 0.02 0.022 0.024

0.02 0.024 0.027 0.03

0.022 0.027 0.03 0.034

0.027 0.032 0.037 0.03 0.034 0.04 6. Same as 4, but more stones 0.034 0.047 0.054 7. Sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 8. Very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways with heavy stand of timber and underbrush 0.05 0.067 0.101 Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks usually steep, trees and brush along banks submerged at high stages 0.02 0.027 0.034 9. Bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.027 0.034 0.047 10. Bottom: cobbles with large boulders FLOOD PLAINS Pasture, no brush 11. Short grass 12. High grass Cultivated areas 13. No crop 14. Mature row crops 15. Mature field crops Brush 16. Scattered brush, heavy weeds 17. Light brush and trees, in winter 18. Light brush and trees, in summer 19. Medium to dense brush, in winter 20. Medium to dense brush, in summer Trees 21. Dense willows, summer, straight 22. Cleared land with tree stumps, no sprouts 23. Same as above, but with heavy growth of sprouts 24. Heavy stand of timber, a few down trees, little undergrowth, flood stage below branches 25. Same as above, but with flood stage reaching branches

0.017 0.02 0.013 0.017 0.02 0.024 0.024 0.027 0.03 0.047 0.074 0.02 0.034 0.054 0.067

0.02 0.024 0.02 0.024 0.027 0.034 0.034 0.04 0.047 0.067 0.101 0.027 0.04 0.067 0.081

0.024 0.034 0.027 0.03 0.034 0.047 0.04 0.054 0.074 0.108 0.135 0.034 0.054 0.081 0.108

MAJOR STREAMS (top width at flood stage >30 m) The n value is less than that for minor streams of similar description, because banks offer less effective resistance. 0.017 ...... 0.04 26. Regular section with no boulders or brush 0.024 ...... 0.067 27. Irregular and rough section

MACCAFERRI PRODUCTS AND SOLUTIONS

Soil Conservation

Road Works

Emergency Works

Hydraulic Works

Landfills

GABIONS (wire mesh baskets filled with rock) GABIONMAT (wire mesh baskets in roll form) SACK GABIONS (wire mesh baskets in cylindrical form) RENO MATTRESS (wire mesh basket in flat form) GREEN TERRAMESH (PVC wire mesh soil reinforcement) TERRAMESH SYSTEM (PVC wire mesh soil reinforcement) ROCKFALL NETTING (wire mesh rolls) FLEXMAC (wire mesh cells for soil confinement) MACTEX (non-woven and woven filter fabric) ROADMESH (wire mesh for asphalt paving reinf.) MACMAT-R (Turf Reinforcement Matting) BIOMAC (Erosion Control Blankets - straw/coconut fibers) WATERLOGS (coir logs) PARAGRID (uniaxial polyester geogrids for soil reinforcement) PARALINK (uniaxial polyester geogrids for soil reinforcement) TERRAMGRID (bi-axial polyester geogrids for soil reinforcement) SARMAC (mattresses for underwater pipeline prot.) SPENAX (fastening tool)

primary use secondary use

Erosion Control