The Enemy was in Hackansack last night Burning & Destroing British Incursions into Bergen County, Spring

g 1780 John U. Rees Dedicated to the memory of Company Fellow Kemble Widmer. Part I. So much for a Scotch Prize. Paramus, New Jersey, 23 March 1780 The winter of 177980 was the worst of the War for Independence, indeed the entire century, and Gen. George Washingtons chief concern was finding sufficient food, clothing, and blankets for his troops. Despite the severe weather, numerous small actions occurred during the time of the Continental Army winter cantonment near Morristown, New Jersey. From 21 December 1779 to 30 April 1780 at least a dozen confrontations took place within a fiftymile radius of Morristown, probably the best known being American Maj. Gen. William Alexander, Lord Stirlings 15 January 1780 raid across the ice to Staten Island. Two lesserknown clashes happened at or near Paramus within the space of a month early that spring, and those actions are examined below.1 By 1780 the military focus of the War for Independence had moved south to the Carolinas, and northern warfare was largely relegated to internecine community conflicts, and punitive or foraging expeditions. From its beginning the war had been one of neighbor against neighbor, brother against brother, and nowhere was this more in evidence than in northern New Jersey. One reason for the Continental Army post at Paramus, and part of the British desire to eradicate it, was the socalled London Trade, whereby local disaffected inhabitants supplied muchneeded goods to Britishheld New York. Continental forces in the area were intended to interdict that trade and protect local Whigs, whereas the British high command certainly wanted to extend their control over the region. The March 1780 raid against Paramus and Hackensack was originally instigated by Maj. Gen. William Tryon, former Royal Governor of New York, who recommended the enterprise to Lt. Gen. Wilhelm von Knyphausen, then overall commander at New York in the absence of Crown commander in chief Lt. Gen. Sir Henry Clinton. Tryons wish was to punish the rebellious inhabitants of Hackensack, a sentiment Knyphausen supported. An intelligence agent, known only as AZ, kept General Tryon informed of area defenses. On 6 February he relayed information supplied by a British soldiers wife who had just traveled through Paramus, the gist of which was, the regiment that has laid at Paramus for some time past was relieved a few days ago by another consisting of between two and three hundred men, that they have guards at Hendrick Zabriskies and the widow Ackermans, on the road from Paramus Church to New Bridge, also another at a fulling mill to the eastward of the church. This being the case, they are open and exposed on every side but their front. The only immediate result of this and other reports was an inconclusive 10 February British light cavalry incursion into Hackensack (part of an aborted attempt to capture General Washington in his winter quarters), but that town and the post at Paramus remained on the British agenda.2 On Wednesday 22 March 1780, a Cool Windy day, a deputation of the Magistrates, Sheriff & Officers of the Militia of the County of Bergen residing at Hackensack & its 1

Vicinity had written Maj. Christopher Stuart, 5th Pennsylvania Regiment, commanding at Paramus, apprising him of the danger of enemy attack:
We find ourselves necessitated to make Application to You for a Detachment or Party from your Command, to assist in protecting us & our Neighbours against the Incursions & Depredations of small Parties of the Enemy & their vile Abettors the refugees. In Order to justify this our Application, we beg Leave to Advise you that we are credibly informed that the Enemy have in Contemplation to make an Attack & Incursion on the Inhabitants of Hackensack within five Days; That the well affected Inhabitants, tho willing to risque their Persons in Defence of their Property are too few in Number for the wished for Purpose of repelling the Enemys Parties or keeping up continual Guards & Scouts for their Security without the Assistance of some Party of Continental Troops (till some Measures can be taken by the State for Our Protection) And conceiving that the Security of your Detachment in some Measure depends on regular Scouts & Guards being kept up near the Lines. We are from Necessity & from Duty to ourselves our Neighbours & our Country constrained to solicit & request in the most pressing Terms, that if it be consistent with your Orders from His Excellency the Commander in Chief, You will immediately detach a Party of your men for the Purposes of assisting the well affected Inhabitants of this Place against the Incursions of the Parties of the Enemy.3

The next day the enemy struck, confirming the wellintentioned but belated warning. Marching in two columns, Lt. Col. John Howards British Foot Guards grenadier and light infantry companies took a roundabout route to Paramus, while Lt. Col. Duncan McPherson, commanding elements of seven units, the British 42d and 43d regiments, and German Ansbach (also known as the 1st Ansbach-Bayreuth), Bayreuth (a.k.a. the 2d AnsbachBayreuth), von Donop, Landgraf (Landgrave), and Leib (also called du Corps) Regiments, captured Hackensack, then proceeded to join Howards force.4 Writing from Pyramus March 24th 1780, Major Stuart described the attack:
I have the Honor of informing your Excellency that at 6 OClock yesterday Morning I received Information of the Enemys being at Hackensack in Consequence of which, I gave the necessary Orders for assembling the Troops under my Command (without the smallest Expectation of their making my Detachment their Object at that Hour) but the Cantonments being so extensive, prevented the Troops collecting as soon as I could wish having detachd small Parties different Ways and riding round the Cantoonments Myself to gain Intelligence. I heard a Firing up the Road leading to KingsFerry, upon which I readily concluded it must be an attack made upon a serjeants Picquitt posted there, and which were chiefly taken. Immediately after this the small detachd Parties returnd, being pressd close by the Enemy to my Quarters. Previous to this I had given Directions for the two left Companies to take post on an Emminence opposite the Church, to cover the Retreat of the two Companies cantoond on the Right. As soon as the Enemy found their Intentions were frustrated, they seemd more disposd to plunder than pursue Us, and immediately commencd their Retreat from the Church, down the Hackensack Road plundering indiscrimately. The precipitate Manner in which they retreated and the Cries of the injurd Inhabitants induced Me to pursue them notwithstanding the Disparity of Numbers, I not being able to collect more than 100 Men the Enemy supposd to be about 500.

Maj. Christopher Stuart, commander of the Paramus detachment, noted, I orderd the Men to unsling their Packs and detachd a Subaltern & 20 Men with Orders to harass them while I with the Rest of the Detachment was close after. Continental Army private, 1780. Though this depicts a soldier of the Delaware Regiment, with the distinctive yellow binding on his cocked hat, blue regimental coat with red facings were also worn by the regiments of the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia lines, as stipulated by the October 1779 uniform regulations. Gaitered overalls, linen for summer, wool for winter, were the preferred legwear for Continental troops at that period of the war. Philip Katcher, Uniforms of the Continental Army (York, Pa.: George Shumway Publisher, 1981), 23, 80.

I then orderd the Men to unsling their Packs and detachd a Subaltern & 20 Men with Orders to harass them while I with the Rest of the Detachment was close after On my way down I was joind by perhaps 30 Militia who behavd with great Spirit During the Enemys Retreat they did not discover an Inclination to halt, the Subalterns Party keeping a continual Fire on their Rear which obliged them to run without Intermission from a Mile below the Church to the New Bridge (the Distance not less than Eleven Miles) at which Place I was inducd to believe the friendly Inhabitants would have assembled & endeavourd to obstruct their Retreat by hoisting or cutting away the Bridge but on my Arrival finding that the Militia had not collected according to my former Expectations and the Enemy having taken up the Bridge and posted Themselves on an Emminence the Other side I thought prudent to retire to my Station, the Men having recievd no Refreshment during the Day. The Officers & Men in Genl. behavd with Spirit and discovered a great Disposition to chastise Them I beg leave to mention Mr. Peter Fell to your Excellency, from whose Knowledge of the Country and Exertions on the Occasion We receivd much Benefit 5

One of the earliest intimations the Continental Army high command had of the attack was dated 8 Oclock A.M. 23rd March Acquackana[ck] Bridge, and sent by Lt. Col. Samuel Hay, 10th Pennsylvania Regiment, to Maj. Gen. Baron Johann De Kalb at Springfield:6
This moment I have Inteligence (by four British Prisoners brought to this place by the Militia at Hackensack) that 400 of the Enemy Comd. by a Col. McPherson came to Hackensack last night & was to be Joyned by 400 more at the New Bridge and are advancing now to Paramus. The Prisoners I have sent to the guard at Second River. They have Burned the Court house and sundry other Houses. I am Dear Genl. &c. Saml. Hay Lt. Col: N.B. I have no troops here as I am on Furlough.

De Kalb also received a 10 A.M. note from 5th Connecticut Capt. Abner Prior stationed at Newark, reporting, I Have this moment heard that the Enemy was in Hackansack last night Burning & Destroing it is Said to be about Three hundred british and they was advancen to wards Paramius Relaying these notes the next day to General Washington the Baron also informed him The four Prisoners, three of which are Anspackers, I will Send to Head Q. under Escort The Prisoners tell me that the Party at Hackensack to which they belonged, was to return to New York after Burning Sundry Buildings, that they had neither Baggage nor Provision with them.7 ___________________________ Image on following page
Map of Bergen County, New Jersey, showing the area of operations for the 23 March 1780 attacks on Hackensack and Paramus. Joel Altsbuler, 1976, Bergen County Cultural and Heritage Commission. See also map of Hackensack Valley, 1776, and "Operations of MacPherson and Howard, March 23, 1780"; both in Adrian C. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1962), inside cover, and page 242.

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Seventh Pennsylvania Surgeons Mate Gustavus Henderson (a.k.a. John Rose), with his regiment at Jockey Hollow, left this lively (and partisan) secondhand narrative of the 23 March action:
Since writing to my brother a more particular account of the late Skirmish has come to hand. A Majors command was detachd to Paramus, the enemy sent out a party to surprize the Major but he luckily had intelligence of it. They came on however so secretly as to surprize the advancd Picquet consisting of a sergt. Corpl. and ten men they then proceeded on towards the Majors quarters passing by part of the Detachment without alarming them but the Major had still good intelligence & was ready to receive them when they came up. We had the honor of giving the first salute which put them into disorder they facd to the right about and were retreating when the party they passd lay in ambuscade within 10 or 15 Yards of the road & gave them a flanker [flanking fire] which settled them Helter Skelter away they ran. A Capt. [John] Marshall of the 3rd [Pennsylvania] & a Capt. [Abraham] Claypoole of the 11th Penna. Regt. pursued & killd & took some say forty but be that as it may four of the prisoners arrivd at Morristown on Saturday evening & a sergt. & 10 Hessians & one British Soldier arrivd there yesterday so much for a Scotch Prize.8

It seems Major Stuarts detachment of Continentals at Paramus was largely composed of Pennsylvania troops, though contingents serving at outposts at the time often contained officers and enlisted men from different states. It is known that one private from Maryland and another from Rhode Island were among those captured on 23 March and taken into New York. The Continental force posted at Hopperstown one month later consisted of officers and men from four Pennsylvania regiments, as well as Jacksons, Sherburnes, and Spencers Additional Continental regiments.9 British officers accounts reflect differences in perspective and conflicting claims. Major Stuart made no mention of being put to flight, and Surgeons Mate Rose claimed the British were put into disorder facd to the right about and Helter Skelter away they ran. That contention was supported in part by Foot Guards Ens. George Eld, but not mentioned by Foot Guards Lieutenant Colonel Howard in his report to Brig. Gen. Edward Mathew the day after the action:
Kings Bridge March 24th 1780 Sir the Detachment of Guards under my Command consisting of 300 Men marched to Spiken Devil Creek ready to be embarked at 7 OClock Wednesday Evening; the Boats from the Obstructions met with us at Kings Bridge, did not arrive till half past 10, which occasioned our not reaching Closter Landing till 12 OClock at Night. The Distance from thence to Peramus Church was at least 17 Miles from the Detour we were obliged to make to come in the Rear of the Enemies Pickets, and to prevent our being discovered. As it was two Hours after Day break before we could possibly arrive at Peramus, and the Surprise of the Rebel Posts could by no means be compleated, according to the Plan first adopted, I took the Liberty of ordering our Men to load, and to make an Alteration in the Numbers detachd under Lt. Cols. Stuart and Hall, as I had then learned their principal Force was collected at Peramus Church. I ordered Lieut. Coll. [James] Stuart [1st Foot Guards] with 50 Men to march on the Road the East Side of Saddle River, and Lieut. Coll. [Francis] Hall [3d Foot Guards] with 60 of the Light Infantry to proceed to Hoppers House, taking with me 190 Men on the Road the West Side of Saddle River leading to their Main Body at Peramus which I heard consisted of 250 Men, have since learned from a Deserter who came in on our Retreat

their Numbers at the Church were near 300. I found them drawn up behind a Stone Wall before the Church, afterwards they altered their Position with their left to a Barn part of them remaining behind the Wall, and seemed determined to wait our coming up, but on ordering our Men to form and attack, they immediately fled, and as our Soldiers had been greatly fatigued with a March of near 18 Miles after pursuing them a Mile and half and taking near 20 Prisoners, as I found nothing more coud be effected, I ordered the Men back to Peramus Bridge to join Lieut. Colls. Stuart and Hall who had Directions to meet us there. The former surprised a Corporal and Six Men, another Picket in a House adjoining of an Officer and 20 Men had just Time to run off leaving their Arms, 30 stand of which Lt. Coll. Stuart destroyed in the House. Lieut. Coll. Hall surprised a Picket of 9 Men, one of which got off, the Main Body at Hoppers House having received Information half an Hour before the Arrival of the Party made their Escape. After the Detachments of the Guards had joined, I took the Road to New Bridge, and fell in with the Corps under Lt. Coll. [Duncan] McPherson. We suffered some Loss in our Retreat, which the Rebels who had collected in Force harrassed till we had passed New Bridge. Capt. [David] Anstruther of the 42nd was unfortunately wounded. After crossing the River Hackinsack, I ordered the Bridge to be broke down to prevent the Rebels passing it; in this Service Capts. [Francis] Dundass [1st Foot Guards] and [George] Elde [2d Foot Guards] of the Light Infantry were particularly active themselves taking up the Boards under the Enemys Fire. We continued our March after with little Molestation, and embarked the Detachment of Guards at Moores Landing near Fort Lee agreeable to the Commands of His Excellency Lieut. Genl. Knyphausen. I beg leave to mention the great Assistance I received from all the Officers under my Command, particularly Lt. Coll. McPherson, as also the spirited Behaviour of the British and German Troops. Lieut. Cranston of the Navy was like wise very active in his Department. J. Howard Capt. & Lt. Coll. 1st Rt. Guards The inclosed [not found] is a Return of the Killed and Wounded of the Detachment of Guards. Serjt. Smith and the two Private Men missing were left on the Road on Account of Illness some Time before the Detachment reached Peramus.

It should be noted that Colonel Howards force consisted of two grenadier and two light infantry companies of the Guards, plus enough men from Kings Bridge to raise his force to three hundred (See endnote for British Foot Guards organization in America.)10 Guards Ensign Eld fills in details from a company officers pointofview, first noting "March 23d. At six in the evening a detachmt of 600 commanded by Lt. Col. Howard marched to Spithim Devil creek, from whence at about ten they embarked in flat bottom boats and landed at 1/2 past twelve at Kloster dock in the Jersies 11 He continued,
having marched since seven in the morning I was sent forward with 60 Light Infantry to attack a rebel Picquet, on the right of the main body of the rebels who were advantageously posted & fortified in the Church Yard at a place called Paramus the Piqt. was placed at the edge of a wood with a plain of half an mile in the rear, I surprized the Picqt. which instantly fled & the most famous chase over the plain ensued we were in at the death of seven. I had given orders that my Party should not fire but use their Bayonets notwithstanding the Main Body Being apprized of Coll. Howards attack, fled into the woods I fired at an Officer who was mounted, who to save himself cast away his saddle bags which contained above 27.000 Dollars, paper Currny, orders,

letter, &ca the dollars (reservg a few thousd. for myself) I sold for a farthing each & distributed to the men after a tiresome march, I rejoined Coll. H. who immediately retreated On our return which was by a different route, we were joined by a detachment of the 42d Regt. & Hessians & 43d. 12

Eld then recounted the mounting confusion of the withdrawal.

The Rebels now collected & began to harass our rear I had the Command of the rear Guard Capn. [Francis] Dundass [1st Foot Guards] flanked the road in which we marched was wide & walled on each side the road being a continuation of sudden hills the main Body was little annoyed & afforded me an opportunity of disputing each heighth the rebels made three charges and each time were repulsed their loss was as ten to one Coll. Howards retreat was so precipitate that he never once detached a party to my support; fortunately for me, the rebels now changed their attack to the left of our line of march they now flanked from behind trees, &ca with the greatest security the road on that side being open & a narrow & impassable swamp immediately adjoining it we retreated, annoyed by a constant fire, with great loss which produced a general confusion, Coll. Howard neglecting to give any orders till we arrived at a Bridge 13

The ensign claimed for himself the lions share of the rearguard command, while attributing further disorder and difficulty to Colonel Howard:
so great was Howards confusion, that as the rear Guard was crossing the Bridge, he was threatening the trembling Owner of the adjacent house, with death & destruction if he did not take up the planks of the Bridge as this was impossible, our army not chooseing to make the attempt & the Owner of the house from inclination not intending to do it, I volunteered the duty & promised Coll. Howard to destroy the Bridge, I never professed myself a volunteer for any duty, but on this occasion I had two reasons for my Conduct. The first reason arose from my having perceived that the Enemy were bringing Cannon & horse the whole weight of which must have been sustained by the rear guard, the other was, vanity; the vanity of attempting that danger, which a whole army had avoided I now called the Light Infantry, which composed the rear guard to assist me, but so great was the panic, that only four remained. Captn. Dundass hearing my voice joined me as did Captns. [David] Anstruther [42d Regiment] & [Ensign George] Dennis [43d Regiment] with one private of the 43d & 2 privates of the 42d. Regt. The Hessian detachment perceiving our intentions formed on a small rise & covered our attempt Under a very heavy fire, we effected our design, by dislodging the planks which effectually prevented the horse & feild [sic] pieces from following our line of March. As this was done in the full view of the whole army, my vanity once more got the ascendancy over my reason, inducing me to remain the last on the Bridge In our retreating from the Bridge three of the Light Infantry were killed, one [each] of the 42 & 43 Captn. A[nstruther]: was wounded Lt Dennis slightly Dundass & myself escaped having thus destroyed the Bridge, which rendered the rest of the retreat safe & easy 14

And all is well that ends well: Capt Dundass & myself recd. in public orders the thanks of Genl. Mathew, the Commanding Officer of Kings bridge as also Genl. Knyphausen's thanks We now (March 24th. 5 o'clock even'g) recrossed the North river, after a march of 40 miles thro' the enemy's Country We took 1 Captn. & 100 privates our loss must have been nearly 30."15 8

At Hackensack Captain William Thorne, 43rd Regiment, commanded a detachment of British and German troops detailed to attack every House pointed out to them by the Guides and Refugees to apprehend every Man they found and bring them to Sobriskys Mill Thorne and his men remained in the town while the rest of Colonel McPhersons force advanced to Paramus. (Portrait in private collection. Photograph courtesy of Fellow Gregory J.W. Urwin.)

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The commander of the southern column, Lieutenant Colonel McPherson, 42d Regiment, provided his perspective of events to General Knyphausen:
the Detachment of 300 Men under my Command embarked on board the Boats at the Hay Wharf by 7 oClock of the Evening of the 22nd Instant, and landed at Weyhake [Weehawken] a little before Ten; from thence we marched, and got to the little Ferry on Hackensack River by 12 oClock, over which the Detachment was transported in a small Whale Boat and one Canoe by three oClock in the Morning; here I made the Disposition for surprising Hackensack, to effectuate which I ordered a Subaltern and 25 Men of the 43rd Regiment to push on briskly until they got to the End of the Town, next to Newbridge, there to halt, and intercept every Person who might attempt to make their Escape; the remaining Part of the Detachment of the 43rd Regiment, with the 50 Anspachs, under the Command of Captain [William] Thorne of the 43rd I ordered to follow and to attack every House that should be pointed out to them by the [Loyalist] Guides and Refugees, and to apprehend every Man they found and bring them to Sobriskys [Zabriskies] Mill, there to remain until the Detachment returned from Paramus, and I have the Pleasure to inform your Excellency, that the Plan had the desired Effect, the Militia and Inhabitants being catched in their Beds. At half an Hour after 5 oClock I marched with the Detachment from Hackensack, leaving Capt. Thorne with One hundred Men there, for the Purpose I have mentioned, and proceeded to Sobriskys Mills, where I arrived at a quarter of an hour after 6 oClock, from thence I continued marching towards Paramus, without any Opposition. And about a quarter of an hour after 7oClock in the Morning, we heard a scattering Fire in our Front, on this we pushed and got with[in] a quarter of a Mile of Paramus Church, when we observed the Enemy run, and Colonel Howard with the Guards in pursuit of them. Saddles River prevented my intercepting the Fugitives; here 13 Deserters joined us, and here I halted and sent to Colonel Howard for Orders, who sent me Word, that he with his Detachment would join us immediately, which he accordingly did. What happened on our Return while Colonel Howard commanded, your Excellency will be informed of by him. We parted from the Guards opposite to Fort Lee and arrived at Weyhake about Sunset, where we embarked on board the FlatBoats, and landed at the Hay Wharf twixt Seven & Eight oClock in the Evening of the 23rd Instant, after a Circuit of above forty Miles. Sixty four Prisoners were brought to this City. It is with much Satisfaction I inform your Excellency, that the Officers and Men, British and Foreigners, on this very fatiguing Service, behaved with the greatest Regularity and Spirit.16

10

A soldier of the 42nd Regiment Grenadier, Winter 1779-80. While the 42nd Regiment light and grenadier companies served in South Carolina that winter of 1780, the battalion companies took part in the 23rd March Paramus attack. In December 1779 the entire regiment had been issued brown donation cloth to be made into gaiter-trousers, also called overalls, for campaign wear. On 4 December 1779 Grenadier Capt. John Peebles noted, The mens brown trowzers are almost finishd Don Troiani, Don Troianis Soldiers in America, 1754-1865 (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Boooks, 1998), 41-42; Ira. D. Gruber, John Peebles American War: The Diary of a Scottish Grenadier, 1776-1782 (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1998), 310, 313. (Painting by Don Troiani, www.historicalimagebank.com )

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Johann Dohla, a private in the Bayreuth Regiment (sometimes referred to as the Seybothen Regiment, after its commander), wrote of his experience with McPhersons force. Private Dohla matteroffactly describes the destruction and looting in occupied Hackensack:
22 March. During the evening, after tattoo, I went with a strong command. It was drawn from all the regiments which lay here in New York and consisted of four hundred men under the command of the Scottish Major Kleevlington[?] and Captain Tannenberg of the Hessians. We were carried in boats across the North River to the province of New Jersey. Then we marched almost the entire night, at the quickest pace and as silently as possible, mostly through forests. Toward three oclock in the morning we reached Hackensack, a large and beautiful settlement consisting of about two hundred houses. This village was attacked and all houses were immediately broken into and everything ruined; doors, windows, boxes, and chests, everything lumped together and plundered. All the males were taken prisoners, and the townhall and some other splendid buildings were set on fire. We took considerable booty, money, silver pocket watches, silver plate and spoons, as well as furniture, good clothing, fine English linen, good silk stockings, gloves, other materials. This village of Hackensack lies sixteen English miles from New York and has rich inhabitants.17

Dohla continued on with Colonel McPhersons main force to Paramus, which the German private called Pollingtown. Private Dohla also misidentified the officer leading the northern column as Col. Andreas Emmerich, whereas the commander was actually Colonel Howard of the Guards.
23 March. At daybreak we again marched out of Hackensack. We wished to proceed two miles further to Pollingtown [Paramus], a small city where we hoped to capture a rebel command of two hundred men. However, we were betrayed by spies and the rebels came against us from all sides, we had to begin the return march. They would have taken us all prisoners, because they were five or six times stronger than we were, if Colonel [Howard] of the English had not joined us with four hundred light infantry and jaegers. On the previous day they had been transferred across the North River beyond Kingsbridge and were to have supported us during the attack on Pollingtown. [Colonel Howard] covered our flank as soon as he had joined us, and we slowly pulled back under a steady fire, which last[ed] more than six hours. During this time we threw away or discarded most of our furniture booty. At eight oclock in the evening we again arrived at New York, after the enemy had followed us to the water of the North River. From this expedition we had dead three Scots, eleven English and Hessians; and Private Bar, of our regiment, made prisoner.18

The Landgraf regimental journal recorded that following the abortive assault on the main Continental force, both detachments returned to Rabriesmils [Zabriskies Mills], where they were joined by the detachment of Anspach troops, that had remained behind at Hackinsack, and then all returned together by way of Nery bridge [New Bridge]. Colonel Howards detachment embarked near Fort Lee, and LieutenantColonel [McPhersons] marched with the prisoners as far as Wheehack [Weehawkin], where the boats were awaiting them.19

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Officer and private of the Regiment Landgraf. Several men of the Landgrave Regiment, who belonged to the detachment, could not keep up on account of fatigue, and fell into the rebels hands, after which they remained almost three years imprisoned in Philadelphia. The rebels loss cannot be estimated very exactly. (Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg, Germany, E 195/2, page 229.)

___________________________ Bayreuth Private Dohla closes with an account of his personal plunder, all of which he was forced to discard by the roadside. If every man jettisoned a similar load, the highway must have been a demoralizing sight.
On this day my life was exposed to many hundreds of bullets. My booty, which I had been fortunate enough to retain, consisted of two silver pocket watches, three silver buckles, one pair of womens white cotton stockings, one pair of mens summer stockings, two mens and four womens shirts of fine English linen, two fine tablecloths, one silver food and tea spoon, five Spanish dollars and six York shillings in money, eleven complete mattress covers of fine linen, and more than two dozen pieces of silk fabric, as well as six silver plates and one silver drinking cup, all tied together in a pack which, because of the hasty march, I had to throw away.20

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Hessian Adjutant General Maj. Carl Leopold Baurmeister wrote this account to Hessian Lord High Chancellor Baron von Jungkenn, describing some of the difficulties in coordinating the two columns, and the effect of the quickly mobilized Continentals and militia:
In order to surprise an enemy post of three hundred men at Paramus church beyond Hackensack in Jersey, Lieutenant Colonel Howard took four flank companies [grenadiers and light infantry] of British Guards and enough men from Kings Bridge to raise his force to three hundred, went up the North River to Philipses house on flatboats, and crossed over to Jersey in the night of 22nd23rd. At the same time, Lieutenant Colonel MacPherson of the local garrison departed with three hundred men and crossed over to Jersey at Weehawken, situated almost straight across the river from the northern part of the city. It was agreed that the two detachments should approach Paramus at the same time. But Lieutenant Colonel Howard came upon the enemy post earlier than did Lieutenant Colonel MacPherson, for the latter met with considerable interference in crossing the North River and also encountered several small rebel pickets on his march through Hackensack. The rebels in the meantime had taken a position in the graveyard, and their commander, Major Stuart [5th Pennsylvania], made a valiant defense. Finally, however, he was compelled to fall back, and on his retreat he encountered Lieutenant Colonel MacPhersons detachment. The heavy firing alarmed a great part of Jersey, and enemy troops approached from all sides in such numbers that our detachments could not hope for further success. They therefore decided to retreat over New Bridge. This gave the enemy so much courage that they followed close upon the heels of the detachments and even made some prisoners. Aside from wounded, among them two officers of the British Guards, who together with sixtyfive prisoners and fourteen deserters, came in by way of Powles Hook, we had nine killed and eighteen missing.21

To Lord Amherst, Lt. Gen. James Robertson noted, General Knyphausen is much liked, gives great Application, and forms every Day Projects to protect our Friends and annoy the Enemy, then went on to relate, A Body of them lay at Paramis and Hackinsack, He detached a Party of three hundred of them from this and another from Kingsbridge. A Boat was sent from hence to carry the first over Second River. A delay about Boats [this may refer to the bottleneck caused by McPhersons detachments Hackensack River crossing using only a small Whale Boat and one Canoe, in addition to the passage over the Hudson River] broke the concerted Meeting of the two Parties and gave an Opportunity to many of the Rebels to escape. Our People returned after a March of thirty nine Miles with Sixty four Prisoners.22 The raid and several participating officers were recognized in general orders, Head Quarters New York 25 March 1780:
His Excellency Lieutenant General von Knyphausen requests that his approbation be made known in published orders to Lieutenant Colonel Howard of the Guards, Lieutenant Colonel McPherson of the 42nd Regiment, and the officers and men under their command for the good conduct on the morning of the 23rd of this month during the fatiguing expedition to Paramus and Hackensack and, although it was not as successful as might be wished, due to unavoidable circumstances, it still provided honor to the troops. His Excellency is appreciative of the dedication to duty of Lieutenants Cranton and Peery of the Navy who commanded the division of flatboats, and also of Lieutenant Hatfield of

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the Royal Volunteer Militia [possibly Captain Cornelius Hetfield, Kings Militia Volunteers] for his bravery during this opportunity23

Identifying Navy lieutenants Cranton (or Cranston) and Peery is problematic, at best. For the former, compiled Admiralty records show only one man with a similar name serving in 1780, Lt. James, Lord Cranstoun, who was at Gibraltar at that time. Lord Cranstouns younger brother, Midshipman Charles Cranstoun, was serving as an acting lieutenant when he was captured in 1776 and imprisoned in Rhode Island; however, his whereabouts following his February 1777 exchange is unknown. No Lieutenant Cranton (or similar name) was found on the Admiralty sea pay list of officers serving on ships on the North American station in March 1780. Lieutenant Peery could have been one of several Naval officers with the surname Parry, Peevey, or Peers.24 The Naval officers roles merit further discussion. Cranton, as overall commander, was likely a senior lieutenant, while the individual boats officers were junior lieutenants, midshipmen, or masters mates. Furthermore, the naval officers in charge of the flatboat flotillas were responsible for a very difficult undertaking, coordinating and transporting a substantial body of troops across a river at night. Given the dual river crossings, as senior officer Cranton probably took personal charge of Colonel Howards boats, given the difficult task of having to travel up the North River to Philipses house, and from there ferry the Guards to the New Jersey side. Lieutenant Peery likely commanded Colonel McPhersons flotilla, which, as related by Adjutant General Baurmeister, from New York crossed over to Jersey at Weehawken, situated almost straight across the river from the northern part of the city, but something, perhaps the tide, caused the operation to go awry, and MacPherson met with considerable interference in crossing the North River.25

15

Colonel John Howard: the Detachment of Guards under my Command consisting of 300 Men marched to Spiken Devil Creek ready to be embarked at 7 OClock Wednesday Evening; the Boats did not arrive till half past 10, which occasioned our not reaching Closter Landing till 12 OClock at Night. Royal Navy officers had charge of as many as twenty-four flatboats during the March 1780 Paramus operation. This contemporary model represents a Royal Navy flat-bottomed boat carrying troops. Georgian full hull model, raised 3/4 view, circa 1758, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, U.K. Pictured in Robert Gardiner, Navies and the American Revolution 1775-1783 (London, Chatham Publishing, 1996), 61, 62-63. With thanks to Robert Brooks and Fellow Gregory J.W. Urwin.

___________________________

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Period model of Royal Navy landing boat, circa 1776. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, U.K.

___________________________ While given only a passing mention in officers reports, river crossings were difficult in the best of conditions. The nature of the flatboats themselves, barely seaworthy, difficult to row and maneuver, and detested by Royal Navy personnel, was at the root of the trouble. Darkness added to the difficulty, and, depending on tidal conditions, one or both crossings may have had to contend with turbulence caused by freshwater currents meeting an incoming saltwater tide. A single flatboat was propelled with twenty oars and crewed by twentyfive men (probably apportioned as follows: one boat commander, one coxswain, one quartermasters mate, and twentytwo able seamen); for various reasons, the craft were often loaded only to fifty or seventy percent of their passenger capacity. Six such vessels would have carried one hundred and fifty crewmen, plus one hundred and fifty to two hundred soldiers, and approximately ten to twelve flatboats were needed for each river crossing made that night. Thus, as many as twentyfour watercraft may have been used in the operation.26

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Royal Navy flat-bottomed boat, the type used in the March 1780 Paramus operation. Detail from painting by Robert Clevely erroneously titled, "The occupation of Newport, Rhode Island, December 1776" (executed by a captain's clerk who witnessed the event); the image actually portrays the landing at Kips Bay, Manhattan Island, on 15 September 1776. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, U.K., PAH9491. Pictured in Robert Gardiner, Navies and the American Revolution 1775-1783 (London, Chatham Publishing, 1996), 61, 62-63. With thanks to Fellows Linnea Bass and Gregory J.W. Urwin. See also, Don N. Hagist, A New Interpretation of a Robert Cleveley Painting (manuscript submitted to The Mariners Mirror).

___________________________ These events were covered in a number of newspaper accounts, some of which offer new details. The 27 March 1780 NewYork Gazette and the Weekly Mercurys article was written with a Loyalist bent:
NEWYORK, March 24. On Wednesday evening a detachment of the Royal Army, under the command of Col. Howard, crossed from this city to the Jersies, and proceeded to Hackensack, where a number of continental troops were assembled to protect sundry new fangled Justices of the Peace, who had assembled there to devise means to harrass and distress such of their neighbours as were thought to be disaffected to the cause of rebellion. It was not until the troops were close by them that they were apprised of their danger, when they fled with the greatest precipitation, after animating the rebel soldiers to stand their ground, that their retreat might be the more secure. The poor wretches did so for a little time, but after a few being killed, they broke and made the best of their way home; however, several of them were made prisoners, and brought to town last night. Our loss was, one killed and another wounded.27

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The 3 April issue of that paper added that McPhersons force composed of the British and German troops in garrison at New York was to act in conjunction with Howards Guards, which,
landed at Kloster several miles above Fort Lee to penetrate into the country to the northward of Hoppers town, and destined to attack the rear of the rebel cantonments at that place [and Lieutenant Colonel McPhersons men] taking their route by the little ferry upon Hackinsack, where boats was sent to transport them across, were to have surprised the town of Hackensack, in which a company of Militia were quartered and pushing forwards, to have fallen upon the front of the Paramus cantonments; these services were not effected owing to unavoidable delays, till several hours later than was intended. Lieut. Col. Howard arrived near Hoppers town two hours after daybreak in the morning of the 23rd, and continuing his march, surprised two pickets, and pressed one of their cantonments so closely as to oblige the officer and his command to leave their arms behind them, which to the amount of thirty stand were destroyed; their main body, consisting of between two and three hundred men, made a shew of defence at the church, but finding they would be instantly attacked, they retired with precipitation, were pursued for above a mile, and several prisoners taken. LieutenantColonel Macphersons detachment at this time on its march through the cantonments, which were found abandoned, made its appearance upon the road near the church, having taken a few prisoners In the course of the march a Clergyman with another inoffensive inhabitant (taken prisoners by mistake) were dismissed, and reported to have been accidently shot by the Rebels. Sixtyfour prisoners were brought from Jersey, of those, twentyfour belonged to the continental troops, and a captain and twentythree were militia men: Thirteen deserters also, who were a part of the Paramus command, came off with their arms. The loss of the Rebels in killed and wounded cannot be ascertained.28

An American account noted that the militia collected fast, attacked them furiously, and several of our prisoners were relieved, identifying the wounded civilian as Mr. Periam, tutor of the academy at Paramus taken prisoner; but, being wounded by our people in the enemys retreat, he was left behind; he is in a likely way to recover, though badly wounded in the shoulder. The clergyman was Loyalist Warmoldus Kuypers, who, according to his son, was obliged to march above twenty miles (in the wintry season) tho excessive weak and in a bad state of health, and having his home plundered and himself beat and ill treated [until] (upon conviction of error) he was permitted to return home to his to a distressed family. Despite events, he still persevered in his loyalty and remained with his congregation in hopes of doing good.29 Other proindependence articles stress the depredations at Hackensack, and losses among local inhabitants. The NewYork Packet, and the American Advertiser (30 March) stated that
a party of British and foreign troops from New York, supposed about four hundred, advanced as far as Paramus, and, in their usual manner, plundered several houses We have good information that the enemy had three or four waggons full of killed and wounded; their retreat was so precipitate, that when any of their dead and wounded fell off the wagon, they did not tarry to take them up. The Hackensack militia behaved with spirit, and sustained but little loss. The enemy burnt, in this excursion, the courthouse in Hackensack, and one or two dwelling houses; they plundered mr. Campbell, tavernkeeper, of a large sum of Continental, hard money, &c.30

19

The New Jersey Journals rather florid account claimed that

a party of the enemy penetrated into the country as far as Paramus. In their route, cruelty and devastation, the characteristic of the tyrants troops, marked their steps. At Hackensack they burnt the courthouse and two dwellinghouses, and almost tore the house of Mr. Campbell, innkeeper, to pieces, after plundering him of a very considerable sum of specie and continental money. In short, they plundered indiscriminately both whig and tory. Their cruelty and brutality to women was unparalleled; some they inhumanely choaked to make them tell where their money was; and one, we hear, was so unfortunate as to have her arm broke by them. The militia of the county turned out spiritedly, and forming a junction with a few continental troops that lay at Paramus, pushed them, on their retreat, very hard, took a few prisoners, and killed and wounded several, whom they carried off in waggons. Remember, apostate Britons! That your towns, during the last summer, have been in the power of our fleets; and that, perhaps, may be the case the ensuing one, when taught by your example, we may retaliate ten fold.31

The 29 March New Jersey Gazette account detailed the destruction and mentioned civilian casualties:
Extract of a letter from Hackinsack, dated March 24. Yesterday morning at 4 oclock, a detachment of the enemy of about 200 men, commanded by Lt. Col. MPherson, of the 42nd regt. made a descent upon this place by way of the Little Ferry. Soon after they entered the town they burnt the Courthouse, and also Messrs. Boyds and Chapples dwelling houses, and then proceeded to Paramus, with intention to surprize the detachment of continental troops under the command of Major Stuart. At that place the enemy were joined by another party of equal force, which landed at Closter and marched by Weirmiss, and would probably have effected their purpose had not Major Stuart received information of their approach. In their rout they plundered and abused the inhabitants indiscriminately, in a most pitiable manner; and carried off between 20 and 30 of the inhabitants prisoners. Capt. Outwater of our militia, and Hendrick Van Geison, were slightly wounded, but not taken off. In this excursion the enemy had a number killed and wounded, and near 20 of them were made prisoners by our troops, who behaved exceedingly well; and hung upon their rear as they retreated from Paramus to Fort Lee, where they embarked.32

The Loyalist NewYork Gazette: and the Weekly Mercury listed sixtytwo men carried off from Hackensack and Paramus, including several identified as regular or militia soldiers, and five blacks, viz.,
NewYork, March 27. The following is a List of the Prisoners brought to this City last Thursday Night by the Parties that were lately at Paramus and Hackinsack, in NewJersey John Armstrong, David Baldwin, Gillion Barthoff, John Bogart, John Bond, William Bradshaw, John Brady, Jacobus Brower, William Brower, William Browning, Peter Byall, Ezekiel Burrell, John Clancey, John Coalby, David Colden, Charles Corper, Christian Demarest, John Demarest, Isaac Denton, Jonathan Doramus, Thomas Dorman, John Durjee, Morris Earl [Bergen militia], George Field, Silas Frost, William Hammell, William Hammell, Jr., Thomas Harris, Edward Harvey [2d Rhode Island Regiment], Captain Abraham Herring, Rowland Hill, Charles Hugh, James Kent [Bergen militia], John Kiney, Patrick Kirkin, Andrew Lord [5th Maryland Regiment], Benjamin Marsh,

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James MDonald, Benjamin Old, Christian ONeil, William Provost, John Romayn, Patrick Scentling, Thomas Scotland, Charles Simmons, Ebenezer Spinnage, William Stewart, Abraham Storms, James Teny, John Van Antwerp, John Van Gissen, G. Van Wagenen, Henry Van Winkle, Isaac Varvalen [Vervalen], John Williams, Joseph Williams, Peter Zabriskie; Will, Jack, John, Venter, and Hector (Negroes).33

Ens. George Eld of the British Guards noted, I volunteered & promised Coll. Howard to destroy the Bridge The Hessian detachment perceiving our intentions formed on a small rise & covered our attempt Officers and men of the veteran German Regiment von Donop as they would have appeared during the American War. The German regiments on the March 1780 Paramus expedition played a support role, suffering most of their casualties while withdrawing towards New Bridge.

___________________________ Continental commander Major Stuart reported troop casualties as follows:

Return of the wounded & missing of Continental Troops [23 March 1780.] 34 Wounded Missing 1 Sub[altern], 2 R[ank] & file. 1 Serjt., 1 D[rum] & Fife, 33 R & file.

Return of the Enemy killd wounded & made Prisoners. Killd Wounded Prisoners 1 R[ank] & file found. The Number uncertain, two Waggon loads. 1 Drum, 8 R & file exclusive of 6 taken by the Militia and sent to Newark.

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Adjutant General Baurmeister informed the Hessian Lord High Chancellor, Aside from [the] wounded, among them two officers of the British Foot Guards, who together with sixtyfive prisoners and fourteen deserters, came in by way of Powles Hook, we had nine killed and eighteen missing.35 British Deputy Adjutant General Frederick MacKenzie gave total British and German losses as 1 Rank & File Killed; 1 Officer, 17 Rank & File Wounded; 1 Drummer, 12 Rank & File Missing, noted Capt. [David] Anstruther 42d Regt. Wounded, and provided a detailed accounting:
Return of the Killed, Wounded & Missing, at the attack of the Rebel Troops at Paramus, in Jersey the 23rd March 1780. British Guards: 1 Rank & File Killed; 9 Rank & File Wounded; 2 Rank & File Missing. 42d. 1 Officer, 4 Rank & File Wounded; 1 Rank & File Missing. 43d. 2 Rank & File Wounded. German Regiment du Corps (Leib Regiment): 2 Rank & File Wounded; 1 Drummer Missing. Landgrave: 2 Rank & File Missing. Donop: 4 Rank & File Missing. 1st. Ansbach: 2 Rank & File Missing. 2d. Ansbach (Bayreuth): 1 Rank & File Missing. 36

The journalist for the Regiment Landgraf noted of the aftermath, Several men of the Landgrave Regiment, who belonged to the detachment, could not keep up on account of fatigue, and fell into the rebels hands, after which they remained almost three years imprisoned in Philadelphia. The rebels loss cannot be estimated very exactly.37 Other records tell bits and pieces of the raids story. Some were only a few years removed from the event, such as militia Capt. John Outwaters May 1783 statement, that Elias Brevoort has Lost One Musquit On An Alarm By the British March the twenty third 1780 then under my Command 38 Nineteenth century pension accounts provide more information about individual soldiers. Some, such as militia Pvt. Garret Brinkerhoff, left complete narratives:
In the month of March 1780 Volunteered to Serve at a minutes warning under Capt. David Vanbusum In the month of April [actually March] the British Refugees and Tories made an incursion in the county as far up as the town of Hackensack at which place they Burnt the Court House and a dweling house of Adam Boyd then Sheriff of the said County of Bergen, of which disaster we Receved newes and were in a short time on our march to oppose them but coming to the place where they had commited the depredation the enemy were on their Retreate / our company with the Rest of the militia Stationed at Hackensack followed in their Rear and annoyed them considerable before they arrived at their encampment in the Lower part of the County. Our Company then Returned to Hackensack with the Rest of the militia. Here we were stationed fourteen days to the best of the deponents Recollection.39

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Other men gave only minimal information. Pvt. Andrew Lord, named in the 27 March 1780 NewYork Gazette: and Weekly Mercury roster of captives, noted having enlisted in summer 1777 for three years in Capt. John Lynchs company, Col. William Richardsons 5th Maryland Regiment, At the expiration of which time reenlisted at a place called Wicks Farm, near Morris Town in the Jerseys. Taken prisoner while out on a scouting party or expedition under Major John [either major of the 2nd Maryland Regiment, or mistaken for Christopher] Stewart at a place called Peramner near the Sea Board and carried to New York, afterward Exchanged & joined the new 3rd Regt. at Annapolis, was at the capture of Cornwallis Morris Earl was also named on the newspaper prisoner list. His wife Elisabeth remembered that her husband was taken prisoner at a place Called little ferry by the Enemy and Carried to New York and Confined in the Sugar House for five month & Six day, and her husband arrived at home on the very day when Gen. Poor was buried at Hackensack in the County of Bergen. Henry Berdan also noted that Earl was taken prisoner at a place called little ferry below Hackensack, and taken to New York and confined in the sugar house and there kept for six months 40 Catharine Kent gave a substantial deposition in her quest for her husbands pension. Mrs. Kents account of James Kents revolutionary service, interspersed with some military minutiae and personal memories are a fitting end to this story of the Paramus raid:
James Kent was a private and sergeant in the Militia and other Troops of Bergen County New Jersey her husband was a native of Sussex County New Jersey and was at the time of the breaking out of the revolutionary war, an apprentice to John Freeland, at the Blacksmithing business, at a place called the Ponds in Franklin Township the said John Freeland upon the breaking out of the war give up the blacksmithing business and her husband having no employment entered the service in the Militia, and served as a substitute in the Wheat Harves[t] in the month of July 1779, she became intimately acquainted with her said husband, as it was at the time that their Courtship Commenced and at that time she distinctly recollects he was in service as a sergeant, in a Company of Troops, that was then Stationed in the Village of Hackensack, and was quartered in Willsons old School House said Company had, as she understood, been raised in the different Counties by enlistment for one Campaign, and that it continued so stationed, until on or about the first of January ensuing, when their terms expired and they were then discharged, as she well remembers. [The] Company kept a picquet guard at New Bridge, of which guard she distinctly recollects her husband was every other day the officer it is her impression that said Companys term for which it had been raised to serve was six months, and she distinctly recollects that it was in what was called the Hard winter that said Company was discharged her husband received his pay in paper money about the time he was discharged, and [the] Company drew their regular rations and cooked them in the farm houses, and lived in the School house, six Soldiers being in a mess she lived during the time said Company laid there between the Village of Hackensack and New Bridge, where [the] Companys picquet guard was kept, on the main road and that she distinctly recollects seeing the picquets pass and repass every knight and morning during the whole time it laid there immediately after [her husbands] discharge he went up to the Ponds, and failing to get any employment there, he came back to Hackensack again while yet it was Winter, and she think it was Captain Outwater, was then enlisting a Company for three months service into whose company her husband enlisted as sergeant for the term, and whether it was before, or just after said Company

23

had been embodied in to service she cannot remember, he was taken prisoner, and was taken to New York City, where he was kept a prisoner of War, until in June, when he, as he, and others that was prisoners with him, afterwards informed her, despairing of being soon exchanged he enlisted with the enemy, and he was with the British Army sent down to Staten Island, where he deserted, and as she distinctly recollects he came to Hackensack in that same month dressed in a full suit of British regimentals. That he said he had been enlisted about one week when he deserted 41

(The second part of this series will examine the 16 April 1780 reprise attack on Hopperstown, near Paramus, in Bergen County, New Jersey.) Acknowledgements I am grateful to a number of friends and acquaintances for their contributions: Fellow Linnea Bass for her expertise on the British Guards Regiments, Bob Brooks for his insights concerning the naval aspects of the Paramus operation and other advice, Stephen Gilberts information on British officers identities, Joseph Malit (Infanterie regiment von Donop, http://www.vondonop.org/vondonophome.html) and Robert A. Selig for assistance with period images of German troops, Steve Rayner for contributing the account of Guards officer George Eld, Fellow Don LondahlSmidts knowledge of the German forces, and Fellow Gregory Urwins advice and support. This work would not have been possible without Todd Braisteds (http://www.royalprovincial.com/) contribution of numerous transcribed documents, and generosity with so many other resources. Endnotes 1. For a an excellent study of the 177980 Morristown cantonment, including Major General William Alexander, Lord Stirlings January 1780 Staten Island raid and other corresponding events see, Samuel Stelle Smith, Winter at Morristown, 17791780: The Darkest Hour (Monmouth Beach: Philip Freneau Press, N.J., 1979); For a list of raids and skirmishes in Northern New Jersey that winter and spring see, Howard H. Peckham, ed, The Toll of Independence: Engagements & Battle Casualties of the American Revolution (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1974), 7885; For details on supply shortages and the 1780 winter see, John U. Rees, "'The great distress of the Army for want of Blankets ...': Supply Shortages, Suffering Soldiers, and a Secret Mission During the Hard Winter of 1780," Military Collector &Historian, vol. 52, no. 3 (Fall 2000), 98110, World Wide Web, http://revwar75.com/library/rees/blanketts.htm). 2. Smith, Winter at Morristown, 2728. Adrian C. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1962), 235238. 3. Citizens of Bergen County, New Jersey, to Christopher Stuart, 22 March 1780, George Washington Papers, Presidential Papers Microfilm (Washington: Library of Congress, 1961), series 4, reel 56. This letter was signed by Justices Hendrick Cuyper, Peter Haring, Jacob Terhune, and Isaac Vanderbeck, Sheriff Adam Boyd, and four mililtia officers: Adjutant Cornelius Haring, Captains John Outwater, Samuel Demarest, and Elias Romaine, and Lieutenant David Demarest; Lieutenant Colonel Josiah Harmar, 6th Pennsylvania Regiment, recorded the midMarch weather: 24

March 22nd: [1780, Wednesday] Cool windy Weather March 23rd: [Thursday] Cool day March 24th: [Friday] Sleety Weather Lt. Col. Josiah Harmars Journal No. 1, 11 November 1778 to 2 September 1780, p. 92, Josiah Harmar Papers, William L. Clements Library, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 4. The British and German units involved are detailed in Frederick MacKenzie, Return of the Killed, Wounded & Missing, at the attack of the Rebel Troops at Paramus, in Jersey the 23rd March 1780, Sir Henry Clinton Papers, vol. 89, item 31, The University of Michigan, William L. Clements. The regiment noted in MacKenzies casualty return as du Corps is the oftenused French name for the HessenCassel Leib Regiment. Leib [body] the same as the French du Corps [of the body]. The international language of diplomacy was French; many official documents list the German officers and units with the French spellings of their names; e.g., von Bose becomes De Bose, Leibregiment (or LeibInfanterieRegiment) becomes Regiment du Corps, etc. (Clarification courtesy of Bob Brooks and Donald LondahlSmidt.) Johann Conrad Dohla, A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution, Bruce E. Burgoyne, trans. and ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), xvii-xviii. 5. Christopher Stuart to Washington, 25 March 1780, GW Papers, Library of Congress, series 4, reel 56. Stuart was appointed major 5th Pennsylvania in June 1777 (captured at Fort Washington in November 1776, he was exchanged January 1777); on 17 April 1780 he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 3d Pennsylvania. 6. Samuel Hays to Johann De Kalb, 23 March 1780, GW Papers, Library of Congress, series 4, reel 56. 7. Abner Prior to Johann De Kalb, 23 March 1780, and De Kalb to Washington, 24 March 1780, ibid. 8. Gustavus Henderson (a.k.a. John Rose) to John Nicholson, 27 March 1780, New Jersey Historical Society, MG 14, Box 1, folder 65 (Courtesy of Todd Braisted). John Rose, His proper name was Baron Gustavus H. de Rosenthal, surgeon 7th Pennsylvania Regiment, 12th June, 1777; found not competent and transferred to General Hospital as SurgeonsMate, under the name of Gustavus Henderson; appointed SurgeonsMate 7th Pennsylvania Regiment, 1st March, 1780; afterwards appointed Surgeon on the Revenge [a vessel]; taken prisoner in fall of 1780 served as Aidede Camp to General Irvine in 1781 and 1782 Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution April 1775 to December 1783 Washington, D.C.: The Rare Book Publishing Shop, Inc., 1914), 474. A Scotch Prize is something that once won turns out to be no prize at all. Here are two contemporary, or near contemporary, uses of the term: Colonel Samuel Miles account of the Battle of Long Island, 27 August 1776, We had proceeded but a short distance before we were again engaged with a superior body of the enemy, and here we lost a number of men, but took Major Moncrieffe, their commanding officer, prisoner, but he was a Scotch prize, for Ensign Brodhead, who took him and had him in possession for some hours, was obliged to surrender himself. Journal Of Col. Samuel Miles, Concerning The Battle Of Long Island1776, John B. Linn and William H. Egle, eds., Pennsylvania Archives, series 2, vol. I (Harrisburg: Lane S. Hart, Printer, 1879), 522; James Fenimore Cooper, The Pilot; A Tale of the Sea, "This has been a Scotch prize that we've taken, muttered a surly old seaman; a ship without headmoney or cargo! There 25

was kitchen timber enough in the old jug of a place, to have given an outfit in crockery and kneebuckles, to every lad in the ship; but, no! let a man's mouth water ever so much for food and raiment, damme if the officers would give him leave to steal even so good a thing as a spare Bible." James Fenimore Cooper, The Pilot; A Tale of the Sea, vol. 2 (New York: Charles Wiley, 1823), chapter XII, 191. http://etext.lib. virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer eafpublic?id=eaf053v2.xml&data=/texts/eaf&tag=public&part=12&division=div 9. At this time, besides New Jersey militia soldiers, only five Continentals have been identified as being present at the 23 March Paramus attack:
Maj. Christopher Stuart, 5th Pennsylvania Regiment Capt. John Marshall, 3d Pennsylvania Capt. Abraham Claypoole, 11th Pennsylvania Pvt. Edward Harvey, 2d Rhode Island Pvt. Andrew Lord, 5th Maryland

Continental troops known to have with the Major Byles force at Hopperstown on 16 April 1780 were:
Maj. Thomas Lambert Byles, 5th Pennsylvania Regiment Capt. Jonathan Hallett, 2d New York Capt. Jacob Weaver, 10th Pennsylvania Capt. Isaac Seely, 5th Pennsylvania Lieutenant Samuel Bryson, 7th Pennsylvania Lieutenant James Glentworth, 6th Pennsylvania Ensign Nathaniel Thatcher, Jacksons Additional Regiment Ensign Henry Sherman, Sherburnes Additional Regiment Pvt. Josiah Willard, Jacksons Additional Regiment Pvt. David Jacobs, Spencers Additional Regiment

10. John Howard to Major General Edward Mathew, 24 March 1780 (enclosed in Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain, 4 July 1780), Great Britain, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, Class 5, vol. 100, pp. 8992. The use of four Guards flank companies is mentioned in, Carl Leopold Baurmeister to Friedrich Christian Arnold, Baron von Jungkenn, Muntzer von Mohrenstamm, HesseCassel Lord High Chancellor and Minister of State, 26 March 1780, Bernard A. Uhlendorf, ed., Revolution in America: Confidential Letters and Journals of Adjutant General Major [Carl Leopold] Baurmeister of the Hessian Forces (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1957), 345346. British Guards officers identities can be found in Steven M. Baule with Stephen Gilbert, British Army Officers Who Served in the American Revolution, 1775 1783 (Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2004). In March 1780 the Guards flank company officers were:
1st Battalion Grenadier Company Lt. Col. the Hon. Chapel Norton, Coldstream Guards Capt. Charles Horneck, Third Guards Capt. Florentius Boscawen, Third Guards 1st Battalion Light Infantry Company Lieut. Colonel Francis Hall, Third Guards Capt. William Maynard, Coldstream Guards Capt. William, Lord Dundass, First Guards

26

2d Battalion Grenadier Company Lieut. Col. Lowther Pennington, Coldstream Guards Capt. Robert Lovelace, Coldstream Guards Ensign George Mathew, Coldstream Guards 2d Battalion Light Infantry Company Ensign John Goodricke, First Guards Ensign George Eld, Coldstream Guards

Below is a primer on Foot Guards organization: (Excerpted from, William W. Burke and Linnea M. Bass, Brigade of Guards on the American Service (World Wide Web), http://www.brigadeofguards.org/history.html
On 13 February 1776 the Earl of Loudoun, commanding His Majesty's Foot Guards, issued orders forming a detachment to serve in the American War for Independence. The unit was to consist of men and officers from all three existing regiments: the First (now Grenadier) Guards, the Coldstream Guards, and the Third (now Scots) Guards. The original order called for the detachment for American Service to consist of 30 officers, 82 NCOs, 14 drummers, 6 fifers, and 960 privates. Three staff officers, five additional staff, and one drummer were added to the strength prior to embarkation for North America. The men were to be selected by draft from the three regiments of Foot Guards. Captain and Lieutenant Colonel Edward Mathew, Coldstream Guards, was chosen for the command. An augmentation to each regiment was ordered to replace the men going abroad. The initial organization of the Service Brigade's companies in 1776 included a Grenadier Company, a Light Infantry Company, and eight infantry companies numbered the 1st through the 8th. In early March 1776, a draft of 15 privates from each of the 64 companies in the three regiments provided the men for American service. They were reorganized into ten new companies. The 120 drafts from the 8 existing grenadier companies (4 in First Guards, 2 each in Coldstream and Third) formed a composite Grenadier Company. The 56 regular infantry companies (24 in First Guards, 16 each in Coldstream and Third) contributed 840 privates. Ninetysix of them were diverted to form a composite Light Infantry Company, since there was no extant light infantry in the Guards. The remaining 744 men were divided into 8 regular infantry companies of 93 men each. The Grenadier and Light Infantry Companies were made up of officers, NCOs and men from all three Regiments of Guards. The 4th or "Brigade" Company was originally staffed by First Guards officers, but consisted of NCOs and rank and file from elements of each of the three Guards regiments at home. 1st through 3d Companies consisted of First Guards personnel; 5th and 6th Companies were Scots Guards; 7th and 8th Companies were Coldstream Guards. These ten companies were at first styled a "detachment," but on arrival in America they were, by Howe's orders, reorganized into a Brigade of two battalions. NOTE: The Brigade Co. was not a headquarters co., but was called that because of its composite nature. First Battalion consisted of the Grenadiers and the 1st through 4th Companies; Second Battalion was constituted by the 5th through 8th Companies and the Light Infantry. When 2d Battalion was activated, the existing staff was assigned to First Battalion and took on Brigade Staff functions as well. A new position, that of Battalion Commandant, was created. A staff was also appointed for Second Battalion, beginning with an Adjutant and SergeantMajor. Additional Second Battalion Staff positions were created over time. It was necessary to fill the newly created positions with officers already assigned to companies, since no additional officers were ordered out to staff the battalion. Due to a shortage of officers caused by sickness, detached service,

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promotions, etc., some of these posts were subsequently filled by NCOs and volunteers (civilians awaiting commissions). MAJOR RESTRUCTURINGS (1779 and 1780) A. In April of 1779 the Brigade was reduced to six infantry, or center, companies by the activation of one additional grenadier company and one additional light infantry company. The original Grenadier Company became the First Battalion Grenadier Company and the Brigade Company (at that time the 3d Co.) was designated as the 1st Battalion Light Infantry Company. Companies 5 and 6 became the 4th and 5th respectively. The 7th was redesignated as the Second Battalion Grenadier Company and the 8th was renumbered as the 6th. The original Light Infantry Company was renamed the Second Battalion Light Infantry Company. The First Battalion then consisted of the 1st Grenadier Company, the 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalion Companies, and the 1st Light Infantry. Second Battalion was composed of the 2d Grenadiers, 4th, 5th, and 6th Battalion Companies, and the 2d Light Infantry. TOTAL: 4 flank, 6 battalion companies B. In August of 1779 a large draft of officers and soldiers arrived. It was specified that the new 5th Company would take on a Brigade Company function by absorbing supernumerary Scots and Coldstream Guards privates and NCOs who were not in the 4th or 6th Companies, respectively. After the initial orders for the reorganization were given, several officers complained that they would prefer to stay with men from their own regiments if possible and many of them were reassigned the next day. TOTAL: 4 flank, 6 battalion companies C. In October 1780 in October 1780 the 2d Grenadiers and the 2d Light Infantry Company were reduced to zero strength due to reduced officer strength. The officers and men were reassigned to the remaining eight companies. The 1st Battalion Light Infantry was transferred to Second Battalion, and the flank companies lost their Battalion designations. TOTAL: 2 flank, 6 battalion companies.

(Courtesy of Fellow Linnea Bass) 11. George Eld, Memoranda of LieutenantColonel Eld, of the Coldstream Guards, during his Service in America, in the Years 1779 and 1780. Original Letters of Hugh, Earl Percy and afterwards Duke of Northumberland, between April 17, 1774, and July 11, 1778 (Boston: Published by Order of the Trustees, 1892), 89. 12. Ibid., 9. 13. Ibid., 9. 14. Ibid., 910. 15. Ibid., 10. 16. Duncan McPherson to Wilhelm von Knyphausen, 24 March 1780 (enclosed in Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain, 4 July 1780), Great Britain, PRO, Colonial Office, Class 5, vol. 100, pp. 9395. There were two colonels of the same name serving in America; below is the service record of Duncan McPherson who took part in the March 1780 Paramus expedition: Unknown officer rank, 89th Foot (also major in the army) 23 July 1772; subsequently to half pay at an unknown date, then captain of an Additional Company, 1/42d Foot, 15 August 1775; wounded in action at Piscataway, N.J., 10 May 1777; promoted to lieutenant colonel, 29 August 1777; to major 2/71st Foot 31 December 1780 (vice Patrick Ferguson, killed); colonel in the army, 20 November 1782. Survived the war and was senior British lieutenant colonel in the spring 1783 "Local" Army List published in New York City. Retired 24 November 1783 (courtesy of Stephen Gilbert); see also, Baule and Gilbert, British Army Officers Who Served in the American Revolution for the careers of Captain David Anstruther, 42d Regiment, and Captain William Thorne, 43d Regiment. 28

17. Dohla, A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution, 120121. 18. Ibid., 121. 19. Journal of the Leib Infantry Regiment von Wutginau, 177984 (This regiment was known as the Regiment von Wutginau in 1776, then named the Regiment Landgraf until 1783.), Hessian Documents of the American Revolution, 17761783, Lidgerwood transcripts, Morristown National Historic Park, Letter X (English transcript), fiche 321, 1617. See also, Lion G. Miles and James L. Kochan, Guide to Hessian Documents of the American Revolution, 17761783: Transcripts and Translations from the Lidgerwood Collection at Morristown National Historical Park, Morristown, New Jersey (G.K. Hall & Co., 1989), 3233. 20. Dohla, A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution, 121122. 21. Carl Leopold Baurmeister to Friedrich Christian Arnold, Baron von Jungkenn, Muntzer von Mohrenstamm, HesseCassel Lord High Chancellor and Minister of State, 26 March 1780, Uhlendorf, Revolution in America, 345346; The Journal of the Regiment Landgraf (Landgrave) noted of the operation, On March 22nd [1780] two
detachments from the army crossed the Hudson river into Jersey, the one from Kingsbridge consisting of 300 mounted troops under LieutenantColonel Howard, the other from the Newyork garrison consisting of 300 mounted Anspach and Hessian troops under LieutenantColonel Phaison [McPherson] of the 42nd Regiment. LieutenantColonel Howards detachment landed at Kloster [landing], some miles from Fort Lee, the other at Whehack [Weehawken]; the former was to advance to the north side of Hoppestown, and attack the rebels who were quartered there in the rear; the latter was to cross the small Jersey [Hackensack River] near Hackinsack, to which place boats had been sent, which were to convey them across; the men were first to attack the town of Hackinsack, where there was a company of militiamen, and then the van of the cantonments further on. But these attacks took place several hours later than had been intended, on account of great obstacles. LieutenantColonel Howard arrived at Hoppetown on the morning of March 23rd before daybreak, continued his march and attacked two pickets, and went so near to one of their cantonments, that the officer and his detachment were forced to leave their guns behind them, thirty of which were spoilt. Their main corps seemed to offer some resistance near the church, but they retired hastily, when they saw that the attack was likely to be severe; however they were pursued for a mile, and several of them were taken prisoners. At that moment Colonel Phasons detachment came along the road near the church on its march through the abandoned cantonments, after it had attempted to [p. 17] overtake the rebels, which was impossible, however, on account of their speed. Thereupon both detachments returned to Rabriesmils [Zabriskies Mills], where they were joined by the detachment of Anspach troops, that had remained behind at Hackinsack, and then all returned together by way of Nery bridge [New Bridge]. Colonel Howards detachment embarked near Fort Lee, and LieutenantColonel [McPhersons] marched with the prisoners as far as Wheehack [Weehawkin], where the boats were awaiting them. Our loss consisted of two dead, one of whom belonged to the Guards, and 12 wounded. Several men of the Landgrave Regiment, who belonged to the detachment, could not keep up on account of fatigue, and fell into the rebels hands, after which they remained almost three years imprisoned in Philadelphia. The rebels loss cannot be estimated very exactly.

Journal of the Leib Infantry Regiment von Wutginau/Landgraf, 177984, Hessian Documents of the American Revolution, 17761783, Lidgerwood transcripts, Letter X (English transcript), fiche 321, 1617. 22. James Robertson to Lord Amherst, 25 March 1780, Milton M. Klein and Ronald W. Howard, eds., The Twilight of British Rule: The New York Letter Book of General James Robertson, 17801783 (Cooperstown, N.Y.: The New York State Historical Association, 1983), 7778; Duncan McPherson to Wilhelm von Knyphausen, 24 March 1780 29

(enclosed in Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain, 4 July 1780), Great Britain, PRO, Colonial Office, Class 5, vol. 100, pp. 9395. 23. 25 March 1780 general orders (New York), Ordre Buch vom Hochloeblichen Regiment von Mirbach vom 10ten Maerz 1777 bis den 24ten Juny 1780, Bestand 10 e, Nr. I/9, Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg (Regt von Mirbach Order Book, 10 March 177724 June 1780), Transcript and translation in the Lidgerwood Collection of Hessian Transcripts, Letter DZ, Morristown National Historical Park (Courtesy of Donald LondahlSmidt). 24. The identity of Lieut. Cranston of the Navy is difficult to pin down, but Bob Brooks kindly provided the information that indicates a possible identity. A notable resource, The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 16601815 (David Syrett and R.L. DiNardo, eds., London: Navy Records Society Occasional Publications, vol.1, 1994), lists one Cranton and two officers named Cranstoun, an alternate spelling, all of whom were not in New York in March 1780. James, Lord Cranstoun, is listed, but his younger brother Charles, who had been captured in June 1776 and exchanged in February 1777, is not. Charles may have been the senior officer commanding Colonel Howards flatboats. There are several possibilities for Lieutenant Peery: John Parrey (lieutenant, 6 November 1778), never promoted, died 1790; Charles Spencer Parry (lieutenant, 16 May 1778, never promoted, died 1797; Paul Parry (lieutenant, 13 May 1778), never promoted, died 1803. Nothing is known of these officers naval service. Another possibility is John Consett Peers (lieutenant, 2 November 1778); baptized 5 October 1751, reported as having lost an arm when the Massachusetts Navy ship Tyrannicide captured HM Dispatch, Armed Schooner, 12 July 1776. Following release from captivity, commissioned and given command of HM Crane, Row Galley, stationed at New York. Present on the Crane as of 14 April 1779. Next given the command of HM Argo, Armed Brig, taken when Charlestown fell. Purchased for 1000 on 15 May 1780, HM Argo, Armed Brig, was not commissioned until 10 July 1780. A gap exists in Peers records 14 April 1779 (New York) and 10 July 1780 (Charlestown). See, Bob Brooks to author (emails), 2 March 2005, 2:12 PM, 6 March 2005, 8:44 PM, and 14 March 2005, 10:26 AM (authors correspondence). 25. Carl Leopold Baurmeister to Baron von Jungkenn, 26 March 1780, Uhlendorf, Revolution in America, 345346. 26. Bob Brooks to author (email), 5 March 2005, 8:43 PM. (authors correspondence). 27. The NewYork Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, 27 March 1780. 28. The NewYork Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, 3 April 1780. The Royal Gazette, no. 365, 29 March 1780, contained the same article, given here in its entirety:
NewYork, March 29. On Wednesday night the 22nd inst. Two detachments of the army were passed over the Hudsons River into Jersey; one from Kingsbridge, consisting of Three Hundred men from the Brigade of Guards under the command of Lieut. Col. Howard; the other from NewYork of equal force, composed of the British and German Troops in Garrison, under the command of Lieut. Col. Macpherson, of the 42nd regt. Lieut. Col. Howards detachment landed at Kloster several miles above Fort Lee; the troops from the city at Wheehawk; the former were to penetrate into the country to the northward of Hoppers Town, and destined to attack the rear of the Rebel Cantonments at that place; the latter taking their Route by the little ferry upon Hackinsac: where boats were sent to transport them across, were to have surprized the town of Hackinsac, in which a company of Militia were quartered, and pushing

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forwards, to have fallen upon the front of the Paramus cantoonments: These services were not effected owing to unavoidable delays, till several hours later than was intended. Lieut. Col. Howard arrived near Hoppers Town, two hours after day break in the morning of the 23rd, and continuing his march, surprised two pickets, and pressed one of their cantoonments so closely as to oblige the officer and his command to leave their arms behind them, which to the amount of above thirty stand were destroyed; their main body, consisting of between two and three hundred men made a shew of defence at the church, but finding they would be instantly attacked, they retired with precipitation, were pursued above a mile, and several prisoners were taken. Lieut. Col. Macphersons detachment at this time upon its march through the cantoonments, which were found abandoned, made its appearance upon the road near the church, having taken a few prisoners. Every further attempt to come up with the enemy, being impracticable, both detachments returned to Zabriskies Mills, where being joined by the party left at Hackinsac, which had taken several prisoners, the troops retired by NewBridge and the English Neighbourhood; Lieut. Col. Howards detachment embarking near Fort Lee; Lieut. Col. Macphersons with the prisoners continuing their march to Wheehawk, where boats were waiting to receive them. One man of the Guards was killed, Capt. Anstruther of the 42nd regt. and a few men were wounded upon the march towards the English Neighbourhood, the rebels in loose parties, keeping up an irregular fire upon the rear, and some men dropped behind from fatigue. In the course of the march a Clergyman with another inoffensive inhabitant (taken prisoners by mistake) were dismissed, and are reported to have been accidentally shot by the Rebels. Sixtyfour prisoners were brought from Jersey, of those, twentyfour belonged to the continental troops, and a Captain and twenty three were militia men: Thirteen deserters also, who were a part of the Paramus command, came off with their arms. The loss of the Rebels in killed and wounded cannot be ascertained. William Nelson, ed., "Extracts from American Newspapers Relating

to New Jersey," vol. IV., 1 November 177930 September 1780, Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, Second Series, (Trenton, N.J., 1914), 253 254. 29. The NewYork Packet, and the American Advertiser (Fishkill,) 30 March 1780; Extract published as The NewYork Packet, no. 167, 30 March 1780, in Nelson, "Extracts from American Newspapers Relating to New Jersey," Documents Relating to New Jersey, 280; Leiby, Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, 245. 30. The NewYork Packet, and the American Advertiser (Fishkill), no. 167, 30 March 1780, Nelson, "Extracts from American Newspapers Relating to New Jersey," Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, 280. 31. New Jersey Journal (Chatham), 29 March 1780, Nelson, "Extracts from American Newspapers Relating to New Jersey," Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, 257. 32. The New Jersey Gazette (Trenton,) 29 March 1780; Extract published as the New Jersey Gazette, vol. III, no. 118, 29 March 1780, in Nelson, "Extracts from American Newspapers Relating to New Jersey," Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, 276277. 33. The NewYork Gazette: and the Weekly Mercury, no. 1484, 27 March 1780, Nelson, "Extracts from American Newspapers Relating to New Jersey," Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, 62. 34. Christopher Stuart, Return of the wounded & missing of Continental Troops and Return of the Enemy killd wounded & made Prisoners, enclosure, Christopher Stuart to Washington, 25 March 1780, GW Papers, Library of Congress, series 4, reel 56.

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35. Uhlendorf, Revolution in America, 345346. 36. Frederick MacKenzie, Return of the Killed, Wounded & Missing, at the attack of the Rebel Troops at Paramus, in Jersey the 23d March 1780, Sir Henry Clinton Papers, vol. 89, item 31, The University of Michigan, William L. Clements Library. 37. Journal of the Leib Infantry Regiment von Wutginau, 177984 (This regiment was known as the Regiment von Wutginau in 1776, then named the Regiment Landgraf until 1783.), Hessian Documents of the American Revolution, 17761783, Lidgerwood transcripts, Morristown National Historic Park, Letter X (English transcript), fiche 321, 1617. See also, Lion G. Miles and James L. Kochan, Guide to Hessian Documents of the American Revolution, 17761783: Transcripts and Translations from the Lidgerwood Collection at Morristown National Historical Park, Morristown, New Jersey (G.K. Hall & Co., 1989), 3233. 38. John Outwater certification, 17 May 1783, New Jersey State Archives, Department of Defense, Military Records, Revolutionary War, Revolutionary Manuscripts Numbered, document no. 10. 39. Garret Brinkerhoff deposition, 25 February 1834 (W136), (National Archives Microfilm Publication M804, 2,670 rolls, roll 342) Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application Files, 18001900, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC. 40. Andrew Lord deposition, 8 October 1818 (S34965), ibid, roll 1585; Elisabeth Earl deposition, 29 September 1837, Morris Earl pension file (W849), ibid, roll 885; Henry Berdan deposition, 28 September 1841, Morris Earl pension file (W849), ibid, roll 885. 41. Catharine Kent deposition, 23 October 1844, James Kent pension file (W20313), ibid., roll 1474.

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