Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Waste Management
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Kinds of Wastes
Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste etc.
E-waste- discarded electronic devices like computer, TV, music systems etc. Liquid waste- water used for different industries eg tanneries, distillaries, thermal power plants Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc. Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc. Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants
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Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others)
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Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment
Hazardous wastes Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal.
Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal.
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Sources of Wastes
Households
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Sources of Wastes
Agriculture
Hotels
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Waste minimization
Significant reduction of the waste generated in health-care establishments and research facilities may be encouraged by the implementation of certain policies and practices, including the following:
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Waste minimization
Source reduction: measures such as purchasing restrictions to ensure the selection of methods or supplies that are less wasteful or generate less hazardous waste. Recyclable products: use of materials that may be recycled, either on-site or off-site.
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Good management and control practices: apply particularly to the purchase and use of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Waste segregation: careful separation of waste matter into different categories helps to minimize the quantities of hazardous waste.
Waste minimization
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Hazardous Waste
A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous:
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Characteristics
Hazardous Wastes are defined as wastes that exhibit the following characteristics: Ignitability Corrosivity Reactivity Toxicity.
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Universal wastes include the following materials that are commonly found in the workplace Batteries Fluorescent lamps Pesticides Thermometers (containing mercury) Used oil
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Recycling of Wastes
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Recycle
1.It reduces waste materials.
2.It decreases the cost of waste disposal by reducing the volume of material to be collected, transported and dumped. 3.It reduces the requirement for landfill sites. 4. It maximized the value of natural resources.
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Recycle Contd.
5. It often produces materials with a lower energy cost than the original product. Example : recycling aluminum requires only 5 per cent of the amount required to extract aluminum from natural sources. 6. It often produces materials with a reduced amount of air pollution compared with the original production of that material. 7. Some recycled products have a cash value.
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Recycling: Processing of a waste item into usable forms. Benefits of recycling: -Reduce environmental degradation -Making money out of waste -Save energy that would have gone into waste handling & product manufacture
Saving through recycling: -When Al is resmelted- considerable saving in cost -Making paper from waste saves 50% energy -Every tonne of recycled glass saves energy equivalent to 100 litres of oil
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For many items recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.
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- Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses. - Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments. - Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.
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In sewage-farm premises
On temple lands or private farms
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Ocean Dumping
Advantages: convenient inexpensive source of nutrients, shelter and breeding Disadvantages: ocean overburdened distruction of food sources killing of plankton desalination
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Sanitary Landfill
Advantages: volume can increase with little addition of people/equipment filled land can be reused for other community purposes Disadvantages: completed landfill areas can settle and requires maintenance requires proper planning, design, and operation42
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Open Dumping
Advantages: inexpensive Disadvantages: health-hazard - insects, rodents etc. damage due to air pollution ground water and run-off pollution
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INCINERATION
Advantages: requires minimum land can be operated in any weather produces stable odor-free residue refuse volume is reduced by half Disadvantages: expensive to build and operate high energy requirement requires skilled personnel and continuous maintenance unsightly - smell, waste, vermin
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Recycle
Advantages: key to providing a liviable environment for the future Disadvantages: expensive some wastes cannot be recycled technological push needed separation of useful material from waste difficult.
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THANKS
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