HVAC

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

CONTENTS
TECHNICAL REPORT
01 HVAC solutions for sports and cultural facilities 05 How to select indoor HVAC systems in basic architectural design 11 LG Whisen System Air Purifying, Anti-Biotic Solution 17 LG BMS (Building Management System) Solution

NEW TECHOLOGY
23 Computational Fluid Dynamics from A to Z

SPECIAL ISSUE
25 Aesthetic sense of exposed- ceilings

VIEW FINDER
29 Select a product on the basis of space properties and design focus 35 LG Control System

CASE STUDY
39 Hi-Farm in Hampyeong, a gardening facility that uses a HVAC system 43 Multi V Super & Multi V Geo 47 Chungmu Gymnasium in Daejeon 51 Proposal of Total Solution for LG Electronics 55 Indoor space airflow and noise simulation using CFD 59 Gyeongpo landmark, Rakai Sandfine Resort

Global Field
63 Chiles largest building equips LGEs air conditioning system 67 LG Electronics brings a gentle breeze to India with its Multi V system 71 LG Electronics System Air Conditioner to complete the HVAC culture of the Middle East 75 Sinolink Mangrove West Coast Project 77 2013 KAZAN Universiade Village Project

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TECHNICAL REPORT
Solution

General considerations in HVAC design for sports or cultural facilities

The main purpose of HVAC is to provide a comfortable and relaxing environment for people by adjusting the temperature and humidity. For sports or cultural facilities, the Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) may indicate a low value since these facilities have wide open spaces and high ceilings. Another aspect that makes these facilities, including sub-facilities, different from other common office spaces, is that they are maintained under different operating schedules. Therefore the HVAC design for these facilities should reflect the following aspects.

Considerations in HVAC system design

1 General design standards
efficiency and design standards, by identifying the purpose of the project. Since any sports or cultural facility may not be run year-round, calculate the service time and the number of occupants on a weekly basis

Determine the proper type of HVAC system in terms of energy

The design team must collect as much data as possible to

predict the service time and optimal capacity, and to ensure economical operation. capacity.

Dehumidification amount is essential in determining the system It is also necessary to consider the need for additional systems
based on the characteristics of intermittent cooling loads.

2 Lighting load
The design should identify the level of lighting in order to
determine a proper Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) as well as consider economic aspects. lighting) can reduce the lighting load while the system is in operation. become a critical factor for certain spaces.

A dimming system (a system for adjusting the intensity of

Altough it is not a major load, the lighting load can sometimes

3 Indoor air conditioners

For facilities reserved for religious assemblies which may
require formal dress, concert halls, or musical theaters, it is important to maintain the indoor temperature at a moderate level. stadiums, these places must maintain a slightly higher-thanusual temperature during the summer, and during the winter, a slightly lower. involving a lot of human traffic, the indoor temperature should be maintained at a lower-than-usual level for both the summer and winter seasons.

Whereas most people will dress casually in movie theaters or

The best choice for saving energy, convenient maintenance, and safety

For convention and exhibition centers, or other similar places

HVAC solutions for sports and cultural facilities

With the rise of income levels and living standards, peoples interest in sports and cultural activities are growing. Accordingly, a pleasurable environment for facilities is standing out as an important element. Sports and cultural facilities are highly populated spaces, therefore they necessitate fresh air and adequate temperature. In this document, we will discuss the importance of HVAC systems for cultural facilities and the characteristics of HVAC system design.
By Lee Soowoong (Advisor of CAC Engineering Team, LG Electronics) | Pictures by Kim Yeongji
Profile

For any place with a high concentration of people or with a SHF

of 75% or lower, the application of a dry-bulb temperature is required to reduce the latent heat in the human body as well as the need for reheating. For a location within a cold climate zone, it is possible to effectively increase the heat load through humidification.. concentrating and get easily tired.

Advisor, Lee Soowoong

If the density of the CO2 is high, people may have difficulties There are two types of ventilation methods for the removal of
CO2 and other hazardous gas; adjusting the ventilation amount to the legal standard, and applying ventilation through continuous monitoring

This equipment design specialist worked at Cosentini in U.S., a world renowned design firm, and served as the vice president for 27 years beginning in January 1984. In January 2010, he started his new career in the CAC division of LG Electronics, and currently he is serving as a technical advisor.

Solution

Characteristics of HVAC systems for sports facilities

Solution

Sports facilities usually have high ceilings and wide spaces subject to HVAC needs. In addition, they may attract large numbers of people, so there are many aspects to consider during the system design and selection. One aspect to pay attention to in the design of an HVAC system is related to the solar loadskin load and ventilation load. Since sports facilities rarely have glass on their outer walls like other ordinary buildings, the ventilation load is more effected than the solar load skin load. In addition, contrary to other office or residential buildings, sports facilities may operate different service hours, which may, in return, lead to different influences of loads. For instance, office buildings may involve higher solar loads since they are used during the daytime, usually from 9 am to 7 pm. Whereas, sports facilities will produce less solar load since their service hours are not uniform and they may be open mostly during night hours. Furthermore, even the same sports facility may have different loads for each different sport event or depending on the frequency of use. To take the example of a boxing match area, HVAC systems must be concentrated on its perimeter since the audience seats may occupy much more space and will be densely populated. When the match starts, all the lighting except the arena will be turned off, so the lighting load will be at a moderate level. Additionally, if a sports facility is rented out as a concert or music venue, it will have to accommodate a considerable amount of heat load from a large surging crowd in just two to three hours. Like this, it is very important to first identify the characteristics and use of the building before working on the design, since the load characteristics may sometimes have a completely different status depending on the use of the building.

Precautions in design of HVAC systems for sports facilities

In many sports facilities, especially in the swimming pool areas, they are susceptible to latent heat produced from the evaporation of the water, which may have a great impact on the load. Therefore, for this type of facility, it is important to remove the moisture and to maintain the relative humidity at a 40~60% level. In particular, if the area belongs to a cold region or cold climate, the outer wall will easily become cold and produce dew on the surface, which may sometimes result in corrosion. Sometimes, it is necessary to determine the target relative humidity by considering the materials and the structure of the entire outer wall, in case a structural problem arises from corrosion. In instances where dew is generated on the outer wall despite good insulation and humidity control, it is important to produce a warmed-up air flow onto the wall to maintain the ambient temperature above the dew point. It might be also necessary to use aluminum or water-proof paints as materials for the HVAC ducts to prevent dew condensation. Duct design also needs attention. Given that the center of the swimming pool may also require ventilation, but air must be supplied to the pool as well as certain spots such as the diving board to allow the swimmers to stay comfortable, the distribution of ducts may require some careful attention. Large domes are sometimes equipped with only louvers without a ventilation system, to achieve natural ventilation. Such cases, however, also needs heating systems. As mentioned above, this is because any moisture infiltrating into structures can cause a dangerous crack. For major stadiums whose roofs are open, it is imperative to apply ventilation to the stands except the tracks in the center. It is also necessary to keep air balance to prevent the smells from restrooms, restaurants, or other ancillary facilities from moving to the stands.

Some theaters may present a seamless 2-hour-long performance, and some may attract a large number of people at a point where the load of outdoor air is at its highest throughout the week. Thus, the design effort must take different possible situations into account, based on the designers judgment or the project owners demand.
Most sports facilities have high ceilings and may not need HVAC, overall. It is necessary to use HVAC systems for only lower floor sections involving peoples access, while for upper sections, its important to distribute the air flow evenly by using auxiliary devices that can raise jet streams. The intake ducts should be placed under the chairs to allow the air to flow down, which may guarantee ventilation to reach all areas
For cultural facilities such as performance venues, care must be taken to make sure acoustic systems are not affected.

Solution

Characteristics of cultural facilities and design precautions

Characteristics of the HVAC system may vary depending on the nature of cultural facilities. Some theaters may present a seamless 2-hour-long performance, and some may gather a large number of people to the point where the load of outdoor air is at its highest throughout the week. Thus, the design effort must take different possible situations into account, based on the designers experiences or the project owners demand. For example, the designer can decide to adjust the system capacity to 80 90% of the maximum peak load, or set it to the maximum load if he wants to ensure safe and comfortable air conditioning, although the initial investment and the maintenance may cost more. For cultural facilities such as performance venues, it must be taken to make sure acoustic systems are not affected. Larger performance halls will have thicker outer walls and will be equipped with better insulation systems to deal with the noise issue. The performance area will be cooled before the performance starts, and the heat accumulated during the performance is used for heating and cooling. In this case, it is common to plan the overall temperature to rise 1~2 by the time the performance comes to an end. In particular, many U.S. companies employ sound specialists to continue consultation on HVAC design. It might be also necessary to consider the sound control, sound absorption, and the NC level in adjusting the material of ducts, speed of air flow, and noise. It is especially important to make sure the noise from the machine room or ducts does not go through pipes and flow inside.

It is also necessary to apply anti-earthquake equipment to prevent the vibration from producing noises. To tackle the vibration issue with the machine room, usually a rubber or spring bracket is used, but sometimes a floating slab is installed if even a subtle vibration is not allowed. Also, the sky light installed on the ceiling of a cultural facility must be accompanied by a heat trace (an electric heat wire) in case of freezing in low temperatures.

Solution

Prospects of system air conditioners used for sports or cultural facilities

The direct-expansion type of HVAC system and the separate-control facilitating VRF product attracting peoples attention for convenient maintenance, reliability, and low investment costs. In particular, for a sports or cultural facility involving irregular frequency of use and hard-to-predict operation factors, they can be used with a wide range of applications with respects to energy saving. As of now, a large-capacity model as effective as centralized HVAC systems has been introduced, along with diversified heat sources including air, water or ground, to satisfy the needs of both the designer and customer. It seems the potential of technology is unlimited. As one of the experts in these relevant fields, I am looking forward to the future.

1. Since sports facilities rarely have glass on their outer wall like other ordinary buildings, the ventilation load has more effect than the solar load skin load. 2. The direct-expansion types of HVAC systems and the separate-control facilitating VRF model (an air conditioning system) are attracting customers attention due to convenient maintenance, reliability, and low investment costs.

TECHNICAL REPORT

How to select indoor HVAC systems in basic architectural design

As larger and taller buildings are introduced, and the demand of occupants for a pleasurable indoor environment increases, not only energy saving but also the health of occupants and indoor air quality issues are gaining momentum. This means the system design phase should engage more considerations. In line with this trend, this document will describe the considerations in establishing a basic architectural design of HVAC (Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning), the design procedure, criteria for selection of a proper HVAC system, methodic planning of HVAC, and HVAC system development strategies. Written by Lee Jongchan (Director of Gansam Architecture & Partners) | Summarized by Moon Eunyeong |
Pictures by Lee Jinha (Studio lamp on the moon)

HVAC systems harmonizing with the interior

(Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning) systems for buildings are closely tied to our daily lives. From beacon fire and ondol (Korean under-floor heating system) in the past, to the intelligently integrated building air conditioning systems of today, it has a long history. HVAC system types may vary depending on each regions geological and cultural backgrounds. In addition, as buildings become larger and taller with industrial growth, and as occupants demand more pleasurable indoor spaces, the effort to provide a modern and enjoyable space involving the efficient use of energy has become indispensable. The HVAC system is a mechanism which helps maintain a pleasant indoor heat environment regardless of external weather conditions or seasonal changes. However, this profitable tool has one problem: energy cost. This has brought about more designs for energy saving, as well as options between whether to focus on energy preservation or its performance. This relates the question, What are the primary considerations in system design? Nowadays, indoor air quality has become a vital concern. That is, we are faced with an irony that we have to minimize the inflow of outdoor air, and, at the same time, improve the air quality through ventilation solutions. The basic architectural design refers to a process of establishing a drawing plan and performing an intermediate design task. In this phase, the design framework is determined, as well as general conditions, elements, the relations, and the scale of the project. As an example in the HVAC aspect, the process may determine the methods of HVAC, including design conditions for each area, equipment loads, and capacities which meet the requirements of the project owner.

HVAC

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 Elements affecting the space plan for the building

The areas required for machinery equipment within a building may vary depending on the use of the building, climate conditions, and the quality of the indoor environment. The equipment space may also affect the architectural representation such as the total floor area, floor altitudes, shape and appearance of the building. In particular, as buildings become taller and larger, the machine room, HVAC room and shaft is increasingly occupying more space, and the duct and floor altitude issue regarding the piping system is acting as a more important parameter. Therefore, not only is the machinery equipment a significant element that must be considered in the initial steps of the architectural design, but the space plan for electric equipment, etc. is also very important.

by the judgment of the designer or the data input.

Loads with commercial facilities and characteristics of the air conditioning

Items
Determination of design conditions Determination of HVAC zoning

Elements
Buildings Climate Indoor air quality Building energy
Functions and conditions of rooms

Details
Size of the building, shape, functional components, budget Indoor and outdoor climate conditions Level of the indoor air quality
The use, operation hours, heating & cooling loads Temperature and humidity conditions, comfort, ventilation status of each room

Determination of HVAC type

General elements
Regarding the building

Energy cost, initial investment, LCC, equipment location, merits and demerits of each HVAC type, HVAC control method
Contamination level, operation methods

Process of HVAC design

The HVAC design process can be divided into four steps: planning, scheming, basic design and final design. Planning. A phase where the project owner and the architect consult each other to identify design conditions such as the location of the building, the use and budget. This phase may also determine the design approaches and will collect the data on the grade of the HVAC system, heat source type, operation and maintenance plans. Scheming. In this phase, the basic scheme and approximate budget are determined on the basis of the data and design approaches induced in the planning phase, as well as the grade of the equipment according to the construction space, zoning, HVAC type, and energy saving solutions. Basic design. A phase where the basic scheme is specifically determined with respect to: selection of major devices based on load calculation conducted with the already determined floor plan, section map, etc.; duct and piping plan; and the entire budget and its validity. final design. In this phase, the aspects determined in the previous step are established into drawings including: specifications, bills and statements for each item of equipment. Of the four phases of HVAC equipment, the basic and working design steps will be proceeded with according to prototyped procedures and may not have any great effect on the determination of an HVAC system itself, while the planning and scheming phases may have some significant influence to the extent that the grade of the system is determined

Criteria for selection of a HVAC system

What determines the design approaches in the simplified, four-phase HVAC design process will be the planning and scheming phases. These phases can be divided again into sub-phases including: design condition determination; zoning; and HVAC type determination as follows: First of all, the sub-phase of determining design conditions, which may most significantly affect the grade and type of the HVAC system, classifies the determination factors into the building and climate conditions. In the zoning phase, which divides zones for applying each HVAC unit, the determination factors are categorized into the indoor air quality, building energy, functions and conditions of each room. The HVAC type determining phase will divide the determination factors into general elements including energy cost, initial investment, merits & demerits of each HVAC type, and HVAC control type, as well as building-related elements including contamination levels, operation methods, etc.

Systemized scheming of HVAC equipment

Considerations in drafting an architectural plan

Indoor environment and flexibility

The initial phase of the architectural planning may have determined the approximate budget, intention of the project owner, and the design-wise intention of the architect on the basis of relevant experience and the knowledge of many other system equipment technicians. If there is a certain degree of progress in the design plan, the plan will be reviewed with consideration to the internal environment and future flexibility of the building to finally determine the equipment. After this, review will be conducted on HVAC ducts, piping, air flow and flux, and the balancing, and the internal environment control mechanism will be established. The next step may involve reviews of equipment locations concerning the shaft, altitude of the ceiling, or the machine room, which are based on the floor plan and the section map. Reviews are made on the internal environment and flexibility after the determination of equipment, based on the floor plan and the section map. - Review the indoor environment and flexibility - Select a duct system; review the system and air flow balancing - Establish a control mechanism for adequate control of the indoor environment. - Determine the type, number, and supply temperature of cool and heat sources - Select a piping system for HVAC - Determine the location of equipment (in terms of the shaft, ceiling altitude, machine room, etc.)

Establishment of the design process

In order to implement a reasonable design for a HVAC system, it is required to identify, analyze and systemize the design procedure and determination factors. This task can be divided largely into three steps. The 1st step is about consolidating the initial conditions such as the size and type of the building, requirements of the project owner, intention of the designer, functions and properties of the building to determine the goal of the design, and the values of design conditions on the basis of the determined design goal. The 2nd step is about zoning the rooms in each part of the building according to the design conditions determined in the 1st step. In this step, the designer may determine the priority of the design conditions as he intended; plan the zones of the rooms, on the basis of this priority; and review the viability of the zoning plan through the buildings space plan. Lastly, in the 3rd step, the HVAC type to be associated with each zone is determined on the basis of the zoning plan for the rooms of each section of the building. This step may largely determine two aspects: the HVAC type and the specific system. For the HVAC type, it is possible to select one among the all-air, all-water, water-cooling, and refrigerant type, by considering the architectural, economic, and indoor environmental factors.

Economic efficiency

In general, the materials and finishing, and the grade of the equipment introduced for a building may vary depending on the economic capacity of the project owner. It is very difficult to determine the grade of the equipment within a certain budget in the initial phase of the project, so it is important to seek the knowledge of experts in related areas. It is also important to consider the requirements of the project owner, use, and properties of the building in selecting alternatives for equipment design. Not only the quantitative analyses on the initial investment, maintenance costs, and annual operating expenses, but qualitative aspects such as flexibility of the equipment or indoor environment must be carefully taken into consideration. - Solutions for creating the indoor environment that the architect desires. - Determine the equipment grade and analyze the economic efficiency on the basis of relevant experience - Alternatives for the building equipment: initial investment considerations, LCC (Life Cycle Cost), flexibility, internal environment, etc

Then, 2 3 HVAC systems can be specifically determined, which is deemed proper for each HVAC type selected previously. Finally, of these 2 3 systems, the one optimal HVAC system can be selected through an assessment on economic efficiency.

mini interview
Mr. Lee, what approaches do you usually seek for architectural designs? First of all, I focus on the environment, and secondly, the on the health of people. Korean people tend to think of housing as a means of investment, and this may be a somewhat a distorted culture. When we select an apartment, we first see the location and the name, or whether the apartment is convenient for living, but going forward, we may have to estimate the energy consumption per area unit. That is to say, you have to ask the question, What it is the energy consumption per area unit of this house? or How much can I save in 5 years?. In other words, just like electronics, buildings might have to be put under the energy rating system, and indicate the rating on the certified copy of the real estate register. Lets think about the amount of energy consumption by each household or the entire building. If we use the expenses saved from this energy consumption in other places, it will surely contribute a lot to the national economy. Then, what about the aesthetic aspect? It may be not a good approach to seek only the visual pleasure, spending the queens ransom on energy. Nowadays, the curtain-wall design is one trend, and with glass, you cant enjoy higher energy efficiency. Therefore, think about how many expenses will be spent on energy if you finish the entire wall of a large building with glass. When it comes to the exterior, you can make it beautiful enough with just concrete material. It all depends on the ability of the architect. Let me take the example of the LG Twin Tower in Yeouido. The exquisite distance between the two masses is almost an aesthetic perfection. The walls are not glass, but concrete. That means, energy saving.
Profile Lee Jongchan, Director of Gansam Architects &
Partners, Doctor of Architectural Engineering.

Establishment of determination factors for each phase

Establishment of determination factors for design conditions
Critical factors related to the general determining process for HVAC systems can be divided into internal and external factors. Internal factors may include the use, properties, layout and direction of the building; and external factors, climate conditions of the pertinent region and the circumstances. Therefore, it is necessary to determine and establish a database to record the initial conditions for use with the basis of the research findings of the actual conditions.

Establishment of determination factors in HVAC zoning

It is required to conduct research on the actual conditions of each of factor for a higher level of indoor air quality (the condition of the air filter, pure areas, ventilation frequency, indoor air pressure, etc.), factors of energy (service hours, HVAC characteristics of each room, etc.), factors of each rooms function and properties (e.g., indoor temperature and humidity), to establish the most effective factors for input into a database. On the basis of the established database, it is necessary to divide HVAC zones reflecting the buildings characteristics for each use and function, by considering the indoor environment of each room, heat load conditions and characteristics of the user. To this end, pre-estimation must be made on a reasonable operation method and HVAC effects, and HVAC independency must be secured with respect to proper heat load conditions of each room and characteristics of each space.

A specialist in architectural environment and protective structure planning, he is now with Gansam Architects & Partners, as the director of their Architectural Research Center. He is a member of the Special Architectural Technology Review Committee, Ministry of National Defense, chairman of Modular Sub-Committee of Architectural Institute of Korea, and executive director of Korean Institute of Architectural Sustainable Environment and Building System, and Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment. How do you think the architect should approach the design if he desires a building with higher energy efficiency?

Establishment of determination factors for HVAC type

On the basis of the determination factors above, the conditions and scopes to be considered in determining a HVAC type can be defined as follows

Considerations for conditions and scopes

Initial conditions
Outdoor-air cooling Humidity control Individual control Hygiene level Low noise level
Whether to apply heating or cooling

Scopes
Yes/No Very important/Important/A little important Important/A little important/Irrelevant Very important/Important/Not very important Important/Not very important/Irrelevant Both/Cooling only/Heating only Extra-large/Large/Medium/Small Extra-large/Large/Medium/Small Important/A little important/Irrelevant Yes/No Important/A little important/Irrelevant Important/A little important/Irrelevant

Many architects consider the equipment or architectural design as a different scope when planning a building. This is why the equipment or structural planning process is commissioned to pertinent experts, after their own design work is finished. However, I dont think the equipment and structural designs should be separated from the main design process. The main design process must include the equipment and the structural planning. This way, you can settle those issues related to the gap between the target spaces sought by the architectural design and the equipment expert, or the HVAC dead zone issue. It might be good if these different professionals consult each other in one place, but practically speaking, it may be difficult to do so. So, in my case, I chose to ask other designers I work with to work first on the mass design. In order to save energy in a building mass, you have to consider a couple of aspects; first, the direction the building is facing; second, the building envelope; and lastly, a viable zoning for effective equipment operation. Just as important as the type of HVAC system, will be to reduce the heating and cooling loads with a passive design, which is very effective for such a purpose. Why do you think people could not grasp the importance of eco-friendly construction? The price of water and electrical charges in Korea are half the level in Japan. They are too cheap. If these prices go up to the average level of OECD members, people will get serious about the issue. In which direction do you think HVAC technology must develop for eco-friendly building solutions? We must continue to always try to develop an HVAC system and to improve the performance. Korea has made remarkable progress in the HVAC sector. I personally recommended the heat pump model to the Ministry of National Defense, but I as an architect, put great emphasis on the operational efficiency. The designer and the equipment expert must go together to avoid the creation of a dead space.

Indoor environmental factors

Architectural factors Economic factors

Total floor area

Area of machine room

Expandability
Waste heat collection system Small initial investment

Low operating cost

HVACmagazine VOL.18

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TECHNICAL REPOET
Properties and Elimination of contaminant microbes

LG Whisen System Air Purifying, Anti-Biotic Solution

So far, the quality of indoor community facilities has been evaluated with heat factors such as temperature or humidity, but in the future, the air quality environmental element may act as an important indicator of pleasantness. Also, a number of studies have been conducted on high-end air purifying technologies that can effectively eliminate indoor contaminants. This document will briefly describe and introduce building contamination by microbes, the properties of contaminant microbes, and the air purifying antibiotic/sterilizing solutions applied to the LG Whisen System.
Written by Pak Hyeongho (Senior Researcher at AE (lab) Elementary Technology Group)

Recently, as the quality of indoor air has been deteriorat-

ing with living spaces more tightly sealed and enclosed, peoples interest in health is gaining momentum, and pleasant indoor environments are emerging as a new issue. So far, the indoor quality of community facilities has been evaluated with heat factors such as temperature or humidity, but with the increased spread and use of air conditioning systems, in the future, it might be required to assess the environmental elements in their entirety, including air quality. As the main culprits of indoor air contamination have been known to include cigarette smoke, dust, allergenic particles, odors, volatile organic compounds and waste gas, a number of studies are under way on high-end air purifying technologies that may effectively eliminate particulates and gaseous indoor contaminants.
Avian Flu (H9N1) SARS (P2, P5)

Outbreak of diseases by virus for each year

This is why there is increasing need for the development of an air filter that can eradicate dust and germs in the air that cause unpleasant feelings or odors. For traditional common filters, the initial performance may be outstanding, but later, the function deteriorates to the extent that the bacteria in the air attached to dust or other alien materials as their the nutrient sources which have been filtered and the bread microbes are drawn indoors, are following the air flow to cause a secondary contamination. Some companies are trying to develop filters with antibacterial filter functions, but these functions are limited to suppressing microbes activities or reproductions, and are far from actively destroying hazardous microbes. From this perspective, this document will describe and briefly introduce contamination of buildings by microbes, the properties of contaminant microbes, and the air purifying antibiotic/sterilizing solutions for bacteria eradication.

1997

2002

1918
Cold (H1N1)

1957
Cold (H1N1)

1968
Hong Kong Flu (H3N2)

1998
Avian Flu (H7N7)

2003
Avian Flu (H9N2)

Building contamination by microbes

Contamination mechanism
Microbes are found in all sectors of our life. In general, microbes are known to have bad influences on the human body, but the relation between them and buildings shows that they predominantly impact buildings more than the body. The minimum size of a microbe is 1/1000mm, and larger ones are usually classified into groups of bacilli, yeast, or fungi. Of these microbes, fungi have the greatest impact on a building. Damage by fungi is mostly found in a highly humid environment. However, fungi do not usually exist inside a building, but in the soil. In 1g of soil, fungi inhabit by 104~106, and they are active for at least 10 weeks to 10 years maximum. They spread indoors directly or indirectly by floating in the air after the soil dehydrates. The diffused fungal spores may attach themselves onto the wall; they will stay there in a spore-like state if the area has no hydration, but if the surface is humid, they may absorb the moisture, which makes the cells grow and produce new spores. At this point, these fungi expand around the attached surfaces and into spaces underneath the surface, and begin to reproduce fungal spawn.

As the amount of time spent indoors increases, more and more people are concerned about their health, particularly regarding indoor particulate matter such as bacteria, airborne microbes such as fungi and virus, and allergens including pollen, ticks and pet fur. In particular, with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) rampant across China a couple years ago, and the avian influenza widespread among Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia, the virus-sparked air contamination issue is attracting more and more attention. The types and number of germs existing in the air on a daily basis may vary depending on the level of contamination, which is typically 1000~3000CFU/m3 for the indoor of a house, and 3000~4000CFU/m3 for the indoor of an office building. Some kinds of bacteria can cause serious health problems.
Major sources of indoor air contaminants
Contaminants Dust Cigarette smoke Combustible gas Radon Formaldehyde Asbestos Microbes Organic solvents Odors

Causes
Earth dust, floor dust, dust Smoking CO, NO, SO, fuel combustion and gas ovens Concrete, earth, granite
Veneer boards, furniture, insulation materials, cigarette smoke, etc

Conditions of contaminant microbes

Most microbes found in a building are fungi, and some of them are yeasts. Cladosporium, which is usually found in the air, is one source of a buildings aging, and also of food decay. It is mesophilic and likes moisture, so can be easily found in any place with higher humidity or poor ventilation, or a place with fluctuating temperatures. Most black fungi are Cladosporium. 12

Insulation materials, asbestos tiles, heat-resistant materials

Fungi, bacteria, pollen, pets, carpets, bath tubs Paints, adhesives, sprays, etc. Decaying food smell, sweat odor, foot odor

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Aspergillus is spread wide throughout the ecosystem. It is brought indoors through the soil or air, settles on the wall or floats in dust. The major types that prefer a higher temperature level and have a dryness-resistant nature include A. versicolor, A.niger, A.fumigatus, A. flarus, and A.ochraceus. What makes Aspergillus hazardous is the allergy causing material contained in it. Penicillium is also wide spread and has a life mode similar to Aspergillus. Mesophilic settles on trees, leather, or clothing after entering indoors through the soil, air, or a plant; it is one source of food contamination. Alternaria, which is mesophilic and likes higher humidity, is as dark as charcoal and causes allergies or decay. Fungi which contaminate the bathtub or kitchen are mainly Alternaria or Cladosporium. Other types of fungi include Fusarium, Aureobasidium, Trichoderma, Eurotium, Wallemia, Paecilomyces, and Rhodotorula. The indoor spread of microbes is highly concentrated in the spring and fall, and in winter, the number sharply drops. Both indoors and outdoors, Cladosporium is found the most, followed by Alternaria and Penicillium. Dust collected cleaning mostly includes Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Wallemia, which are humidity-resistant and like a highly humid environment.

while Cladosporium, Penicillium, or Fusarium grows well in a temperature between 4~6. If the temperature is 30 or above, most fungi may die, losing their vital energy.

Humidity
Most microbes like a higher humidity and grow well in RH 90% or above. The optimal growth humidity for germs or yeast is RH 95% or above; higher-humidity favoring fungi such as Cladosporium or Fusarium, RH 94% or above; and medium-range favoring or dryness-resistant fungi like Aspergillus or Penicillium, RH 85% or above.

Material contents
The material content of the building can also affect the level of contamination. Building materials that can produce fungi include fiber-quality wood, paper, synthetic resins, concrete, leather, fungi used to be produced on those material with good quality. In particular, Cladosporium and Penicillium cause contamination to a wide range of material qualities.

Microbe eradication technologies can be divided into sterilization and disinfection. Sterilization is about eliminating the microbes in the air; disinfection, about reducing the number of living microbes. Sterilization can be applied in various ways. These include a heating method which uses the heat energy of saturated vapor, or dry gas to eradicate the microbes; a projection method which uses the gamma rays from a radioactive isotope, electron beams from an electronic accelerator, x-rays, or a high-frequency of around 2450MHz; a gas method which uses a gas such as ethylene oxide; a filtering method which uses a filter whose pore diameter is about 0.22~0.45um; and a method using a low-temp plasma ozone peroxide chlorine dioxide. Sterilization methods that can be applied to air conditioners or air cleaners can be divided into passive and active types.

Any oxygen or oxygen dissolved in water combined with inorganic fungi bodies are partially converted into active oxygen by the catalytic action of antibacterial metals (O2+, O2-, O), displaying a strong sterilizing effect just like ozone, peroxide, or chlorine. The evidence of antibacterial functions by active oxygen may be that the sterilizing process is observed in PE film with Ag+ loading zeolites mixed into it.

Antibacterial process by a titanium oxide (TiO2) photocatalyst

Inspection of UV having a wavelength greater than 400nm and some energy beyond the Band Gap, on the surface of titanium oxide may reveal the transfer of electrons on the surface to the Conduction band at the Valence band with atomic value. The valence involves the generation of electron holes, while the electrons and electron holes, are spreading and moving to the surface of the titanium oxide. The water absorbed onto the titanium oxide may sometimes react with the OH-, or the electron holes to produce OH radicals (in an active state) or the oxygen in the air reacts with the electrons to generate O22- radicals and more OH radicals to dissolve the organic substances on the surface of the titanium oxide. Or, the OH, or O2- radicals can be generated by H2O2 which is generated as an intermediate substance. OH or O2- radicals generated by photocatalysts may attach themselves to the cell, oxidize and dissolve it, showing sterilizing and deodorizing effects. It would not be appropriate to dissolve a large volume of substances at one time with a photocatalyst, but it may have a very strong effect starting in small numbers and slowly increasing microbes such as germs or virus. Common antibacterial agents tend to lose their effect after a certain lapse in time, but the photocatalyst retains its effect semi-permanently and rarely requires maintenance effort. Besides, the colon bacillus may produce a toxin called Endo-toxine, even after being sterilized, which in turn, produces heat, but the photocatalyst was proved to be able to dissolve this toxin as quickly as a sterilizing process. Principle of photo catalytic reaction
Surface Conduction band O2 Energy Source e- e- e- e- eUltravlolet ray (<380nm ) TiO2 Band Cap Energy 3.2eV
h+ h+ h+ h+ h+

Oxygen
Building contamination by microbes usually involves the existence of oxygen. Fungi cant raise their spawn without a good quality of oxygen

Passive method
Antibacterial solution using organic/inorganic agents
Organic antibacterial agents are chemical-free natural plant extracts - which display high antibacterial performance against fruit or vegetable decaying germs and are collected from bamboo or pine trees, processed, and combined into a dosage form. The agent is composed of contents with high antioxidant performance such as phytoncides or polyphenols. It is inexpensive and shows excellent antibacterial performance, but this performance may deteriorate with time. The inorganic agent is made from metal ions with a strong oxidizing nature such as silver, copper, and zinc bound into a solution. It is used as an antibacterial filter coated on the carrier through a submersion or spray method. For the mechanism of this inorganic antibacterial agent, there is no established standard theory. The agent is known to have an antibacterial effect originating in the metal substances, and a sterilizing effect coming from active oxygen. The antibacterial metal ions function in a mechanism where a small amount of metal ions (Ag+, Zn2+, Cu2+) disassociated with inorganic carriers spread to reach the cell wall, and are absorbed into protein components such as the cell membrane to destroy the structure of cells. Antibacterial metal ions absorbed into protein components such as cell walls or enzymes are combined with SH group of Cystein, an amino acid component to impede the energy metabolism of cells, converted into a sulfide. The proof of this may be the fact that there is no elution of Ag+ from Ag+ loading Zeolite in pure water, but with input of a fungal body, Ag+ is eluted and transferred to the inside of the fungal body.

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)

Most microbes grow well in a sub-acidic or sub-alkalic environment. However, fungi can grow in a wide range of environments from acidic to sub-alkalic.

Environmental standards for microbes

In Korea, the total retention of microbes must be kept at 800CFU/m2 or below, under the School Health Act, Air Quality Control Act, and the Public Health Law.

Category of contaminant microbes Microbes ( Microbe)

Germs Of microbes composed of prokaryotic cells, the microorganism group excluding the Blue-Green bacteria. Divided into micrococcus, bacillus, and spirillum. Usually 0.5~1um wide, and 0.5~5um long. An independent nutrient group, highly advanced compared to other germs. The structure is complex consisting of a nucleus membrane, Mitochondria, and ribosome existing in it. Usually, 3~30um. Usually, 150~180nm long

LGs antibacterial and disinfectant solutions

Methods of sterilizing airborne microbes
If you analyze some dust, you may find it usually contains Cladosporium, Fusarium, or Aspergillus; house dust may have predominantly dryness-favoring or dryness-resistant fungi. Therefore, antibacterial performance tests are usually conducted with black fungi (Aspergillus Niger). Germs are usually tested for colon bacillus or staphylococcus, but in Korea, also for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pheumcoccus. Fungi or other germs may be independently airborne, or attach themselves to dust; viruses usually float in the latter way. The method of cleansing floating microbes is similar to the way for general floating particles, which may usually use a high-end air filter or HEPA filter to clean the tiny organisms. A recent method to prevent germs or fungi caught and collected on the filter from spreading through the filter medium is to coat the medium with inorganic antibacterial agents such as silver or titanium, or organic agents such as catechin or chitosan.

O2Oxidation OH-

Bacteria Odor Organic matier

Fungi

H2O Deodorization Deodorization Resolve

Sterilization

Valence band

Organic matier

Cannot breed independently, but lives on host organisms.

Virus

Phto-excitation process

Chemical reaction

Mechanism of an antibacterial process using Nano Silver agent

This part is ruptured, which results in the figure on the right. Germs died out from the rupture.
Nucleus

Factors of contamination by microbes

The factors can be divided into physical and chemical types. The physical factors include temperature and humidity, and the chemical factors include the state and density of oxygen and hydrogen.
Temperature The lowest temperature where microbes can grow is
10~37. Generally, germs prefer high-temp regions (30~37); fungi or yeasts, medium-temp (20~30); and water quality microbes, low-temp regions (10~20). The optimal temperature range for the growth of fungi is 25~28,

Mechanism of generation of radicals by photo catalytic reaction

2 1 Absorption of light by TiO TiO2 + hv e-CB + h+VB

Cell wall

Cell wall

2 e-CB, h+VB diffusion 3 Hole reaction h+VB + OH- OH h+VB + H2O OH + H+ + OH + Organic Organic 14 15

Nano Silver particles

13

Comparison of properties of each antibacterial agent

Items
Material quality

Organic agents
-Antibacterial effects by organic chlorine compounds, and organic nitrogen compounds

Silver-based agent Photocatalytic agents

-Using Ag, Cu, and Zn in silicana organic reaction -Made into a chelate compound type -Sterilization by photochemical reaction

Some companies apply an electrostatic spray mixed with water particles to elevate the density of OH radicals and to prevent the generation of ozone, or develop and apply independent solutions using carbon fiber instead of needle electrodes.

Antibacterial and sterilizing process using ozone or UV lamp

This is a sterilizing method using UV rays in a wavelength range around 254nm. The method shows outstanding performance in sterilizing microbes attached to a surface, but is less effective in places involving a high velocity of wind or no light contact and tends to make nearby resin matters or rubber materials age. The ozone generator usually produces ozone by using a discharging technology. Creeping discharge method involves the installation of multiple metal electrodes such as silver on the surface of ceramic plates, and imposing AC voltages between corresponding electrodes installed inside the ceramic plates, which may raise spark discharges around the strip patterns on the ceramic plates. Using ceramics with good heat conductive performance may help the plasmas generated by creeping discharge be effectively cooled, which is effective for the generation of ozone in a low temperature. Inserting insulation materials such as glass between parallel electrodes at a 1~3mm distance, and exposing these to AC voltage may produce a numerous number of small discharges on the pulse without a spark discharge. This is called silent discharge, which is used in a wide variety of purposes such as ozone production, or elimination of hazardous gas. Since it is processed with gas, the sterilization using ozone may cover a wide range. However, there is also a limitation to this method in that it must always be used with an ozone eliminating filter since the generated ozone can be discharged into the indoor air. For air cleaners, the limitation under the UL Standard in the U.S. is 0.05ppm.

Considerations in using antibacterial agents

Thermal resistance

Considerations on pyrolysis and processing temperatures in the molding process. Organic antibacterial agents are more reliable in a temperature above the molding temperature than the inorganic counterparts. Any other materials other than plastic may lose its intrinsic functions by additives or solvents. During the molding process, the antibacterial agent sometimes can be oxidized, or reacts with other additives to deteriorate the mechanic material quality of the final product, or decolorize it. Most organic antibacterial agents may not have influence on the material quality, while the inorganic counterparts whose antibacterial performance is usually maintained by silver (Ag) ions - can be retrieved or eluted in a small amount if the silver ions and carriers are weakly bound. This point requires adequate considerations. The efficacy may vary depending on the degree of distribution. Shows an outstanding antibacterial performance during the initial phase, which may deteriorate with acceleration of the elution. For outdoor, it is required to consider the antibacterial performance depending on the light, ion, wind, or temperature. Reliability must be evaluated through tests on acute toxin, skin toxin, or reverse mutation.

Compatibility

Merits

-Excellent initial antibacterial performance -Can be used in transparent substrates

-Stabilized antibacterial performance

-Can dissolve the fungal bodies in substrates -Can dissolve Endo-toxine, semi-permanent effect

Demerits

Effects on the material quality

-Poor sustenance of antibacterial performance -Fungal bodies remaining on the substrates surface -Poor performance in dissolving Endo-toxine

-Fungal bodies remaining on the substrates surface -Substrates decolorized (silver oxidized) -Poor performance in dissolving Endo-toxine

-Requires a light source

Processability

Antibacterial function and sterilization by bio-enzymes

This is an eco-friendly and non-hazardous bio-tech using sterilization enzymes such as Lysozyme which are wide spread in animal and floral organs, or enzymes extracted from Pedoicoccus pentosaceus. These enzymes can dissolve the beta-combination (1, 4) of N-acetylmuramic acids found on the cell wall and N-acetylglucosamine, and have an antibacterial effect against Gram, positive (+), and negative (-) germs. In addition, Leuconostoc, an enzyme flavoring kimchi, if extracted from the lactic-acid culture liquid and coated the onto the filter, can effectively sterilize the Influenza A and avian influenza viruses floating in the air, so it is recently being used a lot in air conditioners or air cleaners. To gain a desired antibacterial or sterilizing effect with a bio-enzyme technology, it is required to add any substance similar to amino acid (EDTA, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid) to activate the sterilizing effect of the enzyme, and coat this onto the filter together with a metal Nano Sol such as Ag ion by mixing them into a solution to secure the union. With respect to this, the Retroscreen Virology Institute in the British Kingdom has evaluated the sterilizing effect of the bio-enzyme Leuconostoc, coated onto the filter with the Avian Influenza virus (H5N1), and it showed an outstanding antibacterial performance of the substance. The bio-enzyme, Leuconostoc was also effective on colon bacillus (E.Coli); it was observed through the microscope (TEN) that the cell wall of the bacillus is destroyed and sterilized with time.

Durability

Ion generator using carbon fiber electrodes

O O2 O H2 O O
O H

O2

Weather resistance

O2
O H

Reliability

Creeping discharge
Induction electrode Discharge electrode Inner ceramic layer

Application of air cleansing/antibacterial solutions of LG

H2 O
O H

Process of radical generation by discharged plasmas

Antibacterial and sterilizing process using sterilizing aromatics or fumigation

To benefit peoples mental and physical health, LG Electronics have been making many efforts to develop an aroma generation and control technology, which is a type of wood bathing. For this, they paid attention to Phytonchide, an aroma radiating substance that accounts for about 0.01% of the forest air. The word, Phytonchide was first used in 1943 by an American bacteriologist, S.A.Waksman, who was born in Russia. The word, which is combination of phyton meaning a plant, and cide meaning kill, refers to a sterilizing substance secreted by plants. The word collectively points to all antibacterial substances fumed out by plants, not just a single substance, including terpene, phenol compounds, alkaloid components, and glycosides. The main part of Phytoncide, with a sterilizing and insect-resistant effect, is a terpene compound including scores of substances such as Borneol, Eugenol, Limonene, or Pinene. It protects people from hazardous bacteria when they breathe; promotes the activity of the skin cells as it enters the skin; improves blood circulation; stabilizes the mental state; and sterilizes germs. Now, hospitals use chlorine dioxide (4Na2ClO2) gels contained in the substance as a fumigation antibacterial sterilizer. Phytoncide is categorized into the group of common sterilizing agents. It is effective over a prolonged period of time, without leaving any residue. Approved for its safety and efficacy by WHO, FDA, and EPA, the substance is now in use in a wide range of areas as a bacteria eradicating and disinfectant agent all around the world. However, care must be taken the substance in enclosed areas, and must be restricted especially for the elderly and ill, infants, or physically weak people.

Passive method Antibacterial & sterilization by bio-enzymes (TVF : Total Virus Filter)

Active method Antibacterial & sterilization using OH radicals (NPI : New Plasma Ion)

Terminal

Outer ceramic layer

Silent discharge
Transformer

Active method
Antibacterial and sterilizing process using OH radicals
There is a commercialized solution that can produce readily oxidized OH radicals, in a higher temperature, using a low-temp plasma generation tech based on an electric discharging method. The solution is currently applied to air conditioners or cleaners. Low-temp plasmas are generated from gas particles ionized by electrons accelerated by a high-energy electric system. Though not the level of ionization, radicals filtered in a higher energy condition generate a lot among plasma to raise chemical reactions. Usually, if the moisture or oxygen in the air is exposed to reactions of ceramic electrodes coated with (needle) discharge electrodes and are receiving higher +/- voltage, it will generate highly active OH radicals, or air ions such as an anion, which, in turn, react with germs or organic matters floating in the air, displaying an antibacterial functionality.

Discharge

Dielectric

Peoples expectations about a pleasant quality of life may increase more and more as they become increasingly concerned about their health in conjunction with improved living standards. With the recent outbreak of Avian Influenza and other diseases caused by allergies, the Bio Aerosol is attracting more attention, and many relevant tech development efforts are under way. In the coming years, the Whisen task force of LG Electronics will make continuous efforts to improve the indoor air quality via a passive solution using Nano or bio-material technologies, an aggressive solution using a strong oxidizing power, or a combined solution using all of these technologies, in order to help those who spend more than 80% of their time indoors enjoy a more pleasant and comfortable life.

Electrode

Profile

Pak Hyeongho

Considerations in using antibacterial agents

Considerations in the development of an antibacterial filter and antibacterial performance evaluation methods using an organic or inorganic antibacterial agents are as follows;

02/2002 Ph.D. in Mechanic Engineering, KAIST. Until Jan, 2005, he worked on research in Particle Engineering, in a post-doctoral course at KAIST. From 2005 to 2009, he worked with LG Electronics HVAC Institute, and from 2010 to the present, holds the post of senior researcher in the AE (annual) Elementary Technology Group in CTO, LG Electronics. Member of The Society Of Air-Conditioning And Refrigerating Engineers Of Korea, and Korea Aerosol Society.

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Technical Report

Written by Won Deokjae (a researcher at CAC/BdMS Division, LG Electronics), Kwon Jeongo (Senior Researcher with AE Control Research Center)

LG BMS (Building Management System) Solution

LG BMS Solution is an automated control system for management of all environments within a building, from the machinery equipment control to energy policies. The merits, features, effects, installation, hardware and software properties of this solution may explain why the building management and operation efforts must look to LG BMS Solution.

Report 2

Merits of LG BMS Solution

Report1 What is LG BMS Solution?

LG BMS Solution is an automated control system for the management of all environments within a building, from the machinery equipment control to energy policies. The solution offers an optimized environment built through effective control and monitoring of the equipment and covers a wide range of functions including history management, communication systems between different kinds of devices, and statistic analyses. LG BMS Server receives the data generated in each sub-system of the LG BMS Server based on the server-client architecture, and allows the system operator and administrator to apply a combined operation on the side of the client. LG BMS Solution is capable of applying an effective, integrated management to sub-systems like the following:
AHU System
WEST 8 Floor AHU
Ventilating Fan
Fire Detection Sensor

LG BMS Solution sub-systems

AHU system
A system that supplies fresh air through the proper mixture of air with higher levels of CO2 generated by the occupants with the outdoor air (oxygen).

Lighting system
A system that controls the lighting, and isolates unnecessary lighting to minimize energy loss

Power control system

A system that checks the power consumption and also checks for any irregularities affecting stabilized and efficient supplies of power

HVAC system
A system to maintain a desired indoor temperature in the building, through heating, ventilation and air conditioning solutions LG BMS Solution provides a flexible scalability, which allows the convenient addition of new features, in addition to those mentioned above

Lighting system
WEST 8 Floor Light

Ventilation Temperature Mixed Damper Opening

Ventilation Humidity

Air/Exhaust Damper Opening

Cooling/Heating Valve Opening

Humidification Valve Opening

Supply Fan

Air Temperature

Air Humidity

Average Temperature

Supply Temperature

Hot water Valve AHU Operating

Cool water Valve

Humidification Valve

Server-client architecture_LG BMS Solution allows the establishment of a system in a server-client structure, and connection, monitoring and control of multiple clients. Easy-to-use user interface_The intuitive users interface allows users to easily understand and utilize the LG BMS Solution, and to configure graphics similar to the actual objects and then employ the control functions for identifying the field. LG BMS Solution provides a convenient and intuitive user interface, as well as graphics similar to those in reality, combined with control features and an ability to identify with the field conditions. It also allows the selection and easy use of necessary functions through a wizard feature based on animation and video materials. Remote control_With the LG BMS Solution, it is possible to remotely control the PC or a mobile device in such an environment as the control room in the building. The remote control is appealing in that it is implemented on the web through internet access to allow for easy monitoring and control. Templates for beginners_ LG BMS Solution provides various types of standard diagram templates for beginners for convenient control of the building. Using these templates, the user can conveniently manage the control point, logic, and schedule. Multi-tasking for multiple users_ LG BMS Solutions supports perfect multi-tasking, which allows simultaneous control of multiple systems on a single client PC through multi-screens. In addition, there is no delay or interruption in the service even if multiple users access the LG BMS through a remote or local network. Integrated database_ LG BMS Solution helps to establish an integrated database using general-purpose databases, which is aimed at data standardization. From this, the real-time data from the sub-system are incorporated into an integrated database, which may ensure and improve the safety and accuracy of the data.

Usability of LG BMS

Control of access right_ LG BMS Solution grants a password to each user to prevent external invasion over the web and unnecessary manipulation. It also provides an instrument to limit each users control range to ensure more specifically classified control and operation of the system, including the user rating.

Operating Mode

Boiler
Air Conditioning

Cooling Tower

Pump Refregerator

Cool water Temperature

2
HVAC system

Reliability of LG BMS

Power control system

High-tension Panel Observation

Power Control Data

Current R(A) Current S Current T Voltage R(V) Voltage S Voltage I Active Power (Kw) Reactive Power (Kvar) Power Factor Frequency Electric Energy (Kwh)

Dualized, seamless service_LG BMS Solution helps to establish a dispersed network environment and dualized communications between different servers, in case of Fault Tolerance, to provide a seamless, 24-hour service. In addition, if the BMS Server cannot receive the service stemming from an unintended accident, the network controller belonging to the sub-network can continue service in a standalone mode. Upon restoration, the BMS Server may restart quickly by using the backed-up information. Auto-restoration_ LG BMS Solution allows stabilized monitoring and control through a series of programs for data restoration to be used upon a blackout.

Flexibility of LG BMS
Flexible architecture of service_With LG BMS developed as a platform type, it is possible to reflect the various customer needs and to easily expand the functions and the service. That is, the solution helps to provide a system optimized to fit the characteristics and requirements of the customer; the customer can easily apply the solution to network control or any device such as DDC. Supporting a range of protocols_ LG BMS Solution supports various types of control protocols such as BACnet, Lon Works, or Modbus. On top of this, the solution allows for the addition of a new type of device, and integration and operation of new protocols by means of a relevant adapter.

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Report 3

LG BMS install location

Report 4

Features of LG BMS Solution

Report 5

Functions of LG BMS Solution

Schedule_The schedule function is about making a

LG BMS Solution can provide effective service when installed in certain locations as follows Office or rental building_For an office or rental building, the structure of the space may change frequently due to the continuous change of occupants, and some tenants may request independent control of their own spaces. LG BMS Solution incorporates a group concept to allow the reconfiguration and management of the spatial architecture and to offer a flexible platform structure for various, independent management options. Schools. For schools, the buildings are usually distributed over a wide area and the occupancy for each classroom or laboratory may occasionally change. LG BMS Solution offers a feature that can remotely control the system via a mobile device or over the web, as well as a feature to identify the occupancy for each classroom and an instrument for independent energy control. Hospitals/Care facilities_These facilities require the maintenance of a stable and pleasant indoor environment for the patients, as well as systemized management of all the different medical systems. LG BMS Solution provides an air purifying function to maintain a pleasant environment and individual HVAC functions customized to each ward. It is required to establish an effective field recording system capable of responding to medical service involving complaints and a back-up system for year-round, 24-hour stabilized operation of the equipment.

LG BMS Solution is a client program which offers an engineering and an operation tool for the control and monitoring of systems and devices within a building. Engineering tool _This is a client program that can be used by the system administrator and all users authorized as engineers and operators. The operation tool allows for realistic and practical operation of a building. With the operation tool, it is possible to control and monitor each registered observation point based on each property, and according to a reserved schedule arranged through its schedule manager. One of its advantages is its ability to notify the user of any warning or event taking place while the solution is in operation, on a real-time basis, for immediate control of the status of the equipment and prompt response to any problem. In addition, the statistic information the tool provides can facilitate the report writing process.

Station_The Station is a basic unit by which the LG

BMS controls the building; the system will access the Station to control the building.

user-reserved operation of an observation point carried out at a certain scheduled time. This function is available only when there is a station connected to the server.

Report_LG BMS Solution provides a report on the Alarm _The alarm function blows an alarming sound,

number of changes in a certain observation point for a particular time slot.

Engineering tool

showing the pertinent message on the screen whenever there is a significant change in the system for any reason. For instance, the alarm goes off if the observation point, which indicates the thermal sensor of the air conditioning system, rises above or drops below the permitted range. Therefore, the administrator can quickly identify system problems and take proper measures after checking the alarm sound and the message.

System_This function is about monitoring the

Operation tool _This is a client program that can be used by the system administrator and all authorized engineers and operators. Since the operation tool may authenticate each user, only those with the proper type of identification (facility type) can control and manage the observation point.

occupancy of resources by the system and the network controller

History_The history function allows for the manageOperation tool

ment of all alerts and events produced in the system. For example, the events managed by the History include a change by the user in a certain value, a change in the observation point, or a change in the use of the memory.

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Report 6 LG BMS Solution hardware DDC II

LG BMS Solution can be used in a variety of places as discussed above. Depending on the install location, size and characteristics, the requirements for the type and properties of I/O terminals may vary. To satisfy these requirements, the solution offers DDC, modular DDC, and expansion I/O modular. For a site which involves a relatively small number of control points, the solution provides an instrument for effectively responding to market demand through improved price competitiveness by using a compact DDC; otherwise, a modular DDC. Compact DDC supports various types of I/O as summarized in the table below. To facilitate the connection and expansion of the modular DDC and the expansion I/O module, the solution provides an architecture which enables applying both the direct connector and the wire connector type. Although it may be possible to meet the market needs only with the compact DDC, we tried to boost the functions to ensure more opportunities for advancing into medium and large markets. In addition, the module-based structure may facilitate the design/installation/operation/maintenance process since the flexibility, one of the requirements for a system, will be more secured.

Modbus protocol BACnet MS/TP protocol (can support BACnet in near future) CAN protocol using communication between DDC - Expansion 1 USB using data backup/recovery 1 SD card using history backup

2 3

Supporting the flexible 485 port

LG BMS Solution uses a flexible RS485 port, not a static, which enables programming customized to each field condition.

and move the DB in operation through the USB. Inter-DDC Communication_ It is possible to carry out communications between multiple DDCs, check the status of each DDC, and synchronize the operation time. Communications between the main DDC and the expansion IO_ In addition to the main DDC, it is possible to use additional ports, if needed, by attaching an expansion IO board, and to make the main DDC and the additional expansion IO communicate with each other. LG DDC supports; flexible RS485 ports, various protocols (LGAP, modbus, BACnet, etc), connection between multiple DDCs using the RS485 port, and expansion I/O ports using modular expansion, which is an outstanding, functional strength unique to LG.

This field-customized, constructability and scalability-wise functional strength allows the customer to apply a system optimized to any type of a building whether it is small, medium, or large. Further, the LG BMS solution allows for the configuring of the DDC system control in accordance with the customer needs, for the best possible, customtailored functionality relative to the price.

Supporiting UI(Universal Input) port

The solution supports UI port (AI/DI/PI/temp module) and flexible input port which can be used for a variety of purposes. LG-AHU Communication_ The DDC can be connected to any AHU system developed by LG. LG AHU has primary logics mounted in it, so it can enable/disable a logic through the pertinent protocol. LG-AHU Communication_ The DDC can be connected to any AHU system developed by LG. LG A/C has primary logics mounted in it, so it can enable/disable a logic through the pertinent protocol. I/O Communication_ The DDC communicates with HVAC systems through a module such as DI/DO/AI/AO. In addition, the DDC archives the information of each HVAC system (boiler, Cooling Tower, Damper, Pump, Geothermal) to internally handle the modeling, storage and FCS plug-in function. 3rd party I/F Communication_ The DDC can be interlocked into other systems using different protocols. The DDC can respond to protocols for other types of systems via the protocol converter, then prototype and save it for each system type. RTU Communication_ The DDC can be connected to eRTU (a device for sending data to the new and renewable energy monitoring system). RTU geothermal system. RTU and the meters should be able to exchange the information on daily heat output, production time, and power consumption. LG-AHU Communication_ The DDC can be connected to the LG Chiller system. The system carries out control and monitoring functions by using the mode-bus protocol of RS485 port. Diagnosis_ The diagnosis on communications can be made for the raw data tracing in FCS, I/O, 3rd party I/F, and AHU, as well as any error or the condition of a component. The user can download the traced data, since these are saved in files. Diagnoses on the system interior can be made for the memory and process status, and the integrity of user programs. FCS Contents_ HVAC systems are managed through communications with FCS S/W. The primary functions include the control and monitoring of the product and scheduled operation. In addition, it is possible to save the history of the data relating to a selected system at FCS. The user can edit any logic or interlocking according to the field condition before sending it to DDC. DDC allows for the operation of the HVAC system using relevant logics. Environment setting function using external buttons_ The DDC provides external buttons for configuration of the network environment (IP address, net mask, gateway, etc.),configuration of RS485 port info, geothermal specific DDC use setting, geothermal specific default value setting, floating IP setting, S/W upgrade, DB backup and recovery, and history log saving. Data backup/transmission using external devices_ The DDC can save the operation history by using the external SD card, and can update the S/W version, back up,

V-NET ACS LINE-UP

Individual control solution
Wireless remote control

(Cooling & Heating) (Cooling Only)

Simple type

Wired remote

Wide type

Premiere

Centralized control solution Simple central controller

Central controller to cover 64-128 rooms Central controller to cover 256 rooms Function controller

DDC (Direct Digital Controller) ACP (Advanced Control Platform)

Central controller to cover 4,096 rooms

External interlocking solution

BMS(BAS) interlocking system 10 inches 7 inches
Single constant-speed type for multi and single inverter MultiV 16 rooms or fewer MultiV 64 rooms or fewer For ventilation

Rrport 7 LG BMS Solution software DDC II

DDC supportable protocols

LG DDC is advantageous in that it supports the following expansion ports for effective response to various field conditions. RS485 port

Energy control solution

Accumulated power distribution system (KEPCOs installation subsidy model)

1 Ethernet 1 RS232 for HMI

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HVAC magazine vol.20 17

NEW TECHOLOGY

Computational Fluid Dynamics from A to Z

The term Computational Fluid Dynamics (hereinafter referred to as CFD) refers to a new engineering method of interpreting and forecasting the movement of a fluid (e.g., air) by using a computer. This method is applied in various areas including; analysis of heat environments inside buildings and large spaces which require precise interior layouts; distribution of indoor air flow under HVAC and natural ventilation in a building complex; and urban environments. This document will introduce the characteristics of CFD and air flow simulation using cases in air conditioning systems areas. Written by LG Electronics

A solution for inducing optimal design plans and pre-review of field issues

Procedure of air flow interpretation

The CFD process is divided into 3 steps; modeling, interpretation and visualization. Each of these steps should be independent and sequential, for accurate test findings. It is also important to apply a precise model (or a drawing), since, otherwise, the following whole procedures must be carried out again. Of the 3 steps, the third step for visualization of the flow - is becoming more and more important. Cross section of a field application

Reproduced analysis of air flow discharged from the outdoor unit

50.0 49.2 48.5 47.8 47.0 46.2 45.5 44.8 44.0 43.2 42.5 41.8 41.0 40.2 39.5 38.8 38.0 37.2 36.5 35.8 35.0

3D modeling

Configuration of the model subject to interpretation

What is Computational Fluid Dynamics?

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is about interpreting and predicting the movement of a fluid such as the invisible air (e.g., air flow drawn out from indoor and outdoor air conditioning systems), or pollutants (e.g., CO2, CO, etc.). This method is usually used for modeling a virtual object and predicting its performance, so the efficacy of this method can be evaluated by comparing it with a test using a real model. One of its merits is that it can be used in such areas as HVAC systems in buildings, automobiles, or airplanes - whose analyses, otherwise, may be difficult and costly - in an easy, fast, and accurate manner. A demerit of this method, if any, is that, if the input data are insufficient, the analysis result can sometimes be different from what is observed in the real model. That is, its reliability may be somewhat inferior to a method of setting and testing a real machine. Despite this weak point, it costs less, offers a convenient instrument for assessing test findings, and allows for easy obtainment of results for multiple models. In addition, it involves no risk during the test. For a real modelbased test, it may cost a lot and be difficult to evaluate the result; only findings limited to the tested model can be obtained; and the test can involve a safety risk. In this sense, the CFD is attracting attention as an alternative of traditional engineering methods, which allows the induction of optimal design plans and may preclude any safety accidents. CFD is used in a variety of areas including; aeronautics/space industry, shipbuilding/heavy industry, architecture/heating and cooling, chemistry/petroleum, plants, auto industry, electricity/electronics, and medical equipment. Its application is particularly prominent in analyzing the heat environment inside buildings and large spaces which require precise interior layouts; distribution of indoor air flow under HVAC and natural ventilation in a building complex; and urban environments. The method is also used a lot for calculating the indoor air quality (IAQ), or predictive mean vote (PMV), a standard indicator of thermal comfort sensed by room occupants. It is emerging as an essential item for the development of new products and applications. As a precise analysis of fluids movement has become available by advanced, high-end computer systems, and as calculations of chemical reactions e.g., the flow, explosion and combustion of fluids such as air and water -, or measurements of heat-delivery inducing stress of structures have become possible thanks to introduction of new interpretation methods, it is expected the CFD will be welcomed in more and more different areas.

Production of grids for segments subject to interpretation Determination of an interface model such as a fan and heat exchanger

Front section Projection drawing of the building for the building CFD interpretation 3D modeling

Computerized interpretation

Input of data to the selected boundaries Determination of equations for each interpretation item Determination of interpretation methods for each item Solve the Fluid Flow equation

Temp ()

Front section Detail chart of the building of 1 floor Analysis of layering phenomenon of air flow discharged from the outdoor unit

Visualization of the flow

A process for effectively showing the interpretation result Visualization of speed, temperature, and pressure Visualization of discharged air flow for the indoor or outdoor unit

Use of CFD in the air conditioning system field

There can be various issues regarding the design and installation of air conditioning systems depending on the field conditions, and these issues are analyzed by CFD to induce an optimal solution. Areas where the CFD is applied are as follows;

Field application cases Purpose

Field overview
Product models subject to interpretation

8.8 8.3 7.9 7.5 7.0 6.6 6.1 5.7 5.3 4.8 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.0

Review for normal operation of the outdoor unit through air flow interpretation upon installation of 5 Multi V Heatpump units on each floor of the outdoor unit room on the side of a 52-story building Field name: OOO Multi V Heatpump 45kW

Air speed (m/s) Draft criteria Non-airflows criteria

Air (draft) speed criteria

Offer of a system optimized to a specific use indoors Interpretation and changing the structure of an outdoor unit room Analysis of the conditions and area of louvers in the outdoor unit room Analysis of the outdoor unit in a skyscraper and proposal
of an optimal system

Interpretation criteria Interpretation programs

Evaluation of the level of indoor air pollution and capacity for

indoor ventilation (CO2)

Multi V Heatpump discharge temp: 10 Multi V Heatpump discharge airflow: 190CMM Outside air temperature: 35 Outside air speed: Air speed criteria for each altitude Pre-process : Gambit 2.4.6 Solver & post-process : Fluent 6.3.26 Analysis of outdoor air flows layering phenomenon Air speed criteria for each altitude of re-suction temperatures Review for each outdoor unit
Analysis of the pattern of discharge of outdoor air

Prediction of the performance of indoor heating and cooling systems Assessment of the suction area in the outdoor unit room and the
reentry of discharged air flow Analysis of collective installation of outdoor units and the reentry of discharged air flow Analysis of the layers of air flow discharged by the outdoor unit, based on the structure of the building Analysis of noise infiltrating indoors which is caused by a collective installation of outdoor units

Air flow diffused by external air around the building

Water flow around a swimmers hand

Interpretation items

50.0 49.2 48.5 47.8 47.0 46.2 45.5 44.8 44.0 43.2 42.5 41.8 41.0 40.2 39.5 38.8 38.0 37.2 36.5 35.8 35.0

Review of re-suction temperatures for each outdoor unit

No.1

No.1

No.2

No.2

No.3

No.3

No.4

No.4 No.5

No.5

Temp

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HVACmagazine VOL.16

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SPECIAL ISSUE

Exposed-ceilings are being introduced in more and more spaces. This is because such a modern sense of design where the property matters of concrete are explicitly exposed and the plumbing and indoor HVAC system are utilized as an object - presents not only an economic advantage of cutting the ceiling finishing costs, but also produces an effect of the space being expanded by the heightened ceiling. Public constructions, 2-story restaurants and casual small shops are finding the best answer to their ceiling designs in this exposed-ceiling solution.
Written by Moon Eunyeong | Photos by Pak Yeongchae (Architectural photographer, Chung-Ang University Library) Studio lamp (Studio lamp on the moon, Ogano Kitchen Olle) | Source form Archium

Aesthetic sense of exposed- ceilings

Harmony of the interior and VRF indoor unit

Case 1 Public

space

Chung-Ang University Library

Exposing the texture of time over 50 years, it expands the narrow space and properly adjusts the air flow.
Design by Kim Incheol + Archium Architectgs Inc. Location 221, Heukseook-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea Indoor unit : 4-way cassette 381 units Outdoor unit : Multi V Plus II 107 units The Chung-Ang University building (opened in 1959), which received the Grand Prize in the Good Design Award 2010 held by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy and coordinated by Korea Institute of Design Promotion (KIDP), went through renovation and expansion for its worn-out and narrow space, and emerged as a new campus symbol in September 2009. The original, untouched building was designed by Cha Gyeongsoon, a senior architect who was active at the dawn of modern architecture, and was cited as the best library building at the time for its modernism-oriented framework which is a norm of modern architecture. It was almost registered on the Legacy of Modern Architecture list of the Korea Cultural Heritage Administration, but because the original shape had been seriously marred, it failed to be listed. The implication and gravity of the 50-year-long history of the building, and the total amount of memories that were held by all the students who had used the library for that long period of time may not be subject to a simple calculation. We thought such cherished history should not be disposed of, but renewed so that it could function again. This way, the library could possibly harmonize with new things, said Kim Incheol, a designer and professor at Faculty of Architecture, Chung-Ang University. The existing spaces retained their original layouts, but the walls were renovated into glass walls with superior lighting and environment control ability The expanded 4th floor reading rooms were framed with iron bars to resolve both the structural issue and openness of their spaces. The area of the renovated library is 1,150m2, with 212m2 expansion.

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To maintain the environment of a library where books are stacked and people spend long periods of time, it is necessary to properly adjust the airflow as well as the heating and cooling system. The previous low floors were not adequate to install mechanic devices, so something had to be done to them. Instead of making a new ceiling, we exposed the ceiling. In this way, we tried to expand the narrow space and the volume of the library environment, but, more importantly, we didnt want to lose the sense of concrete we had gotten when the ceiling was dismantled, and thought the concrete was meaningful enough in that it is a trace of the past. Fifty years ago, plywood was rarely seen, and it looked like time had been melted into it. It was not challenging at all to expose and use the concrete since its chemical action has completed and its state was stabilized.. It is unfortunate that most of the parts we tried to keep where they were as symbolic memories disappeared with the dismantling work prior to the confirmation of the design,

but anyway, I was able to find comfort in the remains of the ceiling. said Professor Kim. The exposed library ceiling has the intention of the designer melted into it. I imagined that the scenery of the campus would be changed with a new library that would be awake around the clock. I had hoped the new library would become a box of light that collects the light during the daytime and radiates bright beams at night. I had the interior space finished in a silver grey color tone to act as the background of the library host, books, and students who read the books. Now, what he intended with his design is beaming in the space that the students feel the most proud of.
Case 2 Fusion

Dining

Ogano Kitchen
Overcome the demerit that the floor altitude is low and create a harmonized mood.
91-5, Yangjae-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea Inquiry: 02-575-0542 Indoor unit : LRD-N1457T 4 units Outdoor unit : LRP-N5807 1 unit Lined up along the Yangjae River, from Dogok-dong to Yangjaedong, is wine bars and cafes, and at the end of this road, there is a fusion-style Japanese food restaurant, Ogano Kitchen. As the name means kitchen of the family, this restaurant is emerging as a new restaurant icon representing Yangjae River. It serves 100 kinds of traditional, healthy and rich food made with devotion, as well as 60 kinds of Sake food prepared by Sake Sommelier. Opening the door, you will find wood posts and a staircase reaching all the way to the ceiling of the eye-catching 2nd floor. The wood posts connecting the 1st and 2nd floor are not only the symbol of the area and Ogano Kitchen itself, but a structure making the impression of the interior space very strong.

Tables on the side of windows have decorations with a casual and unknowing atmosphere, which goes well with the mood of Yangjae River. Compared to the ceiling of the 1st floor, the 2nd floor ceiling is a little low, and it can be appeared somewhat suffocating due to the low fixed blinds here and there, for the sake of privacy at each table. The answer to this problem was found in the ceiling; exposing it. The ceiling was opened so that it did not appear stifling, and it was finished with white paint to produce a mood that harmonized with the hardwood floor. The rails and plumbing were neatly rearranged to induce an effect where both the height and width of the space looked expanded. On top of that, indoor unit were installed in the ceilings, instead of the floor, so that the systems could effectively circulate the ambient air and control its temperature, and to make sure the customers could accommodate the smell-sensitive restaurant space.

Case 3 Cafe

Olle

Decorate a small-size commercial space with low costs and in a sentient fashion.
148-50, Noryangjin 1-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea. Inquiry: 02-812-5900 Model: LTW722RP, General Single Cassette 1 set The coffee shop, Olle, the first store sits on the 1st floor of a building that is stands on the corner of an alley on the Hakwonga (a street of private academic institutes) in Noryangjin. The clients are mostly students. The caf serves about 40 kinds of coffee and other beverages for prices between 2 3 dollars. How can you make this caf look exceptional at a reasonable cost? This is the first question that CEO, Kim Myeongsook, who personally coordinated the interior design, asked herself. In the end, she chose to make use of the effect of fragrant and fresh red and white colors. She thought these colors could bring about a youthful and sanguine mood that might match the taste of the customers, and may possibly allow for making use of the location that, in a sense, could serve as a merit. The ceiling was left open, with the building frame (e.g., crossbeams) exposed and painted only white. The floor was coated with urethane to highlight the sense of concrete. Based on the humble and comfortable color sense of wood, she painted the tables and racks in vivid colors such as red and green to create colorful impressions. Its like she killed two birds with one stone, because she was able to create a simple and casual feeling, while cutting the interior construction expenses. A white VRF indoor unit worked as an object to add to the modern sense of the floor, ceiling and tables whose properties were explicitly exposed.

Olle

tip With an exposed ceiling, if the indoor units could not match the

circumstantial interior designs, the problem can be resolved via an Indoor Unit Cover (optional) from LG Electronics, which presents visually warmer feel.

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VIEW FINDER

Select a product on the basis of space properties and design focus

Air conditioning refers to the control of indoor air temperature, humidity, airflow and purity, in optimal states, according to the use of the space. What should be considered when selecting an indoor unit? As the space related requirements for buildings are diversified, companies are introducing a wide range of different types of indoor unit to meet such requirements. In this document, we will discuss what types of HVAC systems or indoor units are best fit for each use and economic goal of the buildings, and the requirements for each different space. Written by LG Electronics

Tips for the selection of VRF indoor unit to match the characteristics of each building type

Wall-mounted type
Merits This type can promote the space utility, especially when it is difficult to install a ceilingmounted unit. Besides, the initial installation does not cost much; this model suits best a small area shared by a number of people. The accessibility is also high, and the filter is easy to clean and maintain. Demerits The system may be exposed to the indoor environment, and requires the connection of the refrigerant and drain pipes, which may sometimes require some aggressive advance effort for burial of the pipes or wires coming with the system. The capacity is usually small, which cannot cover a large space.

Considerations in the design of office facilities

1 Walls on perimeter zones involve a higher level of load. 2 Lighting systems or other equipment on internal zones involve a higher level of load. 3 Need for zoning based on load properties. 4 Need for zoning based on operation hours. 5 Space use efficiency (e.g., a ceiling-concealed system). 6 Maintenance of an appropriate level of air purity.

he primary purpose of installing heat pump heating & cooling systems represented by the Multi V model is to implement uniform indoor air-conditioning. However, it may not be appropriate to select an indoor unit based only on the load of the air conditioning systems. It is also necessary to review whether the properties of the system satisfy the spatial requirements, as well as the systems economic efficiency, convenience, noise, humidification and purity level. This document will introduce each type of indoor unit, and distinguish which system is best fit for each of the 6 types of facilities whose uses are largely divided into office, medical, lodging, education, commerce, and residential.

Types and characteristics of indoor unit

Cassette type
Merits The initial construction cost can be saved and additional space is not required since the system is installed on the ceiling. Depending on the type or required loads of the installation space, it is possible to select one among 4-way, 2-way, and 1-way types. In addition, the company offers various types of panels in different colors including white, which is aimed at improving the visual effect of the interior design. Demerits The airflow may be discharged directly towards occupants thereby causing some discomfort, however this problem has been improved considerably through the discharge angle which has been made controllable by the users preference. A panel will be exposed, which may have some impact on the interior.

and to heat and cool multiple spaces with a single indoor unit. Since the system is buried in the ceiling, the noise problem can be alleviated or resolved, as well as the direct impact of the system noise, by adjusting the location of the unit. There are two types of ceiling-concealed duct: High static and Low static. The latter involves a low static air pressure around it, so discharge or suction grilles are connected to it for direct discharge. The high static type involves a relatively high static air pressure, so it is connected to air supply and suction ducts.. Demerits The initial construction may be expensive since it needs additional ductwork. Because the system is installed inside the ceiling, maintenance e.g., cleaning the filter - is relatively inconvenient. Since the design and installation should reflect such aspects as airflow or external static air pressure, the design or installation process may sometimes be meticulous in nature. In addition, the design or installation conditions can have some negative impact on the noise level or airflow.

Floor-standing type 2
Merits Relatively a cheap initial investment; convenient installation and maintenance with easy access. The system can be applied to a large space thanks to the various capacity options; if necessary, the air discharge sections can be connected to ducts for improving the distribution of indoor airflow. Demerits The system may be unfavorable in the utilization of indoor space, because it needs a larger space for installation. In addition, the corners of the installation space may discharge strong airflow, which c an cause unpleasant airflow. The higher accessibility may increase the risk of damage to the system

Indoor units recommended for office facilities

1 Consider using the ceiling-mounted cassette type for economic and space efficiency. 2 Consider choosing one among the 4-way, 2-way, and 1-way types, based on the load and shape of each room. 3 Consider using the ceiling-concealed duct if the space requires an elegant interior, or involves frequent changes in the layout. 4 A good solution can also be to divide the space into four internal and perimeter zones, and install additional floor-standing units that may be effective on the sunlight and cold drafts of perimeter zones. If additional ventilation is needed for medium and small size buildings, it could be beneficial to use independent heat exchangers to ensure energy recollection effects and improvement of indoor air quality; for a large space, such as lobby or auditorium which requires pressurization or significant airflow, it is also viable to use a direct-expansion AHU. For rented offices, it might be necessary to consider the characteristics of each use, since the indoor units may operate independently in each zone, and also, differentiated charges for operation in each space. Since it is possible to distribute the energy use of each indoor unit with a cumulative power distributor, it may be desirable to apply a large Multi V outdoor unit without deploying separate outdoor units to each rented space in order to minimize the installation space, initial installation cost, and the impact on the view of the building.

Proper systems for the properties of each type of building

Office facilities Floor-standing type 1

Merits The system can effectively shut off the sunlight load or cold drafts on perimeter zones, and is capable of preventing dew condensation. The system is installed as a fan-coil unit type, which is suitable for remodeling and improving of airflow. Demerits The installation requires a space in perimeter zones, which can impact the interior of the building. In addition, the system will be located within reach of people, so special attention must be paid to the maintenance. An office facility consists largely of offices/meeting rooms, lobbies/halls, and restaurants/rented shops. These days, office facilities are mostly intelligent buildings where pleasant working environments and energy savings are emphasized. To this end, they seek to employ Artrium and premiere interior designs. These facilities may involve high radiation loads on perimeter zones due to the higher stories and the glass front walls, as well as higher internal exothermic loads caused by the use of OA appliances and lighting. For office facilities, it is required to minimize shared spaces such as the HVAC control room to raise the office rental ratio. It may sometimes be necessary to apply a zoning process based on load properties, directions, use, or operation hours, due to a change in the design of the initial air supply/discharge ducts or the need for individual control of air conditioning systems.

Medical facilities
Medical facilities can be divided largely into wards, subordinate treatment centers, and outpatient sections. The ward section consists of patient rooms and recovery rooms; the subordinate treatment center, ICU (Intensive Care Unit), neonatal rooms and surgery rooms. Lastly, the outpatient section can be divided into lobbies, halls, waiting rooms, and general treatment rooms.

Types of ceiling-concealed duct

Merits This type is installed within the ceiling to provide indoor air conditioning, with the ducts and diffusers connected. With this type of installation, it is possible to minimize the impact on the interior,

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Patient rooms are spaces used by unspecified individual patients, so there may be a large gap in the level of sensory satisfaction between different rooms. Therefore, for a common, large patient room, it is important to minimize the differences between temperatures of left-right, or up-down space, and to properly select the location and specification of the diffuser so that the airflow does not directly reach the patients. In addition, one must also actively consider the possibility of simultaneously operating both the heating and cooling systems in each room, depending on patient conditions. The subordinate treatment center including surgery rooms and ICU require a high level of air purity, therefore the design of the static pressure and ventilation capacity, as well as humidity capacity must be considered according to such requirements. In addition, it is important to separate the exam rooms and corridors through a duct zoning process to apply an independent HVAC system. In this case, the system must use pre-filters and HEPA filters to prevent the inflow of any outdoor air pollution. For lobbies (halls), it is somewhat required to select a premier interior system. Usually, lobbies or halls have high ceilings and large spaces, and the front side is often a glass structure. This type of structure involves a high level of load on perimeter zones, and a large volume of invasive outdoor air from frequent access and temperature gaps, so it is necessary to maintain the indoor static pressure. It is also important to implement uniform ventilation since there will be high lighting heat loads and it is required to prevent secondary infections in patients with weakened immune systems. For general medical facilities, they must review whether it is possible to provide a proper environment for inpatients with weakened immune systems, and also address the economic efficiency and convenience of the air conditioning system. It is important to apply an indoor unit and ventilation capacity based on the change of occupants for each hour, season, or day (for infectious disease treatment rooms, a separate ventilation system is needed); and to adjust and select the angle and location of the diffuser louvers, so that the discharged airflow does not directly reach the patients. For a, specialized and critically important room such as the surgery room, it is imperative to apply indoor and outdoor units to multiple zones to effectively respond to an emergency such as a system failure.

With the simultaneous cooling & heating system, the hospital can effectively respond to different requirements for each room, such as during seasonal changes. However, it may be difficult to handle the issue of fresh outdoor air, or to respond to the dehydration phenomenon in winter, simply with an air conditioning system. With the DX eco V model, which is capable of bringing in outdoor air at a temperature close to room temperature, and involves less temperature variation in ventilation, it is possible to save heating & cooling energy and to resolve the humidification issue. DX eco V, which is an upgraded version of the traditional type that performs only the heat exchange between the indoor air and inflowing outdoor air, is equipped additionally with a direct-expansion heat exchanger, so it can prevent any thermal shock or cold drafts in discharge temperature, and its evaporative humidification method can improve the dehydration phenomenon during heating, guaranteeing more pleasant HVAC conditions for guestrooms in the hospital.
Considerations in the design of pressure and ventilation for each room
Pressure relationship with surrounding area

Lodging facilities
Lodging facilities can be divided largely into lodging section such as guestrooms, and public sections including banquet halls, lobbies and lounges. Important aspects of lodging facilities include economic efficiency, sound-proofness and earthquake-resistance performance of the equipment. Therefore, in the economic aspect, the use of high-end equipment is required, which can be put in partial operation depending on the variation of its use, and where maintenance, replacement and installation can conveniently be implemented. In terms of environment, the equipment should allow adequate ventilation and convenient use, and must meet the HVAC needs of users in each individual room.

In addition it is possible to apply heat exchangers or DX coil-heat exchangers to satisfy the ventilation requirement for each guestroom, by applying the minimum ventilation on a year-round basis.

Characteristics of the public section

The banquet hall is usually located on the buildings perimeter zone; it may have a high ceiling/large space and frequently be accessed by people. It will involve a high level of internal load such as that from human bodies and loads will be concentrated on specific hours. On the contrary, the lobby lounge may have an open structure and a high level of outdoor air load from its front glass structure. This space usually requires year-round operation.

Design focus of the public section

1 The design may vary depending on the nature of the event such as a party, or wedding ceremony. 2 The space involves a high level of human bodies or lighting load, and requires ventilation. 3 For medium and small banquet halls, the system should allow individual temperature control for each room. 4 The space requires adjustment of the location of lighting instruments and air discharge ports. 5 The front glass structure involves a high level of radiation load, and accordingly, requires the prevention of cold drafts taking place on the window side

Characteristics of the lodging section

With respect to space, the HVAC system should be able to supply high-density air/insulation for guests, and handle a high level of outdoor air load from the front side glass structure of the building. The interior must have a premier and eco-friendly design. An intermittent operation must be applied around the clock, 365 days a year, as well as individual HVAC (since there will be a period of applying heating and cooling operations together). The noise level must be maintained at 35dB or below.

Possible zonin
Surgical and critical condition treatment Electric-powered Operating system room Recirculation system Electric-powered system Delivery room Recirculation system Recovery room Nursery room Trauma treatment room (first-aid type) Anesthsia storage Recovery (Nursing) Patient room Rest room ICU room Isolation room Isolation room or entire room
Labor pain/delivery/recovery/ postpartum care room

Mini. Mini. frequency of of frequency outdoor air air outdoor intake per hour hour intake per

Total mini. air switching frequency per hour

Direct discharge all Recirculation air to outdoors in the room

P P P P P E P P N P E E P N N P N N N P P P N

15 15 5 15 5 2 5 5
Optional

15 15 25 15 25 6 12 12 8 4 4 10 6 6 10 4 4 6 6 4 6 10 4 10 10 10 6 4 2 15 15 6 10

Required Required Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Required Optional Optional Required Optional Required Required Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Required Optional Required Required Required Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Required

Not required Not required Not required Optional Optional Not required Not required Not required Not required Optional Optional Not required Not required Not required Not required Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Not required Optional Not required Not required Not required Optional Optional Not required Not required Optional Not required

Design focus of the lodging section

1 The system should allow individual operation/temperature control for each room. 2 The system must provide high-efficiency air conditioning performance, with a low noise/vibration level. 3 The system should harmonize with the premier interior settings. 4 The system should allow for convenient inspection and maintenance. 5 The system must allow for simultaneous heating and cooling operations.

Selection of indoor units for the public section

Depending on the size, it is required to select a system capable of air conditioning and ventilation for a higher ceiling/larger space. For a large-size banquet hall, it may be appropriate to apply an all-air type AHU to supply an adequate amount of ventilation; for a medium-size, a ceiling concealed duct type indoor system, by considering the interior aspects. It may be also possible to apply inverter fan control and VAV systems to the AHU model as an energy saving solution. For a small-size banquet hall, it is advised to use an indoor unit capable of controlling each individual room by considering the nature of intermittent operation. And for the lobby, it is desirable to apply the AHU type for adequate pressurization and humidification. When it comes to the perimeter zones of the lounge, it is recommended to select a ceiling concealed duct or floor-standing type to prevent occurrence of loads on perimeter zones; it is common to apply ceiling concealed duct and cassette to internal zones

2 2
Optional

Selection of systems for the lodging section

For guestrooms, the low-static pressure duct, cassette, or floor-standing type is appropriate when noise and interior aspects are taken into consideration. For a large-size guestroom, it can be viable to jointly use a floor-standing, ceiling-concealed, or low-static pressure duct system for the prevention of cold drafts.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Optional Optional

Patient corridors Diagnosis and treatment Exam room Administration room Treatment room Physical therapy and surgery room Pollution treatment room or storage Purity treatment room or storage Aseptic treatment and supply facilities Disinfection maintenance room Pollutants and removal room Main medical Purity treatment and surgery and disinfection supply storage room Equipment storage Auxiliary equipment room
X-ray (for treatment of trauma and patients in critical condition)

Educational facilities
Educational facilities can be divided largely into elementary, middle, high school, college and graduate school. Any general educational facility may involve a high level of occupant density so inevitably needs ventilation and noise control. This kind of a facility also requires zoning for equipment for each time slot and must use a system allowing individual control since the occupancy may vary for each period and hour. These facilities may be used by many people, so it is imperative to apply solutions for filter installation and convenient maintenance for a clean room environment.

Indoor units recommended for medical facilities

It is somewhat required to divide each section into independent rooms, and to apply hybrid disinfection systems which are capable of isolating and eliminating hazardous viruses in the air in a two-step manner, using Plasma Ionizer tech (for oxidizing and dissolving hazardous germs such as viruses into H2O) and TVF (Total Virus Filter; containing special agents for suppressing the spread of viruses). For any room that can involve variant HVAC requirements for each patient room and occupant, it is advisable to use the simultaneous cooling & heating system rather than the heat pump type.

2 2 2 (Optional) 3 3 2 2

Selection of indoor units for educational facilities

It is necessary to provide an adequate amount of ventilation according to the occupant density. Based on their nature, these facilities require a quiet mood. For educational facilities, it might be proper to use a ceiling-mounted cassette indoor unit, as well as a separate ventilation unit. For staircase lecture rooms whose floor altitude is high, it is advised to apply a static-pressure ceiling concealed duct to secure enough of a range of airflow, minimizing the up-down temperature gap. It is possible to use the ceiling 4-way cassette and heat exchange system which allows convenient installation, maintenance, and high space utility, or the floor-standing type that can effectively respond to the loads on perimeter zones.

X-ray dept.

X-ray (for diagnosis and treatment) Dark room

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The lobbies or halls of department stores may have high open ceilings and large spaces with higher loads, as well as invasive outdoor air from the frequent access of people and gaps between the indoor and outdoor temperatures. Most indoor shops do not have outdoor windows, and accordingly, will involve low levels of sunlight load but higher lighting load on the display. For these facilities, it might be proper to select a system that can harmonize with an elegant interior, and apply a 100% forced ventilation system. Any large discount stores may have higher ceilings and surges of people during particular hours; the areas around counters are always overcrowded with people. It is also required to consider the load condition based on product types, i.e., food or clothes. Medium and small-size community facilities usually consist of office facilities on upper floors and shops on lower floors. Therefore, it is necessary to divide the space into different zones, separately for these offices and shops. For the shop zone, it might be required to apply individual operation for each different shop; considering the distribution of charges and the fact that there are frequent changes in the floor partitioning.

Selection of indoor units for cultural assembly facilities

1 If the facility has a large space, it is desirable to use an AHU unit to ensure an adequate amount of airflow and to apply outdoor air cooling during intermediate seasons to save energy. 2 For medium or small-size facilities, it is advised to use indoor air conditioning units, plus AHU systems or heat exchangers for load control.

Characteristics of large store facilities

1 Higher ceilings/larger space 2 Large volume of invasive outdoor air caused by frequent access. 3 Higher levels of lighting loads from the display.

Selection of indoor units for large store facilities

1 If the facility has a large space, it is desirable to use an AHU unit to ensure an adequate amount of airflow and to apply outdoor air cooling during intermediate seasons to save energy. 2 To prevent the invasion of outdoor air caused by the frequent access of people, install discharge ports at the entrance to maintain positive pressure. 3 For medium or small-size facilities, it is advised to use indoor air conditioning units, plus AHU systems or heat exchangers for load control.

Characteristics of elementary/middle/high school facilities

1 Classrooms involve high levels of occupant density, and different heat emissions for each different age group, therefore require enough ventilation. 2 For specialty rooms (e.g., music room, art room, science room, etc.), the heat emission may vary depending on the use and age group, which may also necessitate an adequate amount of air conditioning. Since these rooms are very likely to frequently be empty due to their intermittent use, it is recommended to use a system that can respond to a swift occurrence of load

The relatively tightly sealed spaces, bedrooms, involve higher external loads through the windows, and may often require nighttime operation. The main purpose of these spaces is for relaxing, so it is required to minimize noise and vibration during the night times.

Characteristics of cultural assembly facilities

1 Hall/lobby space with a higher floor altitude 2 Difficulties responding to loads for different hours/zones 3 Noises from the equipment/ducts

Design focus of residential facilities

1 Since the heating may often utilize radiant floor heating, it is proper to apply a cooling-only indoor unit. 2 The ceiling is relatively low, so when using a ceiling-concealed type, it is required to consider whether the height of the system is practical for the field condition. 3. If the interior is a well ceiling structure, it is reasonable to place the indoor unit on the window side. 4 .Sometimes the balcony is an expanded type, so it is required to secure enough capacity for air conditioning.

Characteristics of colleges
1 The classroom occupancy may change minute by minute because the students will be constantly moving between different classrooms. 2 It may be desirable to select the static ceiling concealed duct type, since staircase lecture rooms may involve a little sunlight and classroom ceilings are high. 3 For the library, the occupant density and the night load level are high, so it requires adequate ventilation and air conditioning.

Loads with commercial facilities and characteristics of the air conditioning

Items
Department store

Spaces Lobby/ Hall

Load properties
A zone subject to 10-hour operation during the daytime Higher ceiling/large space Large amount of outdoor air infiltrating

Characteristics of HVAC operation

Need to select adequate indoor unit capacity Need to apply air discharge to room/floor-standing/pressurizing AHU unit Need to apply HVAC only to residential space

Shops for casual wear/luxury items

A zone subject to 10-hour operation during the daytime Different loads and exteriors A zone subject to 10-hour operation during the daytime Heat from electric appliances and food Need to maintain awareness and caution regarding the affects of alcohol

Need to apply adequate amount of ventilation Need to select an indoor HVAC system to match the use

Selection of indoor units for residential facilities

Characteristics of private educational institutes

1 The load condition depends on the nature of the institute (e.g.,computer, English, Taekwondo, etc.). 2 Generally, the room occupant density is high. 3 The amount of occupants activities should be considered. Commercial facilities
Commercial facilities can be divided largely into theaters, cultural assembly facilities such as a religious gathering place, large stores such as department stores or discount stores, and 1st and 2nd-class community facilities such as medium and small retail shops or restaurants. Cultural assembly facilities may involve wide floor areas and high floor altitudes (15m maximum); on the top floor, major equipment will be furnished. Such facilities are mostly found inside buildings without windows, and are characterized by low levels of external loads but higher internal loads from the lighting and concentration of customers. These facilities may consist of a stage and seats for an audience. Under these seats, Mushrooms can be installed with consideration to the airflow and its direction. It is also necessary to consider zoning the space, since the crowd may surge during a particular time slot. Large stores such as department stores or discount stores may have a usual concentration of customers during night hours during weekdays, on holidays, or during bargain sales. These stores are usually a single building.
Large stores

Shops for home appliances /Restauran ts

Need to apply adequate amount of ventilation Need to consider the heat from devices and food Need to balance the airflow to prevent excessive effects from alcohol

Residential facilities
Residential facilities can be divided largely into Residential & Commercial Apartments (RCA) and common apartments. RCA refers to a building comprised of commercial (usually on the 2nd 4th floor) and residential facilities (usually on above the 4th floor), and a common apartment is a 5-story or higher building used for only residential purposes. Nowadays, a notable phenomenon is that residential facilities are becoming larger and higher. Residential facilities may consist of a kitchen, living room, bedroom, and balcony. Most all of the spaces except the balcony may need air conditioning, and the design of an HVAC system must reflect adequate air conditioning and ventilation capacities. First of all, the living room may have a high level of heat energy generated by home appliances and family members. It may also involve a high level of outdoor air load through the windows and verandah, as well as some degree of deviance of indoor temperatures; if the balcony is expanded, the air conditioning load becomes another parameter of the system design. The kitchen adjacent to the living room will usually have premium interior materials, and will involve an intermittent, large volume of heat energy from the kitchen appliances. This space may require adequate ventilation to discharge food smell.

Movie theater A zone subject to operation

during the daytime and midnight Possibility of a rapid increase of lighting and human body load in waiting spaces Different screening hours and frequency for each theater

Need to apply adequate amount of ventilation Need to use a system capable of enough dehumidification Need a system allowing individual control for each theater

Shops

A zone subject to 14-hour operation Operation concentrated on weekday night hours or holiday hours Higher ceiling altitudes

Need to apply a capacity that can respond to a concentration of people Need a system suitable for higher-ceiling shops

1 For residential facilities, it might be appropriate to use the 1-way ceiling cassette type which may not impact the interior so much; allows higher space utility; and which can be installed into a thin ceiling. The system is highly accessible, so is convenient to maintain (e.g., cleaning the filter), and easy to install. It produces little noise so is fit for the bedroom. The system comes in a range of capacities, so it can also respond to the living room, which requires a large volume of air conditioning. 2 If the ceiling-concealed duct system is applied instead of the exposed, ceiling cassette type for aesthetic reasons, it is possible to use a high static concealed-duct, but the noise issue should be addressed. 3 For a small capacity room such as the bedroom, it is viable to apply a low-static concealed duct model to serve the dignity of the interior, but the design must reflect an adequate installation space and structure in advance.

Counters

Crowded with customers

Community facilities
Convenience stores

Need a system that can respond to loads around counters

Need to consider the heat load of display cases Wide display window areas

Need to select a capacity based on the heat from showcases Need to use a system that can handle the heat loads from display windows
Need to select a capacity based on heat loads from users activities Need to secure enough ventilation against smoking Require a system allowing individual room control

Karaoke

Need to consider the heat from the users activities Air quality deteriorated by smoking Different hours of use for each room

So far, we have discussed what types of indoor units are appropriate for the uses of each different building. As the space related requirements for buildings are diversified, companies are introducing a wide range of different types of indoor HVAC systems to meet such requirements. This document will hopefully help in the design or selection of an HVAC system or indoor unit optimal for the use, economic goals, and the needs of the building.

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View Finder

Written by Pak Jangbong (vice-chief of BdMS Team under CAC Division, LG Electronics)

AC EZ: An Total solution incorporating the functions of both the simple central controller and the function controller. With a neat and compact design reflecting the interior aspect, the controller can be easily installed in any spot. In addition, it is capable of controlling up to 16 ventilation systems or indoor units, and features instruments for checking the entire operation and the lock mode, all of which are indicated on the LED or LCD.
Operating mode choose Ventilation Wind Speed Wind Direction

Gateway solution This solution, interlocked to external auto control systems for monitoring/control of various facilities and equipment, offers a range of gateways for flexible control between different devices.

OK

Temperature

Cancel

Exit Installation Mode 5 Sec

Setting

Lock

Release

AC SMART II: Uses a 7" TFT LCD touch screen. It is easy on the eye and is operated by a simple touch. The graphic design is also elegant for escalating the dignity of the space.

Master monitoring unit (VRF air conditioners/equipment)

LG Control System
LG Control System (LCS) is a comprehensive HVAC management solution, which covers building equipment control and post-management service. The solution includes the following: ACS (Advanced Control System) for individual or centralized integrated control of a system air conditioner and ventilation equipment; BMS (Building Management System) for complete, collective management of HVAC and various types of machinery equipment in the building; and TMS (Total Management System), which monitors the equipment operation around the clock on a real time basis to check for any failure and requests for a cause analysis by a SVC engineer for prompt repair and maintenance.
ACP: A centralized control system that has a built-in web server, which provides remote control for up to 256 indoor units via the Internet, without an additional program or computer.

Field controller

Outdoor unit Indoor unit Indoor unit Individual Controller

Boiler

Ventilation equipment

Ventilation equipment

Individual Controller

Water tank

4
AC MANAGER: A centralized control solution for the integrated management of system air conditioners and ventilation systems on a large site or in a field composed of multiple blocks that are interlocked into an ACP. An ACP can control up to 16 ventilation systems, and 4,096 indoor units. The system features various functions such as scheduling, history management, and auto control for the efficient management of multiple indoor units and ventilation systems. It is also for responding to the needs of a large site and decentralized control. Its capability of interlocking multiple ACPs and controlling multiple indoor units is currently evolving.

Other control solutions

ACS (Advanced Control System)

A network control solution developed with the latest new technologies, which covers the individual control of a VRF air conditioner to the centralized control of a large building. This is an energy-saving air conditioning solution that uses an optimized control method for a fresh and convenient digital life.

Independent control Wireless Remote Control: Provides an instrument for easy installation and convenient use, any time, any place. Wired Remote Control: Capable of simultaneous control for up to 16 indoor units. It comes in various models.

Centralized control This solution enables the centralized control and monitoring of multiple sets of indoor heating and cooling devices, and even remotely over the Internet depending on the user environment. Simple Master Controller: Capable of controlling up to 16 indoor units. This provides a convenient instrument for the operation and monitoring of HVAC units. It uses lock and heating/cooling switching functions that indicate the mode on the LED display. Function Controller: Enables the control of the airflow and temperature for each indoor unit, which is available in the Simple Master Controller, to promote user convenience

We have a range of other control solutions for providing user convenience, which include the following: the Demand Controller, an energy saving system which features auto control of the air conditioners operation factor; a PDI (Power Distribution Indicator), which is capable of having a separate billing that is associated with the remote meter checking, where the power consumptions of each indoor HVAC unit of multi-air conditioners using communal outdoor units are displayed; and Dry Contact, which controls indoor units that are interlocked to external contact points.

Demand Controller
(Demand Controller)

Dry Contact
(Dry Contact)

Wired Remote Control

Wireless Remote Control

ACP
Simple type Wide type Premiere type Simple central Controller Function Controller

AC MANAGER PDI(Power Distribution Indicator)

Able to control up to 4,096 units

35 vol.20 8 HVACmagazine

HVAC magazine vol.20 9

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BMS (Building Management System)

If traditional building management solutions are limited to simple space utilization, LGs BMS is focused on providing an efficient and economic management environment that covers energy control to a pleasant indoor environment via an optimized automated control of machinery/power/lighting equipment. In addition, the system can be integrated into a Smart Grid system.

if the data generated in each sub-system is delivered to the server, on the basis of server-client architecture, the data is consolidated into and managed by the system operator and the administrator's workstations.

TMS (Total Management System)

DDC(Distributed Digital Controller)

DDC is an integral part of LG BMS, which offers optimized logistics for various building environments. Without additional devices, it allows for a communication-based control, from the auto control of machinery/power/lighting equipment to LGs HVAC/heating/cooling and new & renewable energy solutions. (However, any auto control solution other than that of LG may require an additional system to control LG models.) With a high-end industrial CPU, it is possible to ensure an effective control process and good reliability, as well as having the ability to accommodate of a large number of control points (up to 700 Points). The controller offers an outstanding scalability; since it will be installed in a Din Rail structure it is easily detachable and is a module for facilitating the addition of an I/O module.

Master control software

This is software program for LG BMS which provides automated, integrated management of all settings inside a building, from machinery equipment control to energy policies. With this solution, it is possible to implement an integrated control system, which incorporates not only the control of existing machinery/power/lighting equipment but also LGs AHU system air conditioner/chiller/water heating and new & renewable energy solutions. In this system,

LG BMS

1
Chiller
Integrated building control solution

LG Electronics high-efficiency HVAC devices can promote the energy saving effect. In particular, the LG TMS, which is Cost equipped with optimized control algorithms and energy consulting tools, can additionally reduce the energy loss incurred by a particular type or external environment of a ~ building, or the customers energy using pattern. % The primary concept of LG TMS is about real-time monitoring Before Energy saving After AMS AMS effect of the operation status of the customers air conditioner around the clock, over the Internet, and notifying SVC engineers of any fault and its cause for prompt maintenance service. It is aimed at additional energy savings. The anticipated effects of LG TMS featuring 24-hour remote Service cost decline_The fault predicting function which monitoring and control functions and may largely include the prevents the situation from going into an emergency may promotion of convenience in regards to maintenance, reduce the service cost by about 60%. reduction of operation costs, and extension of the life cycle. Filter clean alarm_Alarms set for the filter and the heat exchanger may prevent overloads and contamination, reducing the energy use to the highest possible level. Promotion of convenience in maintenance Quick and punctual_remote failure detection: The Cost Cost year-round 24-hour remote monitoring solution allows for the analysis of the cause of a failure before it is observed Service by the customer, and notification to the engineer in Relative of the previous cost charge for prompt and punctual repair service.

LG TMS offers an energy saving solution that can reduce energy consumption from 5% to 23%, and as a result also reducing the carbon footprint.

5 23

About

60%

reduced

About

15%
reduced

Before AMS

After AMS

Before the filter clean alarm

After the filter clean alarm

New & renewable energy solution

Auto power/lighting control

Writing and sending an energy report_The operation status of the VRF air conditioner is analyzed on a daily, _ quarterly, and yearly basis, and is reported regularly to the customer in an easy-to-understand way. The consulting service may use the customers energy use pattern and the type of building, as well as data on optimized energy solutions for maintenance for the most efficient operations.highest possible level.

HVAC system

A failure

Remote monitoring

Quick service

Report sent by e-mail

Air conditioning/ ventilation system

LED lighting solution

Emergency Remote Control_Upon a fire or other emergency in the building, the Master Controller may remotely control or stop the indoor unit in a prompt and punctual manner. Remote backup_Upon an emergency, any important data in the VRF air conditioner, such as indoor/outdoor unit info, peaks, and power distribution will be protected from loss, maintained in security, and restored by the backup solution. Service history management_The engineer in charge will meticulously keep the service history, identifying the frequency of errors for each item to reduce the possibility of recurrence.

Remote control center

Remote monitoring

Building managers

Water heating solution

Energy & operation cost reduction and extended life cycle

PLS lighting solution

37

Energy saving solution_The energy solution of LG TMS consists of energy saving solution consulting about utilizing the operation data for each type of building to design an energy using plan and energy use optimization system reflecting the users operation pattern, internal/external environment parameters using a sensor network, the products location, and weather information.

LG Electronics provides comprehensive and complete solutions ranging from HVAC (including the chiller) to LED, solar heat businesses, and BMS applied to all these areas. LG TMS only offers HVAC service but currently research on BMS TMS is under way for a solution for incorporating the LG LED, solar heat, and other equipment. In the coming years, LG Electronics will add new & renewable energies including solar heat and geothermal heat to HVAC and LED systems, which cover more than 70% of the buildings entire energy volume. It will also develop its own BMS solutions that can control every single system, in order to become the worlds top energy saving solution provider on the basis of its leading-edge IT technologies and exclusive energy solutions, which reflect the different properties of each device.

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CASE STUDY
Heating costs reduced by 80% with the installation of two sets of geothermal heat pumps in a 9920 greenhouse

Hi-Farm in Hampyeong, a gardening facility that uses a HVAC system

We visited a Hi-Farm in Hampyeong, Jeaonnam, Korea, which has effectively reduced its heating costs by installing two sets of water-water geothermal heat pumps in part of the greenhouse. We asked Moon Jeongha, the owner of the farm and a greenhouse control system specialist, about how the hybrid heat pump system works. Written by Lee Jeongeun | Pictures by Lee Jaehee

Hi-Farm located in Yeomda-myeon, Hampyeong, is a large gardening facility of a kind rarely found in Korea. The scene of greenhouses extending line by line over a field of about 59,504 gives the impression of a huge plant rather than a gardening area. Tomatos, eggplants, and bell peppers have grown up freshly when enter the greenhouse. Although the path to each greenhouse was burning like the midsummer heat, it was somewhat cooler inside the greenhouse. We were told it's because the greenhouses are exposed to ventilation through the openings in their ceilings. "Paprikas and tomatoes will not grow well if it's too hot. So, we make sure the heat passes out of the greenhouse through the openings in the ceilings and that cool air flows in. If the weather gets extremely hot, we cool the greenhouses with heat pumps," said Moon Jeongha, a greenhouse control system specialist who owns the Hi-Farm and provides guidance on setting up greenhouses for interested farm households. He started to run his own farms three years ago. "If we call a person who owns a farming area of about 9,920 a big farmer, then I should be called a conglomerate because I run an area of about 49,500 . I run into a lot of problems with this huge farm. One of the most troublesome and burdensome aspects of runnning it is heating. However, in 2008, Jeonnams local government began to supply a hybrid heat pump system to greenhouse owners, so I had the chance to install air heating pumps in an area of about 2645. It helped to reduce my heating costs considerably."

The

1 Water-water geothermal pump, LGR-WA600D - 2 sets cover 99,000 of greenhouse space. 2 Greenhouse control system expert, Moon Jeongha, who has been providing guidance on establishing greenhouse facilities for interested farm households, acquired and started running the Hi-Farm in 2007.

Mr. Moon was able reduce his heating expenses by up to 80% compared to when he used only diesel as he used main fuel source. This is because he installed two units of a water-water geothermal heat pump (LGR-WA600D, 45RT) of LG Electronics in 99,000 of greehouse space. He used to be an engineer and was interested in machinery systems. 39 40

win-win story
Given the reality of our farming households, it might be more effective in saving heating bills to use both a boiler and a heat pump system. Kim Jongok (Chief of the System Team/In charge of the Honam region)

"We installed two units of a water-water geothermal heat pump, LGR-WA600D (45RT), in a 99,000 tomato greehouse space. It's a water-water thermal system but air is distributed through the Fan Coil Unit. Two heat pump units will cover an area of about 3306, while the remaining 6612 will be covered by the diesel boiler. A geothermal heat pump costs 364,200 USD for each 3,300 , so a household can hardly afford to install it with their own funds, without government subsidies. Therefore, it might be more reasonable to use the system along with a boiler unit, said Mr. Kim, who supplied the heat pump units to the Hi-Farm. "Actually, I have learned a great deal from Mr. Moon because he knows a lot about the machine," he added. Mr. Kim said that he pinpoints every single aspect he thinks defective, which has been of great help to his team's product development efforts. He also expressed his gratitude, once again, to Mr. Moon, who accepted the interview willingly.

He said that he wanted to test how different the LG Electronics' models were, how much money they could save, and whether it would be worthwhile recommending them to other farming households. The result? Very positive, of course. Mr. Moon said he found their performance and efficiency to bee outstanding, especially in terms of heating cost saving, so he felt that his own investment was not a waste at all. He was able to save 80% on his fuel expenses during a four-month period this year (from January to April) compared to when he used only diesel fuel. If the temperature is 5 below zero, the daily use of diesel is 800, but, with a heat pump, the volume descends to 400. If the price of diesel is assumed to be 0.7 USD/liter, the saving amounts to 300 USD/day, which equals 9,000 USD/month. You can save 36,000 USD in 4 months, which wil pay for two heat pump units. As they say, You can get more bang! To our farming households, the heat pump is a filial son." Mr. Moon's acclaim for the heat pump model continues. He said, "Other oil-driven systems were poor at heating and cooling, so we had difficulty growing our crops, but the heat pump system has an additional dehumidifying feature, which allows us to grow crops even in the hottest period of summer and to stably supply high-quality products throughout the year. Hampyeong is located at a relatively high altitude, so our farm does not need to use the cooling system that much. However, for any crops - such as flowering plants - which necessarily need cooling, or for areas involving high temperatures, the heat pump system will play a remarkably important role." We need to develop a new product that reflects the reality of our farmers! According to Mr. Moon, the geothermal pump system, despite the governmental support, is a considerable burden on farm owners, largely due to the relatively high installation cost and the time-consuming installation period; whereas the air thermal heat pumps cost is low, and its installation is quick and easy. Only one thing is missing: government subsidies! Nevertheless, since the cost burden on the part of farm households is the same for both the air thermal pump and the geothermal heat pump, farm owners naturally prefer the former. Mr. Moon said that he prefers the air-water system in particular of all the geothermal heat pumps, since he can use the pipelines already installed on the farm, so he only has to install the heat pump, and that the system works more effectively for his crops.

Greenhouse

Circulation pump

Water-water geothermal

Boiler

Whether it's a geothermal type or an air thermal type, any gardening facility will necessarily need a hybrid HVAC system. Horticulture facilities, especially a large one like mine, have to struggle to cut their heating and cooling expenses. I hope LG Electronics will accommodate the needs of our farming households by developing better solutions." Mr. Moon is very interested in the products of LG Electronics as he runs a greenhouse control system business in addition to a farming business. Its now three years since he became a farmer. "I didn't have a good harvest this year due to damages caused by the extremely cold weather, blight, and harmful insects, but I was able to cut down on heating expenses with the LG heat pump, which led to lower losses than other households." said Mr. Moon, stressing the importance of a lead-type heat pump system.

3. Water-water geothermal heat pumps installed on the Hi-Farm conceptual system map. Two LGRWA600D units have been installed. They are water-water geothermal systems, but air is distributed through the Fan Coil Unit. 4. Such units reduced fuel expenses by 80% during a 4-month period this year (Jan. to Apr.) compared to the use of a diesel boiler only. The crops at the Hi-Farm were not in good condition, but involved lower losses than other households thanks to the heating cost saving.

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42

CASE STUDY
Vital eco-friendly and high-efficiency HVAC solutions for railway stations
Birds-eye view of URS

<Table 2> Heating and cooling equipment for Ulsan Railway Station Items
Application
Load-involving sections Applying percentage

Multi V Super & Multi V Geo

Lee Minhee

Multi V Geo
Heating & cooling and ventilation for the waiting room

Multi V Super
Heating & cooling and ventilation for the waiting room; heating & cooling for the function room

Multi V DX AHU 30%

Multi V DX AHU, 70%

ceiling cassette

It is now obligatory to use new and renewable energies in railway station buildings which belong to the public. By their very nature, railway station buildings occupy wide areas including squares or parking lots, so many of them use water-refrigerant geothermal heat pump systems that are easy to install, highly energy efficient, and controllable. For instance, the Osong and Ulsan Railway Stations use the eco-friendly and highly energy efficient Multi V Heatpump and Multi V Geo systems. Written by O Seokhoon (CEO of Whinwon Engineering) | Coordinated by Lee Seonmin | Pictures by

Waiting room
Since the waiting room of a railway station is a multi-purpose facility, it should be designed in compliance with the pertinent regulation on indoor air quality management. Accordingly, the waiting room may require an inflow of fresh outdoor air, so we used HVAC systems in the ventilation, heating and cooling design of the room. As shown in <Fig.3> and <Fig.4>, the waiting room is as high as a two-story building; has high floors and a glass faade; and involves frequent visits by travelers. To reduce the load generated by invasive outdoor air, we planned a pressurized air conditioning (+10%) system, and installed diffusers in the perimeter zones to ensure the maintenance of a pleasant temperature even when the room is heated, in consideration of the fact that air conditioning from the ceiling entails the rise of warmed-up air which may hamper the heating. We divided the coils of the HVAC systems for the waiting room into two parts to connect up the Multi V Geo and the Multi V Heatpump as a single item of equipment, so that seamless heating and cooling can be provided through a dual heating source even in the vent of failure or irregular operation of the system responsible for load control. For a season involving lesser loads, such as intermediate seasons (spring or autumn), we made sure that a system delivering higher efficiency between the Multi V Geo and the Multi V Heatpump is preferentially put into operation so as to save energy.

<Table 1> Overview of construction of URS Items Project title

O Seokhoon, CEO of Shinwon Engineering and adjunct professor at the Building Service Engineering Department of Kyungwon College, supervised the construction machinery equipment for the Osong and Ulsan Railway Stations as a Professional Engineer in the field of Construction Machinery Equipment.

Details
2nd Phase of the Gyeong-Bu Trans Express Project - Construction of the New Ulsan Railway Station In the vicinity of 471, Shinhwa-ri, Samnam-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Korea Railway station building as a transport facility Floor Space: 8,578.89, Roof Space: 8,368.00 1 floor underground; 4 floors above ground

R ailway station buildings consist of a number of different rooms designed for use by different people

engaged in such areas as architecture, electricity, telecommunication, and signaling. Inevitably, many of these rooms should be used in different time slots and variable temperature conditions. To satisfy these needs, it is essential to improve the controllability of each unit and to establish a system that can effectively save energy even during partial load. For railway stations, electricity is supplied from two substations, and the power supply must never be interrupted; accordingly, it is appropriate to apply an electric heat source-based heat pump system as a heating and cooling heat source. The Gyeong-Bu Trans Express is a 418km high-speed railway service that connects Seoul and Busan. The section between Seoul and Daegu was opened in 1992, and, under the 1st phase of the project, construction works on electrifying the existing lines between Daegu and Busan, and Daejeon and Daegu, were completed by 2004. Under the 2nd phase of the project, a line connecting Daegu-Gyeongju-Busan was introduced, and, in 2002, construction work on the railway stations, including Osong, Gimcheon, Ulsan, New Gyeongju, Daejeon, East Daegu and Busan, was initiated, with the aim of making possible a one-way trip between Seoul and Busan in just 2 hrs and 10 min. Osong and Ulsan Railway Stations, which belong to the Gyeong-Bu Trans Express, may play an important role in shrinking the entire nation into a half-day travel zone.

The main Ulsan Railway Station building, which comprises 4 floors above ground and 1 underground, is located in Ulsan Metropolitan City. The basement floor has a machinery room, and the 1st 4th ground floors accommodate the power control, function and waiting rooms. As Ulsan Railway Station is located in an area where city gas cannot be supplied, the entire HVAC plan is designed to use the Multi V Geo and Multi V Heatpump systems. Planning of the machinery and equipment for Ulsan Station focused on the following: In dualizing the heating and cooling (HC) sources in the waiting room (hybrid: air source + geothermal source), we made sure that the HC systems will work in the event of a partial breakdown and ensured the systems individual controllability in each service time. The construction work on the station was delayed once as ancient relics were discovered on the site, but completion is now just around the corner.
Ulsan Railway Station (URS)

Case 1 Ulsan Railway Station

Location Use
Gross floor area Scale

Machinery equipment plan for Ulsan Railway Station The URS building, a public building occupying an area of at least 3,000, is compelled by law to use new and renewable energies. Like other railway stations, it occupies a wide area, so plans were made to use a geothermal pump as a new & renewable energy (NRE) source, as well as the Multi V Geo, a water-refrigerant type of geothermal heat pump which can reduce operating costs since it has no secondary circulation pump. In addition, since the station is located in an area where the city gas supply is not available, we applied the Multi V Heatpump which allows high individual controllability and uses electricity as the heat source - to load-involving parts other than parts where the NRE source is applied. To enable integrated control of the Multi V Heatpump, Multi V Geo and the AHU, we adopted a central controller for efficient operation.

Function room
Applied to the function room is the Multi V Heatpump, which is ideal for the individual control of different rooms used in different time slots; which can satisfy the temperature requirements for each room; and which can save energy during a partial load through an inverter. The layout of the outdoor unit was planned so as not to cause inconvenience to travelers; as such it was installed on the rooftop floor. The function room should require adequate ventilation for the occupants, so we planned the recollection of waste heat from the function room to be performed by a heat recollection unit. We used heating and cooling equipment for spaces which need it, such as offices and bedrooms, and cooling systems for spaces which require only cooling. For the functions rooms shown in Figures 3 to 6, we installed 1-way or 4-way ceiling cassette units depending on the load with each room to make the most of the indoor space.

Multi V III Heatpump

4-way Ceiling cassette

1-way Ceiling cassette

Multi V Geo
AHU Geothermal

Multi V III Heatpump

<Fig.1> Flow chart of the heating & cooling system for URS (Hybrid)

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44

Multi V Geo

AHU

Case 2 Osong Railway Station

Osong Railway Station (ORS), a 1-basement/3-story building, is located in Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea. As the first junction to be built among high-speed railway stations, it is an important station connecting the Gyeong-Bu Trans Express line and the Honam High-speed Railway line. Osong Railway Station will have platforms for the Gyeong-Bu and Honam lines (high-speed railways) and the Chungbuk (a common railway) line. As a station built under high-speed railway lines, it is

Waiting room AHU Waiting room FCU

The HVAC systems for the perimeter zones use a direct gas-fired chiller-heater as the heat source, as well as inner circulative HVAC systems and Multi V Geo.`
4-way Ceiling cassette 1-way Ceiling cassette

Machin

Function room
For the function rooms, separate control is important, so we applied the Multi V Geo. The Multi V Geo suits Osong Railway Station, which is built under the railway lines, since it allows individual control and does not require to installing of an outdoor HVAC unit at outside, thereby never affecting the view of the station building. As shown in Figures 8 to 10, the main ORS building is long, making it necessary to consider the refrigerant piping distance when connecting an indoor unit and the Multi V Geo. We installed the Multi V Geo in the machine and HVAC rooms, in an east-west direction, and made sure that the refrigerant piping distance between the outdoor and indoor units did not exceed 150m. Heat recovery units were used for the ventilation of each function room and the waste heat recovery, as with the URS building.

Multi V Geo
Geothermal perforation Gas- red chiller-heater

Multi V Geo

AHU

<Fig.2> Floor plan of the 1st floor of the URS

Multi V III Heatpump
1-way Ceiling cassette 4-way Ceiling cassette

impossible to install an outdoor unit on the rooftop, or in any other outdoor place, since it is surrounded by squares. However, the building has access to the city gas supply, so we applied a direct gas-fired chiller-heater, a cooling system that uses gas for over 60% of the cooling load, under the relevant government policy. The building occupies more than 3,000; we also planned the building
Electric Room
<Fig.7> Flow chart of the heating and cooling systems for ORS (Hybrid) <Table 2> Heating and cooling equipment for Osong Railway Station Items Application
Load-involving sections Applying percentage

Chiller-heater
Heating & cooling and ventilation for the waiting rooms perimeter zones

Multi V Geo
Heating & cooling for the waiting rooms interior zones, and for the function rooms

Function room

Function room Waiting Room Floor grill

1-way Ceiling cassette

to use new and renewable energies. For machinery equipment, we focused on promoting individual controllability and energy efficiency, by applying the Multi V Geo, as an internal circulative HVAC system, to both the waiting and function rooms.
Aerial View of Osong Railway

AHU 75%

Multi V DX AHU, ceiling cassette 25%

<Fig.3> Floor plan of the 1st floor of the URS

Large/Medium size (Floor standing)

Multi V III Heatpump

4-way Ceiling cassette

Halls and waiting rooms

As shown in Figures 8 to 10, the hall on the 1st floor is 3-stories high, and the waiting room on the 2nd floor is 2-stories high, covering a large space. For the 1st floor hall which passengers pass through, we installed diffusers on the floor of the perimeter zones, and nozzles on the wall. For the waiting room on the 2nd floor, which is deep, we installed diffusers on the floor of the perimeter zones as with the 1st floor hall, and an air tower in the center for outdoor air supply. We installed indoor circulative HVAC systems for the interior zones so that the heating and cooling loads could be shared.
<Table 3> Introduction of construction works on Osong Railway Station Items Details
Construction of the new Osong Railway Station in the 2nd phase of the Gyeong-Bu Trans Express project In the vicinity of 149-3, Osong-ri, Gangwoi-myeon, Cheongwon-gu, Chungbuk, Krea A railway station as a transport facility
1st floor hall Machine room Electric room

Function room

Function room

<Fig.4> Floor plan of 2nd floor of URS

Platform
1-way Ceiling cassette 4-way Ceiling cassette

The best HVAC solution for railway stations is to use both the Multi V Heatpump and the AWHP. In many cases, railway stations are set up in locations where it is impossible to supply infrastructural resources such as city gas or local heat sources. Electric power is a prerequisite for railway operation and its supply must be uninterruptible, so it may be more reliable to use an electric heat source-based heat pump for heating and cooling. Since electric heat source-based heat pumps are easy to operate, and are convenient to maintain and control, they are preferred by many railway station operators. With the recently developed Multi V heating solution, whose energy efficiency is better than any other traditional electric water heater, it is possible to implement energy-efficient HVACs, so we expect more and more railway stations to use both the Multi V Heatpump and Multi V heating solution in the future.

Platform Function room Function room

Project title Location Use Total floor area

Station building: 19,983.96 / hall roof: 25,310.02 1 floor underground and 3 ground floors

Nozzle

Waiting room Function room

1-way ceiling cassette

Function room

1-way ceiling cassette

Floor grill

<Fig.6> Floor plan of the 4th floor of the URS

<Fig.8> Floor plan of the 1st floor of ORS

45 HVACmagazine vol.15

15

Function room

Function room

Floor grill

Function room 1st floor hall AHU

Nozzle

<Fig.9> Floor plan of the 2nd floor of ORS

1-way Ceiling cassette

4-way Ceiling cassette

Machinery equipment plan for Ulsan Railway Station For rooms involving high ventilation loads and subject to the influence of outdoor air and frequent access by people, such as the waiting room, we applied an AHU using a direct gas-fired water chiller-heater. For spaces such as function rooms, for which the access hours and individual controllability for each different group of occupants are important, we applied the Multi V Geo, an energy-efficient system, and a central controller, as with Ulsan Railway Station, to ensure efficient system operation.

1-way ceiling cassette

4-way ceiling cassette

Air tower

<Fig.5> Floor plan of the 3rd floor of the URS

Scale

Multi V Geo

4-way ceiling cassette

4-way ceiling cassette

Waiting room

Waiting room with heating and cooling systems

<Fig.10> Floor plan of the 3rd floor of ORS

46

CASE STUDY

Chungmu Gymnasium in Daejeon

Chungmu Gymnasium is a large gym that can accommodate not only indoor sports games such as volleyball, basketball, and badminton, but also holds promotion events, large-scale cultural events, and concerts. However, the building and the facilities were deteriorated, and the ventilation was poor. By remodeling the building, we replaced the worn-out heating and cooling system with a new air conditioning system to ensure a pleasurable viewing environment for the audience. Written by Jang Geunho

Introduction of an electric-powered individual heating and cooling system for comfortable HVAC

The gym building, which was modeled after Admiral Yi Sun-sins turtle ship, is characterized by a very wide and high interior space. Therefore, with a traditional HVAC system, it was hard to distribute heating and cooling air flow evenly across the inner space, and it took too much time to bring the operation to a normalized level from the start-up. In addition, I had to apply an operation to each room around the main arena, replacing all deteriorated systems with energy saving models. I also had to make sure the athletes or a game were not affected by the swift airflow inside the gym, and was concerned about possible stratification of heated air flow due to the high ceiling. First of all, to avoid stratification of airflow and to improve the heating effect on both the arenas and the stands, I installed radiant panels on the ceiling and VRF type HVAC systems. Dressing rooms were also designed in a way where both cooling and floor heating were guaranteed; and outdoor restrooms were designed so that cooling and heating were considered as well as ventilation. In the management aspect, I applied an energy saving program to ensure that all equipment is controlled by the main control room. In addition, I applied LCC (Life Cycle Cost) analysis and used high-efficiency system models for optimal HVAC operation.

Project 2
Considerations in design and selection of heat source systems
I gave a lot of thought to which system to select as a proper heat source solution since it accounts for the greatest portion of the entire equipment system. The purpose of the design was to establish an efficient operating plan that can effectively respond to intermittent loads and which can produce optimal operational efficiency upon a partial load; the plan was focused on providing an individual heat source for each building in Hanbat Stadium. For the existing systems, the heat source plan was inadequate, could not effectively respond to the intermittent use of each individual room in the stadium, and was worn out and very damaged. So, I considered adopting a heat source solution that could allow individual control based on operational characteristics of each building, produces less heat loss on the pipelines, and could be maintained with low expenses.

2
Th1. Chungmu Gymnasium secured a pleasant heating and cooling environment while saving energy, by remodeling the building and replacing deteriorated heating and cooling equipment with electricpowered individual HVAC systems. 2. The gym renovated the existing heat sources into ones which allow separate control, less heat loss and decreased operating costs.

Project 3
Comparison and review of individual heating and cooling systems (electronic-powered vs. gas-powered)
In selecting proper individual heating and cooling systems, I had to consider the economic aspects including the initial investment and operating expenses, as well as the local infrastructural facilities. Afterwards, I selected an electric-powered heat pump model, which I felt allowed individual control based on operational characteristics of each room and was energy saving operation. The following data is about the comparison of electric-powered and gas-powered heat pump models, which I considered adopting during the design phase. Gas-powered heat pumps (GHP) on the preparation list
Outdoor unit

Items

Electric-powered heat pumps (EHP) on the final list

Outdoor unit Electric-powered heat pump system
Refrigerant pipe

Gas-powered heat pump system

Gas pipe

Project 1
Approaches to HVAC system design
Profile

Jang Guenho, Executive Director

As of now, Mr. Geunho holds the position of Executive Director at Woowon M&E. He is a specialist in architectural/machinery equipment, cooling, and design, and a professional fire protection engineer. . Mr. Geunho designed HVAC systems for Baekje Museum in Hanseong, new city hall buildings for Dangjin, Gunsan Arts Center, IT Complex in Seoul, Seo-gu Office of Gwangju, etc.

Considerations to the design of HVAC systems include; which system best fits the characteristics of the building; design requirements; heat sources that can be secured; and cases of similar buildings around. Chungmu Gymnasium expected the seasons baseball games to be held two to three times a month.

Conceptual map

Common room

Common room

Common room

Common room

Common room

Common room

Features

Excellent response to loads by external units inverter control Excellent heating and cooling water supply by electric-power operation of compressors No need for separate post-installation maintenance Less noise and vibration Larger capacity of Power Receiving Facilities

Excellent response to heating load Manager is required for excessive gas storage facilities Difficult maintenance regarding change of lubricants, or gas leakage Noises and vibration generated from engines Buildings view impaired by exposed gas pipe

Selection
47

Since, in each rooms nature, most intermittent loads are of a partial type and rented facilities account for a great portion, and by consideration decided by selecting electric-powered heat pumps which are supposed to guarantee stabilized energy supply, convenient maintenance mechanism and superior economic efficiency exists.

48

Project 4
Chungmu Gymnasiums previous equipment and improved aspects
The previous Chungmu Gymnasium, which was built decades ago, ran short of cooling capacity whenever the audience size grew; the worn-out HVAC duct and valves drastically dropped the heating and cooling performance of the HVAC system. In this case, the cooling was implemented by installing an EHP type in a way where the coolant slowly recollected and diffused; and the heating, with a convection type (with a EHP type) and radiant panels installed on the ceiling. The heat accumulated during the summer season was removed through ventilation windows and the ventilation performance for intermediate seasons was improved.

Project 5
Improvements the performance of heating & cooling and ventilation equipment of the other space
Problem Heating & cooling performance In cooling, cool air has a low density and it has the capacity to reach far, so there are no short term problems with the cooling performance. However, in the long run, worn-out systems were found to cause noises and deteriorate the overall system performance. For heating, the system showed poor performance due to the rise of airflow which is caused by the density gap during the winter; decrepit duct systems, HVAC piping, and valves drastically deteriorated the heating and cooling performance. Noise: Since the HVAC system for the stands was left exposed in the building, it caused much noise and vibration that made the entire viewing environment unfavorable during a cultural assembly or concert. Installation space and asthetic view The HVAC system installed behind the stands were blocking the traffic of the audience and caused movement to be inconvenient. The HVAC system and ducts were worn out enough to mar the beauty of the view. Improvements For the main arena, the existing system was replaced with an EHP system; cooling was implemented in a manner in which the cooled air was slowly collected and diffused to avoid impedance to games; for heating, both an EHP system and radiant ceiling panels were used to minimize the initial start-up time and to improve the heating performance. For the stands, a mounted air-cooling system and radiant panels were installed respectively on the floor and ceiling. Ventilation windows were installed on the ceiling to remove the heat accumulated during the summer season and to allow ventilation for intermediate seasons. Anticipated effects Since the space for floor-mounted air-cooling systems was reduced, not only did the movement of the audience through existing paths become freer and easier, but the reduced noise and vibration also resulted in a pleasant viewing environment. The combination of convection and radiant heating methods will improve the heating performance for the winter season. The radiant panels installed on the ceiling may provide an outstanding and impressive view.
For the computer room and broadcasting room, worn-out package air conditioners and the constant temperature and humidity chamber were replaced to improve the operational security.
Computer room/ Broadcasting room [ Previous state ] Need to remove heat/Superannuated constant temp/humidity chambers
Computer room Heat emission Deterioration Broadcast room

Dressing rooms were equipped with floor heating systems, and ventilation fans were introduced to the machine room for efficient displacement of duct devices and for the removal of moisture, dust and heat from equipment.

Dressing room

[ Improvements] Package air conditioner/Constant temp/humidity chambers replaced

Computer room Heat emission reduction Broadcast room

[ Previous state ] Need for prevention of freezing and bursting and for heating & cooling
Wall-mounted fan

[ Improvements] New electric hot water radiation pipe + electric-powered heat pump system
electric-powered heat pump system (outdoor)

Wall-mounted fan Shower room Dressing room Shower room

Existing equipment status

EA

EA

Dressing room

Constant

Removed heat waste Package air conditioner

Constant Electric hot water radiation pipe Thermostat

Anticipated effects System reliability improved through independent operation, simplified systems Equipment protected

Anticipated effects Pleasant atmospher improved through a floor heating method Pleasant atmospher improved and freezing and bursting prevented by individual temp control by occupants

Machine room/Electric room [ Previous state ] Need for removal of moisture, dust and heat from equipment
Polluted air Machine room Over-heated air Electric room Machine room Electric room

Outdoor restroom [ Improvements] New package air conditioner+ ceiling-mounted radiant radiator
Package air Ventilation fan

HVAC air supply ducts for arenas

[ Improvements] New duct-in line fan system

Exhaust fan Supply fan

[ Previous state ] Need for removal of moisture, dust and heat from
Ventilation fan

OA

EA

OA
Electric radiator

Side of HVAC system

for stands

Front of HVAC system

Anticipated effects SHumidity, dust and heat from equipment removed by effective displacement of duct devices

for stands

Anticipated effects Independent cooling Pleasant atmosphere improved and freezing and bursting prevented by radiant heating

Ceiling-mounted radiant radiator

Removal of stagnant heat

Over-heated air Floor mounted air cooling system

Radiant panels

Prospects for HVAC systems for sports facilities

One of the big concerns in Korea is becoming energy efficiency. The Korean government has enforced the Energy Efficiency Rating mark system, which is applied to new or remodeled buildings. Another important concern in this context will be Floor mounted air cooling solutions for inexpensive and eco-friendly maintenance. Efficient system maintenance may require an inexpensive heat source system that allows individual and empty room control. When it comes to air quality, the law requires the minimum ventilation, and, expectedly, the standards on the purity of air and the ability to remove viruses from the air will be tightened. In particular, for sports and cultural facilities, which attract all types of individuals, the importance of firefighting and smoke control equipment will never be neglected. Sports facilities are places where many people visit, so optimal HVAC systems must be in place HVAC in every aspect. Above all, energy saving will be the biggest issue, and it may be best served by a system which makes the most of natural energy (natural ventilation, enthalpy control, etc.) and can save returned power, i.e., a system employing inverter control and the like.
Status of systems installed in Chungmu Gymnasium Direct-expansion AHU
Mediumlarge size heating and cooling systems(floor standing)

Radiant heat

Radiant heat

Improvements made in Chungmu Gymnasium

LRP-N2907D 1 unit, 6,400CMH 1 unit, LRP-N3507D 8 units, 10,000CMH 4 units LP-C5803S 9 units, LP-X5803S 9 units
LRP-N7007D 1 unit, LRP-N5807D 1 unit, LRP-N8707D 1 unit, Casunitte type indoor HVAC system 29 units

Electric-powered heat pumps

Radiant panel systems on the ceiling

24m(30 units), 14m(30 units) 1,000,000kcal/h 1 unit

EHP type HVAC system (heating and cooling)

Vacuum water boilers (heat source)

49

50

CASE STUDY
For energy saving and efficiency promotion

Proposal of Total Solution for LG Electronics

1 Site overview
The building A will be built into an about 27,000 multi-purpose building composed of 6 basement and 19 ground floors, in Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul. The basement floors may accommodate backbone facilities including machinery, electricity and generator rooms, deuteron and rainwater tanks, parking lots, fitness equipment, and restaurants. The ground floors may have education and research facilities and offices, along with a PIT facility to sit on the middle section of the building.

With this perspective, I have planned the equipment in a way where it can display its maximum performance, in a cost-efficient and energy-saving, while achieving other specific goals as well.

In many cases, building construction may involve redundant investments, and a waste of time and space, which is caused by different controls and operating methods applied to each different segment: the equipment, electricity, communications, and fire fighting. The biggest merit of the Total Solution may be its ability to identify these unnecessary elements to shun relevant waste and to pave the ground for guaranteeing a performance remarkably superior to previous systems. While planning and designing the A building, I chose to use LG Electronics water sourced Multi V, LED lighting equipment, and BMS, and I could recognize these advantages of the Total Solution. Written by Song
Seunghoon The name of the building introduced in this document has not been confirmed at the moment, so is mentioned as the A building

3 Background of the proposal

The equipment plan should be reasonable and valid. In particular, the plan might have to tangibly serve the following features

Conditions and planning

Features
Heat source system

Conditions Heat supply and loss

Dust, smell, etc.

Equipment planning
Planning of a monitor, control and energy saving solutions for heat source/air conditioning/hygiene equipment
Energy saving plan regarding ventilation/discharge/outdoor air

2 Building properties
The properties of every building and structure may be closely tied to direct and indirect human activities. Depending of the mode of human actions, the building can produce energy, however most structures are places where energies are consumed. Therefore, the planning of building equipment requires plenty review and consideration on energy saving and efficiency solutions. The A building, which Im currently planning, will be used for the following three purposes. The first use is for business. The business office block is from the 13th to 19th floor. In its nature regarding the load, the block may require considerations on the variance, floor altitude, and maintenance. The second use is for education and research. The education block may occupy the middle section of the building, from the 1st to 12th floor. It should be noted that the education and research block of the A building is different from those of any other urban buildings based on its dormitory style. That is, during the daytime, the block may involve the use of its education and practicing facilities, but, at night, the dormitory rooms will be in use. I reflected on this kind of design from the phase of equipment planning, which applies two types of loads to the same room occupants. The third use is a fitness facility to be located in the basement, which may include a swimming pool or sauna room for the occupants of the building. This building will have a design engaging different zones with different types of loads, so the main focus of the design will be how to effectively respond to variant levels of loads.

Ventilation equipment

Lighting system Power equipment Video system

Access control

Lighting load, brightness, etc. Power supply and cutoff

Acquisition and processing of information Control and monitoring of occupants Control and monitoring of parking

Plans for proper distribution, collective monitoring and control of lighting system and the load Planning on maintenance of stabilized power supply system and standby power cutoff Security plans for inside and outside Occupant control plans for certain zones Plans on car parking control and monitoring

Parking control

The A building came with challenging conditions including no opening of louver, centralized HVAC, and no installation of outdoor units on the rooftop. Therefore, I had to propose a system that could serve all of these requirements. A new HVAC system that can satisfy these conditions can be exposed to many operational or control-wise difficulties, but after reviewing every relevant aspect, I finally chose to propose the LG Electronics water sourced Multi V as an alternative HVAC solution.

4 Proposal of an HVAC system

In the design phase
The HVAC designing process may have to consider the load properties of each system. In addition, it is also required to identify the access hours and the number of occupants of each room. Then, it is necessary to determine how to maintain and repair the equipment and how to implement individual and centralized control.
Sequence and direction of heating and cooling environment control; Relation flow between (A) (B) for heating and cooling Control direction
Outdoor air condition (-)

Thermal Comfort
Heating Zone Cooling

Profile

Song Seunghoon

Control direction
Outdoor air condition (+)`

With KJ Engineering Co., he designed a number of buildings such as a convention center in Uijeongbu and HMS in Chuncheon. He is currently working on a commercialresidential building in Dongdaemun.

A
A

B
B

A load for which architectural control is available

A load for which equipment control is available

18

52

HVAC design flow Planning Framework Basic design Final design

The next step may involve a series of tasks including the calculation of illumination intensities through tests on real objects or miniature mock-ups. Considerations in the selection of a lighting system When first selecting a lighting system, consider how to make the most of the natural light. Then, the efficiency of light sources should be estimated to choose a high-efficiency system. Finally, the selected lighting apparatuses as well as the blinking circuits must be arranged appropriately.

Proposal BMS

HVAC

ACP
Water cooling

Multi V

All in 1

Eco V

AHU

Use of the building Functions Size Structure Budget

HVAC scope Indoor environment HVAC type Data collection Ducts and piping

Determine the HVAC type Review the heat sources Calculate approx. loads Plan the equipment

Calculate actual loads Review the air flow Calculate system loads Select a system Design ducts and piping

C/P
Machinery

Cooling tower

Boiler

Valve

Circulation pump

C/P
Electricity control

Boiler

Underground water tank

Hot water Air supply & discharge

Drain tank

Project owners requirements

Basic scheme General specifications

Working plan General specifications Equipment arrangement plan

Lighting design flow

Statement of the final design Review on modes such as lifestyle Lifestyle Regional environment Life standard Requirements

C/P
Power control Lighting Lighting control

Considerations in selecting an HVAC system

Considerations in the selection of an HVAC system can be divided largely into four categories. First, the indoor environment must be defined into high-class settings. Throughout all four seasons with different characteristics, the sensory temperature must be maintained uniform; the requirements for each change in the natural environment should be satisfied; and an outstanding indoor environment must be created. Secondly, it is imperative to consider the energy saving performance solutions. This is because we need a system that can satisfy both the requirements for a pleasant indoor environment but also the conditions of higher energy efficiency. The next consideration is about whether the system can live up to the trend of buildings seeking high-end intelligent control solutions such as IT, office automation, or automated building control system. Lastly, it is necessary to check whether the HVAC equipment has outstanding performance in terms of the maintenance and management aspect. Estimation must be made on whether the post-management such as renovation or repair service will be convenient, and whether the system can show excellent durability after many years of use.

19F
Living room Parking

18F
Guest room

19F
Korean food study

12F Elev. Hall

B2F

17F CEO Room

Review on lighting environment and images Lighting environment Illumination intensity on each zone Lighting images Lighting distribution images

Parking control system

Vehicle recognition-1

Vehicle recognition-2

6
Review on lighting conditions Entire brightness level Color temperature Planning of copper wires and distribution of lighting intensity

In the design phase

Proposal of BMS

7 Characteristics of the Total Solution

The creation of one, complete building may take a lot of people, efforts, and time. However, in the process, many building construction cases tend to involve redundant investments and a waste of time and space, which is caused by different controls and operating methods applied to each different segment: the equipment, electricity, communications, and fire fighting. The biggest merit of this Total Solution where the strengths and weaknesses of several different systems complement each other - may be its ability to identify these unnecessary elements to shun relevant waste and to pave the ground for guaranteeing a performance remarkably superior to previous systems. In the process of planning the A building, I could recognize this merit of Total Solution. This comprehensive solution will reduce the time for design and the lead time; may provide a clear constructability; and may drop the error rate. I hope this Total Solution can be complemented in the future and actively adopted within architectural planning rather than in equipment planning. I also hope the solution can reflect as many firefighting aspects as possible so that it can also serve as relief measures in case of a fire.

Machinery equipment. It is required to review the environment

Select a lighting apparatus as lighting source

and conditions that the building is put under and the ways to actively utilize natural energies to decrease energy consumption overall. It is also necessary to consider how to promote the operational efficiency and the maintenance/repair performance. In this case, attention must be paid to how to eliminate aspects of waste for checking for any occupant and cutting off the standby power. It is also important to ensure that the flow of the emergency and the stationary power is maintained effectively controllable to save energy and to reduce the heat load. Make sure the lighting control is implemented in a way where it checks for any occupant, and establish a lighting solution using a voice recognition method.

Determine the arrangement of lighting apparatuses

Monitoring of power. Establish a real-time monitoring system

Review on lighting and brightness distribution

Control of lighting. Make sure the lighting or its intensity is

5 Proposal of a lighting system

In the design phase
The first thing to review in the design is the conditions of the lighting plan. These conditions may include the occupants life style and living standards, regional settings, the requirements of the project owner, lighting conditions, and illumination intensity for each zone. Based on these conditions, the designer must determine the brightness level and color temperature for the entire indoor space, and the distribution of illumination intensity on each pathway, as part of the entire lighting plan. According to this lighting framework, and after finishing the lighting design, it is required to select and arrange lighting apparatuses to be used as a light source.

Lighting distribution vs. the calculation Tests on real objects Tests on miniature mock-ups

Select a lighting control system

Video monitoring. Make sure the insiders and outsiders

Cost planning

accessing the building are identified on a real time basis, and any irregularities are reported to interested personnel. Access control. Make sure certain groups of people are not permitted to access particular rooms as part of the effort to establish an effective access monitoring system and to bolster the security.

Execute the plan

Parking control. Make sure cars are directed to and parked in

designated parking spaces. Make sure the parking is controlled under a plan customized to the purpose of the visit and properties of occupants

53

* References. <Building Equipment Reflecting Eco-Friendly Solutions> (Seo Seungjik, Iljinsa) <Building HVAC Equipment> (Jeong Gwangseop et., al 7, Sungandang) <Building Light Planning> (Kim Jeongsu et., al. 3, Kwangmoonkag)

54

CASE STUDY
ith the growing complications of industrial architecture and the peoples increasing demands for a more pleasant indoor environment, the importance of HVAC solutions in the ventilation area is being stressed more and more. However, traditional empirical methods or other simple tools cannot collectively handle the entirety of the building's indoor and outdoor HVAC issues, therefore we suggest utilizing CFD using airflow simulation. CFD stands for Computational Fluid Dynamics, which refers to a method of numerically interpreting the dynamic movement of a fluid through the use of a computer. Traditionally, interpreting the movement of a fluid has been done through the use of a wind tunnel (air) testing device or a wave tank. The CFD method has been developed as an alternative using a numeric mechanism. As of now, the application of CFD covers almost all areas including indoor HVAC, aeronautics/space engineering, automobiles, shipbuilding, and machinery. In many cases, the aspects of dynamics are dealt with both in theory and experimentally. The same is true for hydromechanics. An experiment can be a powerful tool by representing a real phenomenon as it is. However, from a holistic perspective concerning time, economy and space, CFD may be more overall effective than experiments. Based on this knowledge, this document will hopefully contribute to a more pleasant indoor environment with its instruction of indoor space airflow and noise case studies using CFD.

however these spaces may need additional soundproofing devices since they may involve a relatively high noise level.

Field overview

Area Approx 3,300 m2, Ceiling height 2.9 m

Product models subject to interpretation
The 1st floor high static-pressure duct LRD-N605B (2 units, LRD-N725B (3 units), LRD-N835B (5 units) The 2nd floor high static-pressure duct LRD-N605B (2 units), LRD-N725B (3 units), LRD-N835B (5 units) LRD-N1007B (2 units) 2-slot line diffuser DF2LN200A (SA, RA)

Interpretation criteria
Line diffusers discharge temperature and airflow 14, 309~435CMH (a strong wind) Indoor cooling load 16,500kcal/m2 Outdoor air temperature 35

Summary of interpretation outcomes

Both the 1st and 2nd floor satisfy the indoor noise requirement of 45dB or below, but they may need additional soundproofing devices.

The result of indoor noise analysis

Noise distribution of the 1st floor

case

Interpretation of a noise from a ceiling-concealed duct

OO Resort's guest house

Noise distribution of the 2nd floor

Indoor space airflow and noise simulation using CFD

Today, the importance of HVAC - heating, ventilation and air conditioning - is being emphasized more and more each day, and with this comes difficulties to comprehensively analyze and judge the HVAC system's complex structure or mechanism with current existing empirical formulas or simple tools. From this perspective, this document will introduce indoor airflow and noise analysis case studies using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), an important and emerging method. Source: LG Electronics

OO Resort is an all-season retreat with a variety of unique facilities, built under the concept, a premier, daily luxury resort for revitalizing the needs of modern overworked people. The resorts guesthouse is designed as a highclass residential space for VIP customers, and accordingly, the interior design and noise issues are very important. With this consideration, a ceiling-concealed cut type indoor air conditioning system had been installed. Primarily, the installation of an concealed-duct must consider the ducts airflow and static pressure, but the noise issue should also never be ignored. The indoor noise level was checked while the duct was in operation and all the doors of indoor spaces were open, showing a noise distribution of at least 41dB or below which was acceptable. The 2nd floor also revealed a proper noise level, with a 41dB or lower distribution for all rooms except the dressing room (43dB). The units installed on the floor of the kitchen and the living room on the 1st floor, and the dressing room and family rooms on the 2nd floor satisfy the noise requirement of 45dB or below,

Laws and environmental policies or enforcement ordinances regarding noise Items Applied to
Area A

Criteria
Daytime (06:00~22:00) Nighttime (06:00~22:00)

50 55 65 70 65 70 75

40 45 55 65 55 65 70

Common areas

Area B Area C Area D Area A and B

Roadside areas

Area C Area D

55

56

case

Comparison of heating effects for different locations of the diffuser

case

A technology park in Jeju Island

Analysis of heating effects based on the number of indoor units

Elementary/middle/high school classrooms

case

The interior designed by Peter Remidios, a world-class five-star hotel designer, and interior teams from in and out of Korea, presents a space of art as an incarnation of life. It Penthouse in Busan, designed by the world-renowned, was forecasted that there would be a possible problem in great master architect, Daniel Libeskind, is often named as the relation between this complex structure and luxurious one of new landmarks representing the city. This high-rise, space and the ceiling cassette type cooling system. It was residential and commercial building, which was designed very likely that the well-ceiling shaped space might as a premier maritime leisure complex and is deemed to experience dew condensation from the standoff distance have everything the highest-class consumers want, is between the cassette product in the ceiling and the wall, so under construction on a 41,218 plot, with 72nd floors. a CFD review was conducted. As a result, it was expected that, since the cassette unit had been installed on the top section of the ceiling on the window side approximately 700 mm from the wall, the airflow would run directly into the wall surface. This might cause the discharged airflow to raise the wall temperature to around 17 when the cassette system is put to operation. This would also eventually make the indoor temperature reach the dew point, depending on the temperature Standoff distance Discharged airflow and humidity inside the ceiling, causing dew condensation between the indoor inside the ceiling. For example, the dew point temperature unit and the wall was 17.27, when the inside-the-ceiling temperature was 26, and its humidity was 60%. This means, if the temperature of the wall inside the ceiling drops to 17.27 or below, it may lead to dew condensation. It was expected that if the humidity is relatively high, e.g., at an indoor temp At a discharge temperature of 15 the temperature of the of 26.3, humidity of 89.8%, and a dew point of 24.06, front ceiling surface was expectedly 17 little change in the temperature would result in dew condensation. To solve this problem, it was recommended that the ceiling type air conditioning system should be installed at least 2m away from the wall. A skyscraper, Penthouse
Temperature distribution of the front ceiling

CFD simulation based on the standoff distance between the indoor unit and the wall

There is a technology park near Ara-dong, Jeju-si (1.09mil ), which accommodates leading knowledge-based IT and BT industries. For this site, we compared the heating effects of different ceiling cassette units and ventilation systems, when both of these are applied, and with different installation locations of RA (Return Air), SA (Supply Air), and diffusers. The case was divided into three options; options 1 and 2 installed the supply air diffuser on the window side and option 3 installed the return air diffuser on the window side. In options 1 and 2, we could observe that the airflow discharged from the 4-way cassette unit was dispersed at the window. This indicates the supply air affects the discharged airflow and its temperature to somewhat prevent even heat distribution. In option 3, where the return air diffuser was installed on the window side, the airflow discharging from the 4-way cassette was smooth enough to form a higher-temp zone around the window. Overall, there was a low temp-zone formed at the bottom of the supply air diffuser, while a higher temp-zone was formed at the bottom of the return air diffuser. It is important to consider this result when designing or installing a ceiling cassette type indoor or return air unit.

Recent years have seen many elementary, middle and high school buildings use ceiling cassette type indoor units that use EHP (electronic heat pumps). Generally, installation involved 1 set of ceiling cassette type units with a capacity of around 5 HP. However, deteriorated school buildings suffer from significant outdoor air infiltration and cold drafts on the window side, which prevent stabilized heating for entire classrooms. We conducted this analysis by dividing the case into two options; option 1 involved the installation of 1 set of indoor units covering the entire load, and option 2 involved 2 units of indoor units, which respectively, handle the load by 50%. Most schools had a 5HP-capacity indoor unit to cover about 82.5 m2, which resulted in 4 dead zones in the corner of each classroom, as shown in option 1. However, classrooms with two units of 2.5HP indoor units had only 2 dead zones at the center involving less heat load, as shown in option 2. The analysis on the temp distribution based on the ceiling height concluded that option 2 involving 2 indoor units showed an average 1 higher temperature than option 1. Also, in option 2, the dead zone including the corner and window side delivered 4~5 in higher temperatures, resulting in more pleasant heating.

1.5HP system 1 set

Temperature ()

2.5HP system 2 sets

Mean temp for 1.5m ceiling height 24.2 : 25.5 Mean temp for 1m ceiling height 22.8 : 23.2 Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Mean temp for o.5m ceiling height 21.1: 21.5
Installaing only 1 set is expected to involve a wider distribution of low temp zones than 2 units

Field overview

Field name: Jeju High-Tech Science & Technology Complex

Product models subject to interpretation 4way cassette (4 units) / Circular fan diffuser (SA 4 units, RA 4 units)

Interpretation criteria
4-way cassettes discharge temp and airflow 40, 21CMM Circular fan diffusers discharge temp and airflow 77.00, 21CMM Outdoor air temperature -5

3 options
Option 1 (Inside the building RA, SA, RA, SA Window side) Option 2 (Inside the building RA, SA, RA, SA Window side) Option 3 (Inside the building RA, SA, RA, SA Window side)

Summary of interpretation outcomes

Option 3 showed a generally uniform indoor temp distribution and a higher mean indoor temperature than options 1 and 2. Option 1 27.2 Option 2 27.25 Option 3 27.4

From an investment perspective, installing 1 unit of indoor air conditioning systems might be more beneficial than installing 2 units. However, despite its somewhat higher investment, the latter option may turn out to be more overall advantageous, since it may reduce the operation hours, and accordingly, the operation costs, while presenting a more pleasant indoor environment. Hopefully in the future, many people will adequately reflect on this conclusion to foster a more favorable educational environment. 58

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Case Study

Written by Jeong Chiwoo (chief of BdMS Team under CAC Division, LG Electronics)

To meet these requirements, we decided to apply IBS by taking into consideration such aspects as convenience and safety in using each facility based on properties of membership and common customers and the staff, energy saving issues for each equipment operation, and dual system settings. Out of 18 IBS processes this document will discuss SI, FMS, integrated monitoring, auto control of machinery equipment, auto power control, access control, guestroom management, monitoring of parking, and the building information system. The discussion may exclude CCTV, LAN, exchangers, combined wiring, broadcasting, CATV, sound/video, and sales management system, which were taken care of by GS ITM Inc., an integral partner of the consortium for this project.

Considerations in the design System Integration (SI) It might be required to unify the resort facility management paradigm by integrating all the different systems through a combined control service for each facility, and to secure an environment for efficient system operation and interlocking, and effective remote control, as well as analyze various operational conditions. The considerations also include the dual settings of integrated servers (in a real-time backup environment), full and partial integration and interlocking control, and e-mail and SMS communication for major alarms.

For RSR, we reached a consensus that using an open protocol which provides a higher level of scalability in the management and maintenance aspect may be effective, and tried to make sure the integrated system could collect the events observed in real time in each sub-system on the basis of BACnet, an international standard protocol for the auto control of a building, under an interlocked control based on the scenarios defined for each type of event. In order to resolve the two issues - assurance of system security and minimization of the initial investment - we used a facility management system (FMS) to implement a dual setting, and added a backup system for data recovery, in a 3-phased process. For the system operation aspect, we introduced major alarm points and SMS functions for prompt response to any failure or error in the system as well as a real-time, web-based system environment for remote monitoring and control. Considerations in the design Facility management system (FMS) For the FMS, it is necessary to check the independent operation of the server, the equipment history and building plans and to provide major functions including data collection on integrated billing, reservations, service use, preservation, and operation and analysis reports on the establishment of the database and facility operation. It is also required to support efficient and reasonable operational work and to provide a service environment that can serve the purpose of saving the life cycle cost of the building via specific management of the facilities, and to support the field operation through a mobile facility management system.
Sound/Video area
CATV system
[Common antenna]

Gyeongpo landmark, Rakai Sandfine Resort

The block diagram of IBS for Rakai Sandfine Resort (RSR)

IT area Exchanger system
[IP exchanger]

User area
Guestroom management

Integrated wiring system

For the Rakai Sandfine Resort, in order to serve its status as the highest-class composite resort, we decided to apply the latest solution, IBS (Intelligent Building System), focusing on an eco-friendly and high-efficiency performance from the beginning of the design phase. We also estimated the period from the proposal of IBS to its completion, and thoroughly reviewed the development directions of IT systems as well as the latest technology trends for each system.

SI area
[Billing & Accounting]

[Satellite antenna]

Guestroom control server

System Integration (SI)

SI server
- Equipment operation info - Device status info

Facility management system(FMS)

[FMS server] Data application Manager Instructions Worker

Broadcasting system
[Control PC]

Outcome registration

Report on measures SMS sending

Fire reception unit

Building information/Electric & machinery system

[Server]

- Each devices status info - Equipment control/monitoring - Equipment operation info/Alarms

Integrated monitoring system 42 LCD

Night watch Antidisaster
Material management Drawing management Equipment management Data management

Machine

Power

Lighting

[Promotion/Information Display]

Overview of Rakai Sandfine Resort (RSR)

Located along the Gyeongpo coast in Anhyeon-dong, Gangreung-si, Gangwon Province, Korea, RSR is a high-class resort composed of five units of 2-basement, 9-story condominiums accommodating 206 guestrooms, where beachfront outdoor swimming pools, eco ponds, waterfront decks and terrace gardens are mingled with each other. The construction will be launched by Seungsan Inc., in April, 2010, and the resort will start full-scale operation in June, 2012. The resort is already attracting peoples attention as a new landmark of the region from the initial phase of the construction. RSR is expected to solve the biggest need of Gangreung city, being the mecca of tourism along the East Sea, but having no condominiums or lodging to speak of. This will also certainly boost the local economy by attracting more family tourists who tend to stay in one spot during their vacations.

Approaches to IBS design

The design of IBS for a high-class resort requires many considerations from various angles. Reviews must be made on integrative solutions for the efficient management of each system, facility maintenance cost, economic efficiency for energy saving, customer satisfactions, convenience reflecting the latest technical trends, tangible and intangible assets of the resort, stability for customer safety, and similar resort construction cases. RSR will be composed of condominiums run under a 100% membership system. Outdoor swimming pools will be adjacent to the coast, reception and convention units for banquets and international conferences.
Integrated wiring system

Parking

System integration & interlocking

Work management

Facility management Operating cost saving

Energy management

A/V system
[Video output] [Voice output]

Auto control of machinery equipment

Auto control of lighting /power

Access control

Parking control

Anti-disaster

Elevator [Video input] [Voice input]

(Repeater)

Bill calculator
Meter reader Digital calculator
Cabinet board

Electronic meter
Cabinet board

Restricted are Parking ticket dispenser

Digital meter

Gas

Tap water duct

Restricted are

Entrance

Exit

Auto barrier

Auto barrier

Machinery equipment auto control system

Power/lighting auto control system

Remote meter checking system

Integrated nightwatch system

Parking control system

Building automation area

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The FMS for Rakai Sandfine Resort was designed in a way where the data on the automated building equipment are obtained for use in the maintenance effort, and the data on the cost involving the facility management system are sent to infrastructural systems such as the resort info system and archived as basic management information. We also applied a mobile system for smooth maintenance work in the field. The FMS application for RSR is comprised of different kinds of modules for each area including: the building info, equipment info, work management, preventive maintenance management, user management, material management, blueprint management, and efficient energy control.

Considerations in the design Integrated control & monitoring system Each sub-system of IBS was interlocked to the monitoring equipment to present the screen with usual settings and to combine/partition the screen according to scheduled scenarios upon an event. The monitoring system was also equipped with an RGB Matrix Switcher for real-time monitoring and presentation in a promotion activity.

Monitoring equipment

LBS/ASS On/Off

VCB On/Off On/Off status TRIP alarm OCR OCGR etc

ACB On/Off On/Off status TRIP alarm

TIE VCB/ACB

Considerations in the design Guestroom management system (FMS) The system must allow easy manipulation by the customer or operator, as well as integrated monitoring and control of the equipment and devices in each room using an integrated management server. The design considerations should definitely include energy saving solutions, convenience in maintenance, and safety measures for each guestroom, which are based on the information on the departure of a customer or an empty room. The guestroom control system for RSR was designed to provide a convenient and safe IT environment for customers, with a TCP/IP network connected to the information desk and office, and automating solutions. The conditions of guestrooms and services were subject to a composite management for maximum management efficiency. The system was configured to automatically shift to energy saving mode, upon the leave of the customer for energy savings. Also, the system was designed to provide a preheating function in association with the floor heating system, based on the customers reservation setting. Considerations in the design Parking control system For the parking lot control system, we had to ensure reliability, security and convenience in the parking service, and efficient maintenance, with solutions for a convenient parking mechanism, effective control of indiscreet access by unspecified vehicles, and efficient management of parking conditions. The parking control system for RSR was designed in a way so the access of external vehicles is effectively controlled, and smooth traffic can be induced upon entrance and exit of vehicles. For this, the system was equipped with a manned parking booth, season ticket, parking ticket dispenser, vehicle gate, and vehicle directing device.

Control Control center

On/Off Status monitoring status

Alarm monitoring Protection elements Measurement elements

On/Off status

Considerations in the design Auto control of machinery equipment It was required to provide a pleasant indoor environment to the users or workers through optimized control of in-house air conditioning, heat sources, hygiene facilities, and other equipment, and at the same time guarantee energy saving. We designed the auto control of machinery equipment for RSR in a way that the resorts life cycle cost is saved; a pleasant indoor environment is maintained long term; and the operating and management costs are saved, by applying an energy management system (EMS), control logic programs, and time schedule control programs.

V, A, W, WH, V, A, W, WH, F, PF etc F, PFetc

* Other items subject to control and monitoring include ATS, TR, ELD, power generator, and
refineries

Considerations in the design Auto control of lighting To implement a centralized control, provide a pleasant indoor environment, and save maintenance costs, we had to apply solutions for individual/group/patter/dimming control, manual control, outdoor lighting/scenery lighting control, per-working shift control, and emergency control upon a blackout/fire alarm. The auto lighting control zones for RSR were divided into parking lot, lobby/hall/corridor, and landscaping. Applied to the parking lot is a time-schedule control with the access frequency taken into consideration, and the lighting for the lobby/hall/corridor was designed in a way that it is controlled on the basis of the working shift or through a direct setting for each daily, weekly or annual event. For the landscape lighting, we applied an auto control based on sunrise and sunset hours. Considerations in the design Access control system To implement a centralized control, provide a pleasant indoor environment, and save maintenance costs, we had to apply solutions for individual/group/patter/dimming control, manual control, outdoor lighting/scenery lighting control, per-working shift control, and emergency control upon a blackout/fire alarm. The auto lighting control zones for RSR were divided into parking lot, lobby/hall/corridor, and landscaping. Applied to the parking lot is a time-schedule control with the access frequency taken into consideration, and the lighting for the lobby/hall/corridor was designed in a way that it is controlled on the basis of the working shift or through a direct setting for each daily, weekly or annual event. For the landscape lighting, we applied an auto control based on sunrise and sunset hours.

Application building approaches Web-based system

Building management is possible wherever the internet is available around the building Ubiquitous environment for FMS, of a concept, any place, any time Use of the general-purpose RDBMS engine and the industrys standard technologies reflecting future expansion Rights controlled for each user group and each user Reinforced security management system using major data encrypting solutions

Programs Optimal startup/stop Power-saving operation control

Control of sections involving no energy consumption

CCMS

DDC

Open system environment Enhanced security control

Empty room control program Nighttime outdoor air inflow control Enthalpy control Winter/summer season control Inverter control Time schedule control Outdoor reset control Power demand control Blackout/power restoration control

Facility database system building approaches Establishment scopes determined

Data on facility status, and services for checking activities selected, with the format determined

Considerations in the design Building information system It was required to provide the companies moving into the building or common users with information on the building or its circumstances through multimedia applications. The building information system for RSR was designed to provide a range of different types of notices, weather alerts or promotional information through the kiosks around condominium units connected to networks, LCDs at reception units and in elevators. We also selected a sophisticated design to complement the cutting-edge IT building image. So far, we discussed the focuses of different designs for Rakai Sandfine Resort. Based on the considerations and focus mentioned above, we will proceed with the project in a stabilized manner, from the customer needs to proposals, designs, construction and post-management. Rakai Sandfine Resort project will hopefully enjoy a number of benefits including; efficient combined management, facility maintenance cost and energy saving, increase of customer satisfaction, promotion of the image of an intelligent resort, protection of tangible/intangible assets, and customer safety, by means of effective solutions for building automation (BA), office automation (OA), telecommunications (TC), Home Internet Solution (HIS), reliable designs and construction.

Standard data formats for data consolidation provided

Methodologies and standard data formats used by the suppliers of the equipment subject to the basic data collection are provided

Considerations in the design Auto control of power For auto power control, the status, measurement, and cumulative factors of the hydraulic power/transformer equipment in the electricity room must be able to be monitored via a digital power protection/monitoring system or a digital intensive indication control device. The auto power control system for RSR was designed in a way where its operation is combined with the auto machinery equipment control system. In addition, the system was equipped with an electronic monitoring device that was connected to the master monitoring unit for a glimpse into all types of monitoring reports and relevant data. For reasonable management, economic operation and energy saving, the system was configured to effectively perform a series of tasks including: control of power demand; power factor monitoring; power failure/restoration control; summarization of data; and cumulative record management.

Data acquisition for each category

Per-category data consolidated according to the priority of standard data formats
Equipment Electricity
Construction

Equipment info

Configuration info

PM Work info

Procedures and manuals (references)

Items Design criteria

Review of drawings
Control of access to entrances at outdoor fences of the condominiums Control of access to the entrance of the walkway Control of access to the emergency stairway in each condominium and the front door to the basement Interlocked control of elevators in each condominium for control of access to VIP rooms Securing an escape route and opening the door to it Selection of an optimal system that suits the condominiums external environment Make sure only the previously authorized people can access the entrance to each condominium and each unit to prevent any theft or safety accidents Each access control terminal is equipped with access data and status monitoring features

Firefighting

Acquired data verifying and work standardizing tasks

The collected data are verified on the basis of standard data formats for each classification to adjust the work load, the work cycle and items to the field conditions.

Registration of the database

System configuration

Collected and verified data are incorporated into the database

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GLOBAL FIELD

Chiles largest building equips LGEs air conditioning system

LGEs system air conditioner brings sensation in Latin America

LGEs system air conditioner is growing remarkably. It received large orders from Latin America where was considered an undeveloped market. Last year, LGE received orders of thousands of air conditioners which worth more than 10 million dollars. We visited Chile which is the center of Whisen sensation Editor: Sun-min Lee, Photo: LG AC BU

There was wind of innovation for active sales promotion at LGEs Latin

branch in 2007. Within 2 years, it achieved sales of 10 million dollar. The center of such sensation was Chile. The main reason of such success was building brand recognition by winning contracts for large scale projects. Two remarkable examples are Titanium La Portada at Santiago, Chile constructed by Inmobiliaria Titanium and the judicature center which commemorated 200th anniversary of the independence of the judiciary. On top of success in Chile, LGE positions itself strongly in Latin America by winning a system air conditioner contract in Argentinas first-class condominium, Toreyachi

1. LG HVAC systems have been praised for having contributed significantly to improving energy efficiency while exposing the intrinsic nature of the building. 2. Andre Weil with Titanuum La Portada, who gave two big thumbs up to the performance of the LG Multi V system.

Chiles la rgest building equips LGEs air conditioning system The Titanium building is the largest office building in Chile which has total area of 75,000 square meters and 52-story. Upper than 3rd floor is for commercial use and each floor is about 21 m2. This means the air conditioning system needs to be subdivided. The Titanium building has natural architecture style which harmonizes the building with nature. The name of building, Titanium, also comes from the fact that Titanium is the metal that is not hazardous to human body. The Titanium building is a landmark of Santiago and affects the urban landscape positively. LGEs system air conditioner plays an important role in this. So far, it is hard to express aesthetic beauty of a building as each floor needs separate outdoor unit. However, the Titanium building adapts LGs Multi V system first in Chile and can express external beauty of the building by hiding the outdoor unit. The decision to put this ventilation system was very transcendent,

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With the LG Multi V system, you can control indoor areas separately, but it is also possible to apply centralized control to the entire building. If you want to upgrade energy efficiency, you might have to put an efficient control solution in place. In this respect, LG's Multi V system offers outstanding performance."
3. Manuel Gonzales, director of OHL Construction Corp., who has superintended the management of the Judicial Center buildings in Chile for over 20 years, agreed with the notion that LG models are eco-friendly 4. The Judicial Center buildings are huge public structures visited by more than 7,500 people each day. 5. The LG System Air Conditioners introduced in the center received high scores for their evenly diffused coolants, simple installations, and convenient maintenance.

because from that starting point to develop other elements to combine in this appearance and gave the building character through this facade and the building breathes transpires, also has the ability to contort and involvement in energy issues "cyclical" and also comes in this way in evacuation systems. The Titanium buildings chief architect, Andre Wale, thumbs up for innovativeness of LGEs system air conditioners. Multi V system enables separate operation following each indoor spaces requirement and cooling and heating with one outdoor unit. These become a great advantage for architecture design. Andre told that he visited various buildings and checked air conditioning systems for successful design of the Titanium building. While he felt stuffy that he could only see mediocre systems, he finally found LGEs system. It is a consistent set with the proposal that is being done. Not only put an event that is attractive to a particular place, it is unique not only as it relates to energy efficiency and smart technologies, in fact cultivate virtues and in my opinion the LG company has ventilation systems that embody it, has a great fusion between architectural design and product

I feel relieved watching LGs advanced technology while I am working with them. I want to carry on projects with LG Inmobiliaria Titanium continuously promotes large building business in Latin America including Chile and plans to give preference to LG in future projects.

Fantastic cooperation between HQ and branch created such success.

Director Jae-seok Chang (LGE Panama Branch CAC employee/ In charge of Chile and Panama)

Maximizes energy efficiency with LG Multi V system Andre also explains that current design trend of building requires individual ventilation by features of space. Rather than working together, it tends work in independent space nowadays. The Titanium building is a large scale but it is divided into small space of about 21 m2. It requires a special technology for heating and cooling this space. LG Multi V system not only control indoor unit separately, but also allows central control. To enhance energy efficiency, system operation and management should also be efficient. And that is where LG has strength. In sum, LG has all the functions we need. Multi V system installed in the Titanium building uses one outdoor unit for heating and cooling at the same time. It also automatically adjusts temperature from 1 to 5 degrees. Even if the weather is capricious, it can adjust the temperature. Andre also told that he found the value of LG though this project.

Individual ventilation system considering users convenience brings great satisfaction Chile Judicature Center building is known to be the largest public building south of Rio Grande. Eight buildings are designed to be in a complex and each building has 10 floors. 3,500 public service personnel works here and more than 7,500 people visit here. Chile government decided to install cold water, cooling system and air conditioner for users convenience. However, most of air conditioners do not have enough capacity so there was a problem that some areas are cooled while the others are not. LGE overcame this problem and all rooms were cooled. Another advantage of LG product was easy installation. If it removed existing ducts and installed new ducts, it would have created difficulties in design as there were many other types of equipment. LG product was compact and did not require much duct work so it facilitated design. I have been managed this building for 20 years. LG products are module type so they can boost performance by minor replacement and do not require much maintenance cost. In other words, they are very eco-friendly. Manuel Gonzales, a Director of OHL construction company which built the Judicature Center, showed his satisfaction with LG products and emphasized that they provided freedom to their users. Gonzales mentioned that I had much confidence in LG products through this project and I would like to use LG products in much broader area.

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Director Jae-seok Chang who performed a central role in great success in Chile pointed out confidence in Multi V is the reason of his success. At that time, there was fierce price competition. We could overcome the problem through consultation of strategy with the HQ. Also, the fact that we had our branch here was an advantage. We had our network here and it could give our customers an impression that after sales service would be reliable. But basically all this process was based on confidence in our product. There was a taskforce consisted of HQ and local sales representative. With project name Kill to die, they determined to succeed at any cost. Even after they won the contract by beating Mitsubishi, Daikin, Toshiba, and Chiller, they do their best in introducing LGs system air conditioner by inviting related VOD members and field construction director to Korea They had much higher confidence in our system after they visited our factory. Cooperation of HQ and local branch became the foundation of success. Director Jae-seok Chang plans to expand to Multi V market in Asia following achievements in Chile. vol.14 HVACmagazine

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Global field

Challenge in existing system and solution Nathdwara project is about providing a perfect air conditioning system at public area, entrance lobby, passage way, dining hall and VIP reception room so pilgrimage experience comfort in pleasant condition. This project has 2 stages. The first stage is to install 405 TR MPS system and Multi V system which costs about 0.5 million dollar, then the second stage is to install 400 HP Multi V Plus II. As the Nathdwara temple is very well-known, it can advertise the product to many buyers in India. Regional CAC manager, Narendra Kumar Sharma, who led this project commented this will create huge advertising influence while recollecting it required very hard work to win this contract. The first stage air purification equipment bidding for Nathdwara temple was designed with chiller system in 2007 originally. However, LGE persuaded chief engineer to adapt Multi V and MPS system. Contacting designer of the structure M/S B.L Mantri. Associates Udaipur and main contractor, M/s Hiranandani Builders, Mumbai, members of LGE effectively explained advantages of Multi V and MPS system as compared to that of Chiller. After several discussions, LGE seized an opportunity to submit specification of Multi V and MPS system and also, the bidding condition had to be changed. It is not an easy job to persuade a customer to change the bidding condition after the bidding is announced at the first stage. But we clearly explained and emphasized the fact that our product can reduce operating cost under low and partial load condition, save several thousand liters of water a year, use eco-friendly refrigerant R 410-A, variety of system, and convenience of operation as Rajastan has water shortage. Finally our customer realized that our product best satisfy their requirements. Even though almost all of HVAC companies such as Daikin and Toshiba participated in the bid, LGE scored the highest points. Satisfy customers with optimal solution` This project indeed was a continuous challenge. As regulation changes, our customer requested us to change the location of ODU and our engineer team suggested a solution. And a project manager monitors endlessly so all the work is done flawlessly. Manager Sharma hired an experienced field engineer to supervise all process from design to inspection and trained his team perfectly to provide better service on time. LGE not only has complete commercial air conditioning system line-up but also advanced network solution for efficient and easy management of the building. Compare to its competitors, LGE has the largest CAC product selection in India. Moreover, LGE has enormous service network across all LG products so customers do not need to worry about service. Manager Sharma suggested that Multi V system will not only save customers water but also considerable amount of electricity. And he showed his confidence in successful completion of the project by saying that the customer is very delighted with LGE system air conditioner teams project management.

LG Electronics brings a gentle breeze to India with its Multi V system

India draws attention of the world as post-China. Currently, many Korean companies have shown their interest in investing in India. Multi V system which has already gained notable market share in India becomes a source of pride for LG Electronics. The system not only proved that it can be adapted from latest buildings to historical edifices by being installed in newly-established international school and an old temple but also played a key role in improving reputation of Korean companies.
Arranged by Lee Seonmin | Sourced: CAC Division, LG Electronics

Huge success of LGE HVAC on e-campus Another site that LGE system air conditioner is expected to play a major role is Scottish International School. This school iwill be a symbol of a school of next generation because it adapts up-to-date infrastructure and facility so that its students can study in optimal environment. It is located at the heart of Gurgaon and harmonizes latest technology with beautiful scene and eco-friendly farm and analog and digital.

The "Nathdwara Project" consists in providing perfect air purifying facilities for general public places ranging from temples to entrance lobbies, paths, food courts and VIP reception rooms.

India Subsidiarys Commercial Air Conditioning (CAC) team recently won 2 large contracts in India. Those are Nathdwara temple project and Scottish International School. This will further boost LGEs foreign businesses. Even if they are projects in India, considering its international status, it will promote LGEs reputation.

LGE

Nathdwara temple, which is located at Rajastan, India, serves Shrinathji or Krishna, the 8th avatar of Vishnu. This temple embodying the meaning entrance towards god, it is a popular pilgrimage known worldwide built in the 17th century. During Holi, Diwali or Janmashtami festival, many VIPs and pilgrims visit here so this will naturally advertise LG Multi V system and create future business opportunity by becoming notable reference site.

`
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The "Scotland International School Project" has served as an opportunity for LG Electronics to expand its market in India via its advanced technologies and high-efficiency air conditioning systems.

We designed Multi V system on 2 five-story building and this amounts 0.4 million dollar. A regional manager of India subsidiarys CAC sales team, Anil Madan evaluated it and winning the contract focusing that LGEs air conditioning system is recognized as a new system that suits best this new building. The product that will be installed in this school is ceiling type indoor unit with various capacity and 32 HP Multi V outdoor unit. Compared to other bidders such as Daikin, Toshiba, OG, and Samsung, LGE maintains its competitiveness by offering some features as standard condition while its competitors make those optional. It provides drain pump as standard feature along with high wind capacity and high static pressure duct. Also it offered colored and touch-screen AC smart as central controller and a total solution for the project and compared its inverter scroll compressor and competitors digital scroll compressor thoroughly to win the contract. After winning the bid, LGE organized the best project management team to provide best HVAC solution in the school building.

Within the 4 months of time constraint, it is well prepared for some possible problems that can be due to design such as load calculation, LATS, and drawings and perfectly designed the solution. As a result, by the time out door units are arrived, the duct and pipe connection and indoor unit installation is already finished. System air conditioner professionals in India evaluated this project as a work that benefits both the company and its customer. The customer can use an ultramodern facility with low maintenance cost while the company also reduces maintenance personnel because of its easy control. Our customers are satisfied with our products performance and praised us for providing economic and wellmade system air conditioner. Indian branch feel more grateful in the fact that we gave satisfaction to our customer than we make profit. From the regional manager Anil Madans comment, we can expect wind of change in Indian market from LGEs entrepreneurship.

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GLOBAL FIELD
Tropical Multi V will take care of HVAC for top-grade resorts and eco-friendly school facilities

LG Electronics System Air Conditioner to complete the HVAC culture of the Middle East

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is represented by Dubai, which is often referred to as New York in the desert" or a fantasy on sand. LG Electronics' System Air Conditioner has opened the prelude to the myth in the Middle East by winning the contract to supply HVAC systems to super luxury resorts and eco-friendly school facilities in the UAE. A hot LG wave hit this heat-ridden land, the Middle East; CAC division of LG Electronics showed a remarkable performance.
Summarized by Lee Jeong-uen | Pictures and other data provided by Kim Ju-won, director of the AE Project Support Team

1. One Multi V outdoor unit has been installed on firm foundations in the desert 2. Panoramic view of Al Gurm Resort, which is equipped with a Multi V HVAC system in Abu Dhabi Bay.

Al Qurm Resort Project

In December 2008, LG Electronics won the contract to supply Tropical Multi V to the Al Gurm Resort in the UAE, thus making a grand start to establishing the "myth in the Middle East. This landmark project will launch the companys System Air Conditioner in the UAE for the first time in LG's history. For the Al Gurm Resort Project, an ambitious work by Al Dar, the biggest development vendor in the UAE, 296 super-luxury villas will be built along a number of bays as a resort. Scheduled for construction in the resort are outdoor swimming pools and yacht anchorages, along with luxurious villas, each of which will be priced at as much as 20 billion won, and whose buyers supposedly include government officials from the UAE and rich people from all around the world including Europe. So, one thing is for sure, this represents a golden opportunity for LG to boost its System Air Conditioners position in the global economy. At that time, however, the UAR market was not familiar with VRF tech. The majority of HAVC systems for resorts or villas introduced in the UAE so far were single-type models composed of a pair of units including an FCU (fan coil unit) or an outdoor unit using a district cooling system, and an indoor unit. The local CAC market was predominated by chillers, single packages and district cooling systems, which led to an unaccustomed response on the part of local buyers to the VRF system of LG Electronics.

Emphasis placed on eco-friendly coolants and operational efficiency

What mattered was to demonstrate the necessity of the VRF solution and to persuade local buyers. First of all, the company tried to stress that inverter tech one of the biggest merits of the VRF system - can improve operational efficiency as well as the energy saving effect.

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1. Panoramic view of Musanada School. Multi V HVAC systems have been installed in five new schools. 2. Al Gurm Resorts luxurious villas. 3. Engineer. Fawzi Fedel AI JabUi(CTET)

The company concentrated on highlighting the point that the UAE has an indoor temperature of 50 or above and accordingly needs an HVAC system that offers highefficiency operation at an outdoor air temperature and that can reduce the load using an advanced inverter solution. They also stressed the fact that the narrow ceiling space in the Al Gurm Resort makes it difficult to install multiple outdoor and indoor units at a 1:1 ratio, making adoption of the single piping of the Tropical Multi V II System the ideal solution for securing sufficient space for its installation in each room.`They also used the fact that the company uses an eco-friendly coolant, R410A, to emphasize that their solutions comply with the recent Environmentally-Friendly, Green Energy Policy, as well as the efficiency of their Home Automation System, which uses a BACnet for each block in terms of control and maintenance. Furthermore, the company successfully analyzed the outer space required for installation of the outdoor unit and ventilation system for the machine room by means of CFD, in an effort to introduce their technical prowess. This served as the momentum to secure customer confidence in their products.

This initiative successfully promoted understanding of the strengths, performance and operational capacity of the Multi V System. Furthermore, the commissioning and product demonstrations, which were handled directly by members of AE Project Support Team, trainers from the academy and employees of local customers, served to raise customer confidence in all phases of the project - from launch to system installation and servicing. LGs staff members also appeared to do their best in translating various types of technical documents required by the consultants into English, and in providing the relevant data in a timely fashion. They were kept on their toes until the approval was obtained, and faithfully carried out the necessary follow-up measures, which may have been a chief factor in their success. Pilot operations for each unit of the Al Gurm Resort were launched at the beginning of 2010, and completed successfully through the coordination of the AE Project Support Team members and the technicians of their partner companies. The owner of villa no. 31, an important figure in Abu Dhabi who recently moved into his personal cabin, expressed great satisfaction with the Multi V individual HAVC system. The Multi V system was not the only order the company obtained in relation to the Al Gurm Resort. LG Electronics achieved a highly beneficial chain effect after the successful launch of the Multi V system for a single project spot by winning the bid for a contract to supply the ACP control system. The Al Gurm Resort Project is divided into 3 phases: so far, 70 villa units have been completed under the 1st phase, while in the current 2nd and 3rd phases, the corporate managers, AE Project Support Team members, and managers from the companys trade partners are doing their utmost to successfully set up the Multi V product line.

Multi V outdoor unit installed on the roof of Musadana School. A mosque can be seen in the background.

The key to success in the bid was fast delivery, a criterion favorable to the company that had an inventory at a local spot or that could meet the demand one way or another.

Fawzi Fedel Al Jabi, the CEO of UCTET, a CAC customer in Abu Dhabi, said that the Musanada Project had provided an opportunity for the Multi V System of LG Electronics to be recognized as the most efficient HAVC system not only for office and residential buildings but also for school scent.
A pleasant learning environment fostered by the AC Smart System

Successful short-term delivery using air routes and a close, smooth service system

Musanada School Complex Project

The Musanada (a local education authority in Abu Dhabi) Project is a school scent HAVC project to introduce 110 Tropical Multi V II systems at five public schools in Abu Dhabi. The project is characterized by the first-ever installation of a VRF System, which will provide convenient operational solutions for each class through the Multi V and AC Smart systems, as well as a pleasant HAVC system to help improve the academic performance of the students. The initial bid led to a confusing situation in which no one could predict who would be the successful bidder until the final five candidates (out of 8 applicants) had been determined. In the meantime, the LG staff tracked down the records for the final candidates persistently and found out that the project was a short-term delivery mission requiring completion of the installation and test run in time for the schools opening in September.

On-the-spot demonstrations, installations and follow-up measures

In the initial stage of the Al Gurm Resort Project, the company invited key officials from the project owner and consulting agencies to the Dubai AC Academy to demonstrate the operation of their systems. 73

Daikin, one of the companys rivals, had about 50% of the required volume in stock in Dubai and accordingly held a more favorable position. However, the company failed to correctly identify the final candidates and joined the bidding list later than LG Electronics. Daikin unfolded its brand image and low-price strategy, leaving the LG camp on tenterhooks. As with the Al Gurm Resort Project, LG Electronics offered its Tropical Multi V System, which allows high-efficiency operation even in high outdoor temperatures in excess of 50, and stressed its ability to meet the delivery and installation deadlines using air transport. Indeed, the relatively small-volume components, including the indoor HAVC units, were supplied by air, while the rest of the components, including the large outdoor units, through the prompt and accurate handling of orders and shipments by the pertinent departments, including the production line, marketing department, and SCM. The direct support offered by LG Electronics for the installation work and other services improved the customers confidence. In particular, the company placed the greatest emphasis on energy saving, which they said could be achieved through combined or separated control (by means of a schedule or lock function) via the main control system, reflecting the characteristics of each installation spot.

One of the most challenging aspects of the project for LG Electronics was meeting the delivery time. The company had to complete a series of tasks in three months, including manufacture, shipment, training for local installation agencies, perfect equipment set-up, and pilot operation. In particular, the installation process revealed a lack of understanding about the practices of local installation agencies and the companys installation requirements for the Multi V System, which led to misguided equipment set-ups and the need for corrective follow-up measures. However, the company was able to complete the mission successfully because it tried to provide optimal solutions for the demands of their customer in a timely fashion, using a close and smooth inter-organizational working system. Musanada Project has considerable implications in that it is the first-ever project to involve an educational facility in the region. LG Electronics will be able to offer its own unique air conditioning solutions by making the best use of its existing solutions and the product features applied to the project. Baek Hyeong-sik (director of LGEGF), the AC manager, Lee Sang-min (head of the AE Project Support Team) and other members gave their word that they would successfully launch the Al Gurm, Musanada and other large projects as a means of preparing for another large-scale project around Abu Dhabi, and promised to expand the HAVC culture using LG Electronics System Air Conditioner in line with efforts to boost the local construction business, which may well be driven by the next FIFA World Cup, to be held in Qatar. 74

GLOBAL FIELD

Sinolink Mangrove West Coast Project

CAC Engineering Team, LG Electronics)

The first home network system in China, overcoming 100 challenges

China, the finest settlement for the new-rich class An innovative state-of-the-art residential complex built at king of kings
Sinolink Mangrove West Coast ( bi sh d hng sh x n in Chinese) is literally a beautiful place which is adjacent to Mangrove Forest and the sea. With the sea bordering one side, and a golf course on the other, it boasts an exceptionally scenic view. Not only is the complex so close to Hong Kong and Macao that people can do a day-trip there, but it also sits in the best area of Shenzhens heart of the city. In December, 2001, Sinolink Properties Limited paid 780 million Yuan to buy the 255,300 area. The press in Hong Kong and Shenzhen reported this astounding price, as the king of kings. Sinolink Properties Limited, which has gained fame from its large successful projects in Shenzhen and Shanghai, decided to construct an innovative, visionary and luxurious residential complex in this area; Bernardo Porte-Bresia, a worlds famous architect, undertook the design. The three buildings are designed in the shape of a vane with oval-shaped lagoons whirled around the exterior for an exquisite view including the sea, Mangrove Forest, and the golf course. They are famous for the window-wall method of finishing the entire wall with glass and no installed beams, which is the first attempt of its kind ever in China. During the day, the wall recklessly reflects natural light from Mangrove Forest and the sea, and, at night, it is as transparent as crystal. The glimmering exterior just seems to talk about the luxurious life of the new rich class in China.

Shenzhen, China, a special economic zone, which connects Hong Kong and mainland China. The first IT-intelligence apartment ever-built on cream-of-the-crop land in the most prosperous, upstart city in China. The chant of LG Electronics Single CAC resounds farther away above Sinolink Mangrove West Coast, having it all being dubbed, cutting-edge. Written by Gwon Minho (vice chief of

S
Nantou Shekou

The AE Division of LG Electronics supplied 1,820 units of Ducted Split, 50 units of MPS, 144 units of Multi V, and 144 units of heat recovery ventilator to the project, in an $8 million USD agreement including the product and installation costs.

Shenzhen
Fan Ling

China

Chek Lap Kok Airport

Hong Kong

henzhen is the first city designated as a special economic zone in China. Before being designated as a special economic zone, it was merely a small border city in Guangdong Province. Since this designation in 1980, the city has gone through rapid industrial growth, thanks to the capital brought in by Chine emigrants and overseas joint ventures, and its now a modern industrial city. Shenzhen, which is located near the Shenzhen River which divides Guangdong Province and Hong Kong and flows across Jiulong Peninsula, is considered today to be one of the cities providing a glimpse into the prosperous country of China, along with Shanghai.

An astonishing project achievement with 100 challenges to settle

The Single CAC, supplied by LG Electronics, is a duct-connecting system that uses a method connecting part of the Duct Return (an air inlet port that sucks air indoors) to the outdoor air in order to supply 10% of the entire airflow from the outdoor air. There were repeated experiments, trials and errors for resolving indoor unit design and noise-related problems raised by employing the challenging Ducted Split model, but the clients requirements for the noise issues were finally able to be met. The clients concerns over the accumulating heat phenomenon in the outdoor unit room were settled through the CFD solution. In the Sinolink Mangrove West Coast project, the company applied the made to order plan where a Ducted Split system is developed upon the clients request after the contract is made, different from other traditional supply agreements. Accordingly, the company encountered many struggles to find a way to deliver the product from its plant to the project site in China, but were finally able to complete the delivery in 2 months. This secured the clients confidence in the integrity of the company. Sinolink Mangrove West Coast, which incorporated not only the CAC but also other product lines of LG Electronics ranging from TV sets to washing machines, refrigerators, and elevators (the former LG OTIS), has been named as one of the major Vertical References in China. This place is receiving many visits by buyers from abroad as well as within Chinese itself. Sinolink is translated into bi sh d in Chinese, and the project participants would call the project, "a project involving one-hundred challenges, by changing the word into bi sh li which means Bringing one-hundred events. In other words, they went through numerous failures and frustrations, but did not give up, finally completing the project with a persistent winning spirit. Through now, the participants feel proud of themselves to have successfully paved the way to widely promote the LG Electronics CAC model.

Project title: Sinolink Mangrove West Coast Project Location: Guangdongsheng Shenzhenshi Nanshanqu Binhaidadao Shahedonglu, China Size: A premiere 31-story apartment complex including 3 units of 1,302 households Characteristics: An IT-smart apartment using home networks for the first time in China Outdoor unit: MPS 50 units, Multi V 144 units, heat recovery ventilator 144 units Indoor unit: Ducted Split 1,820 units

The smartest home system in Asia

In addition to its outstanding design, Sinolink Mangrove West Coast is characterized by their intelligent IT apartment solution, introduced for the first time in China. Construction of this residential complex, comprised of three 31-story apartment units including a total of 1,302 households, began in March 2003. In May, Ove Arup & Partners, a British consulting agency in structural engineering, was appointed as consultant for the exterior design, and for the first time in China, incorporated a window-wall system into the apartment buildings. In April 2004, the company invested $30 million USD in the smart-home system apartment project, the largest single complex ever in Asia, and entered into a partnership agreement for a joint project with LG Electronics, Honeywell, and Clipsal & CNHorray. In 2004, the apartment was put on the highest market in China, and in 2006, started to house new families. Sinolink Mangrove West Coast is the first smart-home system in China interlocked to the home network and other home appliances. The biggest issue regarding this system was how to link the home network of Honeywell and the air conditioning system. While most manufacturers were having difficulties meeting the relevant needs, LG Electronics managed to complete the intelligent system, through a joint collaboration with Honeywell Korea.

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Global Field

Edited by Eunyeong Mun Source: LG Electronics

The draft design plan of the Universiade Village was prepared based on a request by the FISU (International Students Sports Federation), which is responsible for hosting the Universiade. The participants will stay in rooms designed for one to three persons and fully equipped with the latest convenience facilities. The village will cover a total of 53 hectares, while the residential zone will cover 274,000m2, with accommodation for up to 13,000 persons. The Universiade Village has a 2,640m long fence and a green space covering 141,784m2. Four thousand workers were mobilized for its construction.

Universiade Village Transforming into University Campus

The Universiade Village was designed for use as a university campus from the beginning, unlike previous Universiade or Olympic villages, which were mainly converted into commercial lodgings once the Games were over. This is due to the unique characteristics of Kazan, which is often referred to as the city of students. Forty-four research institutes and universities are located in Kazan, including Kazan Federal University, which is regarded as Russias most famous university, and its third oldest, as it was built in 1804. Kazan is also said to have the third most advanced educational institutions in Russia, and, with its population of 180,000 students, it is a young city 40% of whose total population is 30 years or younger. Many students come to Kazan from remote places, but the majority of the student lodgings are far from being comfortable or pleasant. Therefore, Kazans city authorities have decided to use the Universiade Village buildings as accommodation for its students. On 30 August 2010, the Villages first two zones were opened. The Village, which covers 187,000m2, consists of twenty large residential buildings that can accommodate 7,000 students. It was decided to use them as the Kazan Federal University campus. The students occupied the buildings in a simulated procedure identical to that requested by the FISU in order to test the procedure for entering the Universiade Village. 1,142 students occupied the units within eight hours. The recorded data concerning these processes are all accumulated in the Villages official database. As of 31 December 2010, a total of 2,689 students had occupied the units, of whom 67% are from the Tatarstan Republic, 23% from the Russian Federation, and the remaining 10% are foreign students, as the Village is also occupied by students from 39 different countries. The Universiade Village features the most advanced equipment and infrastructure to provide comfortable living conditions to its residents. Its medical facilities and pharmacies are open 24 hours a day. It is equipped with an Internet service infrastructure as well as a post office and a police box. The 3rd zone, which consists of eight buildings on an 86,000m2 site, has been set aside for the Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism. It will be used as a student dormitory and summer camp for national team players. In addition to the residential buildings, an international media building is under construction and should be ready for dedication on 10 August 2010. Like the 3rd zone, it is scheduled for completion in September 2011. FISU officials who visited the Universiade Village in June and July 2010 indicated that they were satisfied with the progress of the construction works
LG Electronics' Multi V Plus system has been built in the largest scale in the nation.

Success Achieved by LG Electronics Elaborate Strategy

LG Electronics Universiade Village project consists in supplying and installing air-conditioning systems to residential buildings built on a 6,000m2 site. LG Electronics Multi-V Plus system will supply 240 outdoor heat exchangers and 4,200 indoor units to the Universiade Village buildings. The systems maximum output is 8,000kW. It was originally planned in the early design stage to adopt a competitors VRF system for the buildings. However, LG Electronics conducted an impressive presentation that highlighted the outstanding merits of its Multi-V Plus System when compared with its nearest competitors products, including its outstanding energy efficiency and centralized control system, at the first meeting with the client during the bidding stage, with detailed specifications. The solution introduced during the meeting was a system customized to the situation and needs of the client. Upon obtaining an affirmative response from the client, LG Electronics prepared a more detailed proposal after nominating a skilled system installation company as its partner. The client finally selected LG Electronics when the latter persuaded the client with a proposal supported by technical features and a project performance schedule that clearly indicated the delivery and installation dates of the Multi-V Plus System. The client especially appreciated the fact that the system was delivered on schedule without any deviation and installed in a very accurate way. The timely delivery of the products also helped the client to prevent unexpected expenses and to operate the system according to the schedule. The successful installation of the largest Multi-V site in Russia was attributable to the joint efforts of the participating partners, including the local subsidiary, which proposed an alternative solution based on a thorough analysis of the clients needs, the local installation partner, which offered close collaboration, and the product department, which adhered to the delivery schedule.

2013 KAZAN Universiade Village Project

Kazan, Russia is the venue for the 2013 Summer Universiade. LG Electronics has achieved another small but significant success in this city, which has been recognized as the third leading city in Russia. It is known for its beautiful historic remains, it large population of young people, who account for almost 40% of the citys inhabitants, and its dynamically growing businesses.

In the Universiade Village in Kassan, a city brand recognized as the "3rd capital" of Russia,
Kazan, Russia is the venue for the 2013 Summer Universiade. LG Electronics has achieved another small but significant success in this city, which has been recognized as the third leading city in Russia. It is known for its beautiful historic remains, it large population of young people, who account for almost 40% of the citys inhabitants, and its dynamically growing businesses. Kazan, situated at the point where the Volga and the Kazanka rivers meet, is the 8th largest city in Russia in terms of its population (1,143,600 people). As Kazan lies at the heart of a region whose economy has grown sharply in Russia, the Russian Intellectual Property Office awarded it the title of Third Leading Capital of Russia, which the city now utilizes it as its brand. It is regarded as the Sports Mecca of Russia thanks to the active performance of its sports groups, and also provides pleasant training camps for sports teams thanks to its mild weather. In 2009, it was selected as the Sports Capital of Russia. In addition, it is a beautiful old city characterized by a unique combination of East and West. Its old castle, the Kazan Kremlin, was registered by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage. The hosting of the summer Universiade in Kazan in 2013 has attracted the attention of world sports leaders not only because the 2018 World Cup will be held there but also because it will serve as a test stage that will help to determine whether the 2014 Sochi Olympic Games can be staged successfully. The Universiade Village, where the athletes will stay during the Games, is said to be one of the most important facilities for the successful hosting of the 2013 Summer Universiade. The Universiade Village is located in the Privolzhsky district, 6km from Kazans city center and 19km from the international airport. Its construction was started on 10 June 2009.

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