DISEASE : Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

CAUSES : caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasitesthat are normally controlled by the immune system.

EFFECTS : prolonged fevers sweats (particularly at night) swollen lymph nodes chills, weakness weight loss Diarrhea. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Consistent condom use. Comprehensive sexual education provided at school. Early treatment of AIDS/ HIV-infected people with antiretrovirals. Take opioid substitution therapy. Mother-to-child (Programs to prevent the transmission of HIV from mothers to children.) Vaccination

DISEASE :Alzheimers Disease

.

CAUSES : caused by reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. associated with plaques and tangles in the brain amyloid hypothesis postulated that beta-amyloid (A) deposits are the fundamental cause of the disease. caused by age-related myelin breakdown in the brain. EFFECTS : manifestations of stress. confusion, irritability and aggression, mood swings, trouble with language, and long-term memory loss. Body functions are lost, ultimately leading to death Initiation of large-scale aggregation of amyloid, leading to generalised neuroinflammation. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Mental stimulation, Regular exercise, Take a balanced diet(a Mediterranean diet, which include fruit and vegetables, bread, wheat and other cereals, olive oil, fish, and red wine, may all individually or together reduce the risk and course of Alzheimer's disease) engage in intellectual activities such as reading, playing board games, completing crossword puzzles, playing musical instruments, or regular social interaction.

Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer's (right). Differential characteristics are pointed out

DISEASE : Arthritis CAUSES : caused by joint infection. The pain from arthritis is due to inflammation that occurs around the joint, damage to the joint from disease, daily wear and tear of joint, muscle strains caused by forceful movements against stiff painful joints and fatigue. EFFECTS : swelling, Joint stiffness, sometimes a constant ache around the joint(s). Inability to use the hand or walk Malaise and a feeling of tiredness,weight loss Poor sleep Muscle aches, painsand tenderness Difficulty moving the joint.Muscle weakness,Loss of flexibility,and decreased aerobic fitness

PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Joint replacement surgery and Exercise often several types of medications that are used for the treatment of arthritis( first-line treatment for osteoarthritis is acetaminophen while for inflammatory arthritis it involves non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen.

DISEASE : Chicken Pox CAUSES : caused by primary infectionwith varicella zoster virus (VZV).[

EFFECTS : Nausea loss of appetite aching muscles headache. Blisters may occur on the palms, soles and mucous membranes, and painful, shallow ulcers may appear in the mouth. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Hygiene measures(enveloped viruses, VZV is sensitive to desiccation, heat and detergents) cut the nails short or wear gloves to prevent scratching. staying in a cold surrounding can help in easing the itching as heat and sweat makes it worse. use anti-itching creams and lotions. Neem leaves made into paste form and can be applied on the rashes.

DISEASE : Cholera CAUSES : caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

EFFECTS : watery diarrhea ( frequently described as "rice water" in nature and may have a fishy odor) vomiting low blood pressure, poor skin turgor (wrinkled hands), sunken eyes, and a rapid pulse

PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of infected fecal waste water produced by cholera victims and all contaminated materials. Water purification: All water used for drinking, washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either boiling, chlorination, ozone water treatment, ultraviolet light sterilization (e.g. by solar water disinfection), or antimicrobial filtration in any area where cholera may be present.

DISEASE : Colour Blindness CAUSES : A fault in the development of one or more sets of retinal cones that perceive colour in light and transmit that information to the optic nerve. Caused by shaken baby syndrome, accidents and other trauma Damage to the retina caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. deficiency in Vitamin A. EFFECTS : Damage to the eye, the optic nerve. Two major types of colour blindness: have difficulty distinguishing between red and green have difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow
.

A rainbow of colours as viewed by a person with no colour vision deficiencies.

PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Use an eyeborg to overcome colour blindness.

DISEASE : Dengue Fever/Breakbone Fever CAUSES : Caused by the dengue virus,(genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti) EFFECTS : Fever Headache Muscle joint pains Skin rash that is similar to measles. Vomiting. Depletion of fluid from the circulation Decreased blood supply to vital organs PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to bites. Emptying containers of water or by adding insecticides or biological control agents. Wear clothing that fully covers the skin.

. The typical rash seen in dengue fever

DISEASE :Diabetes Insipidus

CAUSES : Caused by a deficiency of argininevasopressin (AVP), known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The second common type of DI is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which is caused by an insensitivity of the kidneys to ADH. EFFECTS : Urine does not contain glucose and there is no hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose.) Body cannot conserve much of the water it takes in. risk of dehydration Loss of potassium.

Vasopressin.

PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Desmopressin stimulation is used.( can be taken by injection, a nasal spray, or a tablet.)
Etiology cause diabetes insipidus

DISEASE : Diabetes Mellitus CAUSES : The cause of diabetes depends on the type: The onset of type 1 diabetes is unrelated to lifestyle. Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.

EFFECTS : Loss of weight, polyuria(frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger). The patient will risk of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and altered states of consciousness. Diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. ,stroke and peripheral vascular disease Damages the capillaries (causes microangiopathy) Lead to scarring changes in the kidney tissue, loss of small or progressively larger amounts of protein in the urine. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal ("euglycemia") as possible, without causing hypoglycemia. This can usually be accomplished with diet, exercise, and use of appropriate medications (insulin in the case of type 1 diabetes, oral medications, as well as possibly insulin, in type 2 diabetes).

DISEASE : Down Syndrome CAUSES : Down syndrome (DS) or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is achromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy ofchromosome 21. Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans. EFFECTS : . Contribute to a shorter life expectancy for people with Down syndrome. Physical disabilities, such as hearing and vision impairment, that would slow performance. People with Down syndrome also have a much lower risk of hardening of the arteries and diabetic retinopathy. Children and adults with DS are at increased risk for developing epilepsy and also Alzheimer's disease. Gastrointestinal(Down syndrome increases the risk of Hirschsprung's disease, in which the nerve cells that control the function of parts of the colon are not present) PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Management strategies such as Early childhood intervention, screening for common problems, medical treatment where indicated, a conducive family environment, and vocational training can improve the overall development of children with Down syndrome. Speech delay may require speech therapy to improve expressive language.

DISEASE : Endometriosis

CAUSES : Pain caused by inflammation in the pelvic cavity, pain during bowel movements and urination, during general bodily movement like exercise, pain from standing or walking, and pain with intercourse. Environmental Toxins. Genetic predisposition. Aging (brings with it many effects that may reduce fertility) EFFECTS : Recurring pelvic pain.- The pain can range from mild to severe cramping that occurs on both sides of the pelvis, in the lower back and rectal area, and even down the legs. Endometriosis lesions react to hormonal stimulation and may "bleed" at the time of menstruation. Complications of endometriosis include internal scarring, adhesions, pelvic cysts, chocolate cyst of ovaries, ruptured cysts, and bowel and ureteral obstruction resulting from pelvic adhesions. Ovarian endometriosis may complicate pregnancy by decidualization, abscess and/or rupture. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Use of combined oral contraceptives is associated with a reduced risk of endometriosis. For patients with extreme pain, a presacral neurectomy may be indicated where the nerves to the uterus are cut. By surgery.

DISEASE : Gout

CAUSES : Hyperuricemia is the underlying cause of gout. This can occur for a number of reasons, including diet, genetic predisposition, or underexcretion of urate, the salts of uric acid. Lifestyle-Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, fructose-sweetened drinks, meat, and seafood. EFFECTS : Fatigue Have a high fever Long-standing elevated uric acid levels. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Both lifestyle changes and medications can decrease uric acid levels. Reducing intake of food such as meat and seafood, consuming adequate vitamin C, limiting alcohol and fructose consumption, and avoiding obesity.

DISEASE : Arteriosclerosis

CAUSES : caused by: High blood pressure High cholesterol, often from getting too much cholesterol or saturated fats in your diet Smoking and other sources of nicotine Diabetes

EFFECTS : If you have atherosclerosis in your heart arteries, you may have such symptoms as chest pain or pressure (angina). If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your brain,you may have such signs and symptoms as sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, difficulty speaking or slurred speech, or drooping muscles in your face. These are signs of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) which, if left untreated may progress to a stroke. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : These include: Quitting smoking Eating healthy foods Exercising regularly Maintaining a healthy weight

DISEASE : Gall Stone Disease CAUSES : A lack of melatonin could significantly contribute to gallbladder stones, as melatonin inhibits cholesterol secretion from the gallbladder, enhances the conversion of cholesterol to bile, and is an antioxidant, which is able to reduce oxidative stress to the gallbladder. inherited body chemistry Gallbladder motility (movement), Unbalanced diet EFFECTS : rapid weight loss, constipation, eating fewer meals per day, and low intake of the nutrients folate, magnesium, calcium, and vitamin C. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors. Gallstones can be broken up using a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (often simply called "lithotripsy") which is a method of concentrating ultrasonic shock waves onto the stones to break them into tiny pieces. Surgery.

Numerous small gallstones made up largely ofcholesterol.

DISEASE :Fibroid/Fibroma(benign tumors)

CAUSES : Family history of fibroma Minor skin or foot injury Northern European ancestry EFFECTS : Color that may change over time Itchiness Occasional tenderness Possible bleeding with injury Sensitivity of the dermatofibroma to touch Small lump with a raised surface PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Invasive treatments for plantar fibroma include: Corticosteroid injections into the fibroma Surgical removal of the entire plantar fascia (which is associated with a long recovery time and high risk of developing other foot problems) Surgical removal of the fibroma (which has a high recurrence rate)
Soft Fibroma (rab)

DISEASE : Heart Attack(Myocardial infarction)

CAUSES : Acute severe infection, such as pneumonia, can trigger myocardial infarction. obesity 20%. Lack of exercise has been linked to 7-12% of cases. Job stress accounting for about 3% Short term exposure to air pollution including: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide but not ozone. and Tobacco smoking Family history of ischaemic heart disease. EFFECTS : increase blood levels of CRP. Baldness hair greying conducts electrical impulses more slowly than normal heart tissue. blood pressure may fall to dangerous levels.

PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : smoking cessation, regular exercise a sensible diet for those with heart disease limitation of alcohol intake

DISEASE : Haemophilia

CAUSES : Haemophilia A is a recessive X-linked genetic disorder involving a lack of functional clotting Factor VIII and represents 80% of haemophilia cases. Haemophilia B is a recessive X-linked genetic disorder involving a lack of functional clotting Factor IX. It comprises approximately 20% of haemophilia cases. Haemophilia C is an autosomal genetic disorder (i.e. not Xlinked) involving a lack of functional clotting Factor XI. Haemophilia C is not completely recessive, as heterozygous individuals also show increased bleeding.

EFFECTS : Deep internal bleeding, e.g. deep-muscle bleeding, leading to swelling, numbness or pain of a limb. Joint damage from haemarthrosis (haemophilic arthropathy), potentially with severe pain, disfigurement, and even destruction of the joint and development of debilitating arthritis. Transfusion transmitted infection from blood transfusions that are given as treatment. Adverse reactions to clotting factor treatment, including the development of an immune inhibitor which renders factor replacement less effective. Intracranial haemorrhage is a serious medical emergency caused by the build up of pressure inside the skull. It can cause disorientation, nausea, loss of consciousness, brain damage, and death PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Gene therapy. Do specific exercises to strengthen the joints, particularly the elbows, knees, and ankles.

Deficiency in coagulation factor VIII is the most common cause of haemophilia.

DISEASE : Hernia CAUSES : Hiatal hernia poison,improper heavy weight lifting, hard coughing bouts, sharp blows to the abdomen, tight clothing and incorrect posture. Due to poor nutrition, smoking, and overexertion. EFFECTS : leading to organ dysfunction. Swelling in the scrotum around the testicular area(in men) Can lead to strangulation. Nausea, vomiting, or fever(due to bowel obstruction) Cramps, and later on vomiting, ileus, absence of flatus and absence of defecation. Causing heartburn, Lumbar disc hernia causing sciatic nerve pain PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Surgery.

DISEASE : High Blood Pressure/Hypertension(HTN)

CAUSES : Complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. Caffeine consumption Vitamin D deficiency Secondary hypertension( Renal disease) Caused by obesity, sleep apnea, pregnancy,and coarctation of the aorta, History of hypertension EFFECTS : Headaches (particularly at the back of the head and in the morning), Light headedness, vertigo, tinnitus (buzzing or hissing in the ears) Feel dizzy Chest pain may indicate heart muscle damage. Breathlessness, and cough

Automated arm blood pressure meter

Headache, visual disturbance Lead to vomiting, epigastric pain, and edema. Failure to thrive, seizures, irritability, and lack of energy, nosebleeds, and facial paralysis. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Maintain normal body weight for adults (e.g. body mass index 2025 kg/m2) Reduce dietary sodium intake to <100 mol/ day (<6 g of sodium chloride or <2.4 g of sodium per day) Engage in regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk walking (30 min per day, most days of the week) Limit alcohol consumption to no more than 3 units/day in men and no more than 2 units/day in women Consume a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (e.g. at least five portions per day)

DISEASE : Kidney Stone CAUSES : low fluid intake and high dietary intake of animal protein, sodium, refined sugars, fructose and high fructose corn syrup, oxalate, grapefruit juice, apple juice, and cola drinks. (high intakes of dietary calcium) Fluoridation of drinking water Excessive vitamin D supplementation. increasing global temperatures Super saturation of urine(uric acid and crystine stone) EFFECTS : Lead to nausea, vomiting, fever ,blood in the urine, pus in the urine, and painful urination restlessness, hematuria, sweating PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Increasing fluid intake of citrate-rich foods (especially citraterich fluids such as lemonade and orange juice) Attempt to maintain a calcium (Ca) intake of 1000 1200 mg per day Limiting sodium (Na) intake to less than 2300 mg per day Limiting vitamin C intake to less than 1000 mg per day Limiting animal protein intake to no more than two meals daily, with less than 170230 gram per day Limiting consumption of foods containing high amounts of oxalate (such as spinach, strawberries, nuts, rhubarb, wheat germ, dark chocolate, cocoa, brewed tea) Surgery.

DISEASE : Malaria

CAUSES : Caused by protists (a type of microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Caused by P. falciparum (often referred to as falciparum malaria), Caused by P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and P. knowlesi EFFECTS : Lead to coma or death. Headache, fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, hemolytic anemia, Jaundice, hemoglobinuria, Retinal damage, Convulsions Conjugate gaze palsy (failure of the eyes to turn together in the same direction), Opisthotonus, Seizures PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Preventing mosquito bites by distribution of mosquito nets and insect repellents. Use mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water(indoor residual spraying (IRS).

DISEASE : Muscular Dystrophy.

CAUSES : mutations of the dystrophin gene nutritional defects (with no genetics history) at the prenatal stage. The muscle tissue's cytoskeletal impairment to properly create the functional protein dystrophin and dystrophin-associated protein complex. EFFECTS : Progressive muscular wasting Poor balance Drooping eyelids Atrophy Scoliosis (curvature of the spine and the back) Inability to walk Frequent falls Waddling gait Calf deformation

Limited range of movement Respiratory difficulty Joint contractures and Muscle Spasms Cardiomyopathy and Arrhythmias PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Physical therapy, occupational therapy, orthotic intervention (e.g., ankle-foot orthosis), speech therapy and orthopedic instruments (e.g., wheelchairs and standing frames) may be helpful. High dietary intake of lean meat, sea food, pulses, olive oil, antioxidants such as leafy vegetables and bell peppers, and fruits like blueberry, and cherry. Decreased intake of refined food, trans-fats, and caffeinated and alcoholic beverages.

DISEASE : Obesity

CAUSES : Caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness. Lack of physical activity Stress and perceived low social status. EFFECTS : Lead to various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases diabetes mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and asthma. Reduces life expectancy.

Silhouettes and waist circumferences representing normal, overweight, and obese.

PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Surgery Federally reimbursed meal programs in schools, limiting direct junk food marketing to children, and decreasing access to sugar-sweetened beverages in schools. Constructing urban environments with develop pedestrian routes. Eat balanced diet.

DISEASE :Oedema

CAUSES : Increased hydrostatic pressure; Reduced oncotic pressure within blood vessels; Increased tissue oncotic pressure Increased blood vessel wall permeability e.g. inflammation; Obstruction of fluid clearance via the lymphatic system; Changes in the water retaining properties of the tissues themselves. Raised hydrostatic pressure often reflects retention of water and sodium by the kidney EFFECTS : Swelling. Severe heart failure can cause pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, ascites and peripheral edema. Reduced oxygen at high altitudes(causes drowsiness or loss of consciousness.) Produces shortness of breath. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Decrease tissue oncotic pressure. Decrease the hydrostatic pressure.

DISEASE :Osteoporosis

CAUSES : Family history of fracture or osteoporosis. Excess alcohol(effects on bone density) Vitamin D deficiency. Tobacco smoking. Malnutrition. High dietary protein. Underweight/inactive Soft drinks. EFFECTS : Vitamin D deficiency-increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) production.[14] PTH increases bone resorption, leading to bone loss. Smoking-increased breakdown of exogenous estrogen, lower body weight and earlier menopause. Underweight/inactive-lead to bone loss. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Lifestyle-exercise regularly. Increase intake of calcium and vitamin D Medication-In treatment, bisphosphonate can be used in cases of very high risk.

Elderly woman with osteoporosis showing classical Dowager's hump.

DISEASE :Ovarian Cyst(benign)

CAUSES : chocolate cyst is caused by endometriosis. EFFECTS : Dull aching, or severe, sudden, and sharp pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen (one or both sides), pelvis, vagina, lower back, or thighs; pain may be constant or intermittent the most Fullness, heaviness, pressure, swelling, or bloating in the abdomen Breast tenderness Pain during or shortly after beginning or end of menstrual period. Irregular periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting Change in frequency or ease of urination (such as inability to fully empty the bladder), or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy Weight gain, nausea or vomiting Fatigue and Infertility Increased level of hair growth Increased facial hair or body hair

Headaches Strange pains in ribs, which feel muscular Bloating and Strange nodules that feel like bruises under the layer of skin.

PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Surgery. A warm bath, or heating pad, or hot water bottle applied to the lower abdomen near the ovaries. Pain relievers, including acetaminophen/paracetamol (Tylenol or Panadol), nonstero idal anti-inflammatory drugs.

DISEASE : Parkinsons Disease.

CAUSES : Mutations in specific genes have been conclusively shown to cause PD. These genes code for alphasynuclein (SNCA), parkin (PRKN), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2 or dardarin), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1 and ATP13A2. EFFECTS : Include shaking slowness of movement(Bradykinesia)and difficulty with walking and gait. Emotional problems. Sleep disturbances or insomnia Tremor, rigidity(caused by muscle tone) and postural instability Festination (rapid shuffling steps and a forward-flexed posture when walking),speech and swallowing disturbances including voice disorders, mask-like face expression or small handwriting. Oily skin and excessive sweating, urinary incontinence and altered sexual function ,constipation and gastric dysmotility . PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Surgery and deep brain stimulation have been used to reduce motor symptoms Medications, and multidisciplinary management and Levodopa treatment Regular physical exercise. Viability of Tai chi for balance or motor skills are necessary.

Illustration of Parkinson's disease by William Richard Gowers, which was first published in A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System (1886

DISEASE : Tetanus.

CAUSES : By tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Grampositive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. By the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani.( The rough surface of rusty metal merely provides a prime habitat) EFFECTS : Cause arching, called opisthotonos. Painful contractions of muscle groups. Drooling, excessive sweating, fever, hand or foot spasms, irritability, swallowing difficulty, uncontrolled urination or defecation. Elevated blood pressure, and episodic rapid heart rate. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Can be prevented by vaccination with tetanus toxoid - For adult and children over seven, the Td vaccine (tetanus and diphtheria) or Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis) - age of seven, the tetanus vaccine is often administered as a combined vaccine, DPT/DTaP vaccine.

Muscular spasms (specifically opisthotonos) in a patient suffering from tetanus. Painting by Sir Charles Bell 1809.

DISEASE : Trombosis

CAUSES : The composition of the blood (hypercoagulability or thrombophilia)- genetic deficiencies or autoimmune disorders. Quality of the vessel wall (endothelial cell injury)- injury to the vessel's wall include trauma, surgery, infection or turbulent flow at bifurcations. Nature of the blood flow (stasis, turbulence)- disturbed blood flow. EFFECTS : Deep vein thrombosis -swelling, pain and redness of the affected area. Portal vein thrombosis -lead to portal hypertension and reduction of the blood supply to the liver, Renal vein thrombosis -lead to reduced drainage from the kidney Jugular vein thrombosis -sharp pain at the site of the vein Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis -headache, abnormal vision, stroke as weakness of the face and limbs on one side of the body and seizures. Arterial thrombosis-disturb blood flow. PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Vitamin K antagonist-oral anticoagulants reduce thromboembolic occurrence.

Cyanosis of the lower right extremity, resulting from acute arterial thrombosis of the right leg.

DISEASE : Turner Syndrome

CAUSES : females do not have Barr bodies, which are those X chromosomes inactivated by the cell. EFFECTS : Short stature, Low hairline and Low-set ears Lymphedema (swelling) of the hands and feet Broad chest (shield chest) and widely spaced nipples and Reproductive sterility Rudimentary ovaries gonadal streak (underdeveloped gonadal structures that later become fibrosed) Amenorrhoea, or the absence of a menstrual period Increased weight, obesity ,Shield shaped thorax of heart Shortened metacarpal IV and Small fingernails Characteristic facial features Webbed neck from cystic hygroma in infancy Coarctation of the aorta and Bicuspid aortic valve Poor breast development and Horseshoe kidney Visual impairments sclera, cornea, and glaucoma
Girl with Turner syndrome before and immediately after her operation for neck-webbing which is a characteristic clinical feature of patients with the syndrome.

Ear infections and hearing loss High waist-to-hip ratio (the hips are not much bigger than the waist) Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD (problems with concentration, memory, attention with hyperactivity seen mostly in childhood and adolescence) Nonverbal Learning Disability (problems with math, social skills and spatial relations) PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME : Growth hormone, either alone or with a low dose of androgen, will increase growth and probably final adult height Estrogen replacement therapy such as the birth control pill. Modern reproductive technologies have also been used to help women with Turner syndrome become pregnant if they desire.

CAUSES :

EFFECTS :

PREVENTION/WAY TO OVERCOME :

DISEASE : CAUSE , EFFECT AND CURE

NAME : SITI NURHIDAYU BINTI AWANG SCHOOL : SM SAINS TENGKU ABDULLAH,RAUB PAHANG