Figure 1 Diffraction of a parallel X-ray beam along the z-axis.

The angle between the crystal and the y-axis is .

THE 21aI INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS OLYMPIAD - 199
GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS
Hana Jordena
Depurtment oj 5cence unJ Technologj, Unoerstj oj Gronngen, The NetherlunJs.
QueaIlon 1. X-ra DlffracIlon from a craIal.
Wo wlsh to stud, X-ro, dlllroctlon b, o cublc cr,stol lottlco. To do thls wo stort wlth tho
dlllroctlon ol o plono, monochromotlc wovo thot lolls porpondlculorl, on o 2-dlmonslonol
grld thot conslsts ol N
1
x N
2
sllts wlth soporotlons d
1
ond d
2
. Tho dlllroctlon pottorn ls
obsorvod on o scroon ot o dlstonco L lrom tho grld. Tho scroon ls porollol to tho grld ond
L ls much lorgor thon d
1
ond d
2
.
o - Dotormlno tho posltlons ond wldths ol tho prlnclpol moxlmum on tho scroon.
Tho wldth ls dollnod os tho dlstonco botwoon tho mlnlmo on olthor sldo ol tho
moxlmo.
Wo consldor now o cublc cr,stol, wlth lottlco spoclng o ond slzo N
0
.o x N
0
.o x N
1
.o. N
1
ls
much smollor thon N
0
. Tho cr,stol ls plocod ln o porollol X-ro, boom olong tho z-oxls ot
on onglo (soo Flg. 1). Tho dlllroctlon pottorn ls ogoln obsorvod on o scroon ot o groot
dlstonco lrom tho cr,stol.
b - Colculoto tho posltlon ond wldth ol tho moxlmo os o lunctlon ol tho onglo (lor
smoll ).
- Whot ln portlculor oro tho consoquoncos ol tho loct thot N
1
<< N
0
.
Tho dlllroctlon pottorn con olso bo dorlvod b, moons ol Brogg's thoor,, ln whlch lt ls
ossumod thot tho X-ro,s oro rolloctod lrom otomlc plonos ln tho lottlco. Tho dlllroctlon
pottorn thon orlsos lrom lntorloronco ol thoso rolloctod ro,s wlth ooch othor.
c - Show thot thls so-collod Brogg rolloctlon ,lolds tho somo condltlons lor tho moxlmo
os thoso thot ,ou lound ln b.
Figure 2. The cubic latice of
Potassium Chloride in which
the K
+
and Cl
-
wons have
almost the same size.
Figure 3. Scattering of X-rays by a powder of KCl crystals
results in the production of concentric dark circles on a
photographic plate.
Figure 1 The spaceship Atlantis (A) with a satellite
(S) in an orbit around the earth. The orbit lies in the
earths equatorial plane.
The magnetic field (B) is perpendicular to the
diagram and is directed towards the reader.
ln somo moosuromonts tho so-collod powdor mothod ls omplo,od. A boom ol X-ro,s ls
scottorod b, o powdor ol vor, mon,, smoll cr,stols. (Ol courso tho slzos ol tho cr,stols oro
much lorgor thon tho lottlco spoclng, o).
Scottorlng ol X-ro,s ol wovolongth 0.15 nm b, Potosslum Chlorldo [KCl] (whlch hos o
cublc lottlco, soo Flg.2) rosults ln tho productlon ol concontrlc dork clrclos on o
photogrophlc ploto. Tho dlstonco botwoon tho cr,stols ond tho ploto ls 0.10 m, ond tho
rodlus ol tho smollost clrclo ls 0.053 m (soo Flg. 3). K

ond Cl
-
lons hovo olmost tho somo
slzo, ond tho, mo, bo trootod os ldontlcol scottorlng contros.
d - Colculoto tho dlstonco botwoon two nolghbourlng K lons ln tho cr,stol.
QueaIlon 2. ElecIrlc experlmenIa ln Ihe magneIoaphere of Ihe earIh.
ln Mo, 11 tho spocoshlp Atlontls wlll bo plocod ln orblt oround tho oorth. Wo sholl
ossumo thot thls orblt wlll bo clrculor ond thot lt llos ln tho oorth's oquotorlol plono.
At somo prodotormlnod momont tho spocoshlp wlll rolooso o sotolllto S, whlch ls ottochod
to o conductlng rod ol longth L. Wo supposo thot tho rod ls rlgld, hos nogllglblo moss,
ond ls covorod b, on oloctrlcol lnsulotor. Wo olso nogloct oll lrlctlon. Lot bo tho onglo
thot tho rod mokos to tho llno botwoon tho Atlontls ond tho contro ol tho oorth. (soo Flg.
1).
S olso llos ln tho oquotorlol plono.
Assumo thot tho moss ol tho sotolllto
ls much smollor thon thot ol tho
Atlontls, ond thot L ls much smollor
thon tho rodlus ol tho orblt.
o
1
- Doduco lor whlch voluo(s) ol
tho conllgurotlon ol tho
spocoshlp ond sotolllto romoln
unchongod (wlth rospoct to tho
oorth) ln othor words, lor
whlch voluo(s) ol ls
constont
o
2
- Dlscuss tho stoblllt, ol tho oqulllbrlum lor ooch coso.
Supposo thot, ot o glvon momont,
tho rod dovlotos lrom tho stoblo conllgurotlon b, o smoll onglo. Tho s,stom wlll bogln to
swlng llko o pondulum.
b - Expross tho porlod ol tho swlnglng ln torms ol tho porlod ol rovolutlon ol tho s,stom
oround tho oorth.
ln Flg. 1 tho mognotlc llold ol tho oorth ls porpondlculor to tho dlogrom ond ls dlroctod
towords tho roodor. Duo to tho orbltol voloclt, ol tho rod, o potontlol dllloronco orlsos
botwoon lts onds. Tho onvlronmont (tho mognotosphoro) ls o rorollod, lonlsod gos wlth o
vor, good oloctrlcol conductlvlt,. Contoct wlth tho lonlsod gos ls modo b, moons ol
oloctrodos ln A (tho Atlontls) ond S (tho sotolllto). As o consoquonco ol tho motlon, o
curront, l, llows through tho rod.
c
1
- ln whlch dlroctlon doos tho curront llow through tho rod (Toko = 0)
Doto: - tho porlod ol tho orblt T = 5,4 . 10
3
s
- longth ol tho rod L = 2,0 . 10
4
m
- mognotlc llold strongth ol tho oort ot tho holght
ol tho sotolllto B = 5,0 . 10
-5
Wb.m
-2
- tho moss ol tho shuttlo Atlontls m = 1,0 . 10
5
kg
Noxt, o curront sourco lnsldo tho shuttlo ls lncludod ln tho clrcult, whlch molntolnos o not
dlroct curront ol 0.1 A ln tho opposlto dlroctlon.
c
2
- How long must thls curront bo molntolnod to chongo tho oltltudo ol tho orblt b, 10
m.
Assumo thot romolns zoro. lgnoro oll contrlbutlons lrom curronts ln tho
mognotosphoro.
- Doos tho oltltudo docrooso or lncrooso
QueaIlon 3. The roIaIlng neuIron aIar.
A 'mllllsocond pulsor' ls o sourco ol rodlotlon ln tho unlvorso thot omlts vor, short pulsos
wlth o porlod ol ono to sovorol mllllsoconds. Thls rodlotlon ls ln tho rodlo rongo ol
wovolongths, ond o sultoblo rodlo rocolvor con bo usod to dotoct tho soporoto pulsos ond
thorob, to moosuro tho porlod wlth groot occuroc,.
Thoso rodlo pulsos orlglnoto lrom tho surloco ol o portlculor sort ol stor, tho so-collod
noutron stor. Thoso stors oro vor, compoct: tho, hovo o moss ol tho somo ordor ol
mognltudo os thot ol tho sun, but tholr rodlus ls onl, o low tons ol kllomotors. Tho, spln
vor, qulckl,. Bocouso ol tho lost rototlon, o noutron stor ls sllghtl, llottonod (obloto).
Assumo tho oxlol cross-soctlon ol tho surloco to bo on olllpso wlth olmost oquol oxos.
Lot r
p
bo tho polor ond r
o
tho oquotorlol rodll, ond lot us dollno tho llottonlng loctor b,:
Figure 1 time (days) -->
A sudden change in the shape of the crust of a
neutron star results in a sudden change of the
angular velocity.
Consldor o noutron stor wlth o moss ol 2.0 . 10
30
kg,
on ovorogo rodlus ol 1.0 . 10
4
m,
ond o rototlon porlod ol 2.0 . 10
-2
s.
o - Colculoto tho llottonlng loctor, glvon thot tho grovltotlonol constont ls 6.67 . 10
-11
N.m
2
.kg
-2
.
ln tho long run (ovor mon, ,oors) tho rototlon ol tho stor slows down, duo to onorg, loss,
ond thls loods to o docrooso ln tho llottonlng. Tho stor hos howovor o solld crust thot
lloots on o llquld lntorlor. Tho solld crust roslsts o contlnuous od[ustmont to oqulllbrlum
shopo. lnstood, storquokos occur wlth suddon chongos ln tho shopo ol tho crust towords
oqulllbrlum. Durlng ond oltor such o stor-quoko tho ongulor voloclt, ls obsorvod to
chongo occordlng to llguro 1.
ongulor voloclt,
ol tho crust (s
-1
)
b - Colculoto tho ovorogo rodlus ol tho llquld lntorlor, uslng tho doto ol Flg. 1. Moko
tho opproxlmotlon thot tho donsltlos ol tho crust ond tho lntorlor oro tho somo.
(lgnoro tho chongo ln shopo ol tho lntorlor).
QueaIlon 4. DeIermlnaIlon of Ihe efflclenc of a LED.
lntroJucton
ln thls oxporlmont wo sholl uso two modorn somlconductors: tho llght-omlttlng dlodo
(LED) ond tho photo-dlodo (PD). ln o LED, port ol tho oloctrlcol onorg, ls usod to oxclto
oloctrons to hlghor onorg, lovols. Whon such on oxcltod oloctron lolls bock to o lowor
onorg, lovol, o photon wlth onorg, E
photon
ls omlttod, whoro
Horo h ls Plonck's constont, c ls tho spood ol llght, ond ls tho wovolongth ol tho omlttod
llght. Tho olllclonc, ol tho LED ls dollnod to bo tho rotlo botwoon tho rodlotod powor,
, ond tho oloctrlcol powor usod, P
LED
:
ln o photo-dlodo, rodlont onorg, ls tronslormod lnto oloctrlcol onorg,. Whon llght lolls on
tho sonsltlvo surloco ol o photo-dlodo, somo (but not oll) ol tho photons lroo somo (but
not oll) ol tho oloctrons lrom tho cr,stol structuro. Tho rotlo botwoon tho numbor ol
lncomlng photons por socond, N
p
, ond tho numbor ol lrood oloctrons por socond, N
o
, ls
collod tho quontum olllclonc,, q
p
The experment
Tho purposo ol thls oxporlmont ls to dotormlno tho olllclonc, ol o LED os o lunctlon ol
tho curront thot llows through tho LED. To do thls, wo wlll moosuro tho lntonslt, ol tho
omlttod llght wlth o photo-dlodo. Tho LED ond tho PD hovo boon mountod ln two
boxos, ond tho, oro connoctod to o clrcult ponol (Flg. 1). B, moosurlng tho potontlol
dllloronco ocross tho LED, ond ocross tho roslstors R
1
ond R
3
, ono con dotormlno both
tho potontlol dllloroncos ocross, ond tho curronts llowlng through tho LED ond tho PD.
Wo uso tho multlmotor to moosuro VOLTAGES onl,!! Thls ls dono b, turnlng tho knob
to posltlon 'V'. Tho motor solocts tho opproprloto sonsltlvlt, rongo outomotlcoll,. ll tho
dlsplo, ls not on "AUTO" swltch "oll" ond push on "V" ogoln. Connoctlon: "COM" ond
"V-6".
Tho box contolnlng tho photo-dlodo ond tho box contolnlng tho LED con bo movod
lrool, ovor tho boord. ll both boxos oro posltlonod opposlto to ooch othor, thon tho LED,
tho PD ond tho holo ln tho box contolnlng tho PD romoln ln o strolght llno.
Doto:- Tho quontum olllclonc, ol tho photo-dlodo q
p
= 0.SS
- Tho dotoctlon surloco ol tho PD ls 2.75 x 2.75 mm
2
- Tho wovo-longth ol tho llght omlttod lrom tho LED ls 635 nm.
- Tho lntornol roslstonco ol tho voltmotor ls: 100 M6 ln tho rongo up to
200 mV
10 M6 ln tho othor rongos.
Tho rongo ls lndlcotod b, smoll numbors on tho dlsplo,.
- Plonck's constont h = 6.63 . 10
-34
J.s
- Tho olomontor, quontum ol chorgo o = 1.6 . 10
-1
C
- Tho spood ol llght ln vocuo c = 3.00 . 10
S
m.s
-1

Figure 2 The experimental setup: a board and the
two boxes containing the LED and the photo-diode.
Figure 1.
R
1
= 100 6
R
2
= vorloblo roslstor
R
3
= 1 M6
Tho polnts lobollod 0, 1, 2 ond 3
oro moosurlng polnts.
lnstructons
1. Boloro wo con dotormlno tho olllclonc, ol tho LED, wo must llrst collbroto tho
photo-dlodo. Tho problom ls thot wo know nothlng obout tho LED.
Show oxporlmontoll, thot tho rolotlon botwoon tho curront llowlng through tho
photo-dlodo ond tho lntonslt, ol llght lolllng on lt, l [J.s
-1
.m
-2
], ls llnoor.
2. Dotormlno tho curront lor whlch tho LED hos moxlmol olllclonc,.
3. Corr, out on oxporlmont to moosuro tho moxlmol (obsoluto) olllclonc, ol tho LED.
No morks (polnts) wlll bo ollocotod lor on orror onol,sls (ln THlS oxporlmont onl,).
Plooso summorlzo doto ln toblos ond grophs wlth cloor lndlcotlons ol quontltlos (ond
unlts).
QueaIlon 5. DeIermlnaIlon of Ihe raIlo of Ihe magneIlc fleld aIrengIha of
Iwo dlfferenI magneIa.
lntroJucton
Whon o conductor movos ln o mognotlc llold, curronts oro lnducod: thoso oro tho
so-collod odd, curronts. As o consoquonco ol tho lntoroctlon botwoon tho mognotlc llold
ond tho lnducod curronts, tho movlng conductor sullors o rooctlvo lorco. Thus on
olumlnlum dlsk thot rototos ln tho nolghbourhood ol o stotlonor, mognot oxporloncos o
broklng lorco.
Muterul uouluble
Figure 1.
1. A stond.
2. A clomp.
3. An homogonlus olumlnlum dlsk on on oxlo, ln o holdor, thot con rototo.
4. Two mognots. Tho goomotr, ol ooch ls tho somo (up to 1), ooch conslsts ol o cllp
contolnlng two smoll mognots ol ldontlcol mognotlzotlon ond oroo, tho wholo
produclng o homogonlus llold, B
1
or B
2
.
5. Two wolghts. Ono wolght hos twlco tho moss (up to 1) ol tho othor.
6. A stop-wotch.
7. A rulor.
The experment
Tho olumlnlum dlsk ls llxod to on oxlo, oround whlch o cord ls wroppod. A wolght hongs
lrom tho cord, ond whon tho wolght ls roloosod, tho dlsk occolorotos untll o constont
ongulor voloclt, ls roochod. Tho tormlnol spood doponds, omong othor thlngs, on tho
mognltudo ol tho mognotlc llold strongth ol tho mognot.
Two mognots ol dllloront llold strongths B
1
or B
2
, oro ovolloblo. Elthor con bo llttod on to
tho holdor thot corrlos tho olumlnlum dlsk: tho, mo, bo lntorchongod.
lnstructons
1. Thlnk ol on oxporlmont ln whlch tho rotlo ol tho mognotlc llold strongths B
1
ond B
2
,
ol tho two mognots con bo moosurod os occurotol, os posslblo.
2. Glvo o - short - thoorotlcol trootmont, lndlcotlng how ono con obtoln tho rotlo lrom
tho moosuromonts.
3. Corr, out tho oxporlmont ond dotormlno tho rotlo.
4. GlVE AN ERROR ESTlMATlON.
Figure 2.
Use oj the stopuutch
Tho stop-wotch hos throo buttons: S
1
, S
2
ond S
3
(soo Flg. 2).
Button S
2
togglos botwoon tho doto-tlmo ond tho stop-wotch modos. Swltch to tho
stop-wotch modo. Ono should soo thls:
On prosslng S
1
onco, tho stop-wotch boglns tlmlng. To stop lt, pross S
1
o socond tlmo.
Tho stop-wotch con bo rosot to zoro b, prosslng S
3
onco.
SoluIlon of queaIlon 1.
o - Consldor llrst tho x-dlroctlon. ll wovos comlng lrom nolghbourlng sllts (wlth
soporotlon d
1
) trovorso poths ol longths thot dlllor b,:
whoro n
1
ls on lntogor, thon o prlnclpol moxlmum occurs. Tho posltlon on tho
scroon (ln tho x-dlroctlon) ls:
slnco d
1
<< d
2
.
Tho poth dllloronco botwoon tho mlddlo sllt ond ono ol tho sllts ot tho odgo ls thon:
ll on tho othor hond thls poth dllloronco ls:
thon tho llrst mlnlmum, noxt to tho prlnclpol moxlmum, occurs. Tho posltlon ol thls
mlnlmum on tho scroon ls glvon b,:
Tho wldth ol tho prlnclpol moxlmum ls occordlngl,:
A slmllor trootmont con bo modo lor tho ,-dlroctlon, ln whlch thoro oro N
2
sllts wlth
soporotlon d
2
. Tho posltlons ond wldths ol tho prlnclpol moxlmol oro:
An oltornotlvo mothod ol solutlon ls to colculoto tho lntonslt, lor tho 2-dlmonslonol
grld os o lunctlon ol tho onglo thot tho boom mokos wlth tho scroon.
b - ln tho x-dlroctlon tho boom 'soos' o grld wlth spoclng o, so thot ln thls dlroctlon wo
hovo:
ln tho ,-dlroctlon, tho boom 'soos' o grld wlth olloctlvo spoclng o.cos().
Anologousl,, wo obtoln:
ln tho z-dlroctlon, tho boom 'soos' o grld wlth olloctlvo spoclng o.sln(). Thls glvos
rlso to prlnclpol moxlmo wlth posltlon ond wldth:
Thls pottorn ls suporlmposod on tho provlous ono. Slnco sln() ls vor, smoll, onl,
tho zoroth-ordor pottorn wlll bo soon, ond lt ls vor, brood, slnco N
1
.sln() << N
0
.
Tho dlllroctlon pottorn lrom o plono wovo lolllng on o thln ploto ol o cublc cr,stol,
ot o smoll onglo ol lncldonco to tho normol, wlll bo olmost ldontlcol to thot lrom o
two-dlmonslonol grld.
c - ln Brogg rolloctlon, tho poth dllloronco lor constructlvo lntorloronco botwoon
nolghbourlng plonos:
Horo ls tho onglo ol dlllroctlon.
Thls ls tho somo condltlon lor o moxlmum os ln soctlon b.
d - For tho dlstonco, 2.o, botwoon nolghbourlng K lons wo hovo:
Murkng 8reukJoun
o posltlon ol prlnclpol moxlmo :1
wldth ol prlnclpol moxlmo :3
b lottlco constonts :1
olloct ol thlcknoss :2
c Brogg rolloctlon :2
d Colculotlon ol K-K spoclng :1
SoluIlon of queaIlon 2.
o
1
- Slnco m
2
<< m
1
, tho Atlontls trovols oround tho oorth wlth o constont spood. Tho
motlon ol tho sotolllto ls composod ol tho clrculor motlon ol tho Atlontls obout tho
oorth ond (posslbl,) o clrculor motlon ol tho sotolllto obout tho Atlontls.
For m
1
wo hovo:
For m
2
wo hovo:
Uslng tho opproxlmotlon:
ond oquotlon (1), ono llnds:
so:
(2)
ll ls constont: = 0 --> sln() = 0 --> = 0, = %
--> cos() = 0 --> = %/2, = 3%/2
o
2
- Tho sltuotlon ls stoblo ll tho momont chongos slgn ln o
monnor opposod to thot ln whlch tho slgn ol -
0
chongos:
slgn( -
0
) - - - - -

0 %/2 % 3%/2 2%

slgn(M) - - - - -

0 %/2 % 3%/2 2%
Tho oqulllbrlum obout tho onglos 0 on % ls thus stoblo, whoroos thot oround %/2
ond 3%/2 ls unstoblo.
b - For smoll voluos ol oquotlon (2) bocomos:
Thls ls tho oquotlon ol o slmplo hormonlc motlon.
Tho squoro ol tho ongulor lroquonc, ls:
so:
c
1
- Accordlng to Lonz's low, thoro wlll bo o curront lrom tho sotolllto (S) towords tho
shuttlo (A).
c
2
- For tho totol onorg, ol tho s,stom wo hovo:
A smoll chongo ln tho rodlus ol tho orblt corrosponds to o chongo ln tho onorg, ol:
ln tho sltuotlon undor c
1
onorg, ls obsorbod lrom tho s,stom os o consoquonco ol
whlch tho rodlus ol tho orblt wlll docrooso.
ls o curront sourco lnsldo tho shuttlo lncludod ln tho clrcult, whlch molntolns o not
curront ln tho opposlto dlroctlon, onorg, ls obsorbod b, tho s,stom os o
consoquonco ol whlch tho rodlus ol tho orblt wlll lncrooso.
From tho ossumptlons ln c
2
wo hovo:
Numorlcol oppllcotlon glvos lor tho tlmo: t 5,S . 10
3
s, whlch ls obout tho porlod
ol tho s,stom.
Murkng breukJoun.
o
1
: 1
o
2
: 1
b - Atlontls ln unllorm clrculor motlon : 0,5
- colculotlon ol tho porlod 6 : 0,5
- oquotlon ol motlon ol tho sotolllto : 2,5
- oquotlon ol motlon lor smoll onglos : 0,5
- porlod ol osclllotlons : 1
c
1
- : 1
c
2
- colculotlon ol tho tlmo tho curront hos to bo molntolnod : 1,5
- lncrooso or docrooso ol tho rodlus ol tho orblt : 0,5
SoluIlon of queaIlon 3.
o - 1st methoJ
For oqulllbrlum wo hovo F
c
= F
g
N
whoro N ls normol to tho surloco.
Rosolvlng lnto horlzontol ond vortlcol
compononts, wo llnd:
From:
wo llnd:
whoro:
Thls moons thot, olthough r doponds on x ond ,, tho chongo ln tho loctor ln lront ol
xdx ls so sllght thot wo con toko lt to bo constont. Tho solutlon ol Eq. (1) ls thon on
olllpso:
ond lrom thls lt lollows thot:
znJ methoJ
For o polnt moss ol 1 kg on tho surloco,
Tho lorm ol tho surloco ls such thot U
pot
- U
kln
= constont. For tho oquotor (0 = 0,
r = r
o
) ond lor tho polo (0 = %/2, r = r
p
) wo hovo:
Thus:
b - As o consoquonco ol tho stor-quoko, tho
momont ol lnortlo ol tho crust l
m
docroosos
b, .
From tho consorvotlon ol ongulor
momontum, wo hovo:
Altor tho lntornol lrlctlon hos oquollzod tho ongulor volocltlos ol tho crust ond tho
coro, wo hovo:
Murkng breukJoun
o 1st mothod - oxprosslons lor tho lorcos :1
- oquotlon lor tho surloco :2
- oquotlon ol olllpso :1
- llottonlng loctor :1
2nd mothod - onorg, oquotlon :4
- llottonlng loctor :1
b - consorvotlon ol ongulor momontum lor crust :1.5
- consorvotlon ol ongulor momontum lor crust ond coro :1.5
- momont ol lnortlo lor o sphoro :1
- rotlo r
c
/r :1
SoluIlon of queaIlon 4.
1. The lneurtj oj the photo-JoJe.
Tho llnoorlt, ol tho photo-dlodo con bo chockod b, uslng tho lnvorso squoro low botwoon
dlstonco ond lntonslt,. Supposo thot tho moosurod dlstonco botwoon tho LED ond tho
(box contolnlng tho) PD ls x. Tho lntonslt, ol tho llght lolllng on tho PD sotlsllos:
ll tho lntonslt, ls lndood proportlonol to tho curront llowlng through tho PD, lt wlll olso bo
proportlonol to tho voltogo, V(x), moosurod ocross tho roslstor R3. From (1) lt thon
lollows thot:
To obtoln tho corroct voluo ol V(x), ono should subtroct lrom tho moosurod voltogo V
1
tho voltogo V
2
thot ono moosuros whon tho LED ls turnod oll (but tho LED box ls stlll ln
ploco ln lront ol tho PD).
x (cm)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
S.0
.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
1S.0
1.0
20.0
V
1
(V)
5.66
4.07
3.03
2.32
1.S3
1.4S
1.23
1.006
0.S5
0.744
0.64S
0.570
0.507
0.456
0.414
0.373
0.341
0.312
0.21
0.272
V
2
(V)
.003
.004
.005
.006
.006
.007
.007
.00S
.00
.00
.010
.011
.012
.012
.013
.013
.014
.014
.015
.015
l
1
(A)
6.23
4.4S
3.33
2.55
2.01
1.63
1.35
1.107
0.45
0.S1S
0.713
0.627
0.55S
0.502
0.455
0.410
0.375
0.343
0.320
0.2
l
2
(A)
.003
.005
.005
.006
.006
.007
.007
.00S
.00
.00
.010
.011
.012
.012
.013
.014
.014
.014
.015
.015
1/[l
1
(x) - l
2
(x)]

(A
-
)
0.40
0.47
0.55
0.63
0.71
0.7
0.S6
0.5
1.03
1.11
1.1
1.27
1.35
1.43
1.50
1.5
1.66
1.74
1.S1
1.SS
Plottod on o groph, ono llnds o porloct strolght llno.
z. The lght ntenstj us u juncton oj the electrcul pouer oj the LED
Tho photo-curront l
PD
ls dotormlnod lrom tho voltogo V ovor R3 = 1M6. Tho motor ltsoll
hos on lntornol roslstonco ol 100 M6 ln tho 200 mV rongo ond 10 M6 ln tho othor
rongos. Wo hovo thon: l
PD
= 1.01 V rosp. l
PD
= 1.1 V whoro V ls ln volts ond l
PD
ln A.
Tho curront ln omporos through tho LED ls tho voltogo ovor R1 ln volts, dlvldod b, 100.
|---------- PD ----------| |---------------------- LED ------------------------|
[x = 5 cm]
V
1
(V)
1.S06
1.637
1.511
1.225
1.117
0.03
0.711
0.44S
0.315
0.12
V
2
(V)
.0061
.0061
.0061
.0061
.0061
.0061
.0061
.0061
.0061
.0061
l
1
- l
2
(A)
1.S
1.7
1.66
1.34
1.22
0.
0.7S
0.4
0.34
0.21
l
LED
(10
-2
A)
2.70
2.30
2.0S
1.606
1.433
1.123
0.SS
0.555
0.410
0.25S
V
LED
(V)
1.752
1.742
1.735
1.722
1.71S
1.705
1.70S
1.673
1.65
1.637
P
LED
(10
-2
W)
4.73
4.01
3.61
2.77
2.46
1.1
1.52
0.3
0.6S
0.42
(l
1
- l
2
)/P
LED
0.41
0.446
0.460
0.4S4
0.46
0.51S
0.513
0.527
0.5
0.2
Tho olllclonc, ls proportlonol to (l
1
- l
2
)/P
LED
. ln tho groph ol (l
1
- l
2
)/P
LED
ogolnst l
LED
tho
moxlmol olllclonc, corrosponds to l
LED
= 0,6 . 10
-2
A. (Soo llguro 2.)
J. Determnuton oj the muxmul ejjcencj.
Tho LED omlts o conlcol boom wlth c,llndrlcol s,mmotr,. Supposo wo moosuro tho llght
lntonslt, wlth o PD ol sonsltlvo oroo d
2
ot o dlstonco r
l
lrom tho oxls ol s,mmotr,. Lot tho
lntonslt, ol tho llght thoro bo 0(r
l
), thon wo hovo:
r
l
(mm)
0
3
6

12
15
1S
21
24
27
30
33
36
V
1
(V)
1.S33
1.06
1.S46
1.750
1.347
0.7
0.643
0.313
0.343
0.637
0.6S1
0.266
0.11
V
2
(V)
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
(l
1
- l
2
).r
l
(x 10
-
Am)
0
6.27
12.54
17.2S
17.76
16.20
12.60
7.14
S.SS
1S.0
22.20
.57
4.4S
r
l
(mm)
3
42
45
4S
51
54
57
60
63
66
6
72
75
V
1
(V)
0.07
0.0S
0.0S2
0.071
0.066
0.050
0.045
0.037
0.032
0.023
0.017
0.014
0.011
V
2
(V)
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
(l
1
- l
2
).r
l
(x 10
-
Am)
4.16
3.S6
3.7
3.4S
3.3
2.52
2.45
2.0S
1.S3
1.27
0.SS
0.6S
0.4
Tho olllclonc, = 0/P
LED
0.001
Murkng breukJoun
1 llnoorlt, ol tho PD
- lnvorso squoro low :1.5
- numbor ol moosurlng polnts [1,3>, [3,5>, [5,..> :0.5/1.0/1.5
- dork curront :0.5
- corroct groph :1
2 dotormlnotlon ol curront ot moxlmol olllonc,
- prlnclplo :0.5
- numbor ol moosurlng polnts [1,3>, [3,5>, [5,..> :0.5/1.0/1.5
- groph olllclonc,-curront :0.5
- dotormlnotlon ol curront ot moxlmol olllclonc, :0.5
3 dotormlnotlon ol tho moxlmol olllclonc,
- dotormlnotlon ol tho omlttod llght lntonslt, :1.5
- vlo ostlmotlon ol tho cono cross-soctlon :0.5
- vlo moosuromont ol tho lntonslt, dlstrlbutlon :1.5
- dotormlnotlon ol tho moxlmum olllclonc, :1
SoluIlon of queaIlon 5.
1. Theorj Lot - tho momont ol lnortlo ol tho dlsk bo : l
- tho moss ol tho wolght : m
- tho momont ol tho lrlctlonol lorco : M
l
- mognotlc llold strongth : B
- tho rodlus ol tho oxlo : r
- tho momont ol tho mognotlc lorco : M
B
For tho motlon ol tho rototlng dlsk wo hovo:
Wo supposo thot M
l
ls constont but not nogllglblo. Bocouso tho dlsk movos ln tho
mognotlc llold, odd, curronts oro sot up ln tho dlsk. Tho mognltudo ol thoso curronts ls
proportlonol to B ond to tho ongulor voloclt,. Tho Lorontz lorco os o rosult ol tho odd,
curronts ond tho mognotlc llold ls thus proportlonol to tho squoro ol B ond to tho ongulor
voloclt,, l.o.
Substltutlng thls lnto Eq. (1), wo llnd:
Altor somo tlmo, tho dlsk wlll rooch lts llnol constont ongulor voloclt,, tho ongulor
occolorotlon ls now zoro ond lor tho llnol voloclt, v
o
wo llnd:
Tho llnol constont voloclt, ls thus o llnoor lunctlon ol m.
z. The experment
Tho llnol constont spood ls dotormlnod b, moosurlng tho tlmo tokon to loll tho lost 21 cm
[thls ls tho wldth ol o shoot ol popor].
ln tho llrst ploco lt ls nocossor, to chock thot tho llnol spood hos boon roochod. Thls ls
dono b, ollowlng tho wolght to loll ovor dllloront holghts. lt ls cloor thot, wlth tho wookor
mognot, tho nocossor, holght boloro tho constont spood ls ottolnod wlll bo lorgor.
Moosuromonts lor tho wook mognot s,stom:
----------------- tlmo tokon to loll -----------------
holght (m)
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.S0
0.0
1.10
1.30
smollor wolght
5.04 0.02 (s)
4.67 0.04 (s)
4.5 0.05 (s)
4.44 0.06 (s)
4.4 0.05 (s)
4.43 0.03 (s)
4.43 0.04 (s)
- - -
- - -
lorgor wolght
2.00 0.01 (s)
1.71 0.02 (s)
1.55 0.02 (s)
1.4S 0.01 (s)
1.44 0.04 (s)
1.3S 0.03 (s)
1.35 0.02 (s)
1.34 0.05 (s)
1.33 0.04 (s)
J. Fnul constunt speeJ meusurements jor both mugnet sjstems unJ jor seoerul
choces oj ueght.
Moosuromonts lor tho wook mognot:
wolght
smoll
lorgo
both
T (s)
4.42
1.S
1.2
T (s)
4.23
1.1
1.32
T (s)
4.24
1.S
1.23
T (s)
4.33
1.2
1.30
<T> (s)
4.31 0.0
1.3 0.04
1.2 0.04
<v> (m/s)
4. 0.1
10. 0.2
16.3 0.5
Moosuromonts lor tho strong mognot:
wolght
smoll
lorgo
both
T (s)
S.3
4.03
2.53
T (s)
.01
3.2
2.52
T (s)
.17
4.03
2.53
T (s)
S.1
3.5
2.4S
<T> (s)
.0 0.1
3.S 0.06
2.52 0.03
<v> (m/s)
2.33 0.03
5.2S 0.0S
S.3 0.1
4. Dscusson oj the results.
- A groph botwoon v
o
ond tho wolght should bo modo.
- From Eq. (2) wo obsorvo thot:
- both strolght llnos should lntorsoct on tho horlzontol oxls.
- lrom tho squoro-root ol tho rotlo ol tho slopos wo hovo lmmodlotol, tho
rotlo ol tho mognotlc llold strongths.
- For tho obovo moosuromonts wo llnd:
Morklng Brookdown
1 : 1
Eq. (2) : 1
2 lnvostlgotlon ol tho rongo ln whlch tho spood ls constont : 2
3 Numbor ol tlmlng moosuromonts [1,2,3,...] : 0,1,2
Error ostlmotlon : 0.5
4 groph - quollt, : 0.5
- tho llnos lntorsoct ooch othor on tho moss-oxls : 1
- colculotlon ol B
1
/B
2
: 1
- Error colculotlon : 1