6

National Laboratories, Scientific Research Institutes, Medical Research Institutes, Physiology & Hygiene
National Laboratories
Functions of National Laboratories: The National Laboratories undertake basic and applied research with special reference to the problems of industries falling within their spheres. These laboratories are actively associated with the work of industrial development and standardization, each having its own detailed programme of work drawn up by expert committees. Birla Industrial and Technological Museum, Calcutta (West Bengal). Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (U.P.) Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (U.P.) Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu) Central Electronic Engineering Research Institute, Pilani (Rajasthan) Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore (Karnataka) Central Fuel Research Institute, Jealgora (Bihar) Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Jadavpur (West Bengal) Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organization, Lucknow (U.P.) Central Leather Research Institute, Madras (Tamil Nadu) Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur (West Bengal) Central Mining Research Station, Dhanbad (Bihar) Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur (Maharashtra) (Its new name is National environment Engineering Institute) Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (Delhi) Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute, Bhavnagar (Gujarat) Central Scientific Instruments Organizatin, Chandigarh (Chandigarh) Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehra Dun (U.P.) Industrial Toxicological Research Centre, Lucknow (U.P.) National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore (Karnataka) National Biological Laboratory (in Planning), Palampur,Kangra Dist. ( Himachal Pradesh) National Botanical gardens, Lucknow (U.P.) National Chemical Laboratory, Pune (Maharashtra) National Environment Engineering Institute, Nagpur (Maharashtra) National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji (Goa) National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur (Bihar) National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi (Delhi) Pulsars Research Laboratory, Pachmarhi (U.P.) Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar (Cuttack), Jorhat (Assam)

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Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) and Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) Structural Engineering Research Centre, Roorkee (U.P.) Visvesvarayya Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore (Karnataka) Nuclear Research and Atomic Energy Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (Formerly Atomic Energy Establishment) Trombay near Bombay (Maharashtra) Centre for Advance Technology (CAT), Indore. High Altitude Research Laboratory, Gulmarg (Kashmir) Indian Cancer Research Centre, Bombay. Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmadabad (Gujarat). Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta (West Bengal). Seismic Research Centre, Gaurividanur near Bangalore. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay (Maharashtra). Scientific Research Institutes Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow (U.P.) Biotechnology Institute, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) Bose Research Institute, Calcutta (W. Bengal). Central Arid zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Central Cocoanut Research Station, Kasergod (Kerala) Central Inland Fisheries Research Station, Barrackpore (W. Bengal). Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Ernakulam (Kerala) Central Jute Technological Research Institute, Calcutta (West Bengal) Central Marine Fisheries Institute, Mandapam Camp (S. India) Central Marine Research Station, Madras (Tamil Nadu) Central Research Laboratory, Chepauk, Madras (Tamil Nadu) Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack (Orissa) Central State Farm, Suratgarh (Rajasthan). Central Tobacco Research Station, Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun (U.P.) Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (Delhi) Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (Karnataka) Indian Institute of Sugar Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi (Bihar) Indian Space Research Organisation, Thumba, (Kerala) National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) National Sugar Research Institute, Kanpur (U.P.). Medical Research Institutes All-India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta (West Bengal). All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (Delhi). All-India Malaria Institute, Delhi. Central Research Institute, Kasauli (Himachal Pradesh). Desert Medicine Research Institute, Jodhpur(Rajasthan). Haffkin Institute , Bombay (Maharashtra). Indian Institute of Experimental Medicine, Calcutta (W. Bengal). Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar and Izatnagar(U.P.) Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, Jamnagar(Gujarat) Institute of Aviation Medicine, Bangalore (Karnataka) National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Delhi

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Nutrition Research Laboratory, Coonoor (Tamil Nadu) Tuberculosis Institute, Delhi. INDAIN SATELLITE : AT A GLANCE
Name Date of Wt. Launching Station ' of. Launchin in kg Aryabhatta Rocket Satellite g 19' April, 360 Russian 1975 Launching Station, Cosmodrome, Soviet Union. Bhaskara-1 7 June, 442 1979 10 Aug. 1979 Outcome Rocket by Purpose which Intercosmos Scientific . Successful Rocket

Russian Rocket Launching Intercosmos Station, Cosmodrome, Rocket Soviet Union. SLV-3

Earth Successful Scanning Earth Unsuccessful Scanning

Rohini R.S.-I

35 Rocket Launching Centre, Sriharikota. Range, Andhra Pradeh, India 35 Rocket Launching Centre, Sriharikota Range. Andhra Pradeh , India

Rohini R.S.-2

18 July1980

SLV-3

Earth Unsuccessful Scanning i

Rohini R.S.D.-I

31 May, 1981

38 Rocket Launching Centre, SLV-3 Sriharikota Range, Andhra Pradeh, India European Rocket Ariane Launching Station, Kourou, French, Guiana South America. Russian Rocket Launching Intercosmos Station, Rocket Cosmodrome, Soviet Union.

Scientific ' Successful

Apple

19 June, 670 1981

Communi Successful cation

Bhaskara-2

20 Nov. 436 1981

Earth Successful Scanning

JNSAT-IA

10 April, 1160 American Rocket, 1982 Launching Station, Cope Canaveral, America.

Delta Rocket Multipurp Successful ose

Rohini R.S.D.-2

17 April, 41.5 Rocket launching Centre, SLV-3 1983 Sriharikota Range, Andhra Pradesh, India

Scientific Successful

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Shuttle Challanger Multipur Successful pose

INSAT-1B

30 Aug. 1193 Kennedy Space 1983 Centre, Cape Canaveral, America.

Name Satellite SROSS-A

Name. of Launchi ng 24 March 1987

Date Wt. of in Station kg. 150

Launching

which projected ASLV-D s1

Rocket by Outcome Purpose RemcStc Sensing Unsuccessful

Rocket Launching Centre, Sriharikota Range, Andhra Pradesh, India. Russian Space Station, Baikanonr, Soviet Union.

IRSIA

17 March, 1988 13 July, 1988

980

Vostok

Remote Sensing Remote Sensing

Successful

SROSS-B

150 Rocket Launching Centre, Sriharikota Range, Andhrn Pradesh, India European Rocket launching Station, Kourou, French Guiana, South America

ASLV-D2

Unsuccessful

INSAT-IC

22 July. 1988

Ariane

Multipurpose Unsuccessful

INSTAT-ID

12 June, 650 1990 29 Aux 985 1991 20 May. 106 19'92

Kennedy Space Centre, Shuttle Cape Canaveral, Challanger America Russian Space Station, Baikapour, Soviet Union. Rocket Launching Centre, Srinarikota Range, Andhra Pradesh, India Vostok

Multipurpose Successful

IRS - 1B

Remote Sensing

Successful

SRO5 C-1

ASLV-D 3

Multipurpose Successful

NSTAT-2A

10 July 1416 1992

European Rocket Ariane Launching Station, Kourou, French Guinea, South America.

Multipurpose Successful

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82
Multipurpose Successful

INSAT-2B

23 July, 1906 European Rocket Ariane 1993 Launching Station,. Kourou, French Guiana South America. 20 Sept 1993 850 Rockct Launching PSLV-D1 Centre, Sriharikota Range, Andhra Pradesh, India : -not* S 'li'lttri 1 PnH/ Vn rl t ' i Rocket Launching ASLV-D4 Centre, Sriharikota Range, Andhra Pradesh, India .iiiiarikota Rocket Launching Centre, Sriharikota Range, Andhra Pradesh, India PSLV-D2

IRS-P1

Remote Sensing

Unsuccessful

SROSS C-2

3 April, 1994 113

Remote Sensing

Successful

IRS-P2

15 Oct. 870 1994

Remote Sensing

Successful

Name of Date of Wt. Satellite Launching in kg.

Launching Station

Rocket Purpose by which projected

Outcome

INSAT-2C

IRS-l C

7 Dec, 20.50 European Rocket Ariane 1995 Launching Station Kourou, French Guiana, South America. 28 Dec, 1250 Baiknnour Molniya 199S Launching Station, Kazakhstan. 21 Mar., 930 1996 Rocket Launching Centre, Sriharikbta Range. Andhra Pradesh, India. PSLV-D3

Multipurpos Successful e .

Remote Sensing

Successful '

IRS-P3

Remote Sensing

Successful

INSAT2D

4 July, 2070 European Rocket 1997 Launching Station, Kourou, French Guiana, South America.

Ariane-4

Multipurpos Successful e

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PSLV-C1 Remote Sensing Successful.

IRS-ID

29 Sept, 1200 Rocket Launching Centre 1997 Sriharikota Range, Andhra Pradesh, India 3 1999

INSAT-2E

1RS-P4

Apr, 2550 European Rocket Launching Ariane Station Kouou, French 42P Guiana South America 26 May, Rocket Launching Centre, PSLV-C2 1999 Sriharikota. 22 2000 28 2001 Mar, 2070 European Launching Kourou Mar, 1540 Sriharikotn Altitude (SHAR). Pradesh Rocket Station, High Range Andhra Ariane ' GSLV-D1

Multipurpos Successful e Remote Sensing Successful

INSAT-3B

Successful

GSAT-1

Commercial Unsuccessful Communicat ion

GSAT-I

18 April, 1540 Sriharikota 2001 Altitude (SHAR), Pradesh

High Range Andhra

GSLV-D1

Commercial Successful Communicati on

Name of Satellite TES

Date of Launching 22 Oct.. 2001

Wt. In kg

Launching Station

Rocket by which projected PSLV-C3

1 Purpose

Outcome

1NSAT-3C

24 Jan. 2002

110 Sriharikota 9 Altitude (SHAR), Pradesh European Launching Kourou, Guiana

High Range Andhra Rocket Station French

Technology Experiments

Successful

Ariane

Communications Successful

KALPANA-1 JNSAJ-3A

12 Sept., 2002 10 April. 2003

106 Salish Dhawan Space PSLV-C4 0 Centre, Sriharikota 295 Ariane Space Centre, 8 Kourou (French Guiana) Ariane-5

Meteorological Multipurpose

Successful Successful

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84
Ariane-5 Communications Successful

INSANT- 3E

28 Sep. 2003

European Launching Kouran, Guiana. Sriharikota

Rocket stallan. French

RESOWRCES 17 Oct. 2003 AT-1 EDUSAT 20 Sep. 2004

PSLVC-6

Multipurpose

Successful

Sriharikota Sriharikota

GSLV-F01 PSLV-C6

Education

Successful

CARTOSAT-1 5 May 2005 & HAMSATHA MSAT INSAT-4A 22 dec.

Communication Successful

Kouran, French Guiana Ariane

Communication Successful

Note METSAT has been renamed as kalpana -1 to commemorate the memory of Dr. Kalpana Chawla, the US astronaut of India origin, who was kind along with other six astronauts in the US shuttle Columbia which on its way back from space on Feb. 1, 2003. Physiology & Hygiene Human Organs and their Functions 1) Blood, Function of: The food substances are absorbed by the blood in minute vessels in the intestines; hence it is a medium by which nutriment is taken to all parts of the body. The plasma of the blood contains red corpuscles and while corpuscles. The red corpuscles play an important part in taking oxygen from air into the lungs and carrying it to various parts of the body. The white corpuscles appear to operate in connection with resistance to diseases. There are other substances in the blood which assist in resisting diseases and among these are anti-toxins which neutralize poisons or toxins. 2) Ductless glands: are the glands which manufacture internal secretions which are passed directly into the blood inside vessels within the gland itself and not via duct or ducts as in the case of bile manufactured by the liver and passed into the intestine. They are thyroid gland, pituitary gland and suprarenal gland. 3) Duodenum: It is the small intestine following the stomach about ten inches in length forming a C-shaped loop in the cavity of which lies the pancreas. It contains the duct through which the bile secreted by the liver and the pancreatic juice prepared by the pancreas pass into the intestines. These fluids act upon the churned food entering from the stomach by emulsifying the fats in it, and converting starchy matter into sugar and rendering the food alkaline which becomes ready for absorption.

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4) Eye, lens of the eye: It lies in front of the eye-chamber. It focuses light rays so that small real images are formed on a sensitive nervous screen called the retina at the back of the eye. The regulation of light pass through the centre of the lens. 5) Gall Bladder: containing bile. It is situated on the under-surface of the liver like pear-shaped pouch

6) Glands: are of three main types : (1) Lymph glands found at various junctions of the body; (2) larger glands such as the pancreas and liver; (3) the endocrine glands or ductless glands. The function of these glands is to trap germs and prevent them reaching the vital areas in the body. 7) Heart: It is a hollow muscular organ lying the middle of the chest cavity, just above the diaphragm and between the lungs. By its contraction it pumps the blood into blood vessels. It is divided into 4 chambers, to upper, called the auricle, and two lower, called the ventricles; right auricle is connected with right ventricle and left auricle with left through valves. The impure blood from all the parts of the body is imported to the right auricle by superior and inferior vane cava. Then it enters the right ventricle from where it goes to lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery and then returns via pulmonary veins into left auricle and then forces out pure blood to all parts of the body. 8) Intestines: It is the long tube beginning at the mouth of the abdomen and ending at the rectum. In this tube digestion takes place. 9) Kidneys: They are two, one on each side of the spinal column in the small of the back. All the blood in the body is filtered through the kidneys and the waste matter passes through two tubes known as ureters which enters the bladder. It then leaves the body through the urethra in the form of urine. 10) Liver: is the largest gland in the body dark red in colour and weighing 40 to 60 ounces. It is located immediately below the diaphragm towards the right side of the body cavity. It serves to store up in the form the glycogen certain constituents of food brought form the stomach and intestines and to transform this glycogen into sugar which is distributed to the body. It also serves to destroy the worn-out blood corpuscles and to excrete the bile which is poured into the intestines. 11) Lungs: two large spongy organs that fill most of the chest are the organs of respiration. Their function is to purify the impure blood. The minute blood vessels in the cell walls are constantly taking in the oxygen contained in the inhaled air and discharging impurities in the form of carbonic gas, water vapours and other waste matter. 12) Muscular System: It consists of pieces of flesh known as muscles, which are thick at the centre and thin at the ends. These muscles are either fixed with the bones or with the sides of the organs. These are of two types:i) Voluntary muscles: are those type of muscles, which act according to our will and are generally fixed with the bones. ii) Involuntary muscles: are those muscles, which do not work according to our will. They produce the movement of internal organs. 13) Nervous System: It comprises brain, spinal cord and nerves. The function of this system is to control the working of the various organs of the body. The function of the brain is to control intellect, will, action, memory, thought, emotion and various other movements, while the spinal cord acts as a sub-conscious brain and controls the reflex action.

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14) Pancreas: is a large gland lying behind the stomach. Its function is to produce ferments which are passed into the stomach to help in the digestion of proteins. Insulin is also produced in this gland. 15) Plasma: It is the fluid portion of the blood and is composed of aqueous solution containing ions of sodium, potassium, calcium etc, together with a soluble protein, which in the event of the blood being shed becomes insoluble and forms a net work of threads in which the blood cells get entangled, so that a clot is formed and blooding stops. 16) Retina: It is the innermost coating of the posterior segment of the eye-ball. It is a sensitive nervous screen where a large number of nerve fibers end, emanating from the brain. The eye lens focuses the image on this complex layer which in turn perceives the image and transmits the colour as well as the image perception to the brain. 17) Saliva: The large glands of the mouth secrete Saliva which contains a ferment called ptyalin which converts starch into grape sugar. The saliva also dissolves solid particles of sugar and salt. 18) Sense Organs of human body: (1) The eyes for vision , (2) the ears for hearing and balance, (3) the nose for smell, (4) the mouth for taste, (5) the skin for touch, temperature and pains. Skeleton: (Bony System): It is made up of nearly two hundred separate bones joined together to form various joints. It gives shape to the body, protects important organs. The skeleton is divided into four parts:1. The skull 2. The vertebral column or the back-bone 3. The bones enclosing the cavity of thorax 4. The bones of the upper and the lower limbs or extremities. 19) Skin: The skin is a complete covering over the whole body and protects the muscles lying under it. It consists of two layers: (i) the outer layer or the Epidermis and (ii) the inner-most layer or the Dermis. It regulates the temperature. It also controls the sensation of touch and temperature of the body. It throws out the waste products (both acidic and alkaline) via perspiration. The Epidermis protects the deeper cells and is continually being worm off and interchanged by the deeper cells. Epidermis part of the skin is free from blood vessels and the cells of its deeper layers are nourished by the lymph. 20) Spinal Cord: It is really an extension of the brain in the form of a long cord through the back-bone or vertebral column and in it are situated centers of nerve tissues connected with reflex actions which consist of movements which taker place automatically such as breathing and walking. If the sensory nerve from the finger, say, carries a message to the brain and spinal cord announcing that the finger is touching something hot, the brain and spinal cord instantly command through the motor nerves the muscles of the arm to move the finger away. 21) Spleen: an organ situated near the diaphragm on the left side of the body. It is about 5 x 3 in size. One of its known function is destruction of blood cells. 22) Thyroid Gland: is situated at the base of the neck and acts as acceleration to the body i.e., it controls the speed at which the processes in the body are being carried out. When it is over-

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active, a person feels tense, nervous, blushed, his heart beats faster and he loses weight. The enlargement of the thyroid gland causes Goitre and when this gland is too sluggish in action, it causes Myxoedema. 23) Urethra: It is the canal that in most mammals carries off the urine from the bladder and in the males serves also as a genital duct. 24) Vital Organs in human body: Heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, spinal cord. Human Eye Human eye is covered inside with a black membrane called the choroid, just like a photographic camera which is painted black from inside of it to prevent reflection of light. It possesses a crystalline lens, which is convex in nature and functions like the focusing lens of the camera. The place of the sensitive film in a camera is taken by a sensitive coating in front of the choroid for receiving the image, called the retina, which conveys the visual impressions to brain through the optical nerve. Human Ear The ear is that organ of the human body in which the senses of hearing and equilibrium are centered. Anatomists divide it into three parts i.e. (i) the external ear, (ii) the middle ear and ,(iii) the inner ear. The external ear consists of the outer flap, the opening and the inwardly directed tube. The middle ear is a small cavity in the temporal bone form which a tube runs forward, inward and downward and admits air into the cavity. The eardrum membrane is a part in the middle ear. The inner ear consists of a membranous part of contained in a bony part. Short-sight and Long-sight Short-sight: (Myopia) Due to this defect the posterior large chamber of the eye is too long and the image of a distant object formed by the lens falls short of the retina. Long-sight: An eye suffering form this defect cannot see things placed near it. The defect is due to the eye ball being too short or the eye-lens being not sufficiently convergent so that parallel rays are focused being the retina. Common Diseases (Causes, Cure and Prevention) Disease AIDS Arthritis Cataract Diabetes Diphtheria Eczema Goitre Infantile paralysis Jaundice Meningitis Pleurisy Pneumonia Pyorrhea Rheumatism : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Part of the body affected immune system of body inflammation of joints eyes pancreas throat skin thyroid gland limbs (arms and legs) liver spinal cord and brain lining of the chest wall lings gums joints

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Trachoma Tuberculosis Typhoid

: : :

eyes lungs Intestines; whole body

Common Diseases AIDS: Abbreviated name for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, the disease is said to be caused by a Virus. Intravenous drug abusers and homosexuals are mostly affected by this disease. The virus, once in the blood stream, multiples many times faster than other Viruses, and progressively destroys the T-cells in the blood which help fight infections, thus crippling the entire immune system. The disease is fatal and the researchers are yet to come up with an effective cure. Appendicitis: a disease of the large intestine which begins with pain over the stomach (in the upper part of the abdomen). There is usually fever and sometimes vomiting. The treatment is generally by surgery. Beri-Beri: is caused by lack of vitamin B1 , which is found in most grains, principally in the embryo and the outer covering. It can be prevented by giving a good mixed diet. Cholera: Cause: Housefly; by swallowing of Kochs Coma bacillus through infected water, food, fruits and vegetables. Cure: Tombs Cholera Mixture. Prevention: Anti-cholera vaccine; isolate the patient, prevent contamination of drink and food supply. Diabetes: There is still not the faintest notion as to what causes diabetes. Its immediate cause is, however, failure in varying degrees of the pancreas to produce insulin and inability of the body to make use of sugar the glucose which is the end product of the carbohydrate digestion. Symptoms: increasing appetite, great thirst, frequency in passing urine and presence of sugar in the urine, increasing loss of weight in spite of all that is takes in, appearance of boils and itching of the skin. The disease is incurable but can be kept in check by diet-control and regular light exercise in mild cases and by regular use of insulin in serious cases. Filaria: (elephant-foot) Cause: due to an infection of the body with tiny worms which block the lymph vessels, Spread by blood-sucking flies and mosquitoes. Influenza: Cause: Pfeiffers bacillus which is mainly present in the secretion of the respiratory tract. Some investigators think that it is caused by another organism called Bacterium Pneumocentes. Prevention: Avoid over-crowding, fatigue and dusty atmosphere. Isolate the patient. Do not expose to cold and chill. Spend as much of time as possible out-doors in fresh air. Malaria: is caused by the bite of the Anopheles female mosquito. A special type of celled organism enters the blood and attacks the red blood corpuscles, and thereby gets multiplied. So, due to the reduction of the corpuscles, the newly formed parasites, being free in the blood plasma, take up their abode in other corpuscles. The symptoms of malaria start with trembling of body, resulting in high fever soon after. The vomiting starts in the next stages. Its prevention can be effected by adopting offensive and defensive measures against female mosquitoes. Kerosene oil or D.D.T is sprinkled over standing water to prevent the breeding of

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mosquitoes, and thereby destroying them at the very place of their birth. Use of mosquito-net in the night, use of medicines like atebrine, paludrine and quinine also prevent the disease. Measles: is an infectious disease marked by fever, redness of the eyes, a rash of pink spots and mild bronchitis. Cause: it is caused by a virus. The most serious dangers of this disease are the complications as infection of eyes, nose or throat. Cure: rest in the bed and light diet; in some cases injections of serum from the blood of those patients who have recently recovered. Plague: Cause: Bite of infected rat flea. Prevention: Anti-plague inoculation. Isolate the patient, disinfect the patients clothes and utensils. Burn the dead rats found in the vicinity. Cure: Sulpha drugs and streptomycin. Polio: It is an acute infectious disease which affects the central nervous system and by destruction of motor neurons in the spinal cord produces flaccid paralysis. It is caused by a kind of virus, which is found in throat and the stools. Entering through the mouth, the virus multiplies in the throat and the intestines. It can be prevented by avoiding human contact and interfamily contact among young children. Improved sanitary and hygienic conditions favour prevention. Pyorrhea: Cause: infection of the gums causing the edges of the tooth sockets to blood easily when the teeth are being brushed. Cure: Penicillin lozenges or vitamin C tables are useful but the treatment depends on the cause and can hest be carried out by a dentist. Rabies: (or Hydrophobia) Cause: by bite or even licking by mad animal, generally a dog or a jackal. Cure: Prophylactic vaccination; full treatment in Pastour institute. Prevention: clean the bitten part with hot water. Rickets: This is a bone disease usually affecting artificially fed infants between the ages of six to fifteen months. It is cause by the deficiency of vitamins A and D. The soft spots like the one in the crown do not close up when they should. The bones of the legs become crooked. The abdomen is usually enlarged. The child is weak and undersized. It is often due to lack of exposure to sunlight. Scurvy: Cause: lack of vitamin C. Cure: lies in dietetic treatment i.e. use of fruits and good wholesome food. Small-pox: attacks people of all ages and is carried by excreta and droplet infection, but particularly by the dried scales on the skins of convalescent patients. Prevention : (i) vaccination in small pox infected locally; (ii) isolation of the patient, (iii) disinfect the clothes, bedding etc. of the patient; (iv) do not mix with the patient; (v) sputum to be destroyed. Tetanus : Cause: toxin secreted be bacillus tetani which lives in earth and dust. Cure: Penicillin injections. Prevention : injections of an anti-toxic soon after the wound is received. Vitamins Vitamins are substances found naturally in certain foods, the absence of which leads to one or the other of the so-called deficiency diseases. Vitamin A: found in milk, butter, egg-yolk, ghee, carrots, and cod liver oil. Uses: promotes healthy functioning of nasal cavities, eyes and ears and resistance to anemia.

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Deficiency disorders: reduced resistance to infections, interference with growth and development of bones anemia. Vitamin B: is present in cereals, yolk of eggs, peas and beans. Uses: affects growth, appetite, nervous and endocrine system and aids in tuberculosis. Deficiency disorders: disease of beriberi, digestive disturbances, enlargement of liver and adrenals, affects the thyroid, causes degeneration of sex glands and some disorders in diabetes. Vitamin B Complex: the original Vitamin B, containing all factors found in a wide range of natural foods, particularly rich sources. Vitamin C: is present in fresh vegetables, orange, lemon, lettuce, tomato, cabbage, turnip, onions etc. Uses: development of bones necessary for pregnant and nursing women in certain disorders of stomach and below, diseases of the liver. Deficiency diseases: disease of scurvy, defective teeth, injury to bones, cells and blood vessels. Vitamin D: is present in milk, butter, ghee, cod liver oil, yolk of eggs, sun rays. Uses: promotes bone formation; it is derived form plants, food and from the sun and ultra-violet rays. Deficiency diseases: imperfect skeleton formation, bones diseases, rickets, caries. Vitamin E: is present in wheat, green vegetables, peas, oats, corns, and lettuce leaf. Uses: keeps sterility. Deficiency disorders: lack of fertility of reproductive powers; habitual abortion. Vitamin K: practically eliminates prolonged bleeding in operations and is billiary tract of jaundice patients; found in fats, fish meals, oats, wheat, rye and alfalfa. Balanced Diet A balanced diet is the foodstuff which supplies the various constituents needed by the body in proper proportion for its proper functioning. It consists of the following : (i) Proteins the tissue and flesh building substance of the body. It is found in meat, cheese, peas, beans, milk etc. (2) carbohydrates which form the fuel of the body, found in starchy foods, sugar and sweets. (3) Fats the warmth producing and protecting food, found in butter and animal fats. (4) Vitamins which exert a necessary influence on digestive processes and help in the absorption f\of food; found in the above mentioned articles of food and fresh fruits and vegetables.

Important Hormones
Hormone Adrenalin Insulin Oestrogen Testoterone Thyroxin Important Digestive Enzymes Enzyme Produced by Converts Produced by Adrenalin Pancreas Ovary Testes Thyroid Action Blood pressure control Sugar metabolism Affects female organs Affects male re-productory function. Growth and metabolic rate.

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Amylase, Ptyalin Peptin Trypsin Amylase Lipase Erepsin Maltose Lactose Sucrose Important Vaccines Vaccine Small Pox

Salivary glands in mouth Gastric glands in stomach Pancreas in abdomen Pancreas Pancreas Intestinal glands glands in small intestines Intestinal glands Intestinal glands Intestinal glands

Starch to Sugars (Maltose) Proteins (Peptones) to amino-acids

Proteins to Peptones Carbohydrates to Maltose Fats to fatty acids and Glycerol Peptides to amino acids Maltose to glucose Lactose to glucose Sucrose to glucose

Discovered by Edward Jenner (1786) of Gloucestershire made the first, successful small pox vaccination. Cholera Louis Pasteur (1880) prepared the first cholera vaccine Diphtheria and Emill Adolf von Belming and Shibasaburo Kitasato of Berlin Tetanus (1891) developed anti-toxins to treat diphtheria and tetanus T.B. Vaccine Leon Calmelte and Camille Guerin (1992) Paris, developed the first TB vaccine Polio Vaccine Jonas E. Salk (1954) Pittsburgh (USA) Measles Vaccine John F. Enders (1960) USA Other Medical Inventions Invention Penicillin Bacteria Insulin Vaccination of kalazar Artificial Heart Circulation of Blood Vaccination Stethoscope Hydrophobia Pasteurization Malarial parasite Chloroform D.N.A Morphine Psychoanalysis Dialysis Polio Vaccine Streptomycin Sulpha drugs Inventor Alexander Fleming Lueven hock Wating U.N. Brahmachari Christian Wanard William Harvey Edward Jenner Linek Lewis Pastuer Lewis Pastuer Ronald Ross Sympson & Harison Wattson & Crick Fredrick Struerr Singmond Fried Colf Jhons Salk Waxman Domick

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Microscope Electron Microscope Wisdom test Evolutionary theory Small pox vaccination D.D.T. Ultra Violet rays treatment Antiseptic treatment Thermometer Parantage theory Weather science Homeopathy Tuberculosis Leprobacillus Anti conceiving tablets Anti aids medicine Vitamin Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D Kidney Machine Electro Cardio graph Neurology Birth-Weight of Indian Infants Average Birth weight of Infants Well-to-to Indian Poor Indian

Robert Hook Noll & Rusk Vinet Charles Darwin Edward Jenner Dr. Paul Mular Finson Lord Joseph Lister Fahrenheit G.P. Mendol H.N. Wadia Hannyman Cock Hanson Pincus Dr. Prakash Chandra F.G. Hopkins Mac Column & M. Davis Minat & Murphy Frolik Tolset Mac Colon Colf Lenubam Sprondrew Frong Joseph

3.2 kg 2.8 kg 14 29

Prematurity Percent (Infants below 2.5 kg) Well-to-do Indian Poor Indian

Changes in Body-Weight form Birth Toll 5 years Body Weight (Average Weight) by months At Birth 2 4 6 8 10 12 3 kg 5 kg 6 kg 7 kg 8 kg 8.5 kg 9 kg Body Weight (Average Weight) by years 2 3 4 5 11 kg 13 kg 15 kg 17 kg Wedding Anniversaries Traditionally a special kind of gift was associated with a few of the anniversary celebrations. A widely accepted list is given below: Wedding Celebrating Wood 5 Tin 10 Crystal 15 China 20

Under which Portion?

Chapter 6

93 25 30

Silver Pearl