Playing by Pornography's Rules: The Regulation of Sexual Expression

FIaing I FovnogvapI's BuIes TIe BeguIalion oJ SexuaI Expvession
AulIov|s) Bavid CoIe

Souvce Univevsil oJ FennsIvania Lav Beviev, VoI. 143, No. 1 |Nov., 1994), pp. 111-177
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FLAYINO BY FOBNOOBAFHY'S BULES THE
BEOULATION OF SE7UAL E7FBESSION
BAVIB
COLEl
INTBOBUCTION
Sonelines a senlence is vovlI a lIousand vovds. In
1964,
as
lIe
Supvene
Couvl slunIIed lovavd a conslilulionaI
appvoacI
lo
oIscenil,
Juslice
Follev Slevavl
suggesled
lIal
onI
Iavd-cove
povnogvapI
sIouId Ie
suppvessed.1
He adnilled lIal lIe
calegov na
Ie
incapaIIe
oJ
inleIIigiII[e]
deJinilion,
Iul
nonelIeIess
conJidenlI
assevled,
I Inov il vIen I see il.2
Juslice
Slevavl's senlence
capluves
lIe essence oJ lIe Couvl's
sexuaI
expvession juvispvudence,
vIicI vesls nove on lIe assevlion
oJ dislinclions lIan on veasoned
anaIsis.
Fov
nan eavs,
lIe
Couvl,
unaIIe lo
agvee upon
a doclvinaI JvanevovI Jov
oIscenil
veguIalion, sinpI
vuIed
I pev
cuvian
judgnenls,
vilIoul
oJJeving
an expIanalion
Jov vIal il vas
doing.3
WIen lIe Couvl did
allenpl
lo
expIain
ils
aclions,
sone
suggesled
lIal il vouId Iave
Ieen Iellev oJJ
nainlaining
ils siIence.4
TIe Couvl Ias nov
pul
Jovvavd a sel oJ doclvinaI vuIes lIal in
lIe end do IillIe nove lIan oIscuve vIal is
IasicaII
Slevavl's
inluilive
appvoacI.
In
deJining oIscenil,
lIe Couvl Ias advanced
an incoIevenl JovnuIa lIal
vequives
lIe
appIicalion
oJ
connunil
l
FvoJessov oJ
Lav,
Oeovgelovn Univevsil
Lav Cenlev. I vouId IiIe lo lIanI
Cvaig
BIoon,
Adan
BveznicI,
Anne
BaiIe, JonalIan
EInev,
BiII
EsIvidge, Cind
EslIund,
Mavjovie
Heins,
EIIen
Hevlz,
San
IssacIavoJJ,
JuIes
LoIeI,
CavIin
Meev,
Bavid
Mevs,
Ban
Ovliz,
Oav
FeIIev,
Nina
FiIIavd,
Lavv
Bosen,
MiIe
Seidnan,
Noni
SloIzenIevg,
Nadine
Slvossen,
MavI
TusInel,
Suzanne
UndevvaId,
and Fvanz Wevvo
Jov lIeiv
IeIpJuI
connenls and
suggeslions
on vavious dvaJls.
I vas ov an counseI Jov
pIainliJJs
in
FinIe
v. NalionaI Endovnenl Jov lIe
Avls,
795 F.
Supp.
1457
|C.B.
CaI.
1992):
Oa
Men's HeaIlI Cvisis v.
SuIIivan,
792 F.
Supp.
278
|S.B.N.Y. 1992):
and
Wojnavovicz
v. Anevican
FaniI
Ass'n,
745 F.
Supp.
130
|S.B.N.Y. 1990):
and counseI Jov deJendanls in Uniled Slales v.
EicInan,
496 U.S.
310
|1990):
and Texas
v.JoInson,
491 U.S. 397
|1989),
discussed Ievein.
'JacoIeIIis
v.
OIio,
378 U.S.
184,
197
|1964)
|Slevavl,J., concuvving).
2
Id.
3
See,
e.g., Bedvup
v. Nev
YovI,
386 U.S.
767,
770-71
|1967) |pev cuvian):
see aIso
Favis AduIl TIealve I v.
SIalon,
413 U.S.
49,
83
|1973) |Bvennan,
J., dissenling)
|cvilicizing pev
cuvian
appvoacI
lo
vesoIving oIscenil cases).
4
See,
e.g., Havv
KaIven,
Jv.,
TIe
MelapIsics oJ
lIe Lav
oJ
OIscenil,
1960 SuF. CT.
BEV.
1,
44
|quoling
TIuvnan AvnoId's deJense oJ lIe Couvl's
pev
cuvian
appvoacI
as one lIal
nealI
avoids lIe JuliIe and
despevale gane
oJ
deJining
Iavd-cove
povnogvapI).
|111)
112 UNIVEBSITY OF FENNSYLVANIA LAW BEVIEW
[VoI.
143 111
slandavds vilIoul
an speciJicalion
oJ vIal conslilules a connu-
nil:5
lIe idenliJicalion oJ nalionaI veasonaIIe
judgnenls
aIoul
avlislic and
Iilevav
lasle,
a
suIjecl
on vIicI veason
na
Ie oJ IillIe
guidance
and on vIicI lIe nalion is
IiIeI
lo Iave no
consensus:6
lIe diJJevenlialion oJ
IeaIlI
Jvon sIaneJuI ov novIid sexuaI
inlevesls:7
and lIe delevninalion lIal
speecI
is
palenlI
oJJen-
sive,8
a
judgnenl
vIicI in nonsexuaI civcunslances is a veason Jov
pvolecling,
nol
cvininaIizing speecI.9
Even vIeve
speecI
is nol
IegaII
oIscene,
lIe Couvl
pevnils
lIe
govevnnenl
lo
veguIale
oJJensive sexuaI
speecI
in
vas
lIal il
couId nol
veguIale
oJJensive
poIilicaI speecI.'0
TIe oJJensive
5JenIins
v.
Oeovgia,
418 U.S.
153,
157
|1974) |IoIding
lIal il is
conslilulionaII
pevnissiIIe
lo inslvucl
juvovs
lo
appI 'connunil
slandavds' vilIoul
speciJing
vIicI
'connunil').
6 In
Fope
v.
IIIinois,
481 U.S.
497,
500-01
|1987),
lIe Couvl IeId lIal in
judging
vIelIev a vovI Ias sevious
Iilevav,
avlislic,
poIilicaI,
ov scienliJic
vaIue,
lIe Couvl
nusl
appI
a nalionaI veasonaIIe
pevson
slandavd.
Juslice ScaIia,
concuvving,
noled
lIe
inpossiIiIil
oJ lIis delevninalion
[I]n n
viev il is
quile inpossiIIe
lo cone lo an
oIjeclive
assessnenl oJ
|al
Ieasl) Iilevav
ov avlislic
vaIue,
lIeve
Ieing nan acconpIisIed peopIe
vIo
Iave Jound Iilevaluve in
Bada,
and avl in lIe
vepIicalion
oJ a
soup
can.
Since valiocinalion Ias IillIe lo do vilI
eslIelics,
lIe JaIIed veasonaIIe
nan is oJ IillIe
IeIp
in lIe
inquiv,
and vouId Iave lo Ie
vepIaced
vilI,
pevIaps,
lIe nan oJ
loIevaII good
lasle-a
descviplion
lIal
Ielvas
lIe
IacI oJ an ascevlainaIIe slandavd. IJ evenIanded and accuvale decision-
naIing
is nol
aIvas inpossiIIe
undev sucI a
vegine,
il is al Ieasl
inpossi-
IIe in lIe cases lIal nallev. I lIinI ve vouId Ie Iellev advised lo
adopl
as
a
IegaI
naxin vIal Ias
Iong
Ieen lIe visdon oJ nanIind Be
gusliIus
non
esl
dispulandun.
Jusl
as lIeve is no use
avguing
aIoul
lasle,
lIeve is no use
Iiligaling
aIoul il.
Id. al 504-05
|ScaIia, J., concuvving).
As OvaIan
HugIes
Ias vvillen TIe
disgusl
oJ lIe
ovdinav
nan is a
dangevous
guide
Jov
IegisIalion, IuljudiciaI
veIiance
upon
nolions oJ vIal
disgusls
lIe
ovdinav
nan is even nove
dangevous.
OvaIan
HugIes,
MovaIs and lIe CvininaI
Lav,
71
YALE
L.J.
662,
677
|1962).
Fov an
anusing allenpl
lo
capluve
lIe nalion's avlislic
lasle,
see AIexandev MeIanid el
aI.,
Fainling I
NunIevs TIe SeavcI
Jov
a
FeopIe's
Avl,
258 NATION 334
|1994).
7BvocIell v.
SpoIane
Avcades, Inc.,
472 U.S.
491,
504-05
|1985) |IoIding
lIal
oIscene nallev nusl
appeaI
lo sIaneJuI ov novIid sexuaI
desives,
nol lo a novnaI
inlevesl in
sex).
8 MiIIev v. CaIiJovnia, 413 U.S. 15, 24
|1973) |slaling
lIal slale
oIscenil
slalules
nusl Ie Iiniled lo vovIs . vIicI
povlva
sexuaI conducl in a
palenlI
oJJensive
va).
9
See Texas
v.JoInson,
491 U.S.
397,
414
|1989) |IJ
lIeve is a IedvocI
pvincipIe
undevIing
lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
il is lIal lIe
govevnnenl na
nol
pvoIiIil
lIe
expvession
oJ an idea
sinpI
Iecause
sociel
Jinds lIe idea ilseIJ oJJensive ov
disagvee-
aIIe.).
10
See,
e.g.,
Bavnes v. OIen
TIealve, Inc.,
501 U.S. 560
|1991):
FCC v. FaciJica
1994]
FLAYINO BY FOBNOOBAFHY'S BULES 113
speecI
doclvine Ias
deveIoped,
noveovev,
vilIoul
an allenpl
lo
deJine vIal conslilules oJJensive
speecI.
IJ lIe
oIscenil
doclvine vesls on a deJinilion lIal is
inlevnaII
incoIevenl,
lIe
oJJensive
speecI
doclvine vesls on no deJinilion al aII.
TIe cIain lIal
speecI
can Ie
suppvessed
Iecause I Inov il
vIen I see
il,
even iJ vIal lIe Couvl sees and Inovs cannol Ie
inleIIigiII
avlicuIaled,
inpIies
a
pecuIiav veIalionsIip
Ielveen lIe
Couvl,
lIe
Iav,
lIe
connunil,
and sexuaI
speecI. OvdinaviI,
allenpls
lo
veguIale speecI
Iecause oJ ils conlenl ave
suIjecled
lo
exacling judiciaI scvulin
and
vequive
a
conpeIIing jusliJicalion.
WIen il cones lo sexuaI
expvession,
Iovevev,
lIe slale is nol
oIIiged
lo oJJev a
conpeIIing
valionaIe,
and lIe Couvl's decisions
pvoceed I
assevlion valIev lIan
I IogicaI veasoning.
LiIe
Juslice
Slevavl's
cIain,
lIe Couvl's doclvine
suggesls
lIal sexuaI
expvession
can
|and
pevIaps
nusl)
Ie
veguIaled I
Iav even iJ
|and
pveciseI
Iecause)
il is
Ieond
veasoned discussion.
TIe
pecuIiav veIalionsIip
Ielveen Iav and sexuaI
expvession
is
pevIaps
Iesl
exenpIiJied I
lIe Indiana slalule
upIeId
in Bavnes v.
OIen
TIealve, Inc.,11
vIicI
vequived
olIevvise nude dancevs lo veav
paslies
and
O-slvings.
Al Jivsl
gIance,
lIe
Iav,
upIeId
as a
Iegilinale
eJJovl lo sIove
up connunil
novaIs,
appeavs
lo sevve
IillIe,
iJ
an,
novaI
puvpose:
an
exceedingI
Jine Iine
dislinguisIes
lIe
vIoII
nude dancev Jvon one allived in accovdance vilI Indiana Iav.
Indeed,
Jov
nan,
lIe scanl
coveving vequived
vouId
IiIeI
naIe lIe
dancevs nove
sex,
nol Iess.12 Indiana's insislence lIal lIis Iine Ie
nainlained-and lIe Couvl's
appvovaI
oJ lIal
Iine-suggesls
lIal
vIal is
uIlinaleI
al slaIe is nol lIe
pvoIiIilion
oJ sex
ilseIJ,
Iul lIe
assevlion oJ lIe
vigIl
|and
capacil)
lo conlvoI ils
puIIic vepvesenla-
lion.
Bavnes veJIecls one oJ lIe nosl cuvious Jealuves oJ lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
al Ieasl as a nallev oJ
doclvine,
puIIic
vepvesenlalions
oJ sex ave nove
suIjecl
lo
veguIalion
lIan sexuaI
IeIaviov. TIis vevevses lIe usuaI
veIalionsIip
Ielveen conducl and
expvession.
WIiIe il is
iIIegaI,
Jov
exanpIe,
lo voI a
IanI,
il is nol
iIIegaI
lo
puIIisI
a noveI ov naIe a novie aIoul
voIIing
a IanI.
ScIoIavs and
juvisls
Iave
Iong
deIaled ovev lIe
pvecise poinl
al
vIicI
advocac
oJ
iIIegaI
conducl sIouId Iose ils Fivsl Anendnenl
Found.,
438 U.S. 726
|1978):
Young
v. Anevican Mini
TIealves, Inc.,
427 U.S. 50
|1976).
501 U.S. 560
|1991).
12
See
inJva
lexl
acconpaning
noles 219-29.
[VoI.
143 111
pvoleclion,
Iul no one denies lIal a
noveIisl,
JiInnaIev ov
pIavvigIl
Ias lIe
vigIl
lo
depicl iIIegaI
acls. CenlvaI lo lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl lvadilion is lIe nolion lIal one Ias Ivoadev Jveedon
in one's
expvession
lIan in one's acls.
WIen il cones lo
sex, Iovevev,
lIe vuIe is vevevsed. WIiIe
sexuaI conducl is Jav Jvon
unveguIaled,13
conslilulionaI Iav
pevnils
nove exlensive
veguIalion
oJ lIe
puIIic vepvesenlalion
oJ
sexuaI IeIaviov lIan oJ lIe IeIaviov ilseIJ. As conslvued
I
lIe
Supvene
Couvl,
lIe Fivsl Anendnenl nol
onI
JaiIs lo
pvolecl
vepvesenlalions
oJ
iIIegaI
sexuaI
conducl:
il
pevnils
lIe slale lo
cvininaIize lIe
vepvesenlalion
oJ sexuaI conducl lIal is ilseIJ
IegaI
lo
engage
in.
OIscenil
doclvine,
Jov
exanpIe, pevnils
lIe
pvoscviplion
oJ
pvuvienl depiclions
oJ
palenlI
oJJensive sexuaI
conducl,
vIelIev ov nol lIe
undevIing
conducl is
|ov
couId
Ie)
unIavJuI.
SiniIavI,
vIiIe
pvivale
nude
dancing
Ias nevev Ieen
Ianned,
ils
puIIic dispIa na
Ie
exlensiveI veguIaled.'4
TIis AvlicIe seeIs lo addvess lIe
queslions
vaised
I
Juslice
Slevavl's
senlence,
Bavnes's
inage,
and ouv cuIluve's oIsession vilI
veguIaling
lIe
oJ sex. Favl I
avgues
lIal lIe
convenlionaI
jusliJicalions
Jov
pevnilling
lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession-lIal
sexuaI
expvession
is nol
poIilicaI,
and is nove aIin
lo conducl lIan
speecI-ave inadequale
Iecause
lIe
vesl on
ovevI
sinpIislic
nolions oJ IolI
sexuaIil
and
speecI,
and ave
conlvav
lo
cove Fivsl Anendnenl
pvincipIes.
In Favl
II,
I
suggesl
lIal lIe ansvev lo
vI vepvesenlalions
oJ
sexuaI conducl ave nove
suIjecl
lo
veguIalion
lIan sex ilseIJ Iies in
lIe denavcalion Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale spIeves.
Lavs
13
In
pavlicuIav, vivluaII
aII slales
pvoIiIil pvoslilulion
and
incesl, vIiIe,
as oJ
1994,
onI eigIleen
slales Iave cvininaIized
sodon.
SeavcI oJ
LE7IS,
Codes
LiIvav,
AIIcde FiIe
|Sepl.
21, 1994) |Jinding anlisodon
slalules in
AIaIana,
AvIansas, CaIiJovnia, Conneclicul,
Oeovgia,
Kansas,
KenlucI, MavIand, MicIigan,
Minnesola, Missouvi,
Nev
Mexico,
Nev
YovI, OIio, OIIaIona,
Ovegon,
SoulI
BaIola,
and
UlaI). Fvoslilulion, Iovevev,
is
genevaII
loIevaled
despile
lIe Iavs on
lIe
IooIs,
and
sodon
is
vaveI pvoseculed.
I do nol nean lo undevslale lIe
signiJicance
oJ Iavs
veguIaling
sexuaI IeIaviov.
FavlicuIavI
vilI
vespecl
lo
pvoIiIilions
on IonosexuaI
sex,
sucI Iavs ave oJlen enJovced
I
Iess divecl neans
lIan a cvininaI
pvoseculion.
TIus,
govevnnenl enpIoevs na
Jive
ga enpIoees,
couvls
na den ga
and IesIian
pavenls cuslod
oJ lIeiv
cIiIdven,
and
pvivale pavlies
na
enJovce sucI
pvoIiIilions lIvougI ga-IasIing
and lIe IiIe.
14
SiniIavI,
in Oveal
Bvilain,
novaI
veguIalion
in lIe 1970s looI lIe Jovn oJ lIe
veguIalion
oJ
vepvesenlalions
oJ
sexuaIil
as
opposed
lo
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI IeIaviouv.
Lnda
Nead,
TIe FenaIe Nude
FovnogvapI,
Avl,
and
SexuaIil,
in SE7 E7FOSEB
SE7UALITY ANB THE FOBNOOBAFHY BEBATE
280,
285
|Lnne SegaI
&
Mav
McInlosI
eds., 1993) [IeveinaJlev
SE7
E7FOSEB].
1994]
vegavding
sexuaI
expvession
Jocus
pvinaviI
on
Ieeping
sex oul oJ
lIe
puIIic spIeve. Sociel lavgels
Jov
vepvession
lIose vIo
cIaIIenge
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine
I naIing puIIic
sexuaI nallevs
lIal lIe
najovil
vouId
pveJev
venained
pvivale.
In
Jacl,
Jov sone
lIe essence oJ lIe oIscene is ils
puIIicalion
oJ
pvivale sexuaIil.
TIe Couvl's sexuaI
speecI
doclvine
adopls
and veinJovces lIis
puIIic/pvivale
Iine.
OIscenil
in lIe
Ione,
Jov
exanpIe,
is
conslilulionaII pvolecled,'5
vIiIe lIe saIe ov
lvanspovlalion
oJ lIe
sane
oIscenil na
Ie cvininaIized.'6
TIvougI
a cIose
veading
oJ
Bavnes,
Favl II lIen
suggesls
lIal lIe
Couvl's oIsession vilI
pvesevving
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine in sexuaI
speecI
is nol
onI conlvav
lo,
Iul Ias
acluaII
invevled lvo oJ lIe
nosl Iasic
pvincipIes
oJ Fivsl
Anendnenljuvispvudence.
Ovdinavi-
I,
lIe seIeclive
veguIalion
oJ
puIIic
conducl
lviggevs IeigIlened
Fivsl Anendnenl
scvulin
Iecause il indicales an
allenpl
lo sliJIe
connunicalion: Ieve,
veguIalion
oJ
puIIic
conducl is
pevnilled
pveciseI
Iecause lIe conducl is
puIIic.
And
ovdinaviI
lIe Jacl lIal
lIe
najovil
Jinds
pavlicuIav speecI
oJJensive is a veason lo
pvolecl
il:
vIen il cones lo sexuaI
expvession,
Iovevev,
connunil
oJJense
is lIe
jusliJicalion
Jov
suppvession.
I
poinl
lo lIese invevsions nol
so nucI lo oJJev a doclvinaI Fivsl Anendnenl deJense oJ sexuaI
speecI-aIlIougI
I lIinI a
slvong
deJense can Ie nade-as lo
suggesl
lIal
sonelIing
eIse is
going
on.
AnaIsis
oJ lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
nusl exlend
Ieond
doclvine lo a cuIluvaI
exaninalion oJ lIe
veguIalov inpevalive.
Favl III lIeveJove asIs
vI sociel pIaces
sucI
enpIasis
on
dvaving puIIic/pvivale
Iines in nallevs oJ sexuaI
expvession.
In
pavl,
no
douIl,
enJovcenenl oJ lIese Iines
pvovides
lIe iIIusion lIal
ve can conlvoI
sexuaIil,
a nallev
aIvas
in douIl. Bul vIeve
pviov
accounls Iave slvessed lIe eJJecls lIal sexuaI
vepvession
and
15
See
SlanIe
v.
Oeovgia,
394 U.S. 557
|1969) |IoIding
lIal lIe Fivsl Anendnenl
Ians cvininaIizalion oJ
oIscenil
in lIe
Ione).
16 See Uniled Slales v. 12 200-Fl. BeeIs oJ
Supev
8nn.
FiIn,
413 U.S. 123
|1973)
|IoIding
lIal
inpovlalion
oJ oIscene naleviaIs Jov
pvivale
use
na
Ie
pvoIiIiled):
Uniled Slales v.
BeideI,
402 U.S. 351
|1971) |IoIding
lIal
naiIing
oJ oIscene
naleviaIs Jov
pvivale
use
na
Ie
cvininaIized).
Meve
possession
oJ cIiId
povnogvapI na
Ie
conslilulionaII
cvininaIized. See
OsIovne v.
OIio,
495 U.S. 103
|1990):
Nev YovI v.
FevIev,
458 U.S. 747
|1982).
Hovevev,
lIe valionaIe Jov
pvoIiIiling
cIiId
povnogvapI-lIe pvoleclion
oJ cIiIdven
Jvon
necessaviI
nonconsensuaI sexuaI
expIoilalion-dislinguisIes
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
cIiId
povnogvapI
Jvon lIe
veguIalion
oJ olIev
povnogvapI.
TIis AvlicIe does nol
addvess lIe issue oJ cIiId
povnogvapI,
Iul
onI
addvesses sexuaI
expvession
nade
I,
Jov,
and vilI
consenling
aduIls.
[VoI.
143 11
veguIalion
Iave on lIe nainlenance oJ sociaI
ovdev,
povev,
and
pvoduclivil,
I
suggesl
lIal ve considev lIe eJJecls lIal sucI
veguIalion
Ias on
sexuaIil
ilseIJ.
SexuaI
expvession,
I
pvopose, inevilaII
conJounds
sociel's
allenpls
lo
veguIale
il. Il suIvevls
evev
laIoo
I naIing
il a JelisI.
TIe JovIidden is
sinuIlaneousI
evolicized. As a
vesuIl,
allenpls
lo
veguIale
sexuaI
expvession
ave dooned lo
JaiIuve:
I cvealing
laIoos
lo
lvansgvess, veguIalion onI
adds lo sexuaI
expvession's appeaI.
Al
lIe sane
line,
I oIsessiveI seeIing
lo
veguIale
and conlvoI sexuaI
expvession,
ve conslvucl a
sexuaIil
lIal is in luvn oIsessed vilI
lvansgvession
and
laIoo,
oJlen lo lIe excIusion oJ olIev vaIues. Ouv
veguIalions endIessI vepvoduce
a
povnogvapIic conceplion
oJ
sexuaIil,
vIicI in luvn Iinils ouv
aIiIil
lo venaIe
sexuaIil
in a
diJJevenl
IigIl.
TIus,
lIose vIo ave cvilicaI oJ lIe
povnogvapIic
cIavaclev oJ Anevican
sexuaIil-vIelIev
Jvon an
aeslIelic, novaI,
ov Jeninisl
pevspeclive-na onI
veinJovce lIal cIavaclev iJ
lIe
conlinue lo insisl on a
slvaleg
oJ
suppvession.
I. BEOULATINO SE7UAL E7FBESSION
THE TBABITIONAL
JUSTIFICATIONS
Tvo
pvincipaI jusliJicalions
Iave Ieen advanced lo
expIain vI
govevnnenl
sIouId Iave a Jveev Iand in
veguIaling
sexuaI
expves-
sion lIan in
veguIaling
nosl olIev Jovns oJ
expvession.
TIe Jivsl
assevls lIal sexuaI
speecI
is
calegovicaII
diJJevenl Jvon
poIilicaI
speecI,
and lIeveJove oJ Iov vaIue. TIe second cIains lIal sexuaI
expvession
is cIosev lo conducl lIan
speecI,
eilIev Iecause il JaiIs
lo
appeaI
lo lIe inleIIecl ov Iecause il suIovdinales
vonen,
and
lIeveJove does nol desevve lIe JuII
pvoleclion
accovded olIev nodes
oJ
expvession.
NeilIev
jusliJicalion
is suJJicienl lo
expIain
lIe
veduced conslilulionaI slalus oJ sexuaI
speecI.
A. Sex and FoIilics
TIe cenlvaI Jocus oJ lIe Fivsl Anendnenl lvadilion Ias Ieen
poIilicaI speecI.
Fivsl Anendnenl Iove
Iegins
vilI lIe cvininaIi-
zalion oJ cvilicisn oJ lIe
govevnnenl
in lIe Sedilion Acl oJ
1798,
vIicI Fvesidenl
JeJJevson soundI vepudialed I pavdoning
aII
convicled undev il.17 TIe Jivsl
inpovlanl speecI
cases decided
I
17
In Nev YovI Tines Co. v.
SuIIivan,
376 U.S.
254,
276-77
|1964),
lIe
Supvene
Couvl veIied
upon
lIe
vepudialion
oJ lIe Sedilion Acl lo
jusliJ inposing
slvicl Fivsl
Anendnenl veslviclions on aclions Jov IiIeI oJ
puIIic
oJJiciaIs.
1994]
lIe
Supvene
Couvl invoIved anlivav
pvoleslovs duving
WovId Wav
I.18
Beginning
Ielveen lIe WovId Wavs and
conlinuing
veII inlo
lIe
1960s,
nosl oJ lIe Couvl's
Ieading
Fivsl Anendnenl cases
vevieved
allenpls
lo
penaIize
Connunisl ov SociaIisl
Favl
nenIevs and JeIIov lvaveIevs Jov lIeiv
speecI
ov
associalions.'9
TIe civiI
vigIls
novenenl
gave
vise lo anolIev sel oJ conslilulionaI
IallIes ovev
poIilicaI speecI,
as lIe Fivsl Anendnenl vas invoIed
lo
guavanlee
lIe
vigIl
lo
engage
in
sil-ins,20
lo
pvolecl
lIe nevs
nedia's
vepovling
on SoulIevn oJJiciaIs' nislvealnenl oJ IIacI cili-
zens,21
and lo
enjoin
slale couvls Jvon
using
cvininaI Iavs lo
Iavass civiI
vigIls
aclivisls.22
18
See ScIencI v. Uniled
Slales,
249 U.S. 47
|1919) |upIoIding
conviclion undev
lIe
Espionage
Acl oJ 1917 Jov
civcuIaling
IeaJIels
uvging opposilion
lo
conscviplion):
BeIs v. Uniled
Slales,
249 U.S. 211
|1919) |upIoIding Espionage
Acl conviclion oJ
SociaIisl
Favl
nalionaI Ieadev Jov
speecI
in vIicI Ie
pvaised pevsons
convicled oJ
aiding
olIevs lo avoid induclion inlo lIe avned
sevvices):
FvoIvevI v. Uniled
Slales,
249 U.S. 204
|1919)
|upIoIding
conviclion Jov
conspivac
lo vioIale lIe
Espionage
Acl
I puIIisIing
avlicIes in Oevnan
Ianguage nevspapev
cvilicaI oJ vav
eJJovl):
AIvans
v. Uniled
Slales,
250 U.S. 616
|1919)
|upIoIding Espionage
Acl conviclions oJ Bussian
innigvanls
vIo dislviIuled IeaJIels
caIIing
Jov
genevaI
slviIe lo
oppose vav).
TIe
Supvene
Couvl did decide
speecI
cases
pviov
lo
1919,
see
genevaII
Bavid M.
BaIIan,
TIe Fivsl Anendnenl in Ils
Fovgollen
Yeavs,
90 YALE
LJ.
514
|1981),
Iul lIe WovId Wav
I cases ave seen as
soving
lIe seeds oJ lIe
speecI-pvoleclive
doclvine ve Inov
loda.
See Bavid
CoIe,
Agon
al
Agova
Cvealive
Misveadings
in lIe Fivsl Anendnenl
Tvadilion,
95 YALE
LJ.
857,
879-92
|1986).
19
See,
e.g.,
OilIov v. Nev
YovI,
268 U.S. 652
|1925)
|upIoIding
conviclion undev
cvininaI
anavcI
slalule oJ SociaIisl
Favl
nenIev Jov
puIIisIing
TIe LeJl
Wing
ManiJeslo,
vIicI advocaled
vevoIulionav sociaIisn): WIilnev.
CaIiJovnia,
274 U.S.
357
|1927) |upIoIding
conviclion undev CaIiJovnia CvininaI
SndicaIisn
Acl Jov
nenIevsIip
in Connunisl LaIov
Favl):
FisIe v.
Kansas, 274 U.S. 380
|1927)
|ovevluvning
conviclion undev Kansas CvininaI
SndicaIisn
Acl Jov
soIiciling
nenIevs Jov WovIevs' InduslviaI
Union): BeJonge
v.
Ovegon,
299 U.S. 353
|1937)
|ovevluvning
conviclion undev CvininaI
SndicaIisn
Lav oJ
Ovegon
Jov
conducling
a
neeling
oJ lIe Connunisl
Favl):
Hevndon v.
Lovv,
301 U.S. 242
|1937)
|ovevluvning
conviclion undev
Oeovgia
slalule Jov
inciling
insuvveclion
I vecvuiling
nenIevs Jov lIe Connunisl
Favl):
Bennis v. Uniled
Slales,
341 U.S. 494
|1951)
|upIoIding
SnilI Acl conviclions oJ nalionaI Connunisl
Favl Ieadevs):
Yales v.
Uniled
Slales,
354 U.S. 298
|1957)
|ovevluvning
SnilI Acl conviclions oJ Connunisl
Favl nenIevs):
ScaIes v. Uniled
Slales,
367 U.S. 203
|1961)
|upIoIding
SnilI Acl
conviclion oJ Connunisl
Favl
nenIev
neveI
Jov aclive
nenIevsIip
in
ovganizalion
advocaling iIIegaI
ovevlIvov oJ
govevnnenl):
Uniled Slales v.
BoIeI,
389 U.S. 258
|1967) |aJJivning
disnissaI oJ an indiclnenl
IvougIl
undev SuIvevsive Aclivilies
ConlvoI Acl oJ a Connunisl
Favl
nenIev Jov
engaging
in
enpIonenl
al deJense
JaciIil).
See
genevaII
Mavc
BoIv,
Connunisls and lIe Fivsl Anendnenl TIe
SIaping
oJ
Fveedon
oJ Advocac
in lIe CoId Wav
Eva,
28 SAN BIEOO L. BEV. 1
|1991).
20
See Bvovn v.
Louisiana,
383 U.S. 131
|1966).
21
See Nev YovI
Tines,
376 U.S. al 256.
22
See BonIvovsIi v.
FJislev,
380 U.S. 479
|1965).
[VoI.
143 111
TIe Couvl's vecovd in lIese
poIilicaI speecI
cases is on lIe
vIoIe nol
vev inspiving.
TIe Couvl's eavIiesl Fivsl Anendnenl
cases aJJivned
Ieav pvison
senlences Jov
puve poIilicaI speecI
unveIaled lo
an
unIavJuI conducl.23 As Iale as 1951 lIe Couvl
upIeId
conviclions Jov neve
nenIevsIip
in lIe Connunisl
Favl.24
And il vas nol unliI 1964 lIal lIe
Supvene
Couvl exlend-
ed Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoleclion
lo cvilicisn oJ
puIIic
oJJiciaIs.25
B
lIe Iale
1960s, Iovevev,
lIe Couvl
adopled JaivI slvong
speecI-pvoleclive
doclvines Jov
poIilicaI speecI.
In
BvandenIuvg
v.
OIio,26 lIe Couvl IeId lIal
speecI advocaling
unIavJuI conducl
cannol Ie
pvoscviIed
unIess il is inlended and
IiIeI
lo
pvoduce
sucI conducl
inninenlI-a
lesl vIicI lIe
govevnnenl
can
vaveI
neel. WilI Nev YovI Tines Co. v. SuIIivan27 and ils
pvogen,
lIe
Couvl
pvolecled
cvilicisn oJ
puIIic
oJJiciaIs and
puIIic Jiguves,
so
Iong
as lIe slalenenls ave nol nade vilI
InovIedge
lIal
lIe
ave
JaIse ov vilI vecIIess indiJJevence lo lIe lvulI. And in Texas v.
JoInson,28
lIe
Couvl,
ovevluvning
a conviclion Jov
Iuvning
lIe
Anevican
JIag,
IeId lIal lIe
govevnnenl
cannol
pvoIiIil snIoIic
poIilicaI expvession sinpI
Iecause il oJJends lIe
najovil
oJ lIe
puIIic.
TaIen
logelIev,
lIese cases oJJev
signiJicanl saJeguavds
Jov
poIilicaI speecI.
TIe
poIilicaI speecI
cases ave
genevaII
seen as lIe cove oJ Fivsl
Anendnenl doclvine.
TIe
veJIecl lIe
pvincipIes
lIal
govevnnenl
na
nol delevnine lvulI ov
pvopviel
in lIe veaIn oJ
puIIic
discouvse,
lIal a Jvee and
vigovous puIIic
deIale is cvuciaI lo lIe
pvocess
oJ deIiIevalive
seIJ-govevnnenl,
lIal lIe
puvpose
oJ lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl is lo
pvolecl
lIe
vigIls
oJ dissidenls and
ninovil
voices,
and lIal lIe Iesl cIecI on lIe aIuse oJ
povev
is lIe
IigIl
oJ
puIIic scvulin
and cvilicisn. Il is cases and
pvincipIes
IiIe lIese
lIal Iave Ied Iav
pvoJessovs
lo caII Jov
dancing
in lIe slveels.29
Bul lIe Fivsl Anendnenl aIso Ias anolIev
slov.
TIis
slov
Ias
a nucI sIovlev line
span, vanging
Jvon lIe 1950s lo lIe
pvesenl.
23
See BeIs v. Uniled
Slales,
249 U.S. 211
|1919).
24
See Uniled Slales v.
Bennis,
341 U.S. 494
|1951).
25
See Nev YovI
Tines,
376 U.S. al 292.
26
395 U.S. 444
|1969).
27
376 U.S. 254
|1964):
see aIso Cuvlis
FuIIisIing
Co. v.
Bulls,
388 U.S. 130
|1967)
|exlending
Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoleclion
lo cvilicisn oJ
puIIic Jiguves).
28
491 U.S. 397
|1989).
29
See
Havv
KaIven,
Jv.,
TIe Nev YovI Tines Case A Nole on TIe CenlvaI
Meaning
oJ
lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
1964 Sup. CT. BEV.
191,
221 n.125
|descviIing
lIe veaclion
oJ AIexandev
MeiIIejoIn
lo Nev YovI Tines Co. v.
SuIIivan).
1994]
Il concevns lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession, incIuding oIscenil,
oJJensive
speecI,
and
puIIic nudil.
TIe Couvl's doclvine in lIis
avea couId nol Ie nove diJJevenl Jvon ils
poIilicaI speecI juvispvu-
dence. In lIe veaIn oJ sexuaI
expvession,
lIe Jacl lIal a
najovil
oJ
lIe
connunil
Jinds
speecI
oJJensive ov innovaI is oJlen suJJicienl
lo
jusliJ
ils
veguIalion.
As
Juslice
Slevens
expIained,
VoIlaive's
venavI lIal I
disappvove
oJ vIal
ou sa,
Iul I viII deJend lo lIe
dealI
ouv vigIl
lo
sa
il30 does nol
appI
lo lIe
suIjecl
oJ sex.
TIe Fivsl Anendnenl lIus Ias lvo
signiJicanl
lvadilions lIal
coexisl in
conspicuous
lension. To accounl Jov lIal
lension,
sone
nenIevs oJ lIe
Supvene
Couvl Iave assevled a
quaIilalive
diJJev-
ence Ielveen sexuaI and
poIilicaI speecI.
In
Young
v. Anevican Mini
TIealves, Inc.,31
Jov
exanpIe,
Juslice
Slevens nainlained lIal
conlenl-Iased
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
is
pevnissiIIe
Iecause
sociel's
inlevesl in
pvolecling
lIis
lpe
oJ
expvession
is oJ a
vIoII
diJJevenl,
and
Iessev,
nagnilude
lIan lIe inlevesl in unlvanneIed
poIilicaI
deIale.32 As Ie
pul
il,
in levns lIal ecIoed
Juslice
Slevavl's I Inov il vIen I see il
WIelIev
poIilicaI ovalov
ov
pIiIosopIicaI
discussion noves us lo
appIaud
ov lo
despise
vIal is
said,
evev
scIooIcIiId can undev-
sland
vI
ouv
dul
lo deJend lIe
vigIl
lo
speaI
venains lIe sane.
Bul Jev oJ us vouId navcI ouv sons and
daugIlevs
oJJ lo vav lo
pvesevve
lIe cilizen's
vigIl
lo see
SpeciJied
SexuaI Aclivilies
exIiIiled in lIe lIealevs oJ ouv cIoice.3
Because il is deened Iess
vaIuaIIe,
sexuaI
speecI
Ias a diJJevenl
Iocalion on lIe
IievavcI
oJ Fivsl Anendnenl
vaIues, and,
unIiIe
poIilicaI expvession, na
Ie
suppvessed
in cevlain conlexls.34 As
lIe Couvl
vecenlI
said oJ nude
dancing,
il is vilIin lIe oulev
pevinelevs
oJ lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
lIougI
ve viev il as
onI
navginaII
so.35
30 S.O.
TALLENTYBE,
THE FBIENBS OF VOLTAIBE 199
|1907)
|quoled
in
Young
v.
Anevican Mini
TIealves, Inc.,
427 U.S.
50,
63
|1976)).
31
427 U.S. 50
|1976).
32
Id. al 70.
33
Id.
34
FCC v. FaciJica
Found.,
438 U.S.
726,
746
|1978).
35 Bavnes v. OIen
TIealve, Inc.,
501 U.S.
560,
566
|1991) |pIuvaIil):
see aIso id. al
n.3
|Soulev, J., concuvving) |slaling
lIal
pvoleclion
oJ
sexuaII expIicil expvession
na
Ie oJ Iessev socielaI
inpovlance
lIan lIe
pvoleclion
oJ olIev Jovns oJ
expves-
sion):
Cil
oJ Benlon v.
FIaline
TIealves, Inc.,
475 U.S.
41,
49 n.2
|1986) |noling
lIal
sociel's
inlevesl in
pvolecling
sexuaI
speecI
is oJ a Iessev
nagnilude
lIan lIe
inlevesl in
pvolecling poIilicaI speecI).
[VoI.
143 111
WIiIe a
najovil
oJ lIe
Supvene
Couvl did nol
expvessI adopl
Juslice
Slevens's viev in Anevican Mini
TIealves,
lIe Couvl's Fivsl
Anendnenl doclvine nonelIeIess
appeavs
lo
depend upon
lIe
cIain lIal sexuaI
expvession
is nol
poIilicaI.36
TIe Couvl aIIovs
govevnnenl
lo
veguIale
sexuaI
expvession
in
vas
lIal il
JIalI
JovIids Jov
poIilicaI speecI.
SexuaI
expvession
can Ie zoned lo
venole
pavls
oJ
lovn,37
denied access lo lIe aivvaves unliI Iale al
nigIl,38
and even
cvininaII suppvessed
iJ lIe
connunil
Jinds il
sinuIlaneousI appeaIing,
oJJensive,
and vaIueIess.39 Mosl
vecenlI,
nude dancevs can Ie
vequived
lo veav
paslies
and a
O-slving
lo
upIoId
lIe
connunil's
novaIs.40
B
conlvasl,
lIe slale is
genevaI-
I
Iavved Jvon
veguIaling poIilicaI expvession,
even iJ an ovevvIeIn-
36
In Anevican Mini
TIealves, Juslice
Slevens vvole lIe
opinion
oJ lIe Couvl
upIoIding
a
zoning
ovdinance
inposed onI
on aduIl novie lIealevs. See 427 U.S. al
52. Hovevev,
Jouv
Juslices dissenled,
see id. al 84
|Slevavl, Bvennan, MavsIaII,
BIacInun,
JJ., dissenling),
and
Juslice
FoveII vvole
sepavaleI
lo nole lIal Ie
disagveed
vilI
Juslice
Slevens's viev lIal
nonoIscene,
evolic naleviaIs
na
Ie
lvealed
diJJevenlI
undev Fivsl Anendnenl
pvincipIes
Jvon olIev Jovns oJ
pvolecled
expvession.
Id. al 73 n.1
|FoveII,
J., concuvving):
see aIso
FaciJica,
438 U.S. al 761
|FoveII,J., concuvving) |voling
lo
upIoId
FCC veslviclion on Iouvs vIen indecenl
naleviaI couId Ie
Ivoadcasl,
Iul
vviling sepavaleI
lo slale lIal in
n
viev,
lIe vesuIl
in lIis case does nol luvn on vIelIev CavIin's
nonoIogue,
vieved as a
vIoIe,
ov lIe
vovds lIal conslilule
il,
Iave nove ov Iess 'vaIue' lIan a candidale's
canpaign
speecI).
In IolI Anevican Mini TIealves and
FaciJica,Juslice
FoveII,
vIo casl lIe decisive
voles,
insisled lIal Ie did nol
acceplJuslice
Slevens's viev lIal sexuaI
expvession
is
Iess vaIuaIIe lIan
poIilicaI expvession,
and lIeveJove Iess
vovlI
oJ Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoleclion.
See 427 U.S. al 73
n.1:
438 U.S. al 761. Al lIe sane
line, Iovevev,
FoveII voled lo
upIoId
lIe
veguIalions
al issue in IolI cases.
Juslice
Bvennan
concIuded lIal iJ FoveII neanl vIal Ie said-lIal lIeve sIouId Ie no dislinclion
Ielveen
poIilicaI
and sexuaI
expvession-Iis anaIsis
vouId
pevnil govevnnenl
lo
veguIale poIilicaI speecI
in lIe sane nannev lIal il Ias
veguIaled
sexuaI
speecI.
See
FaciJica,
438 U.S. al 772 n.6
|Bvennan,
J., dissenling).
Undev
FaciJica
lIe FCC couId
Ian oJJensive
poIilicaI expvession
Jvon lIe aivvaves vIiIe cIiIdven
nigIl
Ie
Iislening.
And undev Anevican Mini TIealves a lovn counciI couId zone dissidenl
poIilicaI
IooIsloves ov
speaIevs
lo
pavlicuIav
aveas oJ lovn iJ il concIuded lIal
lIe
allvacled an undesivaIIe cIienleIe lIal caused
secondav pvoIIens.
Since il is
exlveneI unIiIeI
lIal FoveII vouId Iave
upIeId
sucI
veguIalions
oJ
poIilicaII
oJJensive
speecI,
Ie nusl Iave Ieen
veIing, despile
Iis
denuvvevs,
on an
unspoIen
dislinclion Ielveen
poIilicaI
and sexuaI
speecI.
37 See
Cil oJ
Benlon,
475 U.S. al
43:
Anevican Mini
TIealves,
427 U.S. al 72-73.
38 See
FaciJica,
438 U.S. al 750.
39 See MiIIev v.
CaIiJovnia,
413 U.S.
15,
24
|1973).
Undev lIe MiIIev
slandavd,
a
juv
nusl Jind
speecI
lo IolI
appeaI
lo lIe
pvuvienl
inlevesls and Ie
palenlI
oJJensive in ovdev lo Jind il oIscene. In
addilion,
lIe
juv
nusl Jind lIal lIe vovI
IacIs
an
sevious
Iilevav,
avlislic,
poIilicaI,
ov scienliJic vaIue.
40
See Bavnes v. OIen
TIealve, Inc.,
501 U.S.
560,
563
|1991).
1994]
ing najovil
oJ lIe
puIIic
Jinds il
oJJensive, innovaI,
and vilIoul
vedeening
vaIue.41
FevIaps
lIe nosl exlvene vevsion oJ sucI a
IievavcI
oJ
poIilicaI
and sexuaI
speecI
vas
pvoposed I
lIe SoIicilov OenevaI in
BolI v. Uniled
Slales,42
vIo
suggesled
lIe
JoIIoving
scaIe oJ vaIue
poIilicaI speecI
veIigious
econonic
scienliJic
genevaI
nevs and inJovnalion
sociaI and IislovicaI
connenlav
Iilevaluve
avl
enlevlainnenl
nusic
Iunov
connevciaI advevlisenenls
gossip
conic IooIs
epilIels
IiIeI
oIscenil
pvoJanil
connevciaI
povnogvapI.43
TIe Couvl did nol
accepl
lIis
aIsuvdI speciJic calegovizalion,
vIicI
vouId Iave
vequived expIaining, anong
olIev
lIings, vI gossip
is
Iess vaIuaIIe lIan Iunov Iul nove vaIuaIIe lIan conic IooIs. Bul
lIe Couvl's
oIscenil
doclvine nonelIeIess vesls on a
calegovicaI
assevlion lIal al Ieasl sone
sexuaII expIicil speecI
is diJJevenl Jvon
and Iess vaIuaIIe lIan
poIilicaI speecI. Juslice
Bvennan's decision
in BolI IeId lIal lIe Fivsl Anendnenl vas
designed
lo assuve an
unJelleved
excIange
oJ ideas
Iaving
even lIe
sIigIlesl vedeening
sociaI
inpovlance,
Iul Jound lIal
inpIicil
in lIe
Iislov
oJ lIe
41
See Texas v.
JoInson,
491 U.S.
397,
414
|1989)
|assevling
lIal iJ lIeve is a
IedvocI
pvincipIe undevIing
lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
il is lIal Oovevnnenl
na
nol
pvoIiIil
lIe
expvession
oJ an idea
sinpI
Iecause
sociel
Jinds lIe idea ilseIJ oJJensive
ov
disagveeaIIe):
HuslIev
Magazine
v.
FaIveII,
485 U.S.
46,50
|1988)
|exlending
Fivsl
Anendnenl
pvoleclion
lo
speecI
lIal is
palenlI
oJJensive and inlended lo inJIicl
enolionaI
injuv):
CoIen v.
CaIiJovnia,
403 U.S.
15,
21
|1971)
|pvolecling,
undev lIe
Fivsl
Anendnenl,
lIe
vigIl
lo veav
ajacIel Ieaving
lIe
nessage,
FucI lIe
BvaJl).
42
354 U.S. 476
|1957).
43
BvieJ Jov lIe Uniled Slales al
29,
BolI v. Uniled
Slales,
354 U.S. 476
|1957)
|No. 582).
[VoI.
143 111
Fivsl Anendnenl is lIe
vejeclion
oJ
oIscenil
as
ullevI
vilIoul
vedeening
sociaI
inpovlance.44
Undev cuvvenl
oIscenil
doc-
lvine,
once sexuaI
speecI
is Jound lo Iave no sevious
Iilevav,
avlislic,
poIilicaI,
ov scienliJic
vaIue,
il
na
Ie
cvininaII pvoIiIiled
iJ lIe
connunil
Jinds il
sIaneJuII
ov
novIidI pvuvienl
and
palenlI
oJJensive.45
TIus,
lIe Couvl's
slvaleg
Jov
vesoIving
lIe lension Ielveen
sexuaI and
poIilicaI speecI
is lo assevl an
oIjeclive
diJJevence in lIe
cIavaclev oJ lIe
speecI.46
TIal
calegovicaI
assevlion is
expvessI
IuiIl inlo lIe
oIscenil doclvine-poIilicaI speecI
is
I
deJinilion
nol oIscene-and
inpIied
in lIe oJJensive
speecI
doclvine
|Iecause
one cannol
inagine
lIe Couvl
pevnilling zoning
oJ
poIilicaII
oJJensive
IooIsloves).
Bul lIe assevlion is neilIev
descvipliveI
accuvale nov
novnaliveI jusliJied.
As a
descviplive
nallev,
lIe
poIilicaI signiJicance
oJ sexuaI
expvession
is veveaIed
evev da. SexuaIil
and ils
expvession
Iave
Iecone Iealed
poIilicaI
issues in
vivluaII evev
avena,
Jvon IocaI
scIooI Ioavd
dispules
ovev sex
educalion,47
lo slale
anli-ga
IegisIalive
eJJovls,48
lo consevvalive and Jeninisl
allenpls
lo
44
BolI,
354 U.S. al 484.
45 MiIIev v.
CaIiJovnia,
413 U.S.
15,
24
|1973).
46 Sone connenlalovs Iave enIvaced lIis
jusliJicalion.
Cass
Sunslein,
Jov
exanpIe, avgues
lIal
povnogvapI na
Ie
veguIaled
consislenl vilI lIe Fivsl Anend-
nenl Iecause il is Iov vaIue
speecI,
in
pavl
Iecause ils
suIjecl
is Jav aJieId Jvon
poIilicaI speecI.
See Cass B.
Sunslein,
FovnogvapI
and lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
1986
BUKE
LJ.
589, 602-05.
47
See,
e.g., Mav
C.
BunIap,
SexuaI
SpeecI
and lIe Slale
Fulling FovnogvapI
in Ils
FIace,
17 OOLBEN OATE U. L. BEV.
359,
369-70
|1987) |descviIing
lIe CaIiJovnian
deIale ovev sex educalion
guideIines
in 1986 and
1987).
48
On NovenIev
3, 1992,
CoIovado volevs
passed
Anendnenl
2,
vIicI
pvoIiIils
lIe enaclnenl oJ ovdinances
againsl
discvininalion on sexuaI ovienlalion
gvounds
and
vepeaIed ga vigIls
ovdinances in
Aspen,
BouIdev,
and Benvev. See
LegisIalov OJJeving
Measuve lo
BepeaI Anli-Oa
Vole,
Beulevs
Liniled,
BecenIev
7, 1992,
avaiIaIIe in
LE7IS,
Nexis
LiIvav,
BEUNA FiIe.
In
Ovegon,
lIe
Ovegon
Cilizens' AIIiance
|OCA) pvonoled
BaIIol Measuve
9,
a
1992 inilialive lIal vouId Iave venoved IonosexuaI naleviaIs Jvon scIooIs and
decveed
IonosexuaIil
lo Ie
vvong,
aInovnaI,
unnaluvaI and
pevvevse.
MeIinda
Bavgveen,
A
Big
Bound
oJJeevs Jov
TIese
Honovees,
SEATTLE
TIMES,
Sepl.
26, 1993,
al
FI.
AIlIougI
lIe veJevendun did nol
pass,
16
Ovegon
cilies and counlies Iave
adopled
IocaI
OCA-sponsoved IegisIalion
lIal
pvoIiIils an govevnnenl vecognilion
ov
pvonolion
oJ IonosexuaIs'
vigIls
ov Jveedon Jvon discvininalion. In
Augusl
1993,
lIe
Ovegon IegisIaluve passed
a IiII
pvoIiIiling
lIese IocaI ovdinances Iul lIe
Iav is nov
Ieing cIaIIenged I
lIe OCA. See Keizev
Appvoves Anli-Oa
Measuve, UFI,
Nov. 10, 1993,
avaiIaIIe in
LE7IS,
Nexis
LiIvav,
UFI
FiIe:
Ovegon
Cilies
Adopl Anli-Oa
BigIls
Measuves,
BaiI
LaI.
Bep.
|BNA)
No. 217,
al B-20.
|Nov.
12, 1993),
avaiIaIIe in
LE7IS,
Nexis
LiIvav,
Cuvnvs FiIe. TIe OCA Ias aIso
allenpled
lo slavl
anli-ga
1994]
veguIale povnogvapI,49
lo allacIs on avlisls vIo use sexuaI lIenes
in lIeiv
vovI,50
lo deIales ovev
JaniI
vaIues in nalionaI
pvesi-
denliaI
canpaigns.51
As KendaII TIonas Ias noled
Biscussions oJ issues
vegavding sexuaIil
lIal veve conducled in
lIe vIelovic oJ
pvivac
Iave
incveasingI
cone lo Ie
posed
as
puIIic
issues aIoul veIalions oJ
povev
and doninalion.
SlvuggIes
ovev
sexuaIil
and ils sociaI
neaning
ave nov
JivnI
Jixed on ouv
nalionaI
poIilicaI agenda.52
TIe eJJovls oJ
poIilicians
and inlevesl
gvoups
lo censov sexuaI
expvession onI
undevscove lIe
poIilicaI signiJicance
oJ sucI
expvession.
TIe Jeninisl inilialive lo
veguIale povnogvapI,
Jov
exanpIe,
is
diveclI pvedicaled
on
povnogvapI's poIilicaI
nes-
sage-lIe
suIovdinalion and
oIjecliJicalion
oJ vonen.53
Indeed,
lIe
coIIapse
oJ a
descvipliveI pevsuasive
dislinclion Ielveen
poIilicaI
and sexuaI
speecI na
Ie nove
genevaII
allviIuled lo
sociel's videspvead adoplion
oJ an
eavI
Jeninisl
insigIl,
nov a
lvuisn lIe
pevsonaI
is
poIilicaI.
TIe dislinclion Ielveen sexuaI and
poIilicaI speecI
aIso naIes
IillIe sense in
IigIl
oJ Fivsl Anendnenl
pvincipIes.
TIe
onI
valionaIe lIe Couvl Ias oJJeved is lIal
sociel
Jinds sexuaI
speecI
Iess vaIuaIIe lIan
poIilicaI speecI.
Bul lIe Fivsl Anendnenl
inilialives in
WasIinglon,
IdaIo,
and CaIiJovnia. See
Bavgveen, supva,
al FI.
49
See CATHABINE
MACKINNON,
ONLY WOBBS 9
|1993) |cIaining
lIal
[p]volecling
povnogvapI
neans
pvolecling
sexuaI aIuse as
speecI).
50 See
inJva
noles
78-84,
88-93 and
acconpaning
lexl.
51 BolI lIe
BepuIIican
and Benocvalic
pavlies appeaIed
lo
JaniI
vaIues in lIe
1992
pvesidenliaI canpaign.
See
SIevI McCavlI,
OOF VaIues
Oelling
Mean,
NEWSBAY
|N.Y.),
Aug.
19, 1992,
al
20:
Andvev
BosenlIaI,
WIal's Meanl and WIal's
Mean in lIe
FaniI
VaIues
BallIe,
N.Y. TIMES,
JuI
26, 1992, ? 4,
al 1. Al lIe 1992
BepuIIican
Convenlion,
Fal BucIanan deIiveved a
JaniI
vaIues
speecI
lIal
diveclI
allacIed
ga vigIls,
aIovlion,
and Jeninisn. See
Ton
FveenanlIe,
BucIanan SouI
oJ
U.S. is al
SlaIe,
HOUSTON
CHBON.,
Aug.
18, 1992,
al B1.
52 KendaII
TIonas,
Beond
lIe
Fvivac FvincipIe,
92 COLUM. L. BEV.
1431,
1510
|1992) |cilalions onilled).
Lnne SegaI
Ias
siniIavI
vvillen Tvo
lIings,
al
Ieasl,
ave cIeav
loda. SexuaIil
is a
IallIegvound
vilIin nainslvean
poIilics
as nevev IeJove
in lIe lvenlielI
cenluv:
and alliludes lovavds
IonosexuaIil
ave on lIe Jvonl-Iine.
LYNNE
SEOAL,
SLOW MOTION CHANOINO
MASCULINITIES,
CHANOINO MEN 160
|1990).
Fov
inlevesling
accounls oJ lIe inlevconneclions oJ
povnogvapI
and
poIilicaI
dissenl in 16lI lo 18lI
cenluv Euvope,
see
Lnn
Hunl,
Inlvoduclion lo THE
INVENTION OF FOBNOOBAFHY OBSCENITY ANB THE OBIOINS OF
MOBEBNITY,
1500-
1800, al 9
|Lnn
Hunl
ed., 1993).
TIe Uniled
Slales, Iovevev,
appeavs
lo IacI sucI
a
lvadilion:
lIe use oJ sexuaI
speecI
Jov
expvessI poIilicaI puvposes
is a nucI nove
vecenl
pIenonenon, IavgeI
lvaceaIIe lo lIe
coning
oul oJ
gas
and IesIians. See
inJva
noles 79-82 and
acconpaning
lexl.
53
See Anevican BooIseIIevs
Ass'n,
Inc. v. Hudnul, 771 F.2d 323, 328-29
|7lI
Civ.
1985),
aJJd,
475 U.S. 1001
|1986).
[VoI.
143 111
pvecIudes pveciseI
sucI vaIue
judgnenls:
il is nosl needed lo
pvolecl
lIal
speecI
vIicI lIe
najovil
Jinds nosl
oJJensive,
Ieasl
vaIuaIIe,
and lIeveJove Ieasl
vovlI
oJ
pvoleclion.54
TIus,
lo
suggesl
lIal sexuaI
expvession na
Ie censoved Iecause ve Jind
il Iess
inpovlanl
lIan olIev
speecI
is lo
den
Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoleclion exaclI
vIeve il is needed.
B.
BeguIaling FovnogvapI
as Sex Aid ov SuIovdinalion
SevevaI
pvoponenls
oJ lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
Iave
advanced a diJJevenl valionaIe Jov
accovding
sexuaI
expvession
dininisIed conslilulionaI
pvoleclion, assevling
lIal il is
noncog-
nilive. FvedevicI
ScIauev,
lIis
lIeov's
nosl avdenl
pvoponenl,
avgues
lIal al Ieasl sone sexuaI
expvession-Iavd-cove povnogva-
pI-desevves
no Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoleclion
Iecause il is
designed
lo
pvoduce
a
puveI pIsicaI
eJJecl.55 He IiIens Iavd-
cove
povnogvapI
lo a sexuaI
aid,
and
suggesls
lIal since a viIvalov
vouId nol veceive Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoleclion,
neilIev sIouId
povnogvapI.56
TIis
avgunenl
vesls on a
puvpovled
dislinclion
54
See FCC v. FaciJica
Found.,
438 U.S. 726, 745
|1978) |[T]Ie
Jacl lIal
sociel
na
Jind
speecI
oJJensive is nol a suJJicienl veason Jov
suppvessing
il.
Indeed,
iJ il
is lIe
speaIev's opinion
lIal
gives
oJJense,
lIal
consequence
is a veason Jov
accovding
il conslilulionaI
pvoleclion.):
STEVEN H.
SHIFFBIN,
THE FIBST
AMENBMENT,
BEMOCBA-
CY,
ANB BOMANCE 108
|1990) |avguing
lIal lIe Fivsl Anendnenl is
designed
lo
pvolecl
dissenlevs Jvon
najovilavian
vaIues).
55 FvedevicI
ScIauev,
SpeecI
and
SpeecI -OIscenil
and
OIscenil
An Exevcise in
lIe
Inlevpvelalion oJ
ConslilulionaI
Language,
67 OEO.
L.J. 899, 922
|1979) [IeveinaJlev
ScIauev,
SpeecI]:
see U.S. BEF'T
OFJUSTICE,
2 ATTOBNEY OENEBAL'S COMMISSION ON
FOBNOOBAFHY,
FINAL BEFOBT 1275
|1986) [IeveinaJlev
ATTOBNEY
OENEBAL] |dvaJled
I
ScIauev) |OIscene
naleviaIs IacI
cognilive
conlenl ...
.):
FvedevicI
ScIauev,
Besponse FovnogvapI
and lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
40 U. FITT. L. BEV.
605,
608 n.14
|1979) |Bivecl
sexuaI excilenenl can
IavdI
Ie said lo conlviIule lo lIe
navIelpIace
oJ ideas ...
.):
see aIso
JoIn
M.
Finnis,
Beason and Fassion TIe ConslilulionaI
BiaIeclic
oJ
Fvee
SpeecI
and
OIscenil,
116 U. FA. L. BEV.
222, 227
|1967) |oIscenil
na
Ie censoved Iecause il
pevlains,
nol lo lIe veaIn oJ
ideas, veason,
inleIIecluaI
conlenl and
lvulI-seeIing,
Iul lo lIe veaIn oJ
passion,
desives,
cvavings
and
liliIIalion):
Cass B.
Sunslein,
FovnogvapI
and lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
1986 BUKE
LJ.
589,603-04,612-17
|avguing
lIal
povnogvapI
is
veguIaIIe
Iov-vaIue
speecI
Iecause
il is
noncognilive,
does nol inlend lo connunicale an
idea,
is Jav aJieId Jvon
poIilicaI
speecI).
56
ScIauev
avgues
TIe
povnogvapIic
ilen is in a veaI sense a sexuaI
suvvogale.
Il laIes
picloviaI
ov
Iinguislic
Jovn
onI
Iecause sone individuaIs acIieve sexuaI
gvaliJicalion
I
lIose neans.... Considev JuvlIev
vuIIev,
pIaslic,
ov IealIev sex aids.
Il is Iavd lo Jind
an
Jvee
speecI aspecls
in lIeiv saIe ov use. IJ
povnogva-
pI
is vieved
neveI
as a
lpe
oJ aid lo sexuaI
salisJaclion,
an
dislinclion
Ielveen
povnogvapI
and so-caIIed vuIIev
pvoducls
is
neaningIess.
1994]
FLAYINO B Y FOBNOOBAFHY'S BULES 125
Ielveen connunicalion
designed
lo
appeaI
lo lIe inleIIecl and
connunicalion lIal
genevales
sexuaI avousaI.
Upon
exaninalion, Iovevev,
lIis dislinclion
coIIapses
Jvon IolI
sides. On lIe one
Iand,
il
exaggevales
lIe inleIIecluaI cIavaclev oJ
lIe nonsexuaI
speecI
JuII pvolecls.57
WIiIe one can undevsland
vI
a Iav
pvoJessov nigIl
Jind
appeaIing
a cIain lIal
onI speecI
lIal
speaIs
lo lIe inleIIecl sIouId Ie
pvolecled,
sucI a cIain
pvesunes
an
exlveneI pavsinonious
viev
oJ connunicalion. As FauI
CIevign
Ias
eIoquenlI
denonslvaled,
lIe
pvocesses
oJ
pevsuasion, Ieavning,
and
Inoving
ave
I
no neans
puveI
inleIIecluaI ov valionaI.58 We
conpveIend
lIe vovId as
nucI
lIvougI
inluilive
judgnenls,
enolionaI and aeslIelic
vesponses,
and
sleveolpic
IeIieJs and
inages
as
lIvougI puveI
valionaI deduclions.59
Sone oJ lIe nosl inJIuenliaI Jovces in ouv cuIluve do nol naIe
an
avgunenl
ov
appeaI
lo lIe inleIIecl
nusic,
visuaI
avl,
and a
gveal
deaI oJ
advevlising |incIuding poIilicaI advevlising)
conlviIule lo lIe
navIelpIace
oJ ideas
lIvougI
sound,
inagev,
and nonvalionaI
appeaIs
lo
passion
and desive. Il vouId Ie diJJicuIl lo
sa
lIal a
Madonna concevl naIes a
slviclI
valionaI
avgunenl, el
Mad-
onna's connunicalions Iave Iad al Ieasl as
gveal
an eJJecl on ouv
cuIluvaI and
poIilicaI
IiJe as nosl IooIs oJ
anaIlic pIiIosopI
ov
poIilicaI
science. Foels and
pIiIosopIevs
aIiIe Iave
vecognized
and
ceIeIvaled lIe aJJeclive
povev
oJ avl lo
pvoduce
suIIine,
nonvalionaI
vesponses.60
TIus,
one cannol veslvicl Fivsl Anend-
ScIauev,
SpeecI, supva
nole
55,
al 922-23.
57
In Texas
v.JoInson,
lIe
Supvene
Couvl
vejecled
lIe dissenl's
avgunenl
lIal
JIag
Iuvning
sIouId nol Ie
pvolecled
Iecause il is
neveI
an inavlicuIale
gvunl.
491
U.S.
397,
432
|1989)
|BeInquisl, CJ., dissenling)
|Fav
Jvon
Ieing
a case oJ 'one
picluve Ieing
vovlI a lIousand vovds,'
JIag Iuvning
is lIe
equivaIenl
oJ an
inavlicuIale
gvunl
ov voav
lIal,
il seens Jaiv lo
sa,
is nosl
IiIeI
lo Ie
induIged
in nol
lo
expvess an pavlicuIav
idea,
Iul lo
anlagonize
olIevs.).
58 See FauI
CIevign, FovnogvapI
and
Cognilion
A
BepI
lo Cass
Sunslein,
1989
BUKE
LJ.
420:
see aIso
SlepIen
O.
Oe,
TIe
ApoIogelics oJ Suppvession
TIe
BeguIalion
oJ FovnogvapI
as Acl and
Idea,
86 MICH. L. BEV.
1564,
1586-94
|1988) |expIoving
IogicaI
inconsislencies in ScIauev's viev oJ vIal is and is nol
speecI):
Susan E.
KeIIev,
Vieving
and
Boing ConpIicaling FovnogvapI's Meaning,
81 OEO.
LJ.
2195,
2211
|1993)
|CIevign
nainlains lIal so-caIIed valionaI
lIougIl
is
acluaII acconpIisIed
I
inluilion . . . nucI lIe
va
Ie assevls
povnogvapI vovIs.).
59
See
CIevign, supva
nole
58,
al 423-26.
60JoIn
Keals's
poen,
On Fivsl
LooIing
Inlo
CIapnan's
Honev,
is
jusl
one
exanpIe
MucI Iave I lvaveIIed in lIe veaIns oJ
goId,
And
nan goodI
slales and
Iingdons
seen:
Bound
nan
veslevn isIands Iave I Ieen
[VoI.
143 111
nenl
pvoleclion
lo lIe valionaI ov
cognilive
vilIoul
ignoving
vIal
vovIs as
pevsuasion
in
puIIic
discouvse and
vaslI expanding
lIe
govevnnenl's povev
lo censov.
On lIe olIev side oJ lIe
IaIance,
lIe
avgunenl
lIal sexuaI
speecI
is
noncognilive
Iecause il is
designed
lo
pvoduce
a
pIsicaI
eJJecl is
pvedicaled
on an
inpovevisIed
viev oJ
sexuaIil.
TIe
avgunenl inpIies
lIal al
Iase,
sex is
puveI pIsicaI.
Bul sex
cannol Ie
slvipped
oJ ils
expvessive
eIenenls
SexuaIil
is as nucI
aIoul
vovds,
inages,
viluaI and
Janlas
as il is aIoul lIe
Iod
lIe
va
ve lIinI aIoul sex JasIions lIe
va
ve Iive il.61
Moveovev,
even iJ sex couId Ie lvealed as
puveI pIsicaI,
ScIauev's
avgunenl
lIal
povnogvapI
is no nove lIan a sex aid
inpIies
lIal
povnogvapIic inages
soneIov vovI
diveclI
on lIe
sexuaI
ovgans
vilIoul
an cognilive pvocessing.
IJ lIis veve lIe
case,
an depiclion
oJ
nudil
ov sexuaI
ovgans
vouId Ie
povnogvapI-
ic:
lIeve vouId Ie no diJJevence Ielveen an
analon
lexlIooI and
FenlIouse. In
Jacl,
povnogvapI
vovIs
onI
Iecause
|and
lo lIe
exlenl
lIal)
il
pIas upon
Janlasies and navvalives vIicI lIe
veadev,
WIicI Iavds in
JeaIl
lo
ApoIIo
IoId.
OJl oJ one vide
expanse
Iad I Ieen loId
TIal
deep-Ivoved
Honev vuIed as Iis denesne
Yel did I nevev IvealIe ils
puve
sevene
TiII I Ieavd
CIapnan speaI
oul Ioud and IoId
TIen JeIl I IiIe sone valcIev oJ lIe sIies
WIen a nev
pIanel
svins inlo Iis
Ien:
Ov IiIe sloul
Covlez,
vIen vilI
eagIe ees
He slaved al lIe FaciJic-and aII Iis nen
LooIed al eacI olIev vilI a viId suvnise-
SiIenl,
upon
a
peaI
in Bavien.
JoIn
Keals,
On Fivsl
LooIing
Inlo
CIapnan's
Honev,
vepvinled
in THE NEW O7FOBB
BOOK OF ENOLISH VEBSE 602
|HeIen
Oavdnev
ed., 1972).
SIaIespeave's
HanIel Iad a siniIav
insigIl, aIlIougI
Jvon a sonevIal nove
sIeplicaI pevspeclive
Is il nol nonslvous lIal lIis
pIaev
Ieve,
Bul in a
Jiclion,
in a dvean oJ
passion,
CouId Jovce Iis souI so lo Iis ovn conceil
TIal Jvon Iev
vovIing
aII Iis
visage
vanned,
Teavs in Iis
ees,
dislvaclion in Iis
aspecl
...
[A]nd
aII Jov
nolIing!
WILLIAM
SHAKESFEABE,
HAMLET acl
2,
sc. 2
|oIn
B. WiIson
ed.,
CanIvidge
Univevsil
Fvess 2d ed.
1936):
see aIso
FLATO,
THE BEFUBLIC 277-86
|AIIan
BIoon
lvans., 1968) |avguing
lIal
poels
cveale unveaI
inages
vIicI slinuIale ouv enolions
al lIe
expense
oJ ouv
veason).
See
genevaII
IMMANUEL
KANT, CBITIQUE
OFJUBOEMENT
|J.H.
Bevnavd
lvans.,
2d ed. vev.
1914).
61
JEFFBEY
WEEKS,
SE7UALITY ANB ITS BISCONTENTS
MEANINOS,
MYTHS ANB
MOBEBN SE7UALITIES 3
|1985).
1994]
vievev,
ov Iislenev Jinds
avousing.
SexuaI
expvession,
IiIe Iunan
sexuaIil
ilseIJ,
cannol Ie
puveI pIsicaI.
BalIev,
il is
deepI
and
inexlvicaII
inlevvoven vilI ouv
idenlilies,
ouv
enolions,
ouv
upIvinging,
ouv
veIalionsIips
lo olIev Iunan
Ieings,
and lIe evev-
cIanging
navvalives and
inages
lIal ouv
connunil
Jinds slinuIal-
ing.62
TIus,
lIe
avgunenl
lIal sexuaI
expvession
can Ie
useJuII
dislin-
guisIed
Jvon
poIilicaI speecI
Iecause il IacIs
cognilive appeaI
is
insuppovlaIIe.
BolI
poIilicaI
and sexuaI
expvession
vovI in valionaI
and ivvalionaI
vas
and conlviIule lo ouv
cuIluve,
ouv
ideoIog,
and
ouv individuaI and coIIeclive idenlilies
lIvougI
lIeiv valionaI and
ivvalionaI connunicalive conlenl.
A veIaled
avgunenl,
advanced
I anlipovnogvapI
Jeninisls,
nainlains lIal
povnogvapI-deJined genevaII
as lIe
gvapIic
sexuaII expIicil
suIovdinalion oJ vonen
lIvougI picluves
and/ov
vovds63-can Ie
veguIaled
nol Iecause il
lviggevs
a
pIsicaI
ve-
sponse,
Iul Iecause il is conducl. In CalIevine MacKinnon's
viev,
povnogvapI
is a Jovn oJ Jovced
sex,
and
[l]Ie expevience
oJ lIe
|ovevvIeIningI)
naIe audiences vIo consune
povnogvapI
is
lIeveJove nol
Janlas
ov sinuIalion ov calIavsis Iul sexuaI
veaIil
lIe IeveI oJ
veaIil
on vIicI sex ilseIJ
IavgeI opevales.64
In lIis
viev,
povnogvapI
does nol
neveI
advocale vioIence lovavd
vonen,
il is vioIence lovavd
vonen,
and lIeveJove can Ie
veguIaled
vilIoul
62
TIe
puveI pIsicaI
acl oJ sex ilseIJ is aIso oJ couvse
deepI
inIued vilI
expvessive neaning.
Considev,
Jov
exanpIe,
BicIavd OoIdslein's discussion oJ
IonosexuaI sex
[F]ov
nan ga
nen,
JucIing
salisJies a consleIIalion oJ needs lIal ave deaIl
vilI in
slvaigIl sociel
oulside lIe avena oJ sex. Fov
ga
nen, sex,
lIal
nosl
povevJuI inpIenenl
oJ allacInenl and
avousaI,
is aIso an
agenl
oJ
connunion,
vepIacing
an oJlen IosliIe
JaniI
and even
sIaping poIilics.
Il
vepvesenls
an ecslalic IveaI vilI
eavs
oJ
gIances
and
guises,
lIe Juvlive
pasl
ve IeJl IeIind.
BicIavd
OoIdslein,
HeavlsicI Feav and
Loving
in lIe
Oa
Connunil,
VILLAOE
VOICE,
June 28, 1983,
al
9,
12.
63
Andvea
BvovIin,
Againsl
lIe MaIe FIood
CensovsIip, FovnogvapI,
and
EquaIil,
8 HABV. WOMEN'S
LJ.
1,
25
|1985) |pvesenling
ModeI
Anli-FovnogvapI
Lav).
64 CATHABINE A.
MACKINNON,
FEMINISM UNMOBIFIEB BISCOUBSES ON LIFE ANB
LAW 148-49
|1987) |cilalions onilled):
see aIso
MACKINNON,
supva
nole
49,
al 19
|Soonev
ov
Ialev,
in one
va
ov
anolIev,
lIe consunevs
[oJ
povnogvapI]
vanl lo Iive
oul lIe
povnogvapI
JuvlIev in lIvee dinensions. Soonev ov
Ialev,
in one
va
ov
anolIev,
lIe do.):
id. al 28
|In
levns oJ vIal nen ave
doing sexuaII,
an audience
valcIing
a
gang vape
in a novie is no diJJevenl Jvon an audience
valcIing
a
gang
vape
lIal is
ve-enacling
a
gang vape
Jvon a
novie,
ov an audience
valcIing an gang
vape.):
id. al 13
|SociaI
inequaIil
is
suIslanliaII
cvealed and enJovced-lIal
is,
done-lIvougI
vovds and
inages.).
[VoI.
143 111
Fivsl Anendnenl concevns. TIis cIain
coIIapses
lIe dislinclion
Ielveen lIe
vepvesenlalion
oJ suIovdinalion and suIovdinalion
ilseIJ,
and veIies on lIe
Iegilinac
oJ
veguIaling
vioIenl conducl as
an
avgunenl
Jov
veguIaling povnogvapI.
LiIe ScIauev's
avgunenl,
MacKinnon's cIain IolI
pvoves
loo
nucI and
expIains
loo IillIe. Il
pvoves
loo nucI Iecause lIe
vepvesenlalion
oJ suIovdinalion is
I
no neans Iiniled lo
povnogva-
pI.
TIe suIovdinalion and
oIjecliJicalion
oJ vonen can Ie Jound
in
vivluaII evev
Jovn oJ
expvession,
Jvon connevciaI
advevlising
lo
vap
nusic lo JasIion
nagazines
lo
Iesl-seIIing
noveIs lo leIevision
silcons.
Indeed,
in a cuIluve cIavaclevized
I inequaIil,
il vouId
Ie
suvpvising
iJ
inequaIil
veve nol
expvessed
acvoss aII nedia.
Man
oJ lIese Jovns oJ
expvession,
noveovev,
evolicize
IievavcI
and
suIovdinalion,
jusl
as sone
povnogvapI
does. TIese aIove-
gvound
nedia
na
veII Ie nove inJIuenliaI in
pevpelualing
inequaIil
lIan
povnogvapI,
Iecause
lIe
ave nove
videI
disseninaled and Iess
suIjecl
lo sociaI
oppvoIviun.65
IJ lIe concevn is
suIovdinalion,
vI
Jocus
onI
on
gvapIic
sexuaII expIicil nessages
oJ suIovdinalion? WIal aIoul
inpIicil
sexuaI
nessages
oJ suIovdinalion? And vIal aIoul nonsexuaI
nessages
oJ suIovdinalion?
WI
sIouId lIese Ie
an
Iess
suIjecl
lo lIe censov's veacI? As BoIevl
SIippev
Ias noled
InequaIil
can and Ias Ieen
vonanlicized,
gIoviJied,
ceIeIvaled,
palviolized,
lolenized, sacvaIized,
pvoseIlized,
and aeslIelicized.
EacI one oJ lIese
lecIniques
invoIves
posiliveI associaling
inequaIil
vilI a
povevJuI aclion-guiding
enolion.
WI,
lIen,
is
lIe evolicizalion oJ
inequaIil
in a cIass
I
ilseIJ oJ laclics lo Ie
censoved?66
MacKinnon's
avgunenl
oJJevs IillIe
jusliJicalion
Jov
dvaving
lIe Iine
al
povnogvapI
and,
accovdingI,
vouId
appeav
lo
jusliJ
Ivoad
govevnnenl veguIalion
oJ
speecI
lIal aJJivns ov
vepvesenls
vonen's
suIovdinalion.67
65
See CavIin
Meev,
Sex, Sin and Wonen's LiIevalion
Againsl Fovn-Suppvession,
72
TE7. L. BEV.
1097,
1172-83
|1994) |avguing
lIal nainslvean
inages
oJ vonen's
suIovdinalion ave nove
pvevaIenl
and inJIuenliaI lIan
povnogvapI).
66 BoIevl
SIippev,
MiII and
FovnogvapI,
103 ETHICS
726,
728
|1993).
67 Fov
exanpIe,
MacKinnon
avgues
WIen
equaIil
is
vecognized
as a conslilulionaI vaIue and
nandale,
lIe idea
lIal sone
peopIe
ave inJeviov lo olIevs on lIe Iasis oJ
gvoup nenIevsIip
is
aulIovilaliveI vejecled
as lIe Iasis Jov
puIIic poIic.
TIis does nol nean
lIal ideas lo lIe
conlvav
cannol Ie deIaled and
expvessed.
Il sIouId
nean, Iovevev,
lIal sociaI
inJeviovil
cannol Ie
inposed lIvougI an
1994]
MacKinnon's viev oJ
povnogvapI
aIso
expIains
loo IillIe aIoul
sex. Il
povlvas povnogvapI nonoIilIicaII
and
pvesupposes
lIal
lIe
anlipovn
Jeninisls'
veading
oJ
povnogvapI
is
povnogvapI's
onI possiIIe neaning.
In
Jacl,
IiIe nosl nodes oJ
vepvesenlalion,
povnogvapI
Ias diJJevenl eJJecls on diJJevenl veadevs. Fov
sone,
povnogvapI
is
vevoIling
on novaI ov
veIigious gvounds.
OlIevs
Jind il
Ioving.
Sone viII see
il,
as MacKinnon
does,
as a souvce oJ
inequaIil.
Fov sliII
olIevs,
povnogvapI na pvovide
a saJe
va
lo
pIa
oul Janlasies
lIe
vouId nol vanl lo acl oul in
veaIil,
vIelIev Iecause
acling
oul lIe Janlasies vouId vesuIl in
injuv
ov
insuIl lo seIJ ov
olIevs,
Iecause oJ lIe
dangev
oJ
sexuaII
lvansnil-
led
diseases,
ov
sinpI
Iecause oJ
sIness
ov
vepvession. Fovnogva-
pI
no douIl viII incile sone lo
engage
in
dangevous
ov vioIenl
sexuaI
pvaclices, jusl
as vioIenl noveIs ov JiIns
na spavI
sone lo
vioIence,
Iul il is
I
no neans evidenl lIal sucI a
vesponse
is lIe
novn,
nucI Iess lIe
onI vesponse.68
Indeed,
sone Jeninisls
vepovl
lIal
lIe
ave avoused
I inages
and Janlasies oJ JenaIe
suInission,
even
lIougI
in
veaIil lIe cIeavI
vouId nol desive lo
adopl
sucI voIes.69
FovnogvapI
and sexuaI
Janlas
ave Jav nove
neans,
incIuding expvessive
ones.
MACKINNON,
supva
nole
49,
al 108. Bul MacKinnon does nol leII us Iov lo dislin-
guisI
Ielveen
deIaling
ov
expvessing
sociaI
inJeviovil
and
inposing
sociaI
inJeviovil lIvougI expvessive
neans. Advevlisenenls and nainslvean leIevision
sIovs
expvess
suIovdinale voIes Jov vonen al Ieasl as
pevvasiveI
as
gvapIic
sexuaII expIicil povnogvapI.
MacKinnon oJJevs no
expIanalion
Jov
vI naIing
lIe
sane
nessage gvapIicaII sexuaII expIicil
lvansJovns il Jvon neve
expvession
oJ an
idea inlo lIe
inposilion
oJ
inequaIil.
TIe
slvenglI
oJ MacKinnon's vovI Iies in
veveaIing
lIe
pevvasive
voIe lIal
expvession pIas
in
veinJovcing inequaIil,
Iul lIal
vev insigIl
naIes lIe dislinclion sIe
allenpls
lo dvav eIusive.
68
See
genevaII
KeIIev,
supva
nole
58,
al 2215-22
|descviIing diJJeving vesponses
lo
povnogvapI).
Indeed,
sludies indicale lIal a
signiJicanl pevcenlage
oJ vievevs oJ
povnogvapIic
videos ave vonen and lIeve is IillIe evidence lIal vonen ave
enacling
lIe sexuaI vioIence
depicled
[I]l
is eslinaled lIal
[vonen]
nov accounl Jov 40
pev
cenl oJ aII 7-valed
video
venlaIs,
and a BedIooI
nagazine suvve
conJivns lIal
neavI
IaIJ lIe
vonen
suvveed veguIavI
valcI
povn
JiIns. AnolIev
poII
eslinales lIal
lvo oul oJ lIvee vonen in
Oevnan
and Fvance valcI video
povn veguIavI.
Anne
McCIinlocI,
Oonad lIe BavIavian and lIe Venus
FIlvap Fovlvaing
lIe FenaIe and
MaIe
Ovgasn,
in SE7
E7FOSEB,
supva
nole
14,
al
111,
130. A vecenl
Univevsil
oJ
CIicago suvve vepovled
lIal 23% oJ nen and 11% oJ vonen adnilled lo
Iaving
puvcIased
ov venled an 7-valed video
duving
lIe
pasl eav.
See EBWABB
O.
LAUMANN
ET
AL.,
THE SOCIAL OBOANIZATION OF SE7UALITY SE7UAL FBACTICES IN THE UNITEB
STATES 135
|1994).
69 See
Lnne SegaI,
Sveel
Sovvovs,
FainJuI
FIeasuves
FovnogvapI
and lIe FeviIs
oJ
HelevosexuaI
Besive,
in SE7
E7FOSEB,
supva
nole
14,
al
65, 71:
Buncan
Kenned,
SexuaI
AIuse,
Sex Bvessing
and lIe Evolicizalion
oJ
Boninalion,
26 NEW ENO. L. BEV.
1309,
[VoI.
143 111
conpIex
lIan lIe
anlipovn
Jeninisls
suggesl,
and cannol Ie
veducliveI equaled
vilI naIe doninalion ovev and vioIence
lovavds vonen.70
TIis is nol lo
sa
lIal MacKinnon and lIe
anlipovnogvapI
Jeninisls ave
vvong
aIoul one oJ lIe cenlvaI
nessages
oJ nucI
povnogvapI.
MacKinnon's vovI in
pavlicuIav
Ias
pIaed
a
Ie
voIe
in
noving
lIe deIale aIoul
povnogvapI Ieond
concevns oJ
novaIil
and
Jocusing
inslead on lIe
povevJuI nessages
oJ sexuaI
suIovdinalion lIal ave oJlen
inpIicil
and
expIicil
in
povnogvapI.
Moveovev,
MacKinnon
covveclI
idenliJies sex as a cenlvaI eIenenl
in
unequaI
veIalions Ielveen nen and
vonen,
and Ias
incisiveI
veveaIed lIe
nan vas
in vIicI lIis nosl
pvivale
oJ Iunan
pvaclices,
cenlvaI lo ouv individuaI
idenlilies,
veinJovces voIes oJ
doninance and suIovdinalion. Bul il does nol JoIIov Jvon lIal
insigIl
lIal
povnogvapI
is
onI
vIal MacKinnon
sees,
an
nove
lIan il is
onI
vIal
Juslice
Slevavl sees.
EacI oJ lIese
jusliJicalions
Jov
veguIaling
sexuaI
expvession
allenpls
in ils ovn
va
lo
calegovicaII dislinguisI
sexuaI
expves-
sion Jvon olIev
speecI,
and
avgues
lIal Iecause oJ lIis
dislinclion,
sexuaI
speecI
does nol desevve lIe usuaI neasuve oJ Fivsl Anend-
nenl
pvoleclion.
TIe
poIilicaI-sexuaI
dislinclion nainlains lIal
vIiIe sexuaI
expvession na
Ie
speecI,
il is oJ Iov vaIue. ScIauev
and MacKinnon
go
JuvlIev,
suggesling
lIal cevlain sexuaI
expves-
sion sIouId nol Ie lvealed as
speecI
al
aII,
Iul as a Jovn oJ
noncognilive
sexuaI aid ov divecl
suIovdinalion,
veguIaIIe
as
conducl. AII oJ lIese
avgunenls
sIave vilI
Juslice
Slevavl's I
Inov il vIen I see il a connon
JaiIing lIe den
lIe
nuIlipIicil
oJ
neanings
lIal sexuaI
expvession
can
conve,
and lIeiv
avgunenls
vesl on lIal veduclivisn.
TIese accounls oJ sexuaI
speecI
lIenseIves navI an
allenpl
lo
conlvoI sexuaI
expvession, I nealI conJining
il lo a dislincl
1391-92
|1992)
|IpolIesizing
lIal nen and vonen
na
Iave Janlasies oJ suInission
and/ov
doninalion vIen
lIe
ave anxious ov insecuve aIoul
assevling
lIenseIves).
70
SeeJonalIan
EInev,
TIe
Exciling
ConJIicl
TIe BIelovic
oJ FovnogvapI
and Anli-
FovnogvapI,
8 CULTUBAL
CBITIQUE
45
|1987-88) |anaIzing
veduclivisl vIelovic oJ
anlipovnogvapI
Jeninisl
cvilics):
see aIso Linda
WiIIians,
FovnogvapIies
on/Scene
Ov
BiJJvenl
SlvoIes
Jov
BiJJvenl
FoIIs,
in SE7
E7FOSEB,
supva
nole
14,
al 233
|descviIing
lIe
pvoIiJevalion
oJ
povnogvapIies, incIuding
IesIian,
ga,
IisexuaI, sadonasocIislic,
and
IevnapIvodilic).
1994]
calegov
oJ connunicalion. So
conJined,
ve can
suppvess
il
vilIoul
sacviJicing
Fivsl Anendnenl Jveedons Jov nove
inpov-
lanl
calegovies
oJ
speecI.
So
conJined,
ve can
jusliJ
ils
veguIalion
vilI
avgunenls
lIal vouId Ie
pIainI unacceplaIIe
iJ
appIied
acvoss
lIe Ioavd lo aII Jovns oJ
speecI.
So
conJined,
ve can Inov il
vIen ve see
il,
even iJ ve cannol
inleIIigiII
deJine il.
TIe
pvoIIen
is lIal sexuaI
speecI
cannol Ie so conJined. TIal
is
vIJuslice
Slevavl couId nol deJine Iavd-cove
povnogvapI, vI
lIe Couvl ilseIJ Ias nevev lvied lo deJine
sexuaII
oJJensive
speecI,
vI
MacKinnon cannol
expIain
Iev Jocus on
gvapIic sexuaII
expIicil nessages
oJ
suIovdinalion,
and
vI
lIe Couvl's lesl Jov
oIscene
speecI
is incoIevenl. TIe
sexuaI/poIilicaI speecI
dislinc-
lion and lIe
sexuaI-speecI-as-conducl avgunenl
can
onI
Ie
assevled,
nol
expIained.
SexuaI
speecI
eIudes ouv
allenpls
lo
veduce il lo a
caveJuII
Iounded
calegov.
Yel
pveciseI
Jov lIal
veason-indeed,
Jov veason ilseIJ-ve JeeI
conpeIIed
lo
lv
lo conlvoI
il. Favl II viII exanine lIe
pecuIiav vas
in vIicI lIis
conpuIsion
lo conlvoI naniJesls ilseIJ in Iav.
II. THE FOLITICS OF SE7UAL SFEECH BEOULATION
FOLICINO THE INVASION OF FUBLICITY
TIe cIassic
expIanalion
Jov lIe diJJevenliaI lvealnenl oJ sexuaI
speecI
is lIal il is
calegovicaII
Iess vaIuaIIe lIan olIev
speecI.
I
suspecl,
Iovevev,
lIal sexuaI
expvession
is
gvanled
veduced
conslilulionaI
pvoleclion
nol Iecause il is Iess
inpovlanl
Iul
Iecause il is nove
lIvealening. Man
oJ lIe nosl Iealed
poIilicaI
conlvovevsies in vecenl lines Iave concevned sexuaI
expvession.
TIe
vev enevg
lIal
govevnnenl
and vavious inlevesl
gvoups
Iave
devoled lo lIe
vepvession
oJ sexuaI
expvession
veveaIs lIe lIveal il
poses.
TIe lIveal
appeavs
lo Ie
gvealesl
vIen sexuaI
expvession
cIaIIenges
lIe Iine Ielveen lIe
puIIic
and
pvivale spIeves.
WIen
sex,
vIicI is
genevaII
consideved a
pvivale
nallev,
invades lIe
puIIic spIeve,
il
spavIs
Jvenzied eJJovls lo
pul
il IacI in ils
pvivale
pIace.
A veviev oJ vecenl incidenls oJ sexuaI
vepvession
veveaIs lIe
exlenl lo vIicI lIe
veguIalov inpuIse
consisls oJ
nainlaining
a
puIIic/pvivale
Iine vilI
vespecl
lo sexuaI nallevs.
[VoI.
143 111
A. SociaI
Bepvession oJ
FuIIic SexuaI
Expvession
AII sexuaI
expvession
al Ieasl
polenliaII cIaIIenges
lIe
puIIic/
pvivale
Iine.
FovnogvapI I
deJinilion conlvavenes lIe Iines
sociel
Ias dvavn Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale, I vepvesenling
sex,
vIicI is undevslood as
pvivale,
Jov
puIIic consunplion.
Ils nosl
avdenl
opponenls oIjecl
lo
povnogvapI
Jov
pveciseI
lIis veason.
Fov
exanpIe,
lIe 1986
Allovne
OenevaI's Connission on
Fovnogva-
pI,
Inovn as lIe Meese
Connission,
slaled lIal ils concevn vas
Iiniled lo
puIIic
dislviIulion and
dispIa
oJ
povnogvapI.
To lIe
consevvalives vIo doninaled lIe
Connission,
[e]ven inages
oJ
novaII appvoved
navilaI
sexuaIil
veve
judged 'degvading,'
since
puIIic vieving
oJ vIal sIouId Ie a
pvivale expevience degvaded
lIe
coupIe
and lIe
sanclil
oJ
navviage.71
Connission nenIev FalIev Bvuce Billev nade lIis conneclion
nosl
lvanspavenlI
in a
sepavale
slalenenl Ie allacIed lo lIe
Bepovl,
enlilIed
FovnogvapI
and
Fvivac. Quoling Oeovge
Bevnavd SIav's
conpIainl
lIal
[a]n
Anevican Ias no sense oJ
pvivac,
Billev vvole
IJ lIeve is one
singIe
Iesson ve Iave Ieavned Jvon
sluding
lIe
pvoIIen
oJ
povnogvapI,
il
na sinpI
Ie lIal Mv. SIav's acid
oIsevvalions on Anevican
pvivac na JinaII
Ie
coning
lvue.
ConnevciaII pvoduced
naleviaI,
veguIavI
dislviIuled lo niIIions
oJ
Anevicans,
sIovs olIev
Anevicans,
in
expIicil pIologvapIic
delaiI,
engaged
in
evev vaviel
oJ sexuaI inlevcouvse. WIal
nigIl
Iave Ieen consideved al one line lIe nosl
pvivale
oJ Iunan
aclivilies is nov a nallev nol
sinpI
Jov
puIIic
discussion Iul Jov
gvapIic puIIic dispIa.7
71
CavoIe S.
Vance,
Negolialing
Sex and Oendev in lIe
Allovne
OenevaI's Connission
on
FovnogvapI,
in SE7
E7FOSEB,
supva
nole
14,
al
29,
37. TIe Connission
Bepovl
slaled
Even insoJav as
[nonvioIenl
and
nondegvading] sexuaII expIicil
naleviaI
... is nol
pevceived
as IavnJuI Jov lIe
nessages
il cavvies ov lIe
snIoIs
il
vepvesenls,
lIe
vev puIIicness
oJ vIal is
connonI
laIen lo Ie
pvivale
is
cause Jov concevn .... Heve lIe concevn is vilI lIe
pvesevvalion
oJ sex as
an
essenliaII pvivale
acl,
in
conJovnil
vilI lIe Iasic
pvivaleness
oJ sex
Iong vecognized I
lIis and aII olIev socielies....
[A]s
soon as sex is
pul
on a scveen ov
pul
in a
nagazine
il
cIanges
ils
cIavaclev,
vegavdIess
oJ vIal
vaviel
oJ sex is
povlvaed.
1 ATTOBNEY
OENEBAL,
supva
nole
55,
al 340
|cilalions onilled).
TIe nenIevs oJ lIe
Connission couId nol
agvee,
Iovevev,
on vIelIev lIis Iavn aIone vas suJJicienl lo
jusliJ veguIalion
oJ sucI
expvession.
See id. al 341.
72
1 ATTOBNEY
OENEBAL,
supva
nole
55,
al 117
|slalenenl
oJ FalIev Bvuce
Billev):
see aIso id. al 36
|slalenenl
oJ Biane B.
CusacI) |We
Iave a
pIenonenon loda,
in
1994]
TIis
undevslanding
is nol
unique
lo lIe Uniled Slales.
EngIand's
WiIIians
Connillee,
vIicI conducled an
anaIogous
oJJiciaI
slud
oJ
povnogvapI
in
EngIand,
descviIed lIe
dangev
oJ
povnogvapI
in
venavIaII
siniIav levns
FovnogvapI
cvosses lIe Iine Ielveen
pvivale
and
puIIic
since il
naIes avaiIaIIe in lIe
Jovn,
Jov
inslance,
oJ a
pIologvapI,
sone
sexuaI acl oJ a
pvivale
Iind and naIes il avaiIaIIe Jov a
voeuvislic
inlevesl since il is ilseIJ a
puIIic lIing,
a
picluve
IooI ov a JiIn
sIov,
il
vepvesenls aIvead
lIe
pvojeclion
inlo
puIIic
oJ lIe
pvi-
vale
vovId-pvivale,
lIal is lo
sa,
lo ils
pavlicipanls-oJ
sexuaI
aclivil.73
Indeed,
Jov sone lIe
vev
deJinilion oJ
oIscenil
luvns on lIe
Iine Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale. Havv
CIov Ias
avgued
lIal
oIscenil
consisls in
naIing puIIic
lIal vIicI is
pvivale:
il consisls
in an inlvusion
upon
inlinale
pIsicaI pvocesses
and acls ov
pIsicaI-enolionaI
slales.74 To
CIov,
lIe essence oJ lIe oIscene
is ils invasion oJ
pvivac.75
Il
nigIl
Ie nove accuvale lo descviIe
oIscenil
as an invasion oJ lIe
puIIic
veaIn
I pvivale
nallevs,
ov
an invasion oJ
puIIicil,76
Iecause lIe
poinl
is lo
Ieep
lIe
puIIic
veaIn Jvee oJ oJJensive sexuaI
expvession.
Bul in
an
evenl,
lIe
sanclil
oJ lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine is cvilicaI.
TIe
cenlvaIil
oJ lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine can aIso Ie seen in vIo
is
lavgeled
Jov
vepvession.
TIe nosl
conspicuous lavgels
oJ sexuaI
censovs in vecenl
eavs
Iave nol Ieen lvadilionaI
povnogvapIevs.77
BalIev,
lIe
Iave incIuded
gas
and IesIians in lIe
niIilav
vIo
Iave cone oul
I expvessing
lIeiv
sexuaIil: ga
and IesIian
avlisls,
incIuding
BoIevl
MappIelIovpe,78
Bavid
Wojnavovicz,79
lIe
pevvasive pvesence
oJ
sexuaII expIicil
naleviaIs,
lIal
cIaIIenges
one oJ lIose
undevslandings
IeId
I sociel
Jov lIousands oJ
eavs-lIal
sex is
pvivale.).
73
COMMITTEE ON FILM
CENSOBSHIF,
FINAL
BEFOBT, 1979,
CMNB
7772,
1
7.6.
74
HABBY M.
CLOB,
OBSCENITY ANB FUBLIC MOBALITY 225
|1969).
75
Id.
76
I an indeIled lo EIIen Hevlz Jov lIis
pIvase.
77
TIe Meese Connission Jound in 1986 lIal
[l]Ie
evidence is
unqueslionaIIe
lIal vilI Jev
exceplions
lIe
oIscenil
Iavs lIal ave on lIe IooIs
go
unenJovced.
1 ATTOBNEY
OENEBAL,
supva
nole
55,
al 366.
78 BoIevl
MappIelIovpe,
a
ga pIologvapIev
vIo died oJ AIBS in
1989,
Iecane
lIe Jocus oJ cvilicisn vIen lIe NalionaI Endovnenl Jov lIe Avls
|NEA)
pvovided
sone
Junding
Jov a
velvospeclive
oJ Iis vovIs lIal incIuded
expIicil depiclions
oJ
ga
sex. See MicIaeI
Bvenson,
TIe
Man
BoIes
oJ MappIelIovpe,
Acled Oul in
Evev-SIiJling
Inages,
N.Y.
TIMES,JuI
22, 1989,
vepvinled
in CULTUBE WABS BOCUMENTS FBOM THE
BECENT CONTBOVEBSIES IN THE ABTS 68
|BicIavd
BoIlon
ed., 1992) [IeveinaJlev
CULTUBE
WABS].
In
Cincinnali,
IocaI aulIovilies venl so Jav as lo
pvosecule oIscenil
cIavges againsl
lIe
Conlenpovav
Avl Cenlev and ils
diveclov,
Bennis
Bavvie,
Jov
[VoI.
143 111
Todd
Hanes,80
MavIon
Biggs,81
JoIn
FIecI,
HoII HugIes,
and
Tin
MiIIev:82
olIev avlisls vIo
cIaIIenge
lvadilionaI
vepvesenla-
lions oJ
sexuaIil,
sucI as Kaven
FinIe
and
SaII
Mann:83
vap
dispIaing
lIe
MappIelIovpe velvospeclive.
TIe
juv acquilled.
See EIizaIelI Hess,
Avl on TviaI Cincinnali's
Bangevous
TIealev
oJ
lIe
BidicuIous,
VILLAOE
VOICE,
Ocl.
23,
1990,
vepvinled
in CULTUBE
WABS,
supva,
al 269.
79
An
essa I
Bavid
Wojnavovicz,
a nuIlinedia avlisl vIo died oJ AIBS in
1993,
vas
singIed
oul
I
NEA CIaivnan
JoIn FvoInnaev
as one oJ Iis
gvounds
Jov
vevoIing
NEA
Junding
Jvon an exIiIil al Nev YovI's Avlisls
Space
enlilIed,
Wilness
Againsl
Ouv
VanisIing. SeeJOHN
FBOHNMAYEB, LEAVINO TOWN ALIVE CONFES-
SIONS OF AN ABTS WABBIOB 75-81
|1993).
TIe Anevican
FaniI
Associalion
|AFA)
aIso
lavgeled Wojnavovicz
Jov allacI.
See
Wojnavovicz
v. Anevican
FaniI
Ass'n,
745 F.
Supp.
130
|S.B.N.Y. 1990).
Il looI
pavliaII cvopped inages
|aInosl
aII
vepvesenling
IonosexuaI
sex)
Jvon an NEA-
Junded
calaIogue
oJ Iis
vovI,
cvealed a
panpIIel
lIal
puvpovled
lo
vepvesenl
Wojnavovicz's
avl
vovI,
and naiIed lIe
panpIIel
lo 523 nenIevs oJ
Congvess,
CIvislian Ieadevs
lIvougIoul
lIe
counlv,
and lIe
pvess.
See id. al 134.
Wojnavovicz
sued lIe AFA Jov
nisvepvesenling
lIe
pavliaI inages
as Iis
avlvovI,
and a JedevaI
dislvicl couvl
enjoined
lIe AFA Jvon
dislviIuling
lIe
panpIIel, vequiving
il lo naiI
a covveclion lo
evevone
vIo Iad
aIvead
veceived il. See id. al
149:
see aIso C.
CABB,
Tving
Tines,
in ON EBOE FEBFOBMANCE AT THE ENB OF THE TWENTIETH CENTUBY
260
|1993) [IeveinaJlev
ON
EBOE]
|discussing Wojnavovicz).
80 Todd
Hanes
divecled
Foison,
a Jealuve JiIn
depicling
IonosexuaI
sex,
vilI
suppovl
oJ lIe NEA.
SeeJoce
Fvice,
NEA-Funded Movie
BepuIses
Consevvalives,
WASH.
TIMES,
Apv.
2, 1991,
al
A3:
FauI
BicIlev,
TIe NEA
BeJends Funding oJ
ConlvovevsiaI
FiIn,
L.A.
TIMES,
Mav.
30, 1991,
al FI.
81
MavIon
Biggs
divecled
Tongues
Unlied,
a
docunenlav
aIoul
ga
IIacI nen
vIicI
appeaved
on
puIIic
leIevision and eIiciled suIslanliaI cvilicisn. See Mavc
OunlIev,
Tongues
CouId ToucI
OJJ
Nev
Fvolesls,
OBLANBO
SENTINEL,
JuI
19, 1991,
al
E6:
BicI
WiIIians,
FBS Fave
TonigIl
SIallevs Bounds
oJ
Tasle,
MovaIil,
ATLANTA
J.,
JuI
16, 1991,
al A17.
Buving
lIe
BepuIIican pvesidenliaI pvinavies,
Fal BucIanan
used a
cIip
oJ
Tongues
Unlied lo allacI
Oeovge
BusI and lIe NEA. See BiII
HaJJevl,
FiIn MaIev Beacls lo BucIanan
ConnevciaI,
S.F.
CHBON.,
FeI.
28, 1992,
al A8.
82
FIecI,
ugIes,
and MiIIev ave
ga
and IesIian
pevJovnance
avlisls denied NEA
Junding
ovev concevn lIal lIeiv conlvovevsiaI vovI vouId incuv lIe vvalI oJ
vigIl-
ving Congvessnen.
See
FinIe
Avls,
795 F.
Supp.
1457,
1461-62
|C.B.
CaI.
1992).
AJlev
Iosing
a nolion lo disniss and suIslanliaI
discovev,
lIe NEA
agveed
lo sellIe lIe individuaI avlisls' cIains
I avavding
lIen
lIeiv
gvanls, danages
Jov unIavJuI veIease oJ inJovnalion Jvon lIeiv
appIicalion
JiIes,
and
allovnes'
Jees. See
SlipuIalion
and SellIenenl
Agveenenl
daled
June
9, 1993,
FinIe
Avls,
795 F.
Supp.
1457
|C.B.
CaI.
1992) |on
JiIe vilI
aulIov).
In 1992 lIe NEA
seIecliveI
denied
Junding
lo lIvee
ga
and IesIian JiIn
JeslivaIs. See Biane
HailInan,
Lavsuil FossiIIe as NEA
CIieJ
KiIIs
Ovanls,
L.A.
TIMES,
Nov.
21, 1992,
al
F1:
NEA Won'l Fund 3
Oa
FiIn
FeslivaIs,
NEWSBAY
|N.Y.),
Nov. 21,
1992,
al 8. TIe
Junding
vas Ialev veinslaled aJlev a
cIange
in
pvesidenliaI
adnini-
slvalions. See U.S. Avls Ovanls
OKdJov Oa
FiIn
Fesls,
CHI. TBIB.,
Aug.
26, 1993,
al 16.
83 Kaven
FinIe,
lIe JouvlI
pevJovnance
avlisl denied NEA
Junding aIong
vilI
HugIes,
FIecI,
and
MiIIev,
see
supva
nole
82,
addvesses issues oJ vonen's
sexuaIil
and
ga
and IesIian
sexuaIil
in Iev vovI. SIe
diveclI cIaIIenges conlenpovav
cuIluve's laIoos aIoul and
oIjecliJicalion
oJ vonen's Iodies
I, anong
olIev
lIings,
1994]
gvoups
vilI
expIicil
sexuaI
Ivics,
sucI as 2 Live
Cvev:84
AIBS
educalovs allacIed Jov
expIicil
saJe-sex educalion
naleviaIs:85
and
scIooI Ioavds
cIaIIenged
Jov
inlvoducing
sex educalion naleviaIs
lIal leacI loIevance Jov
gas
and IesIians.86 AII oJ lIese
lavgels
oJ
vepvession
sIave a veJusaI lo aIide
I
lIe Iines
sociel
Ias dvavn
Ielveen
pvivale
and
puIIic.87
TIese
speaIevs cIaIIenge
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine nove Junda-
nenlaII
lIan do
povnogvapIevs.
In a
sense,
povnogvapI
Inovs ils
pIace
il is dislviIuled Jvon
ved-IigIl
dislvicls:
il
vvaps
ils covevs lo
sIieId lIen Jvon
puIIic
allenlion:
and il
oIes JaivI slvingenl,
iJ
oJlen
unspoIen,
vuIes aIoul vIal can and cannol Ie sIovn and
vIeve il can and cannol Ie sIovn. TIe
connunil
Ias veacIed
sonelIing
oJ a
conpvonise
vilI
povnogvapIevs: povnogvapIevs
can
pevJovning
in lIe nude in a
vIoII
nallev-oJ-Jacl
va
and
pevJovning
a vevevse
slvip-
lease,
slavling
nude and
gvaduaII dvessing
as lIe
pevJovnance pvogvesses.
See
CABB,
UnspeaIaIIe
Fvaclices,
UnnaluvaI
Acls,
in ON
EBOE,
supva
nole
79,
al
121: MavceIIe
CIenenls,
Kaven
FinIe's Bage,
Love,
Hale and
Hope,
N.Y.
TIMES,JuI
22, 1990,
al H5.
SaII
Mann is a
pIologvapIev
vIo Ias Ieen
slvongI
condenned Jov
laIing
pIologvapIs
oJ Iev
daugIlev
lIal sone see as
inpvopevI
evolic. See BicIavd B.
Woodvavd,
TIe
BisluvIing FIologvapI oJ SaII
Mann,
N.Y.
TIMES,
Sepl.
27, 1992, ?
6
|Magazine),
al 29.
84
In 1988 AIaIana
pvoseculovs cIavged
vecovd slove ovnev
Tonn
Hannond
vilI
vioIaling
lIe
oIscenil
Iavs
I seIIing
a 2 Live Cvev vecovd. A
nunicipaI judge
Jound Hannond
guiIl,
Iul vIen Hannond von lIe
vigIl
lo a nev lviaI IeJove a
juv,
Ie vas
acquilled.
See
MABJOBIE HEINS, SE7, SIN,
ANB BLASFHEMY A OUIBE TO
AMEBICA'S CENSOBSHIF WABS 77
|1993).
In
FIovida,
2 Live Cvev vas aIso
cIavged
vilI
oIscenil
Jov a concevl
pevJovnance
Iul Jound nol
guiIl.
See id. al 79.
85
See
Oa
SuIIivan,
792 F.
Supp.
278
|S.B.N.Y.
1992)
|decIaving
invaIid a Cenlevs Jov Bisease ConlvoI
pvovision vequiving JedevaII
Junded
AIBS educalion naleviaIs lo Ie inoJJensive lo a
najovil
oJ
aduIls).
In 1993 Jouv
WasIinglon,
B.C.,
leIevision slalions veJused lo Ivoadcasl an
advevlisenenl
I
lIe WIilnan-WaIIev CIinic lIal advocaled condon use. TIe
advevlisenenl Jealuved
picluves
oJ an
unvvapped
condon vIiIe voices veciled a Iisl
oJ
sIang
nanes Jov
il,
and concIuded vilI lIe
lag
Iine Condon. Il doesn'l nallev
vIal
ou
caII il. Weav il. See EIIen
Edvavds,
Fouv LocaI TV Slalions
Bejecl
CIinic's
Condon
Ad,
WASH.
FOST,
Ocl.
19, 1993,
al C1. Condon advevlisenenls veceived a
siniIav veaclion in Boslon. See BoIoves
Kong,
AIBS Condon Ads Bun inlo
Opposilion,
BOSTON
OLOBE,
Bec.
1, 1993, al 29.
86 In Nev YovI
Cil
in
1993,
scIooI Ioavd eIeclions luvned inlo a
JigIl
ovev lIe
leacIing
oJ sex
educalion,
AIBS
educalion,
and loIevance oJ
IonosexuaIil.
See
EIeanov
BandoIpI,
ScIooIs Becone
BeIigious
Wav Zone Nev YovI LiIevaIs
FigIl
CIvislian
Ovoups'
InJIuence in Boavd
Baces,
WASH.
FOST, Ma 4, 1993,
al
A3:
see aIso Suzanne
FieIds,
FouvlI B as in
Bespecl,
WASH.
TIMES,
Bec.
14, 1992,
al EI
|cvilicizing
Nev YovI
naleviaIs
concevning
loIevance oJ
IonosexuaIil).
87
See aIso
JeJJve
TooIin, AnnaIs
oJ
Lav
7-Baled,
NEW
YOBKEB,
Ocl.
3, 1994, al
70
|delaiIing
lIe
lavgeling
oJ
ga
and IesIian IooIsloves
I
Canadian oJJiciaIs
enJovcing oIscenil slalules).
[VoI.
143 111
and do
JIouvisI,
as
Iong
as
lIe
Inov lIeiv
pvopev pIace |lIe
pvivac
oJ Iones and lIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicls oJ
lovns).
B
conlvasl,
lIe
avlisls, educalovs,
and
ga
and IesIian soIdievs
vIo Iave Ieen
lavgeled
do nol
accepl sociel's assigned pIace
Jov
lIeiv
expvession.
TIe avlisls
pevJovn
nol in
ved-IigIl
dislvicls Iul
in
Iegilinale puIIic
lIealevs sucI as LincoIn Cenlev.88 TIeiv
vovI
appeavs
nol in oIscuve vindovIess
IooIsloves,
Iul in
dislinguisIed puIIic
nuseuns.89
TIe appI
Jov
connunil
suppovl lIvougI puIIic
inslilulions sucI as lIe NalionaI Endovnenl
Jov lIe
Avls,
slale avls
agencies,
and lIe FuIIic
Bvoadcasling
Sslen.90 B ceIeIvaling
lIe
disvuplive
Jovce and sIocI vaIue oJ
sexuaI
expvession, lIe diveclI cIaIIenge
lIe Iines
sociel
Ias dvavn
Ielveen avl and
povnogvapI,
lIe sexuaI and lIe
poIilicaI,
lIe
pvivale
and lIe
puIIic.9' TIe
denand lo Ie lvealed IiIe
avlisls,
nol
povnogvapIevs.92
To cone oul in
an
Jovn is lo
cIaIIenge
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine oJ lIe
cIosel,
vIicI condilions
ga
and IesIian
pavlicipalion
in lIe
puIIic spIeve
on
conceaIing
one's
pvivale
sexuaI
idenlil.
88
See
CIenenls, supva
nole
83,
al H5
|pvevieving
Kaven
FinIe's pevJovnance
al
LincoIn
Cenlev).
89
See,
e.g.,
Bennis
Bavvie,
Fandeving?
TIal's Nonsense ... N.Y.
TIMES,
Apv.
18,
1990,
al A25
|BoIevl MappIelIovpe pIologvapIs
in lIe
pevnanenl
coIIeclions oJ lIe
MelvopoIilan
Museun oJ
Avl,
lIe Avl Inslilule oJ
CIicago,
lIe Viclovia and AIIevl
Museun in
London,
and lIe Cenlve NalionaI d'Avl
Oeovges Fonpidou
in
Favis):
HoIIand
Collev,
Al lIe
WIilne,
Fvovocalion and
TIeov
Meel
Head-On,
N.Y.
TIMES,
Aug.
13, 1993,
al C23
|Andves
Sevvano
pIologvapI
al lIe
WIilne
Museun oJ Anevican
Avl):
CIavIes
Hagen, Biscoveving
a
Bange oJ
Molion in lIe SliII
Inage,
N.Y.
TIMES,
Aug.
20, 1993,
al C29
|Bavid
Wojnavovicz pIologvapIs
al lIe Museun oJ Modevn
Avl).
90
See,
e.g., FinIe
Avls,
795 F.
Supp.
1457
|C.B.
CaI.
1992).
91
See
CABB,
Inlvoduclion lo ON
EBOE,
supva
nole
79,
al
xiii,
xvii-iii
|descviIing
lvansgvessive
vonen
pevJovnevs
vIo vovIed
slvaigIl
Jvon lIe id lo addvess issues
oJ
povev
and
conlvoI,
vIo nade lIenseIves nonslvous on
slage, acling
oul
evev
deJinilion
oJ'JiIlI'
and
'nad'):
LYNBA
NEAB,
THE FEMALE NUBE
ABT,
OBSCENITY
ANB SE7UALITY 64-70
|1992) |descviIing
Jeninisl
pevJovnance
avlisls' use oJ lIe
Iod
lo
cIaIIenge
and suIvevl
palviavcIaI conceplions
oJ lIe
vepvesenlalion
oJ
vonen).
As one cvilic
descviIed,
Kaven
FinIe
enpIos
an avcIaic avl Jovn. SIe laIes oJJ Iev cIolIes ...
FinIe,
Iovevev,
vas nol oul lo liliIIale ov even lo
lingIe spines....
. . .
[SIe]
lvansJovned Iev naIed
Iod
inlo a veIicIe Jov Iev
oulvage
al
sociel's
JaiIuve lo
slop
sexisn, vacisn,
IonopIoIia
and lIe Iundveds oJ
olIev
deep-sealed
Ialveds lIal sIe sees
evoding
Anevica.
BicIavd
Hunlinglon,
A BvusI WilI Fine
Fainling,
BUFFALO
NEWS,
Bec.
27, 1992,
al
EI,
E3.
92
Indeed,
lIis
na
Ie lIeiv
gvealesl
sin,
given
lIe
sIavp
Iines
sociel
dvavs
Ielveen avl and
oIscenil.
See
inJva pavl
III.B.
1994]
TIe
ga
and IesIian
connunil's
veJusaI lo
accepl
lIe levns oJ lIe
cIosel Ias
spavIed
a IacIIasI oJ
vepvession. BigIl-ving ovganiza-
lions IiIe lIe Anevican
FaniI
Associalion Iave allacIed lIe NEA
Jov
Junding openI ga
and IesIian avlisls.93 Fvesidenl CIinlon's
IaIJ-Ieavled
allenpl
lo end lIe Ian on
gas
in lIe
niIilav
vas
IandiI
deJealed.94 CoIovado
passed
an
anli-ga
ovdinance,95
and
in
Ovegon
a siniIav slalevide Iav vas
onI navvovI
deJealed.96
Anli-ga
vioIence,
lavgeled againsl
lIose vIo veveaI lIeiv Ionosexu-
aIil
in
puIIic,
Ias incveased.97 And
gas
and IesIians conlinue lo
Ie denied lIe
oppovlunil
lo
expvess
lIeiv enolionaI connilnenls
in
puIIic vas IislovicaII gvanled
lo
IelevosexuaIs,
sucI as nav-
viage.98
TIe
ongoing conlvovevs
ovev lIe
vigIl
oJ
gas
and IesIians lo
sevve in lIe
niIilav
veveaIs lIe lIveal lIal sexuaI
expvession poses
lo lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine.
Oas
and IesIians assevl lIeiv
vigIl
lo Ie
open pavlicipanls
in one oJ
sociel's
nosl esleened
puIIic
inslilu-
lions.99
Oas
and IesIians Iave oJ couvse
aIvas
sevved in lIe
93
See,
e.g.,
Anevican
FaniI
Associalion,
Is TIis Hov You Wanl Youv Tax BoIIavs
Spenl?,
advevlisenenl in WASH.
TIMES,
FeI.
13, 1990,
vepvinled
in CULTUBE
WABS,
supva
nole
78,
al
150:
Bvuce
SeIcvaig,
Bevevend WiIdnon's Wav on lIe
Avls,
N.Y.
TIMES,
Sepl.
2, 1990, ?
6
|Magazine),
al 22.
9 See CIandIev
Buvv,
FviendI
Five Hov FoIilics
SIaped FoIic
on
Oas
in lIe
MiIilav,
CAL.
LAW.,
June
1994,
al 54.
95
See Evans v.
Bonev,
854 F.2d 1270
|CoIo.
1993)
|enjoining
lIe
Allovne
OenevaI
oJ CoIovado Jvon
enJovcing
an
anli-ga
anendnenl lo lIe CoIovado
Conslilulion).
96 See
Oeovge
de
Lana,
Slales TaIe FuIse on
MovaIil,
CHI.
TBIB.,
Nov.
5, 1992,
al
18.
97
See Bose Mavie
Avce,
Anli-Oa
VioIence
Up,
NEWSBAY
|N.Y.), June
29, 1992,
al
61:
Mavl
OvaIan,
Living
in Feav Hale Cvines
Againsl Oas
on
Bise:
Bigolv
FueIs
Bising
Tide
oJ MaIen,
HOUSTON
FOST,
Aug.
21, 1994,
al A46. Bul
cJ. Suvve
SIovs
BecIine in
Anli-Oa
Incidenls,
WASH.
FOST,
Mav.
9,
1994 al A2
|vepovling
a
one-eav
decvease in
anli-ga
vioIence aJlev Jive
eavs
oJ
slead incveases).
98 See WiIIian N.
EsIvidge,Jv.,
A
Hislov oJ
Sane-Sex
Mavviage,
79 VA. L. BEV.
1419,
1421
|1993)
|noling
lIal no slale Ias
vecognized ga
ov IesIian
navviage).
9 See,
e.g.,
Fvuill v.
CIene,
963 F.2d 1160
|9lI
Civ.
1991),
cevl.
denied,
113 S. Cl.
655
|1992)
|cIaIIenging discvininalov
lvealnenl
againsl niIilav pevsonneI
on lIe
Iasis oJ lIeiv
IonosexuaIil):
Ben-SIaIon v.
MavsI,
881 F.2d 454
|7lI
Civ.
1989)
|sane),
cevl.
denied,
494 U.S. 1004
|1990):
Woodvavd v. Uniled
Slales,
871 F.2d 1068
|Fed.
Civ.
1989) |sane),
cevl.
denied,
494 U.S. 1003
|1990):
WalIins v. U.S.
Avn,
847
F.2d 1329
|9lI
Civ.
1988) |sane),
vacaled and
aJJd
on
olIevgvounds,
875 F.2d 699
|9lI
Civ.
1989)
|en
Ianc),
cevl.
denied,
498 U.S. 957
|1990):
BvonenIuvg
v.
ZecI,
746 F.2d
1579
|B.C.
Civ.
1984) |sane):
MeinIoId v. U.S.
Bep'l
oJ
BeJense,
808 F.
Supp.
1455
|C.B.
CaI.
1993),
aJJd
in
pavl
and vev'd and vacaled in
pavl,
Nos.
93-55242, 93-56354,
1994 WL 467311
|9lI
Civ.
Aug.
31, 1994) |sane).
See
genevaII
BANBY
SHILTS,
CONBUCT UNBECOMINO
|1993)
|delaiIing
nunevous
exanpIes
oJ Iavassnenl oJ
IonosexuaIs in lIe
niIilav).
[VoI.
143 111
niIilav,
Iul
onI I conceaIing
lIeiv sexuaI idenlilies.100 TIe
niIilav
Ias loIevaled lIeiv
pvesence
as
Iong
as
lIe
venained in lIe
cIosel,
as lIe
JoIIoving excIange
Ielveen
Congvessnan Bavne
FvanI and OenevaI CoIin FoveII denonslvales
Cong. Bavne
FvanI Fov sone
line,
as
ou
Inov,
lIe
Secvelav
[oJ
BeJense]
Ias
acInovIedged,
lIeve Iave Ieen
ga
nen and
IesIians in lIe
niIilav.
Is lIeve
an
evidence oJ IeIaviov
pvoIIens?
OenevaI CoIin FoveII
No,
Iecause as a nallev oJ Jacl
lIe
Iave
Iepl,
so-caIIed,
in lIe cIosel. Il is
quile
a diJJevenl
lIing
vIen il
is
openI pvacliced
ov
openI
Inovn
lIvougIoul
lIe Jovce and
vilIin lIe unils. I lIinI il naIes vev diJJicuIl
nanagenenl
pvoIIens.101
Undev lIe
niIilav's
cuvvenl don'l
asI,
don'l leII
poIic appIicanls
ov soIdievs ave nol asIed vIelIev
lIe
ave
ga,
Iul iJ a soIdiev
expvesses
in
an puIIic va
lIal Ie is
ga,
Ie viII Ie
pvesunpliveI
discIavgeaIIe
unIess Ie can
pvove
lIal Ie is nol.102
TIus,
lIe
niIilav's poIic
is divecled nol al
IonosexuaIil
ilseIJ,
Iul al lIe
expvession
oJ
IonosexuaIil
lo
olIevs.'03
TIe AIBS cvisis Ias
pvovided
sliII anolIev JocaI
poinl
Jov IallIes
ovev
puIIic
sexuaI
expvession. Ovoups
sucI as
Oa
Men's HeaIlI
Cvisis
|OMHC)
and ACT-UF Iave
sougIl
lo
Iving
lo
puIIic
consciousness a
pvoIIen
lIal necessilales
open puIIic
discussion
aIoul IeveloJove
pvivale nallevs-naneI,
Iov and vilI vIon one
Ias sexuaI veIalions. ACT-UF IolI conslilules a
poIilicaI vesponse
lo lIe AIBS cvisis and denands a
poIilicaI vesponse
lo lIe cvisis
Jvon
govevnnenl.'14
OMHC
engages
in
puIIic
educalion aIoul
100 See
genevaII
SHILTS,
supva
nole 99.
101
FiscaI Yeav 1993
BeJense Budgel Heaving BeJove
lIe House Conn. on lIe
Budgel,
102d
Cong.,
2d Sess. 45
|1992).
102
See NalionaI BeJense AulIovizalion Acl Jov FiscaI Yeav
1994,
10 U.S.C.
?
654
|1993). B
conlvasl,
an assevlion lIal one is IelevosexuaI does nol cveale
an
pvesunplion
lIal one Ias
engaged
in
pvoIiIiled
IelevosexuaI conducl
|sodon),
despile
slalislics
suggesling
lIal lIe vasl
najovil
oJ IelevosexuaIs Iave
engaged
in
ovaI ov anaI sex. See
LAUMANN,
supva
nole
68,
al 98-99
|Jinding
lIal 76.6 % oJ nen
and 67.7% oJ vonen adnilled lo
Iaving engaged
in aclive ovaI
sex, 78.7% oJ nen
and 73.1% oJ vonen adnilled lo
engaging
in
passive
ovaI
sex,
and 25.6% oJ nen and
20.4% oJ vonen adnilled lo
engaging
in anaI
sex).
103
See
genevaII
Bavid CoIe & WiIIian N.
EsIvidge, Jv.,
Fvon
Hand-HoIding
lo
Sodon
Fivsl Anendnenl Fvoleclion
oJ
HonosexuaI
|Expvessive)
Conducl, 29 HABV. C.B.-
C.L. L. BEV. 319
|1994)
|avguing
lIal lIe
niIilav poIic's
Jocus on lIe
puIIic
expvession
oJ
IonosexuaIil
vioIales lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl).
104 See Fvedevic M.
BiddIe,
ACT UF's Lasl
Acl?,
BOSTON
OLOBE,
Sepl.
5,
1993
|Magazine),
al 13
|descviIing
ACT UF's laclics
designed
lo incvease
govevnnenlaI
1994]
saJe sex and seeIs
govevnnenl suppovl
Jov ils eJJovls.105 TIe
lIveal oJ AIBS neans lIal
veIegaling
sex lo lIe
pvivale spIeve na
Iave IelIaI
consequences.
Yel lIe
puIIic
disseninalion oJ saJe-sex
educalionaI naleviaIs venains conlvovevsiaI.'06
TIese
dispavale
conlvovevsies aII iIIuslvale lIe exlenl lo vIicI
sociel
is lIvealened
I
sex as a
puIIic suIjecl.
As
Juslice
Slevens
expIained
in FCC v.
FaciJica
Foundalion Ouv
sociel
Ias a lvadilion
oJ
pevJovning
cevlain
IodiI
Junclions in
pvivale,
and oJ
seveveI
Iiniling
lIe
puIIic exposuve
ov discussion oJ sucI nallevs. VevIaI
ov
pIsicaI
acls
exposing
lIose inlinacies ave oJJensive ....
107
Fov lIe nosl
pavl,
sociaI
veguIalion
is divecled nol al sex
ilseIJ,
Iul
al ils
puIIic vepvesenlalion,
vIelIev in
povnogvapI,
avl
addvessing
sexuaI
issues,
sex
educalion,
ov
gas
and IesIians
coning
oul.
Tine and line
again,
lIe censov's
lavgels
ave lIose vIo veJuse lo
accepl
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine.
avaveness oJ AIBS and lo
spuv pvogvess
in AIBS
veseavcI).
105
See
Oa
SuIIivan,
792 F.
Supp.
278
|S.B.N.Y. 1992)
[IeveinaJlev
OMHC
II] |cIaIIenging gvanl
veslviclions on AIBS
educalion): Oa
Men's
HeaIlI Cvisis v.
SuIIivan,
733 F.
Supp.
619
|S.B.N.Y. 1989) [IeveinaJlev
OMHC
I]
|sane).
106 In
1987,
Jov
exanpIe,
Senalov
Jesse
HeIns,
veacling
lo
expIicil
saJe-sex
educalionaI naleviaIs cvealed
I
OMHC
|vilIoul
JedevaI
Junds),
sponsoved
an
anendnenl lIal
pvovided
lIal no
JedevaII
Junded AIBS educalion naleviaIs couId
pvonole
ov
encouvage, diveclI,
ov
indiveclI,
IonosexuaI sexuaI
aclivil.
Move
Oa
BasIing,
NATION,
Ocl.
31, 1987,
al 473
|quoling
lIe HeIns
Anendnenl).
Since a
cenlvaI
puvpose
oJ AIBS educalion is lo
encouvage
saJe sexuaI
aclivil,
and since
lIe
ga connunil
vas
especiaII
al
visI,
AIBS educalovs vieved lIis
pvovision
as
undevnining
lIe
puvpose
oJ AIBS educalion. Yel lIe anendnenl
passed
lIe Senale
94-2. See Linil Voled on AIBS
Funds,
N.Y.
TIMES,
Ocl.
15, 1987,
al B12.
AJlev a
Iavvage
oJ cvilicisn,
Congvess
anended lIe HeIns Anendnenl lIe
JoIIoving eav.
Even lIis
suIsequenl
anendnenl, Iovevev,
denonslvaled anIiva-
Ience on lIe
suIjecl
oJ
puIIic suppovl
Jov saJe-sex educalion.
Congvess
venoved
indiveclI
Jvon lIe
pvoIiIilion,
Iul added a
pvoIiIilion
on naleviaIs lIal encouv-
aged
IelevosexuaI,
as veII as
IonosexuaI,
sexuaI
aclivil.
See OMHC
I,
733 F.
Supp.
al 626. TIe
pvovision
nov nandaled lIal
JedevaII
Junded naleviaIs nol Ie
designed
lo
pvonole
ov
encouvage, diveclI,
inlvavenous
dvug
aIuse ov sexuaI
aclivil,
IonosexuaI ov IelevosexuaI. OMHC
II,
792 F.
Supp.
al 284 n.12. On lIe Jace oJ
il,
Congvess
Iad lvansJovned an
anli-ga
Iav inlo an anli-sex Iav.
OnI
undev lIe
covev oJ lIal anendnenl vas
Congvess
aIIe lo enacl
Ianguage assuving
lIal lIis
pvoIiIilion
vouId nol Iav lIe cvealion and dislviIulion oJ naleviaI
educaling pevsons
in lIe
lecIniques
oJ saJe sex. See id. al 288
|quoling
42 U.S.C.
?300ee|d) |1988)).
TIus,
vIiIe lIe AIBS cvisis Ias Jovced sexuaI
expvession
inlo lIe
puIIic spIeve
and
Ias Ied lo
puIIic sponsovsIip
oJ
expIicil
sexuaI
speecI,
lIe lvansJovnalion Ias Ieen
exceedingI
diJJicuIl,
veJIecling conlinuing
sociaI concevns aIoul
lvansgvessing
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine. See
genevaII
BANBY
SHILTS,
ANB THE BANB FLAYEB ON 148-60
|1987)
|descviIing
iniliaI oJJiciaI veIuclance lo addvess AIBS as a
pvoIIen).
107
FCC v. FaciJica
Found.,
438 U.S.
726,
746 n.23
|1978).
[VoI.
143 111
B. Fivsl Anendnenl Boclvine and lIe
FuIIic/Fvivale
Line
TIe Couvl's sexuaI
expvession
decisions can Ie
ovganized aIong
a siniIav
puIIic/pvivale
axis. TIe Couvl's
zoning
decisions aIIov
connunilies lo denand lIal vIen
sexuaII expIicil speecI appeavs
in
puIIic,
il nusl Ie
veIegaled
lo davI and dislanl
pavls
oJ lovn.I08
TIe Couvl's aJJivnance oJ lIe FCC's
indecenc veguIalion pevnils
lIe
zoning
oJ sexuaI
speecI
lo Iess
puIIic
lines oJ
da.109
And
vIiIe
pvivale possession
oJ
oIscenil
cannol Ie
veguIaled,I10
lIe
slale is Jvee lo
veguIale oIscenil
in a
puIIic pIace
even iJ il is
enjoed onI I consenling
aduIls,
and even vIeve il is
onI Ieing
lvanspovled lIvougI puIIic
cIanneIs Jov
pvivale
Ione use.1
WIal is innune Jvon
veguIalion
in
pvivale
Iecones
suppvessiIIe
in
puIIic,
even iJ lIe
vev
sane
speaIevs,
Iislenevs,
and
speecI
ave
invoIved.
TIe
cenlvaIil
oJ lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine lo
oIscenil
doclvine is
nosl
vividI
veJIecled in Favis AduIl TIealve I v. SIalon.12 In lIal
case,
lIe Couvl vevieved an
oIscenil pvoseculion
divecled al an
aduIl novie lIealev lIal exIiIiled JiIns lo
consenling
aduIls
onI.13
TIe lIealev ovnevs
avgued
lIal Iecause no
unviIIing
vievev vouId Ie conJvonled
I
lIe
JiIns,
lIeiv exIiIilion sIouId Ie
lvealed IiIe Mv.
SlanIe's114
possession oJ oIscene naleviaIs in lIe
pvivac
oJ Iis Ione.115 TIe Couvl
calegovicaII vejecled
lIal
avgunenl, IoIding
lIal lIe slale Ias a
Iong-vecognized Iegilinale
inlevesl in
veguIaling
lIe use oJ oIscene naleviaIs in IocaI connevce
and in aII
pIaces oJ puIIic
acconnodalion.116 TIe Couvl
quoled
AIexandev BicIeI's
expIanalion
oJ lIe dislinclion Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale enjonenl
oJ
oIscenil
108
See
supva
noles 36-37 and
acconpaning
lexl.
109
See
FaciJica,
438 U.S. al 748-51
|upIoIding
lIe
conslilulionaIil
oJ an FCC
pvoIiIilion
on indecenl vadio Ivoadcasls
duving
lines vIen cIiIdven ave
IiIeI
lo Ie
exposed
lo
lIen).
10
See
SlanIe
v.
Oeovgia,
394 U.S.
557,
568
|1969).
' See Favis AduIl TIealve I v.
SIalon,
413 U.S.
49,
69
|1973) |IoIding
lIal
oIscene JiIns
na
Ie
cvininaII pvoscviIed
vIeve exIiIiled in
puIIic,
even iJ sIovn
onI
lo
consenling
aduIls):
Uniled Slales v. 12 200-Fl. BeeIs oJ
Supev
8nn.
FiIn,
413
U.S.
123,
128-29
|1973) |IoIding
lIal
Congvess na pvoIiIil
lIe
inpovlalion
oJ
oIscene naleviaIs inlended Jov
pvivale use).
112
413 U.S. 49
|1973).
113
See id. al 51.
114
See
SlanIe,
394 U.S. al 558.
15
See 413 U.S. al 65.
116
Id. al 57
|enpIasis added):
see aIso id. al 65
|dislinguisIing SlanIe
on lIe
gvound
lIal novie lIealevs ave
puIIic
acconnodalions).
1994]
A nan
na
Ie enlilIed lo vead an oIscene IooI in Iis
voon,
ov
expose
IinseIJ
indecenlI
lIeve .... We sIouId
pvolecl
Iis
pvivac.
Bul iJ Ie denands a
vigIl
lo oIlain lIe IooIs and
picluves
Ie vanls in lIe
navIel,
and lo
JovegalIev
in
puIIic
pIaces-discveel,
iJ
ou
viII,
Iul accessiIIe lo aII-vilI olIevs vIo
sIave Iis
lasles,
lIen lo
gvanl
Iin Iis
vigIl
is lo
aJJecl
lIe vovId aIoul
lIe vesl
oJ
us,
and lo
inpinge
on olIev
pvivacies.
Even
supposing
lIal
eacI oJ us
can,
iJ Ie
visIes,
eJJecliveI
avevl lIe
ee
and
slop
lIe
eav
|vIicI,
in
lvulI,
ve
cannol),
vIal is
connonI
vead and seen
and Ieavd and done inlvudes
upon
us
aII,
vanl il ov nol.17
NeilIev BicIeI's
quole
nov lIe Couvl's
opinion adequaleI
expIains vI
lIeve sIouId Ie a dislinclion Ielveen
sIoving
an
oIscene JiIn in a
Ione,
inlo vIicI
an
nunIev oJ
consenling
olIevs
na
Ie
inviled,
and
sIoving
lIe sane JiIn in a lIealev
open
onI
lo lIe sane
consenling
aduIls. IJ vIal is
connonI
vead and
seen and Ieavd and done inlvudes
upon
us
aII,
vanl il ov
nol,
vIal
diJJevence does il naIe vIelIev il is
connonI
seen in
pvivale
Iones valIev lIan novie lIealevs?8 In a JaniIiav
pallevn,
lIe
dislinclion is
assevled,
Iul IeJl
unexpIained.
TIe
poIicing
oJ lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine aIso undevIies lIe Couvl's
IoIdings
lIal vIiIe lIe slale
na
nol
punisI
lIe
possession
oJ
oIscenil
in lIe
Ione,
il
na punisI an allenpl
lo
gel oIscenil
lo lIe Ione. AJlev
SlanIe,
sevevaI Iovev couvls slvucI dovn Iinils
on lIe
inpovlalion
ov dislviIulion oJ
povnogvapI
Jov
pevsonaI
use.19
TIe
veasoned,
nol
iIIogicaII,
lIal iJ one Ias a conslilu-
lionaI
vigIl
lo
enjo povnogvapI
in lIe
Ione,
suveI
one nusl Iave
lIe
vigIl
lo oIlain
povnogvapI
Jov
pvivale
Ione use.120 TIe
1 Id. al 59
|quoling
AIexandev
BicIeI,
On
FovnogvapI
II
Bissenling
and
Concuvving Opinions,
22 FUB. INTEBEST
25, 26
|1971)).
118 As Bavid BicIavds Ias
poinled
oul,
BicIeI's
avgunenl
vesls on lIe cvude
novaI conJusion Ielveen an oIlvusive oJJense and lIe oJJense devived Jvon lIe neve
InovIedge
oJ
sonelIing.
Bavid
A.J.
BicIavds,
Fvee
SpeecI
and
OIscenil
Lav Tovavd
a MovaI
TIeov oJ
lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
123 U. FA. L. BEV.
45,
86
|1974):
see aIso H.L.A.
HABT, LAW,
LIBEBTY ANB MOBALITY 46-47
|1963)
|dislinguisIing
Ielveen oJJense
caused
I
unvanled
puIIic exposuve
and oJJense caused
neveI I Inoving
lIal
peopIe
ave
engaging
in conducl oJ vIicI one
disappvoves).
19
TIivl-Seven |37)
FIologvapIs,
309 F.
Supp.
36,37-38
|C.B.
CaI.
1970)
|slviIing
dovn slalule
Iavving oIscenil inpovlalion),
vev'd,
402 U.S.
363,
370-71
|1971):
Uniled Slales v.
Ovilo,
338 F.
Supp.
308,
310-11
|E.B.
Wis.
1970)
|IoIding
unconslilulionaI a slalule lIal Iavved lIe
pvivale,
inlevslale
lvanspovlalion
oJ
oIscenil
Jov
pevsonaI use), vacaled,
413 U.S.
139,
143
|1973):
Uniled Slales v.
LelIe, 312 F.
Supp.
421,
425-26
|E.B.
CaI.
1970)
|IoIding
lIal il is unconslilulionaI
lo
pvosecule
an individuaI Jov
naiIing
oIscene naleviaIs lo individuaIs vIo
vequesl
lIen).
120
See, e.g, Ovilo,
338 F.
Supp.
al 310
|[I]l
JoIIovs lIal vilI lIe
vigIl
lo vead
[VoI.
143 1 1 1
Supvene
Couvl
vejecled
lIal
Iogic, insisling
lIal lIe Iine
SlanIe
dvev ended al lIe Ione's
lIvesIoId,
and couId nol Ie exlended
inlo lIe
puIIic spIeve
oJ dislviIulion and
inpovlalion.'21
TIe
Couvl vavned oJ lIe seduclive
dangev
oJ sucI
veasoning,
and
insisled lIal a
sIavp
Iine nusl Ie dvavn
TIe seduclive
pIausiIiIil
oJ
singIe sleps
in a cIain oJ
evoIulionav
deveIopnenl
oJ a
IegaI
vuIe is oJlen nol
pevceived
unliI a
lIivd,
JouvlI,
ov JiJlI
IogicaI
exlension occuvs.... TIis Iind oJ
geslalive pvopensil
caIIs Jov lIe Iine
dvaving
JaniIiav in lIe
judiciaI,
as in lIe
IegisIalive pvocess
lIus Jav Iul nol
Ieond.
Fevspeclives na cIange,
Iul ouv concIusion is lIal
SlanIe
vepvesenls
sucI a Iine oJ denavcalion . .. 122
Heve,
lIe Couvl
eJJecliveI
adnils lIal lIeve is no
IogicaI
Iasis Jov
Iavving
dislviIulion and
inpovlalion
oJ
oIscenil
Jov
pevsonaI
use,
Iul insisls lIal a
|one
is
lenpled
lo
sa pvopIIaclic)
Iine nusl Ie
dvavn al lIe
puIIic/pvivale
lIvesIoId lo vavd oJJ lIe
geslalive
pvopensil
oJ seduclive
veasoning.
A siniIav veIiance on lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion
IeIps expIain
one oJ lIe Couvl's nosl cuvious
oIscenil
decisions,
OinzIuvg
v.
Uniled
Slales.'23 BaIpI
OinzIuvg
vas senlenced lo Jive
eavs
in
pvison
Jov
dislviIuling
lIvee
ilens,
none
oJ
vIicI vas
oIscene,'24
on
oIscene nallevs cones lIe
vigIl
lo
lvanspovl
ov lo veceive sucI naleviaI vIen done
in a JasIion lIal does nol
pandev
il ov
inpose
il
upon unviIIing
aduIls ov
upon
ninovs.).
121
Ovilo,
413 U.S.
139,
143
|1973)
|upIoIding
slalule
Iavving
dislviIulion oJ
oIscenil
in inlevslale
connevce,
even iJ
onI
Jov
pevsonaI
use):
Uniled Slales v. 12 200-Fl. BeeIs oJ
Supev
8nn.
FiIn,
413 U.S.
123,
128
|1973)
|upIoIding
cuslons slalule
Iavving inpovlalion
oJ
oIscenil,
even iJ
onI
Jov
pevsonaI
use):
Uniled Slales v.
BeideI,
402 U.S.
351,
352
|1971) |upIoIding
slalule
Iavving
dislviIulion oJ
oIscenil lIvougI
naiIs,
even iJ divecled
onI
al
consenling
aduIls):
Uniled Slales v.
TIivl-Seven |37) FIologvapIs,
402 U.S.
363,
376
|1971) |pIuvaIil
upIoIding
cuslons slalule
pvoIiIiling inpovlalion
oJ
oIscenil, incIuding
oIscenil
inpovled
Jov
pevsonaI
use).
122
12 200 Fl.
BeeIs,
413 U.S. al 127.
123
383 U.S. 463
|1966).
124
TIe Jivsl ilen vas
EBOS,
a IooI oJ avlicIes and
pIolo-essas
on lIe
suIjecl
oJ
Iove, sex,
and sexuaI veIalions. See id. al 466. OJ lIe IooI's 15 avlicIes and
essas,
lIe dislvicl couvl Jound lIal
onI
Jouv veve oIscene. See id. al 471. TIe second ilen
vas
Liaison,
a nevsIellev lIal incIuded an inlevviev vilI a
pscIolIevapisl
vIo
Javoved Ivoad Iicense in sexuaI
veIalionsIips,
and
digesls
oJ lvo avlicIes Jvon
pvoJessionaI
sex
jouvnaIs.
See id. al 466-67. TIe lIivd ilen vas TIe
HouseviJe's
HandIooI on SeIeclive
Fvoniscuil,
an
auloIiogvapIicaI
accounl lIal addvessed sucI
issues as sex educalion Jov
cIiIdven,
lIe
Iegilinac
oJ Iavs
veguIaling pvivale
consensuaI aduIl
sex,
and lIe
equaIil
oJ vonen in sexuaI
veIalionsIips.
See id. al
466-67. TIe
Supvene
Couvl assuned lIal lIe
puIIicalions slanding
aIone veve nol
oIscene. See id. al 465-66.
1994]
lIe
gvound
lIal Ie
engaged
in
pandeving I |lvulIJuII) enpIasiz-
ing
lIeiv sexuaI cIavaclev in
advevlising
lIen lo lIe
puIIic.
Had
OinzIuvg
dislviIuled lIe ilens
onI lIvougI pvoJessionaI pscIo-
lIevapisls
Jov use in sex
lIevap,
Iis aclions vouId Iave Ieen
conslilulionaII pvolecled.
His evvov vas lo dislviIule lIese
pvivale
naleviaIs in lIe
puIIic,
connevciaI
navIelpIace.
Jusl
as lIe sane
JiIn is
pvolecled
iJ vieved in lIe
pvivac
oJ one's Ione Iul nol iJ
sIovn in a
puIIic
lIealev,
so lIe sane naleviaIs ave
pvolecled
iJ
dislviIuled in a
conlvoIIed,
pvivale lIevapeulic selling,
Iul nol iJ
inlvoduced
candidI
as sexuaI inlo lIe
puIIic navIelpIace.
C. Bavnes v. OIen
TIealve,
Inc.
Bvaving
Fine Lines
TIe nosl vecenl
exanpIe
oJ lIe Couvl's
sanclioning
oJ
puIIic/
pvivale poIicing
is Bavnes v. OIen
TIealve, Inc.,125
in vIicI lIe
Couvl
upIeId
an Indiana
puIIic nudil
slalule lIal
vequived
nude
dancevs lo veav
paslies
and a
O-slving.
TIis case is aIoul
nolIing
Iul lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine:
as
Juslice
ScaIia
noled,
Indiana Ians
nudil
in
puIIic pIaces,
Iul nol vilIin lIe
pvivac
oJ lIe Ione.126
TIe Couvl's
judgnenl
in Bavnes vesled
lenuousI
on lIvee
sepavale
opinions-CIieJJuslice BeInquisl's pIuvaIil opinion, joined onI I
Juslices
Kenned
and
O'Connov,
and lvo
sepavale
concuvvences
I
Juslices
ScaIia and Soulev.
VivluaII
lIe
onI poinl
oJ
agveenenl
Ielveen lIe Jive
Juslices
vIo nade
up
lIe
najovil
vas lIal
Indiana's Iav vas unveIaled lo lIe
suppvession
oJ
expvession.'27
BeacIing
lIis concIusion vas
necessav
lo
upIoId
lIe slalule
Iecause lIe Couvl Iad
pveviousI vecognized
nude
dancing
as
expvessive
conducl,128
and Iad
vecenlI
veaJJivned lIal vIeve
veguIalion
oJ
expvessive
conducl is veIaled lo ils connunicalive
aspecls,
il vioIales lIe Fivsl Anendnenl aIsenl a
conpeIIing
slale
inlevesl.129 Bul lIe concIusion is
IigII
duIious.
125
501 U.S. 560
|1991).
126
Id. al 576 n.3
|ScaIia,
J., concuvving).
127
See id. al 568
|pIuvaIil opinion):
id. al 576
|ScaIia,J.,
concuvving):
id. al 585-86
|Soulev,
J., concuvving).
128 See ScIad v.
BovougI
oJ Mounl
EpIvain,
452 U.S.
61,
66
|1981) |[N]ude
dancing
is nol vilIoul ils Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoleclions
Jvon oJJiciaI
veguIalion.):
Bovan v. SaIen
Inn, Inc.,
422 U.S.
922,932 |1975)
|slaling
lIal nude
dancing
invoIves
lIe Iavesl nininun oJ
pvolecled expvession,
Iul is enlilIed lo Fivsl and
FouvleenlI Anendnenl
pvoleclion
undev sone
civcunslances):
CaIiJovnia v.
LaBue,
409 U.S.
109,
118
|1972) |sane).
129
See B.A.V. v.
Cil
oJ Sl. FauI, 112 S. Cl. 2538
|1992)
|appIing
slvicl
scvulin
lo Minnesola Iav
pvoIiIiling
lIe
dispIa
oJ vacisl
snIoIs
Iecause Iav vas
designed
lo
suppvess
vIal
snIoIs connunicaled):
Uniled Slales v.
EicInan,
496 U.S.
310,
[VoI.
143 111
BeInquisl
and ScaIia veasoned lIal lIe slale's inlevesl in
veguIaling puIIic nudil
vas unveIaled lo
expvession
Iecause lIe
slale
sougIl
lo
pvolecl
socielaI ovdev and
novaIil.130
NeilIev
Juslice
expIained,
Iovevev,
Iov
puIIic nudil
Iavns
puIIic novaIil
olIev lIan
I
vivlue oJ vIal il
expvesses.
ScaIia insisled lIal lIe
Ian vas unveIaled lo
expvession
Iecause il
genevaII pvoIiIiled
puIIic nudil, ivvespeclive
oJ ils
nessage.13I
Bul ScaIia's use oJ
genevaII
is
queslion-Iegging.
TIe Indiana Iav does nol
genevaI-
I pvoIiIil
aII
nudil,
Iul
singIes
oul
puIIic nudil,
lIal
is,
nudil
connunicaled lo olIevs in
puIIic.
OvdinaviI,
vIeve
govevnnenl seIecliveI veguIales puIIic
Iul
nol
pvivale
conducl ov
expvession,
lIeve is veason lo
suspecl
lIal
lIe
govevnnenl
is
allenpling
lo
suppvess
lIe
nessage
connunical-
ed lo lIe
puIIic,
and slvicl
scvulin
is
lviggeved.
In Texas v.
JoInson,132
Jov
exanpIe,
lIe Jacl lIal lIe Texas slalule
pvoIiIiled
onI
lIose
JIag Iuvnings
lIal vouId
seviousI
oJJend one ov nove
pevsons IiIeI
lo oIsevve ov discovev'33 lIe conducl Ied lIe Couvl
lo concIude lIal lIe
govevnnenl's veguIalov
inlevesl vas veIaled lo
lIe
nessage
lIal lIe conducl
expvessed,
and lIeveJove lo
appI
slvingenl
Fivsl Anendnenl
scvulin.134 B
conlvasl,
in Uniled
Slales v.
O'Bvien,135
lIe Couvl
jusliJied appIicalion
oJ veIaxed
scvulin
lo a slalule
pvoIiIiling
deslvuclion oJ dvaJl cavds
I noling
lIal lIe Iav does nol
dislinguisI
Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale
deslvuclion,
and il does nol
punisI onI
deslvuclion
engaged
in Jov
317-18
|1990) |appIing
slvicl
scvulin
lo slalule
cvininaIizing JIag Iuvning
Iecause
Iav vas
designed
lo
suppvess
vIal
JIag Iuvning
connunicaled):
Texas v.
JoInson,
491 U.S.
397,
407-10
|1989) |sane).
130
Bavnes,
501 U.S. al
568:
see aIso id.
|FuIIic indecenc
slalules ... veJIecl novaI
disappvovaI
oJ
peopIe appeaving
in lIe nude
anong slvangevs
in
puIIic pIaces.):
id.
al 575
|ScaIia,
J., concuvving) |noling
lIal lIe Iav's
puvpose
vas lo enJovce lIe
lvadilionaI novaI IeIieJ lIal
peopIe
sIouId nol
expose
lIeiv
pvivale pavls
indiscvini-
naleI).
Is
Id. al 575 n.3.
132
491 U.S. 397
|1989).
'ss Id. al 400
n.I:
see aIso LAUBENCE H.
TBIBE,
AMEBICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
801-02
|2d
ed.
1988)
|avguing
lIal lIe
JIag
as a nalionaI
snIoI
vouId nol Ie
covvupled
in
an va I
cIosel
Iuvnings,
Iul lIal lIe
snIoI
is
degvaded,
iJ al
aII,
onI
lo lIe
degvee
lIal
peopIe
Ieavn oJ lIe
acl):JoIn
H.
EI, FIag
Besecvalion A
Case
Slud
in lIe BoIes
oJ Calegovizalion
and
BaIancing
in Fivsl Anendnenl
AnaIsis,
88
HABV. L. BEV.
1482,
1496-1502
|1975) |avguing
lIal
veguIalion
oJ
puIIic JIag
desecvalion luvns on lIe
nessage
il connunicales lo olIevs and lIeveJove vioIales
lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl):
MeIviIIe E.
Ninnev,
TIe
Meaning oJ SnIoIic SpeecI
Undev lIe
Fivsl
Anendnenl,
21 UCLA L. BEV.
29,
53-57
|1973) |sane).
134
SeeJoInson,
491 U.S. al 405-06.
135
391 U.S. 367
|1968).
1994]
lIe
puvpose
oJ
expvessing
vievs.136 LiIe lIe
JIag Iuvning
slalule
in
JoInson
and unIiIe lIe dvaJl cavd Iav in
O'Bvien,
Indiana Ianned
onI puIIic nudil,
and did nol
allenpl
a
genevaI veguIalion
oJ
nudil.137
CIieJJuslice BeInquisljusliJied
Iis concIusion lIal lIe
suppves-
sion oJ
expvession
vas nol inlended
I cIaining
lIal
[p]uIIic
nudil
is lIe eviI lIe slale seeIs lo
pvevenl,
vIelIev ov nol il is
conIined vilI
expvessive aclivil.138
Bul
puIIic nudil
Ias no
eJJecl on
puIIic
novaIs
excepl I
vivlue oJ vIal il
expvesses
lo
136
Id. al 375.
137Juslice
ScaIia's
suggeslion
lIal
JIag Iuvning
is diJJevenl Jvon
puIIic nudil
Iecause lIe Jovnev is
inIevenlI expvessive
nisses lIe navI.
Bavnes,
501 U.S. al
577 n.4
|ScaIia, J., concuvving).
He
suggesls
lIal
[i]l
is
eas
lo concIude lIal conducl Ias Ieen JovIidden Iecause oJ ils
connunicalive allviIules vIen lIe conducl in
queslion
is vIal lIe Couvl
Ias caIIed
inIevenlI expvessive,
. . .
[lIal is,]
conducl lIal is
novnaII
engaged
in Jov lIe
puvpose
oJ
connunicaling
an
idea,
ov
pevIaps
an eno-
lion,
lo soneone eIse.
Id.
Nudil,
Ie
cIains,
is nol
novnaII engaged
in Jov lIe
puvpose
oJ
connunicaling
an idea ov an enolion. Id.
TIeve ave lvo JIavs vilI lIis
avgunenl.
Fivsl,
even
accepling
vIal ScaIia
slales,
Iis
inquiv
ends loo soon. IJ
govevnnenl
veslvicls cevlain conducl Iecause oJ vIal il
expvesses,
il sIouId nol nallev vIelIev lIe conducl is
novnaII engaged
in Jov
expvessive puvposes.
Second,
Indiana Ias nol
pvoIiIiled nudil,
Iul
puIIic nudil.
And
puIIic nudil
na
veII Ie
inIevenlI expvessive. CevlainI
ve aII undevsland ouv
daiI
decisions
aIoul vIal lo veav as
expvessive
ve veav luxedos lo
expvess
one
lIing, judiciaI
voIes lo
expvess sonelIing
eIse,
and
Iol-pinI junpsuils
lo
expvess sonelIing
eIse
again.
In
Jacl,
lIe enlive JasIion
induslv
is
pvedicaled
on lIe nolion lIal ve
expvess
ouvseIves
|and
ouv
cuIluve)
lIvougI
vIal ve veav.
Moveovev,
vIal ve do nol veav
na
Ie al Ieasl as
expvessive
as vIal ve do veav vecaII BvooIe SIieIds's advevlise-
nenl Jov CaIvin KIein
jeans,
in vIicI sIe
slaled,
NolIing
cones Ielveen ne and
n
CaIvins. IJ a decision lo veav
Iingevie
as oulevveav is
expvessive,
see
FIIIis
C.
Love,
Bvas Move TIan
Jusl
Suppovling
BoIes,
L.A. TIMES
|OBANOE
COUNTY
EBITION), Sepl.
18, 1992,
al E3
|ceIeIvaling
lIe evoIulion oJ lIe Iva Jvon Iidden
suppovl
device lo
oulveav
essenliaI):
Felev
MiIeIIanI,
Haule OaucIe TIe TvasI
Maslev,
WASH.
FOST,
JuI
17, 1993,
al
F1,
F5
|discussing
lIe vecenl
popuIavil
oJ lvasI JasIion-a nove-
nenl
anong designevs
lo
conve
sex,
siIIiness and Iad lasle
lIvougI
lIeiv
cIolIes),
so loo is a decision lo veav
nolIing,
see Falvicia
McLaugIIin,
Can We
CIange
Ouv
OulIooI AIoul lIe Naluve
oJ
Bveasls?,
MINNEAFOLIS STAB
TBIB.,
Aug.
23, 1993,
al
1E
|vecognizing puIIic lopIessness
as a
poIilicaI
slalenenl aIoul lIe need lo de-evolicize
Iveasls in ovdev lo addvess
unIeaIlI
JelisIizalion oJ lIe JenaIe
Iod):
CavIin
Meev,
Wonen's Bveasls So
WIal?,
N.Y.
TIMES,
JuI
29, 1992,
al A21
|avguing
lIal Iavs
pvoIiIiling
vonen Jvon
Iaving
lIeiv Iveasls in
puIIic
ave enaclnenls oJ a
lIinI
veiIed
puvilan novaIil
lIal
pevpeluales
devianl sexuaI IeIaviov and
unIeaIlI
nolions aIoul lIe JenaIe
Iod
inslead oJ
cuvIing
lIen). Indeed,
in a
sociel
vIeve
lIe novn is lo covev oneseIJ
up,
il vouId Ie aInosl
inpossiIIe
lo
appeav
nude in
puIIic
vilIoul
inlending
lo
expvess sonelIing I
one's aclions.
138
Bavnes,
501 U.S. al 571.
146 UNIVEBSITY OFFENNSYLVANIA LAW BEVIEW
[VoI.
143 111
lIose vIo see il
oJJensiveness,
innodesl, sensuaIil, disvespecl
Jov sociaI
noves,
elc. IJ
puIIic nudil expvessed nolIing, sociel
vouId Iave no inlevesl in
suppvessing
il. Il is
onI
Iecause
puIIic
nudil
is
expvessive
lIal il is
veguIaled.
Juslice
Soulev's valionaIe Jov
Jinding
lIe Indiana Iav unveIaled
lo lIe
suppvession
oJ
expvession139
is no Iess slvained. He
veasoned lIal Iecause Indiana
nigIl
Iave delevnined lIal
JovIidding
nude Iavvoon
dancing
vouId JuvlIev ils inlevesl in
pvevenling pvoslilulion,
sexuaI
assauIl,
and associaled cvines,140
lIe
puIIic nudil
Iav sIouId Ie vieved as divecled al lIose
secondav
eJJecls,
and nol al nude
dancing's expvessive
eIe-
nenls.141 In ovdev lo veacI lIis
vesuIl,
Soulev Iad lo cIeav sevevaI
IuvdIes.
Fivsl,
lIeve vas no indicalion lIal Indiana
acluaII sougIl
lo
JuvlIev lIese inlevesls.
Second,
lIeve vas no Iasis Jov
IeIieving
lIal
lIe
secondav eJJeclsJuslice
Soulev idenliJied as
JIoving
Jvon nude
dancevs vouId Ie
niligaled I paslies
and a
O-slving.
IJ Iavs
Jealuving
nude
dancing
allvacl
pvoslilulion,
sexuaI
assauIl,
and
associaled
cvine,
il is diJJicuIl lo see
vI
Iavs
Jealuving
nude
dancing
undev a
paslies-and-O-slving vegine
vouId nol.
TIivd,
lIe
puIIic nudil
Iav on ils Jace exlended
Ieond
nude Iavvoon
dancing, veacIing
inslances oJ
puIIic nudil-sucI
as
sIinn-dipping,
nude
sunIalIing,
and
slveaIing-vilI
no conneclion lo lIe
secondav
eJJecls Soulev
posiled
as lIe
Iav'sjusliJicalion. AIlIougI
ScaIia and
BeInquisl
veIied on vIal
lIe
vieved as lIe Iav's
genevaI scope
lo
suppovl
lIeiv delevninalion lIal lIe slalule vas
nol
lavgeled
al
suppvessing
lIe evolic
nessages
oJ nude
dancevs,
Soulev veIied on lIe Iav's
speciJic appIicalion
lo nude Iavvoon
dancevs lo
upIoId
il as a
veguIalion
divecled al lIe
secondav
eJJecls
oJ nude
dancing.142
In
essence,
lIe
Juslices upIeId
diJJevenl Iavs.
TIe nude
dancing
Iav Soulev
upIeId
vouId JaiI undev
BeInquisl
139 Id. al 585
|Soulev,J., concuvving) |quoling
Uniled Slales v.
O'Bvien,
391 U.S.
367,
377
|1968)).
140
Id. al 584.
141
See id. al 586.
142
Juslice
Soulev nainlained lIal Ie couId
ignove
lIe Ivoad JaciaI
scope
oJ lIe Iav
[I]ecause
lIeve is no ovevIveadlI
cIaIIenge
IeJove
us,
id. al 585
n.2,
Iul lIal
valionaIe does nol vilIsland
scvulin.
TIe cvilicaI
queslion
is vIelIev lIe slale's
inlevesl in
enacling
lIe
puIIic nudil
ovdinance is veIaled lo lIe
suppvession
oJ
expvession.
Id. al 585. WIeve lIe Iav on ils Jace exlends Jav
Ieond
lIe assevled
nonexpvessive secondav
eJJecls
posiled,
lIal Jacl
suggesls
lIal lIe Iav is nol in Jacl
divecled al lIe
secondav
eJJecls,
Iul al lIe connunicalive
inpacl
oJ
puIIic nudil
pev
se. See id. al 586.
1994]
and ScaIia's
anaIsis,
vIicI vas
pvedicaled
on lIe Iav
genevaII
Ianning
aII
puIIic nudil.
And lIe Iav lIal
BeInquisl
and ScaIia
upIeId
vouId Iave JaiIed
Juslice
Soulev's
lesl,
Iecause Indiana
couId nol
possiII
denonslvale
secondav
eJJecls vilI
vespecl
lo aII
puIIic nudil.
FinaII,
and nosl
pvoIIenalicaII,
even iJ nude Iavvoon
dancing
Ias lIe eJJecls Soulev
idenliJied,
lIose eJJecls ave nol
secondav,
Iul ave
diveclI
IinIed lo ils connunicalive conlenl. WIeve
govevnnenl veguIales speecI
Iecause ils conlenl is said lo cause
IavnJuI
eJJecls,
lIe
govevnnenl
nusl
salisJ
lIe
BvandenIuvg
v. OIio
lesl:143 Ieve,
Indiana vouId Iave Iad lo sIov lIal nude
dancing
vas divecled lo
causing
unIavJuI
conducl,
and vas
IiIeI
lo
pvoduce
lIal eJJecl
inninenlI.144
In
vesponse
lo lIis
concevn,
Soulev
opined
lIal lIe eJJecls
nigIl
nol Iave Ieen caused
I,
Iul
onI
covveIaled
vilI,
lIe nude
dancing, lIeveI oIvialing
lIe need lo
appI BvandenIuvg
Il is
possiIIe,
Jov
exanpIe,
lIal lIe
IigIev
incidence oJ
pvoslilu-
lion and sexuaI assauIl in lIe
vicinil
oJ aduIl enlevlainnenl
Iocalions vesuIls Jvon lIe concenlvalion oJ cvovds oJ nen
pvedisposed
lo sucI
aclivilies,
ov Jvon lIe
sinpIe vieving
oJ nude
Iodies
vegavdIess
oJ vIelIev lIose Iodies ave
engaged
in
expves-
sion ov nol. In neilIev case vouId lIe cIain oJ causalion vun
lIvougI
lIe
pevsuasive
eJJecl oJ lIe
expvessive conponenl
oJ nude
dancing.145
Fulling
aside lIe visdon oJ
gvounding
Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoleclion
on an evanescenl dislinclion Ielveen eJJecls caused
I
ov covveIaled vilI
speecI,
eacI oJ lIe
possiIiIilies
Soulev idenliJied
is
inexlvicaII
lied lo nude
dancing's expvessive
cIavaclev. IJ lIe
sinpIe vieving
oJ nude Iodies Ias
an
eJJecl,
il nusl Ie
I
vivlue
oJ vIal lIe nude Iodies connunicale
visuaII. SiniIavI,
iJ nude
dancing
allvacls a cvovd oJ
pvedisposed
nen,
il nusl Ie Iecause
lIe
ave dvavn lo vIal nude
dancing
connunicales lo
lIen,
unIess
one IeIieves lIal nude dancevs Iave sone
nagnelic
Jovce oJ
143
395 U.S.
444,
447
|1969)
|IoIding
pvoIiIils
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
advocac
oJ
iIIegaI
conducl
excepl
vIeve
speecI
is inlended and
IiIeI
lo
pvoduce
inninenl unIavJuI
IeIaviov).
144
See,
e.g.,
Anevican BooIseIIevs Ass'n v.
Hudnul,
771 F.2d
323,
333
|7lI
Civ.
1985), aJJd,
475 U.S. 1001
|1986)
|slviIing
dovn an
anlipovnogvapI
ovdinance
jusliJied I
lIe concevn lIal
povnogvapI
causes vioIence lovavd vonen on lIe
gvound
lIal lIe slale Iad nol sIovn a
suJJicienlI
cIose conneclion Ielveen lIe
expvession
and lIe vioIence lo
salisJ
lIe
BvandenIuvg lesl).
145
Bavnes,
501 U.S. al 586.
[VoI.
143 111
allvaclion
ivvespeclive
oJ vIal
lIe
connunicale. WIal is
going
on
na
nol Ie
pevsuasive
in lIe
slviclI
valionaI
sense,
Iul lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl is nol veslvicled lo
pvolecling
valionaI
pevsuasion.146
TIus,
aII oJ lIe
Juslices
in lIe Bavnes
najovil
slvained
nigIliI
lo veacI lIe concIusion lIal lIe
veguIalion
al issue vas unveIaled lo
lIe
suppvession
oJ
expvession.
In an
excIange
vilI lIe Bavnes
dissenlevs,
Juslice
ScaIia
pvovides
a cIue as lo
vI
lIe
Juslices
veve
dviven lo sucI
gveal IenglIs.
TIe dissenl Iad
avgued
lIal lIe
Indiana Iav vas
unconslilulionaI,
al Ieasl as
appIied
lo nude
Iavvoon
dancing,
Iecause sucI an
appIicalion
Iad
nolIing
lo do
vilI
avoiding
oJJense lo
nonconsenling pavlies,
and lIeveJove lIe
onI venaining puvpose
nusl veIale lo lIe connunicalive eIenenls
oJ lIe
pevJovnance.147
ScaIia
vesponded
FevIaps
lIe dissenlevs IeIieve lIal oJJense lo olIevs
ougIl
lo Ie
lIe
onI
veason Jov
veslvicling nudil
in
puIIic pIaces genevaII,
Iul lIeve is no Iasis Jov
lIinIing
lIal ouv
sociel
Ias evev sIaved
lIal TIoveauvian
ou-na-do-vIal-ou-IiIe-so-Iong-as-il-does-nol-
injuve-soneone-eIse
Ieau ideaI-nucI Iess Jov
lIinIing
lIal il vas
vvillen inlo lIe Conslilulion.'48
InvoIing
lIe venavIaIIe
inage
oJ
60,000
JuII consenling
aduIls
cvovded inlo lIe Hoosiev Bone lo
dispIa
lIeiv
genilaIs
lo one
anolIev,
ScaIia nainlained lIal sucI an evenl couId Ie
pvoIiIiled
even iJ lIeve veve nol an oJJended innocenl in lIe cvovd.149
He
avgued
lIal
[o]uv
sociel pvoIiIils,
and aII Iunan socielies
Iave
pvoIiIiled,
cevlain aclivilies nol Iecause
lIe
Iavn olIevs Iul
Iecause
lIe
ave
consideved,
in lIe lvadilionaI
pIvase,
'conlva Ionos
noves,' i.e., innovaI,
and one oJ lIose aclivilies is
puIIic exposuve
oJ one's
pvivale pavls.150
TIus,
ScaIia nol
onI accepls
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine,
Ie naIes
il a novaI
inpevalive.
Bul one
nigIl
as
easiI sa JIag Iuvning,
cvilicizing
one's eIecled
Ieadevs,
and
IIaspIen
ave innovaI. TIe
Fivsl Anendnenl
usuaII
denands nove lIan a Lalin
pIvase
lo
146
See Texas v.
JoInson,
491 U.S. 397
|1989):
CoIen v.
CaIiJovnia,
403 U.S. 15
|1971): supva pavl
I.B.
147
Bavnes,
501 U.S. al 574
|ScaIia, J., concuvving) |cIavaclevizing
dissenl's
posilion).
In
Jacl,
lIe dissenl conceded loo nucI even vIeve oJJense lo olIevs is
a valionaIe Jov
veguIalion,
sucI a
veguIalion
is veIaled lo lIe
suppvession
oJ
expvession
vIeve lIe oJJense is
genevaled I
vIal is connunicaled.
SeeJoInson,
491
U.S. al 414.
48
Bavnes,
501 U.S. al 574-75.
149 Id. al 575.
150
Id.
1994]
jusliJ
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
expvession
and
speciJicaII
Iavs
veguIalion
Iased
soIeI
on a
judgnenl
lIal lIe
expvession
is innovaI.151
TIus,
lIe
najovil
vas dviven lo Jind lIe Indiana slalule unveIaled
lo
expvession
Iecause il olIevvise couId nol Iave
upIeId
lIe Iav
as a
veguIalion
oJ
novaIs.'52
LeJl unslaled is Iov
vequiving
olIevvise nude dancevs lo don
paslies
and
O-slvings
viII
upIoId
lIe novaIs oJ lIe
connunil.
TIe
novaI diJJevence Ielveen an
enliveI
nude dancev and a dancev
veaving paslies
and a
O-slving
is nol
innedialeI appavenl.
Bul lIe
paslies
and
O-slving
do sevve an
inpovlanl snIoIic
Junclion
lIe
insisl lIal lIe Iav is
pvesenl
in lIis
puIIic space, vev IilevaII
enJovcing
a
Iine,
aIIeil a
vev
Jine one. TIe lIinness oJ lIe Iine is
uIlinaleI
Iess
inpovlanl
lIan lIe Jacl lIal lIe Iine exisls. TIe
slalule
veguIales
lIe
puIIic spIeve pveciseI I denanding
lIal
dancevs
Ieep
lIeiv
pvivale pavls pvivale,
Iul
onI
in lIe nosl
nininaI sense.
TIus,
lIe
paslies
and
O-slving
ave an
apl nelapIov
Jov lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession lIe snIoIicaII poIice
lIe
puIIic spIeve I Iavving
cevlain
pvivale lopics
Jvon
suvJacing,
even as
lIe pevnil
|and
possiII
even incvease lIe
desivaIiIil
oJ)
veguIaled
sexuaI
expvession
in lIe
puIIic spIeve. TIe
veJIecl
151 See
KingsIe
Inl'I Ficluves
Covp.
v.
Begenls
oJ lIe Univ. oJ
N.Y.,
360 U.S.
684,
687
|1959)
|IoIding
lIal lIe slale
na
nol Iav exIiIilion oJ lIe JiIn
Lad CIallevIe's
Lovev on lIe
gvound
lIal il
'povlvas
acls oJ sexuaI
innovaIil
... as
desivaIIe,
acceplaIIe
ov
pvopev pallevns
oJ IeIaviov'
|quoling KingsIe
Inl'I Ficluves
Covp.
v.
Begenls
oJ lIe Univ. oJ
N.Y.,
157 N.E.2d
197,
197
|N.Y. 1958))):
see aIso CoIen v.
CaIiJovnia,
403 U.S.
15,
22-23
|1971)
|invaIidaling
slale
veguIalion
oJ
puIIic pvoJanil
lIal vas
jusliJied
on novaI
gvounds).
152
SiniIavI,
none oJ lIe
najovil opinions
in Bavnes vouId sland
up
Iad lIe
Juslices
nol veIied on an
inpIicil
dislinclion Ielveen sexuaI and
poIilicaI expvession.
Soulev vas nosl
JovlIvigIl
aIoul
veIing
on lIis
dislinclion,
lvice
noling
lIal Iis
secondav
eJJecls
anaIsis
is
appIicaIIe
al Ieasl in lIe conlexl oJ
sexuaII expIicil
expvession
Iecause sucI
expvession na
Ie oJ Iessev socielaI
inpovlance.
Bavnes,
501 U.S. al 586 & n.3
|Soulev,J.,
concuvving).
TIe
Supvene
Couvl Ias in Jacl nevev
veIied on lIe
secondav
eJJecls valionaIe lo
upIoId
lIe
veguIalion
oJ nonsexuaI
speecI,
and il seens
IiIeI
lIal iJ a lovn said il Iad Ianned a connunisl IooIslove
Iecause il allvacled
unsavov
cIavaclevs,
veduced
pvopevl
vaIues,
and vas
vagueI
covveIaled lo an incveased visI oJ
pvopevl
cvines,
lIe Couvl vouId nol
upIoId
sucI
a Ian as a conlenl-neulvaI
veguIalion
oJ
secondav
eJJecls.
BeInquisl's
and ScaIia's
opinions
vouId Ie
equaII inpIausiIIe
as
appIied
lo
convenlionaII poIilicaI
expvessive aclivil.
Had Indiana
sougIl
lo Iav ils cilizens Jvon
veaving poIilicaI
snIoIs
ov
cIolIing
in
puIIic, cJ.
TinIev v. Bes Moines
Indep. Connunil
ScI.
Bisl.,
393 U.S. 503
|1969)
|invaIidaling
scIooI
veguIalion Iavving veaving
oJ IIacI avn-
Iands),
on lIe
gvound
lIal sucI conducl undevnined novaIs and
puIIic
ovdev,
Bavnes,
501 U.S. al
569,
il is
unIiIeI
lIal lIe Couvl vouId Iave Jound Indiana's Iav
unveIaled lo lIe
suppvession
oJ
expvession.
Texas v.
JoInson,
491 U.S.
397,
407
|1989).
[VoI.
143 111
sociel's conpvonise
on sexuaI
expvession
sucI
expvession na
venain
veIaliveI
Jvee in lIe
pvivale spIeve,
Iul ils
puIIic expves-
sion,
aIlIougI
Jav Jvon JovIidden
aIlogelIev,
nusl Ie
suIjecl
lo
IegaI veguIalion.'53
TIe Couvl Ias in luvn sanclioned lIal
conpvonise,
Iul in ovdev lo do so il Ias Iad lo invevl lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl.
B.
Invevling
lIe Fivsl Anendnenl
As ve Iave
seen,
lIe Couvl's
pvincipaI jusliJicalion
Jov
pevnil-
ling
lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
in lIe
puIIic spIeve
is lIal
il is nol
poIilicaI speecI.'54
TIal
jusliJicalion
is
nolIing
nove
lIan a veslalenenl oJ lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine:
il nainlains lIal
sexuaI
speecI
is neilIev a nallev Jov
puIIic
deIale,
nov an essenliaI
pavl
oJ
an exposilion
oJ ideas.155 Bul lIe Iavs
upIeId
undev lIis
valionaIe ave lIenseIves
designed
lo
Ieep
sexuaI
expvession
oul oJ
lIe
puIIic spIeve.
TIus,
lIe Couvl
jusliJies
lIe slale's
povev
lo
Ieep
sexuaI
expvession pvivale I veIing
on lIe
nonpuIIic
naluve oJ sexuaI
expvession.
SexuaI
expvession's pvivale
cIavaclev, Iovevev,
is neilIev naluvaI nov
inevilaIIe,
Iul
sociaII
delevnined and veinJovced
I
lIe
vev veguIalions
lIal lIe Couvl
vevievs.156 TIe Couvl's valionaIe Jov
aIIoving
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
153 Oveal Bvilain dvove a siniIav
Iavgain
in lIe aJlevnalI oJ lIe 1957 WoIJenden
Bepovl,
vIicI advocaled decvininaIizalion oJ
pvivale
consensuaI sex Ielveen
aduIls,
Iul
acInovIedged
lIe
Iegilinac
oJ
penaIlies
Jov
puIIic dispIas
oJ
sexuaIil.
See
JEFFBEY
WEEKS, SE7,
FOLITICS ANB SOCIETY THE BEOULATION OF SE7UALITY SINCE
1800,
al 243
|1981) |discussing
lIe IavsIev
penaIlies
Jov
puIIic
sexuaI IeIaviov and
decvininaIizalion oJ
pvivale
acls lIal vesuIled Jvon lIe WoIJenden
Bepovl):
see aIso
SIMON
WATNEY,
FOLICINO BESIBE
FOBNOOBAFHY,
AIBS, ANB THE MEBIA 60-61
|2d
ed.
1989) |avguing
lIal lIe WoIJenden
Bepovl
Ied lo oIsessive
poIicing
oJ
puIIic
pIaces
in
excIange
Jov
pvivale
Jveedon).
154
See
supva pavl
I.A.
155
Favis AduIl TIealve I v.
SIalon,
413 U.S. 49, 61 n.12
|1973) |quoling CIapIinsI
v. Nev
HanpsIive,
315 U.S. 568, 572
|1942)).
156
BolI consevvalive and IiIevaI cvilics
vecognize
lIal lIe deIinealions ve con-
slvucl Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale spIeves
ave
cIosen,
nol
naluvaI,
and lIal lIese
cIoices Ieav
signiJicanl
sociaI
consequences.
See,
e.g.,
CLOB,
supva
nole
74,
al 200
|avguing
lIal lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion
coIIapses
Iecause civiI
sociel
Ias a slaIe
in
encouvaging
and
discouvaging pvivale
sexuaI
aclivil):
LOBB FATBICK
BEVLIN,
THE
ENFOBCEMENT OF MOBALS 7-25
|1965) |vejecling
cIain lIal lIeve is a
pvivale
veaIn
oJ
sexuaIil
innune Jvon
govevnnenl
conlvoI):
BulI
CoIIev,
FovnogvapI
and
Fvivac
Tovavds lIe
BeveIopnenl oJ
a
Ovoup
Based
TIeov Jov
Sex Based Inlvusions
oJ Fvivac,
1
LAW &
INEQ. J.
191, 198-213
|1983) |advancing
a Jeninisl
cvilique
oJ lIe
puIIic/
pvivale
dislinclion):
AIan Fveenan & EIizaIelI
MenscI,
TIe FuIIic-Fvivale Bislinclion
in Anevican Lav and
LiJe,
36 BUFF. L. BEV.
237,
238
|1987) |enpIasizing
lIal lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion is
sociaII
conslvucled):
CalIavine A.
MacKinnon, Feninisn,
1994]
puIIic
sexuaI
expvession
is lIeveJove civcuIav.
TIe Couvl's
jusliJicalion
Jov
pvolecling
sexuaI
expvession
in lIe
pvivale spIeve
is
equaII pvoIIenalic.
Heve,
lIe Fivsl Anendnenl
pvoIiIils
lIe slale Jvon
inlvuding upon expvessive
inlevesls Iecause
|and
onI
so
Iong
as)
lIe
ave
pvivaleI expvessed.157
Bul
pvopo-
nenls oJ
veguIalion
nainlain lIal
pvivale
sexuaI
expvession
Ias a
dislinclI puIIic
eJJecl. Consevvalives
idenliJ
ils delvinenlaI
inJIuence on
puIIic novaIil,158
vIiIe Jeninisls
poinl
lo
povno-
gvapI's
voIe in
enJovcing
vonen's suIovdinale slalus.159
TIus,
jusl
as lIe assevlion lIal sexuaI
speecI
is nol
poIilicaI
cannol in
ilseIJ
jusliJ excIuding
sexuaI
speecI
Jvon
puIIic
deIale,
so lIe
assevlion lIal sexuaI
speecI
is
pvivale
is insuJJicienl lo
expIain
lIe
Couvl's
pvoleclion
oJ sucI
expvession
in lIe
pvivale spIeve.
TIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine lIal lIe Couvl Ias endovsed is
nol,
oJ
couvse,
unJaniIiav. In IiIevaI
sociel genevaII
and Anevican cuI-
luve in
pavlicuIav,
lIe
pvivale spIeve
is
genevaII
seen as
veIaliveI
Jvee Jvon
govevnnenl
conlvoI,
vIiIe lIe
puIIic spIeve
is
suIjecl
lo
veguIalion.'60
TIe Couvl's doclvinaI
appvoacI
lo sexuaI
expves-
sion
nealI
lvaces lIal dislinclion.
Indeed,
nan
oJ lIose vIo Iave
Mavxisn, MelIod,
and lIe Slale Tovavd Feninisl
Juvispvudence,
8 SIONS 635,
656-57
|1982)
|discussing
lIe sociaI cvealion and
inpIicalions
oJ lIe
puIIic/pvivale
conslvucl):
Louis M.
Seidnan,
FuIIic
FvincipIe
and Fvivale CIoice TIe
Uneas
Case
Jov
a
Boundav
Mainlenance
TIeov oJ
ConslilulionaI
Lav,
96 YALE
LJ.
1006,
1006
|1987)
|queslioning
lIe
vaIidil
oJ lIe
puIIic/pvivale conslvucl).
157 See
SlanIe
v.
Oeovgia,
394 U.S.
557,
566
|1968) |WIalevev
lIe
povev
oJ lIe
slale lo conlvoI
puIIic
disseninalion oJ ideas ininicaI lo lIe
puIIic novaIil,
il cannol
conslilulionaII pvenise IegisIalion
on lIe
desivaIiIil
oJ
conlvoIIing
a
pevson's pvivale
lIougIls.).
158 See
CLOB,
supva
nole
74,
al 200-07
|conlending
lIal
govevnnenl
cannol venain
neulvaI lovavd sexuaI
expvession
even in lIe
pvivale spIeve):
BEVLIN,
supva
nole
156,
al 11
|avguing
lIal
sociel na
use Iav lo
pvolecl puIIic novaIil
Iecause sucI
novaIil
is essenliaI lo socielaI
vilaIil):
see aIso Louis B.
ScIvavlz,
MovaIs
OJJenses
and
lIe ModeI FenaI
Code,
63 COLUM. L. BEV.
669,
671
|1963) |[T]Ie
gveal najovil
oJ
peopIe
IeIieve lIal lIe novaIs oJ 'Iad'
peopIe
do,
al Ieasl in lIe
Iong
vun,
lIvealen
lIe
secuvil
oJ lIe
'good' peopIe.
TIus,
lIe
IeIieve lIal il is lIeiv ovn Iusiness
lIe
ave
ninding.).
159
See,
e.g.,
MACKINNON,
supva
nole
64,
al 146-62
|exanining
lIe
langiIIe
Iavns
caused lo vonen
I
lIe
pvivale consunplion
oJ
povnogvapI).
160
See,
e.g.,
BulI
Oavison,
Feninisn and lIe
FuIIic/Fvivale Bislinclion,
45 STAN. L.
BEV.
1,
6
|1992) |[A]
cenlvaI sense oJ lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion conlvasls
Jveedon vilI inlevJevence.
Heve,
lIe
'pvivale'
is lIe
'Jvee,'
lIe
spIeve
in vIicI olIevs
do nol
inlevJeve.):
BoIevl H.
MnooIin,
TIe
FuIIic/Fvivale
BicIolon
FoIilicaI
Bisagveenenl
and Acadenic
Bepudialion,
130 U. FA. L. BEV.
1429,
1429
|1982)
|descviIing
lIe
pvivale spIeve
as
pvesunpliveI
oulside lIe
Iegilinale
Iounds oJ
govevnnenl
coevcion and
veguIalion
and lIe
puIIic spIeve
as a
pIace
vIeve
govevnnenl
Ias a
Iegilinale voIe).
[VoI.
143 111
opposed
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
oIscenil avgue,
on IiIevlavian
gvounds
inspived I JoIn
Sluavl
MiII,
lIal lIe
pvivale consunplion
oJ
povnogvapI
sIouId nol Ie
suIjecl
lo
govevnnenl veguIalion
Iecause il does nol inJIicl
langiIIe
Iavn on olIevs.16'
Bul vIiIe lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine
na
Ie JaniIiav Jvon IiIevaI
poIilicaI lIeov,
Jvon a Fivsl Anendnenl
slandpoinl
il is
pevvevse.
TIe Fivsl Anendnenl
pvolecls puIIic
vaIues:
one oJ ils cenlvaI
puvposes
is lo
pvolecl
an
uninIiIiled, voIusl,
and
vide-open
puIIic
deIale.162 WIiIe sone oJ lIe vaIues JuvlIeved
I
lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
sucI as seIJ-veaIizalion and
aulonon,163 appI
in
IolI lIe
pvivale
and
puIIic spIeves,
olIevs Iave a
dislinclI puIIic
cIavaclev. BolI AIexandev
MeiIIejoIn's
viev oJ lIe Fivsl Anend-
nenl as a
guavanlee
oJ
speecI
essenliaI lo
seIJ-govevnnenl
and
Vincenl BIasi's
conceplion
oJ a
guavanlee
oJ
speecI
lIal Junclions
lo cIecI aIuses
I govevnnenl
oJJiciaIs
inpI
incveased
pvoleclion
Jov
expvession
in lIe
puIIic spIeve.164
So loo does Lee
BoIIingev's
vision oJ lIe Fivsl Anendnenl as
educaling
lIe
cilizenv
aIoul
loIevance:165
loIevance oJ
expvession
lIal is Iidden Jvon lIe
161
See, e.g.,
HABT,
supva
nole
118,
al 4-6
|deJending
and
quaIiJing
MiII's
pIiIosopI
in lIe conlexl oJ sexuaI
novaIil):
Louis
HenIin,
MovaIs and lIe Conslilu-
lion TIe Sin
oJ
OIscenil,
63 COLUM. L. BEV.
391,
391
|1963) |noling
lIal lvadilionaI
IiIevlavian
lIougIl
sIuns slale
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
in lIe
pvivale spIeve):
WiIIian B. LocIIavl & BoIevl C.
McCIuve, Lilevaluve,
lIe Lav
oJ OIscenil,
and lIe
Conslilulion,
38 MINN. L. BEV.
295,
382
|1954) |concIuding
lIal
polenliaI
Iavns
vesuIling
Jvon sexuaI
expvession
in Iilevaluve ave
insuJJicienlI
langiIIe
lo vavvanl
slale inlevJevence vilI sucI
expvession).
See
genevaII
CLOB,
supva
nole
74,
al 88-135
|discussing
IiIevlavian
oIjeclions
lo
veguIalion
oJ
oIscenil):
BonaId
BvovIin,
LiIevaI
Connunil,
77 CAL. L. BEV.
479, 480-84,
495-97
|1989) |assessing
lIe
vaIidil
oJ MiII's Iavn
pvincipIe
vilI
vespecl
lo
nonpIsicaI injuv).
162
Nev YovI Tines Co. v.
SuIIivan,
376 U.S.
254,
270
|1964).
163
See C. EBWIN
BAKEB,
HUMAN LIBEBTY ANB FBEEBOM OF SFEECH 47-51
|1989)
|discussing
lIe vaIue oJ seIJ-delevninalion and
aulonon):
Mavlin
HI. BedisI,
TIe
VaIue
oJ
Fvee
SpeecI,
130 U. FA. L. BEV.
591,
593
|1982) |avguing
lIal lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl sevves lIe vaIue oJ individuaI
seIJ-veaIizalion):
TIonas
ScanIon,
A
TIeov oJ
Fveedon
oJ Expvession,
1 FHIL. & FUB. AFF.
204,215-17 |1972) |lIeovizing
lIal
Jvee
expvession na
sevve lo
pvolecl
individuaI
aulonon).
164 See ALE7ANBEB
MEIKLEJOHN,
FBEE SFEECH ANB ITS BELATION TO SELF-
OOVEBNMENT 27
|1948) |To
Ie aJvaid oJ
ideas,
an
idea,
is lo Ie unJil Jov seIJ-
govevnnenl):
Vincenl
BIasi,
TIe
CIecIing
VaIue in Fivsl Anendnenl
TIeov,
1977 AM.
B. FOUNB.
BES.J.
521, 533:
see aIso
JOHN
H.
ELY,
BEMOCBACY ANB BISTBUST 105-34
|1980) |slaling
lIal Jveedon oJ
speecI
is essenliaI lo
Ieep open
lIe cIanneIs oJ
poIilicaI cIange):
BoIevl C.
Fosl,
TIe ConslilulionaI
Concepl oJ
FuIIic Biscouvse
Oulvageous Opinion,
Benocvalic
BeIiIevalion,
and HuslIev
Magazine
v.
FaIveII,
103
HABV. L. BEV.
601,
672
|1990) |avguing
lIal Jvee
puIIic
discouvse is essenliaI lo
denocvalic
govevnnenl,
and lIal
an
eJJovl
suIslanliveI
lo civcunscviIe
puIIic
discouvse is
necessaviI seIJ-deJealing,
Jov il
dispIaces
lIe
vev
denocvalic
pvocesses
il seeIs lo
JaciIilale).
165
See LEE C.
BOLLINOEB,
THE TOLEBANT SOCIETY FBEEBOM OF SFEECH ANB
1994]
puIIic ee
sevves lIe Fivsl Anendnenl's
pedagogicaI goaIs
nucI
Iess
diveclI
lIan loIevance oJ
speecI
vilI vIicI ve ave conJvonled
in
puIIic.
Because Jveedon oJ
speecI
in lIe
puIIic
donain is so
essenliaI lo lIe Fivsl Anendnenl's cove
vaIues,
lIe Anendnenl's
guavanlees
ave
genevaII slvongev
vilI
vespecl
lo
puIIic
lIan
pvivale
nallevs.166
AccovdingI,
lIe
Supvene
Couvl Ias
vepealedI
veaJJivned lIe
inpovlance
oJ
pvolecling poIilicaI speecI
in lIe
puIIic spIeve.167
FuIIic sexuaI
expvession,
Iovevev,
veceives none oJ lIis
pvoleclion
indeed,
lIe nove sexuaI
expvession
seeIs lo enlev lIe
puIIic
avena,
lIe nove lIe Couvl sanclions ils
suppvession.
SociaI
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
is dviven
I
a novaI
judgnenl
lIal
cevlain sexuaI
expvession
sIouId venain a
pvivale
nallev. Yel lIe
Fivsl Anendnenl
genevaII pvecIudes
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
expvession
on
an
novaI
gvounds
and IoIds
especiaII suspecl
lIe
pavlicuIav
novaI
judgnenl
enJovced Ieve
naneI,
lIal
speecI
sIouId Ie
seIecliveI suppvessed pveciseI
Iecause il Ias Ieen
expvessed
in
puIIic.
TIe novaI
judgnenl
lIal dvives lIe sexuaI
speecI
doclvine
is lIus
douII
anlilIelicaI lo lIe Fivsl Anendnenl lvadilion. IJ lIe
sexuaI
expvession
cases can Ie
expIained, lIe
nusl Jind lIeiv
jusliJicalion
nol in lvadilionaI Fivsl Anendnenl
pvincipIes,
Iul in
lIe
speciJic
vaIues JuvlIeved
I enJovcing
a
puIIic/pvivale
Iine in
nallevs oJ
sexuaIil.
WIen one exanines lIe eJJecls oJ
enJovcing
lIal
Iine, Iovevev,
il is Jav Jvon cIeav lIal lIe Iine sevves lIe
puvposes
lIal
pvoponenls
oJ
veguIalion
cIain Jov il.
E7TBEMIST SFEECH IN AMEBICA 155-57
|1986).
66
See,
e.g.,
ConnicI v.
Mevs,
461 U.S.
138,
143-49
|1983) |IoIding
lIal vIen a
puIIic enpIoee speaIs
on nallevs oJ
pevsonaI
inlevesl and nol
puIIic
concevn,
lIe
couvl viII nol
appI IeigIlened scvulin).
167
See,
e.g.,
id. al 145
|[S]peecI
on
puIIic
issues
occupies
lIe
'IigIesl vung
oJ lIe
IeivavcI [sic]
oJ Fivsl Anendnenl vaIues'....
|quoling
NAACF v. CIaivIovne
Havdvave
Co.,
458 U.S.
886,
913
|1982))):
CoIen v.
CaIiJovnia,
403 U.S.
15,
24
|1971)
|[Fveedon
oJ
expvession]
is
designed
and inlended lo venove
govevnnenlaI
veslvainls Jvon lIe avena oJ
puIIic
discussion ... in lIe
Iope
lIal use oJ sucI
Jveedon viII
uIlinaleI pvoduce
a nove
capaIIe cilizenv
and
[a]
nove
pevJecl poIil
. .
upon
vIicI ouv
poIilicaI sslen vesls.):
Nev YovI Tines Co. v.
SuIIivan,
376 U.S.
254,
270
|1964) |[TIe]
deIale on
puIIic
issues sIouId Ie
uninIiIiled, voIusl,
and
vide
open
. . .
.):
TIovnIiII v.
AIaIana,
310 U.S.
88,
101
|1940) |TIe
Jveedon oJ
speecI
and oJ lIe
pvess
. . . enIvaces al lIe Ieasl lIe
IiIevl
lo discuss
puIIicI
and
lvulIJuII
aII nallevs oJ
puIIic
concevn . . .
.).
[VoI.
143 111
III. SE7 ANB CIVILIZATION
WIal dvives ouv
sociel
|and
lIe
Supvene
Couvl)
lo insisl
upon
nainlaining
a
puIIic/pvivale
Iine vilI
vespecl
lo sexuaI
expvession,
and vIal
puvpose
does sucI
veguIalion
sevve? SevevaI
expIanalions
Iave Ieen
oJJeved,
none
conpIeleI salisJaclov.
I viII veviev
sevevaI oJ lIese
expIanalions
and
uIlinaleI suggesl
lIal lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
Ias lIe
pavadoxicaI
eJJecl oJ
enJovcing
|and
veinJovcing)
a
oJ sexuaIi-
l.168
A.
Avoiding OJJense
lo OlIevs
One oJ lIe nosl connon
jusliJicalions
Jov lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine nainlains lIal lIe Iine is
necessav
lo
pvolecl
cIiIdven and
unconsenling
aduIls Jvon
exposuve
lo oJJensive and
degvading
naleviaIs.'69 MucI IiIe a
puIIic
nuisance,
sexuaI
expvession
in
puIIic,
vIelIev il Ie
nudil,
sexuaI
conducl,
ov
depiclions
lIeveoJ,
inlvudes on lIe
vigIls
oJ lIose vIo seeI lo Iive in a
connunil
Jvee
oJ lIal
lpe
oJ
expvession.
WIelIev ov nol ve
uIlinaleI agvee
vilI
lIeiv
laclics,
nan
vouId IooI
upon connunil gvoups ovganizing
againsl
lIe
opening
oJ an 7-valed IooIslove in lIeiv
neigIIovIood
diJJevenlI
lIan ve vouId IooI
upon
an eJJovl lo excIude an AJvican-
Anevican ov Connunisl IooIslove.'70
B aIIoving
connunilies
168
AIlIougI
I dvav
upon
Ivoadev souvces Jov lIis
anaIsis, n
oIsevvalions do nol
puvpovl
lo naIe univevsaI cIains Jov aII
cuIluves,
Iul ave Iiniled lo oIsevvalions
aIoul lIe Uniled Slales's
conlenpovav
cuIluvaI alliludes lovavd sexuaI
expvession.
169
Man
oJ lIose vIo
avgue
Jov lIe
pvoleclion
oJ
pvivale
sexuaI Jveedon acInovI-
edge sociel's
inlevesl in
veguIaling puIIic
sex.
See,
e.g.,
HABT,
supva
nole
118,
al 43-
47
|avguing againsl
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
pvivale
sexuaI
pvaclices
Iased on lIeiv
innovaIil,
Iul
conceding
lIal
puIIic
sexuaI
pvaclices
couId Ie
veguIaled
Iecause
oJ lIe oJJense
lIe
inJIicl on
olIevs):
see aIso Bavnes v. OIen
TIealve, Inc.,
501 U.S.
560,
590-91
|1991) |WIile,J., dissenling) |conceding Iegilinale govevnnenl
inlevesl
in
pvolecling unviIIing
vievevs Jvon oJJense oJ
puIIic nudil):
HEBBEBT L.
FACKEB,
THE LIMITS OF THE CBIMINAL SANCTION 324
|1968) |TIe onI
vaIid
puvpose
oJ
oIscenil
Iavs is lo
pvevenl puIIic
oJJense. Il sIouId Ie
vieved,
puveI
and
sinpI,
as lIe
pvoscviplion
oJ
nuisance.): HenIin,
supva
nole
161,
al 401
|Il na
Ie lIal lIe
Conslilulion
vegavds
slale concevn vilI
pvivale novaIil pvivaleI induIged diJJevenlI
Jvon slale
pvoleclion
oJ lIe sensiIiIilies oJ olIevs
againsl
oJJensive
puIIic dispIa
...
.): ScIvavlz, supva
nole
158,
al 674-75
|noling
lIal lIe ModeI FenaI Code
penaIizes open
Ievdness as a Iind oJ
puIIic
nuisance).
170
Fov
exanpIe,
lIe Nev YovI
Tines,
vIicI
genevaII adopls
a
vev pvo-Jvee-speecI
slance,
vecenlI
ediloviaIized in Javov oJ veslviclive
zoning
oJ aduIl video and
povnogvapI
sloves in Nev YovI. See
Zoning,
Sex,
and
Videolape,
N.Y.
TIMES,
Sepl.
15,
1994,
al A22. Il is inconceivaIIe lIal lIe Tines vouId
suppovl
veslviclive
zoning
oJ
oJJensive
poIilicaI
IooIsloves.
1994]
lo zone aduIl Iusinesses oul oJ lIeiv
neigIIovIoods,
Iul
Iavving
oulvigIl suppvession
oJ 7-valed
Iilevaluve,
lIe Couvl aIIovs lIe
connunil
lo nainlain a cIean envivonnenl al lIe sane line as
il
pevnils
individuaIs access lo sexuaI
expvession
lIal can Ie
enjoed
in lIe
pvivac
oJ lIeiv
Iones,
ov al Ieasl
ava
Jvon lIe
nosl
puIIic
aveas.
Bul lIis convenlionaI valionaIe Jov lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion
is
open
lo
queslion. WI,
Jov
exanpIe,
is a IooIslove
seIIing
sexuaII expIicil
IooIs nove
oIjeclionaIIe
lIan one
seIIing
vioIenl,
nisognislic,
ov
poIilicaII
vadicaI IooIs? TIe
pevceplion
lIal a
sexuaII expIicil
IooIslove is nove
danaging
lo lIe
quaIil
oJ IiJe
and lIal unvanled
exposuve
lo sexuaI
expvession
is
calegovicaII
diJJevenl Jvon unvanled
exposuve
lo
an
olIev Iind oJ
expvession
lIal lIe Iislenev deens oJJensive
na uIlinaleI
vesl on
nolIing
nove lIan sociaI disconJovl vilI and
pvejudice againsl
sexuaI
expvession.
IJ
so,
lIis valionaIe
onI
adds anolIev
Iaev
oJ civcuIavi-
l
lo lIe
avgunenl
in Javov oJ
vepvession
oJ
puIIic
sexuaI
expves-
sion.
I do nol nean lo
suggesl
lIal lIeve is no sociaI inlevesl in
avoiding
oJJense Jvon
puIIic dispIas
oJ
sexuaIil. Quile pIainI,
ouv
sociel
Ias
exlveneI slvong
novns-IolI JovnaI and inJov-
naI-againsl pveciseI
sucI
dispIas.
Bul ve aIso Iave
slvong
novns
againsl
aII nannev oJ unciviI and dissidenl
IeIaviov,
el
lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl
genevaII pvolecls
sucI IeIaviov Jvon
IegaI veguIa-
lion.'71
TIus,
il is nol
enougI
lo
sa
lIal
puIIic sexuaIil
sIouId Ie
lvealed IiIe a
puIIic
nuisance:172 valIev,
one nusl
expIain vI
vepvesenlalions
oJ sex in
pavlicuIav
sIouId Ie lvealed in lIal
nannev,
Iul olIev oJJensive ov
degvading puIIic dispIas-sucI
as
svasliIas,
JIag Iuvning, pvoJanil,
Iale
speecI,
and lIe IiIe-ave nol.
Moveovev,
even iJ one veve lo
accepl
lIe
Iegilinac
oJ lIe
inlevesl in
avoiding
oJJense lo
unviIIing
vievevs,
lIal valionaIe does
nol accounl Jov lIe
pevnissiIIe scope
oJ
IegaI veguIalion. OIscenil
doclvine
appIies
even vIeve lIeve is no visI oJ
oJJending
cIiIdven
171
See,
e.g.,
B.A.V. v.
Cil
oJ Sl.
FauI,
112 S. Cl. 2538
|1992)
|invaIidaling
a
nunicipaI
ovdinance
pvoIiIiling
Iale
speecI
as
inpevnissiII conlenl-Iased):
HuslIev
Magazine,
Inc. v.
FaIveII,
485 U.S. 46
|1988) |sIieIding
lIe
puIIisIev
oJ an oJJensive
pavod
oJ a
puIIic Jiguve):
CoIen v.
CaIiJovnia,
403 U.S. 15
|1971)
|vevevsing
a
conviclion undev a slale IveacI oJ
peace
slalule Jov
veaving
a
jacIel Ieaving
lIe
nessage,
FucI lIe
BvaJl): Fosl, supva
nole
164,
al 606
|descviIing
lIe FaIveII
decision as an
inpovlanl
avlicuIalion oJ lIe Jivsl anendnenl
vigIl
lo
give
oJJense).
172
See
supva
nole 169.
[VoI.
143111
ov
unconsenling
aduIls.'73 TIe
puIIic nudil
Iav
upIeId
in Bavnes
appIied
lo
aduIls-onI
nude
dancing
Iavs vIeve lIeve vas no
dangev
oJ
oJJending
cIiIdven ov
unviIIing
vievevs.174 TIe Couvl Ias
expvessI vejecled avgunenls
lIal sexuaI
expvession na
Ie
veguIaled onI
Jov lIe
puvpose
oJ
avoiding
oJJense lo olIevs and Ias
Jound a
Iegilinale
inlevesl in
pvoIiIiling
innovaI sexuaI
expvession
even vIeve no Iislenev is oJJended.175
TIus,
lIe inlevesl in
avoiding
oJJense lo olIevs JaiIs lo
jusliJ
lIe disJavoved lvealnenl
oJ
puIIic
sexuaI
expvession
on lvo counls. Il does nol
neaningJuII
dislinguisI
lvealnenl oJ oJJensive sexuaI
speecI
Jvon lvealnenl oJ
olIev Iinds oJ oJJensive
speecI.
Nov can il
expIain
lIe
scope
oJ
sexuaI
speecI veguIalion
condoned
I
lIe Couvl.
B.
Medialing
lIe UnivevsaI and lIe FavlicuIav
Fvon a Ivoadev
pevspeclive,
MicIaeI Seidnan Ias
avgued
lIal
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion sevves lo nediale Iasic Iul
conJIicling
Iunan desives and needs in a IiIevaI
connunil.176
He idenliJies
an inIevenl conlvadiclion Ielveen lIe univevsaIisl elIic lIal ve
sIouId lveal aII nenIevs oJ an
expansiveI
Iounded
connunil
vilI
equaI
concevn and
vespecl,
and ouv
pavlicuIavislic
need lo Iove
and cave Jov cevlain
peopIe-sucI
as
JaniI
and Jviends-aIove aII
olIevs.'77
Sociel
denands
equaI vespecl
Jov
aII,
and ils vuIes and
veguIalions
nusl
salisJ
lIal denand in ovdev lo Ie
Iegilinale.
As
cilizens, lIen,
ve ave divecled lo lveal aII
equaII.
Al lIe sane
line,
Iovevev,
ve Jind
pavlicuIav
JuIJiIInenl in
veIalionsIips
lIal vise
aIove
equaI vespecl
Jov ouv JeIIov
cilizens-veIalionsIips
cIavaclev-
ized
I
Iove,
passion,
and
IoaIl.
TIese
JeeIings
cannol Ie
genevaIized
ve cannol Iove
evevone
IiIe ve Iove ouv
spouses,
cIiIdven,
siIIings, pavenls,
and Jviends. Love neans
IoIding
a
speciJic
individuaI ov individuaIs aIove aII olIevs.
TIus,
lIe
univevsaIisl denand oJ
equaI vespecl inIevenlI
conlvadicls lIe
pavlicuIavisl
denands oJ vonanlic and JaniIiaI Iove.
17
See Favis AduIl TIealve I v.
SIalon,
413 U.S.
49,
68-69
|1973).
74 See Bavnes v. OIen
TIealve, Inc.,
501 U.S.
560,
566
|1991).
175 See id. al 575
|ScaIia,J.,
concuvving):
Favis AduIl TIealve
I,
413 U.S. al
57-60,
65.
Bul
cJ. KingsIe
Inl'I Ficluves
Covp.
v.
Begenls
oJ lIe Univ. oJ
N.Y.,
360 U.S.
684,
688-
89
|1959) |JovIidding
a slale Jvon
censoving
a JiIn as oIscene
sinpI
Iecause lIe
JiIn
expvesses
innovaI ideas aIoul
aduIlev).
176 See
Seidnan,
supva
nole
156,
al 1007. See
genevaII
FUBLIC ANB FBIVATE IN
SOCIAL LIFE
|SlanIe
I. Benn & OevaId F. Oaus eds.,
1983) [IeveinaJlev
FUBLIC ANB
FBIVATE].
177
Seidnan,
supva
nole
156,
al 1019-23.
1994]
In Seidnan's
viev,
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion nediales lIis
conlvadiclion
I pvoviding sepavale spIeves
in vIicI ve can
pIa
oul ouv
sepavale
and
conlvadiclov puIIic
and
pvivale
Iives.178
TIe
pvivale spIeve
aIIovs Jov lIe
puvsuil
oJ individuaIisl ov
pavlicuIavislic
ends,
vIeveas univevsaIisl ov connunilavian
goaIs
govevn
lIe
puIIic spIeve.
SexuaI
expvession
is
undouIledI
an
inpovlanl
necIanisn Jov
JuvlIeving
lIe
inlinale,
pavlicuIavislic
vaIues associaled vilI Iove.
IJ sexuaI
expvession necessaviI inpIicales
sucI pavlicuIavisl
vaIues,
ils excIusion Jvon lIe
puIIic spIeve na
Ie
vequived
in ovdev lo
avoid
disvuplion
oJ lIe univevsaIisl elIic lIal
govevns
lIeve. Bul il
is diJJicuIl lo nainlain lIal sexuaI
expvession
is
necessaviI pavlicuIav-
islic,
given
lIe
videspvead
use oJ sexuaI
appeaIs
in
puIIic
cuIluve.
Sex
snIoIs,
Jov
exanpIe,
ave
quinlessenliaII puIIic
and univevsaI
Jiguves.
TIeiv
appeaI
Ias
evevlIing
lo do vilI lIe
puIIic inages
oJ
sexuaIil
advanced
I
lIe JasIion and enlevlainnenl induslvies
and IillIe iJ
anlIing
lo do vilI lIe
pavlicuIavislic
vaIues associaled
vilI lIe
pvivale spIeve.
Moveovev,
sociel
does nol denand lIal aII
vepvesenlalions
oJ
pavlicuIavislic
Iove Ie veslvicled lo lIe
pvivale spIeve.
Bonanlic
Iove is lIe sluJJ oJ
IeslseIIing
IooIs, novies,
pIas,
and
conpacl
discs. FuIIic
aiving
oJ ouv innevnosl
pscIoIogicaI
and enolionaI
seIves is a
slapIe
oJ
IiogvapI,
nenoivs, Iilevaluve,
and
daline
laII
sIovs. IJ lIese
pavlicuIavislic
ideaIs can Ie
puIIicI
aived vilIoul
undevnining
lIeiv
cIavaclev,
vI
is lIe
oJ sex
diJJevenl?
Indeed,
lIeve can Ie no cIean
Ioundav
Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale
sexuaI
expvession.
As Seidnan
poinls
oul,
lIe Ioundavies
oJ lIe
pvivale spIeve
ave
necessaviI
dvavn in lIe
puIIic
veaIn,
lIeveI naIing
lIe idenliJicalion oJ
an pvivale Ioundav
Iine ilseIJ
a
puIIic
nallev.179 TIis is
especiaII
lvue oJ
sexuaIil,
vIicI,
aIlIougI
oJlen lvealed as
pvivale
and
naluvaI,
is lo a
signiJicanl
exlenl
sociaII
conslvucled vIal and vIo ve see as
sex,
vIal ve
expecl
Jvon
sex,
and
uIlinaleI
Iov ve deJine ouv
sexuaIil
Ias
as nucI lo do vilI
puIIic
cuIluve as vilI sone
pvesociaI pvivale
desive. As MicIeI FoucauIl Ias
avgued
178
Id. al 1019. OlIevs Iave
siniIavI
descviIed lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion as
a
va
oJ
nedialing
lIe conlvadiclions Ielveen individuaIisl and connunilavian
vaIues. See
SlanIe
I. Benn & OevaId F.
Oaus,
TIe LiIevaI
Conceplion oJ
lIe FuIIic and
lIe
Fvivale,
in FUBLIC ANB
FBIVATE,
supva
nole
176,
al
31, 31.
179
See
Seidnan,
supva
nole
156,
al 1020-23.
[VoI.
143 111
SexuaIil
nusl nol Ie
lIougIl
oJ as a Iind oJ naluvaI
given
vIicI
povev
lvies lo IoId in
cIecI,
ov as an oIscuve donain vIicI
InovIedge
lvies
gvaduaII
lo uncovev. Il is lIe nane lIal can Ie
given
lo a IislovicaI conslvucl nol a Juvlive
veaIil
lIal is diJJicuIl
lo
gvasp,
Iul a
gveal
suvJace nelvovI in vIicI lIe slinuIalion oJ
Iodies,
lIe inlensiJicalion oJ
pIeasuves,
lIe incilenenl lo dis-
couvse,
lIe Jovnalion oJ
speciaI InovIedges,
lIe
slvenglIening
oJ
conlvoIs and
vesislances,
ave IinIed lo one anolIev . . .180
To lIe exlenl lIal
sexuaIil
is
sociaII
conslvucled,
il is
aIvas
aIvead puIIic.
Moveovev,
Seidnan's
conceplion
oJ diJJevenl
spIeves sevving
diJJevenl Junclions does nol
expIain
a
unique
allviIule oJ lIe
idenliJicalion oJ sex as
pvivale.
To
sa
lIal a nallev is
pvivale
ovdinaviI inpIies onI
lIal il is
pvesunpliveI
innune Jvon sociaI
veguIalion:
il does nol
genevaII
JoIIov lIal
sociel na
nandale
lIal lIe nallev venain
pvivale.
We ave
genevaII pevnilled
lo veveaI
ouv
pvivale
aJJaivs in
puIIic
iJ ve so cIoose.
Yel,
in lIe conlexl oJ
sexuaI
expvession,
one oJlen Jinds lIe vIelovic oJ
pvivac
used nol
lo
jusliJ
Jveedon Jvon
veguIalion,
Iul lo valionaIize lIe JovciIIe
excIusion oJ sexuaI
expvession
Jvon lIe
puIIic spIeve.
FalIev
Billev,
Jov
exanpIe, vviling
in lIe
Bepovl
oJ lIe
Allovne
OenevaI's
Connission on
FovnogvapI,
condenns
povnogvapI
Jov ils lolaI
and inadnissiIIe invasion oJ a
pevsonaI pvivac
so sacved and so
inaIienaIIe lIal il nusl
aIvas
venain invioIale.'81 In a venavI-
aIIe non
sequiluv,
Billev veasons lIal Iecause sexuaI
pvivac
is an
inaIienaIIe
vigIl, puIIic
sexuaI
expvession
nusl Ie
veguIaled.
Seidnan's nolion oJ
sepavale spIeves na expIain vI
a
sociel
vouId seeI lo
pvolecl pvivale
sexuaI
expvession
Jvon
govevnnenl
180
1 MICHEL
FOUCAULT,
THE HISTOBY OF SE7UALITY AN INTBOBUCTION 105-06
|BoIevl HuvIe
lvans., 1990):
see aIso id. al 155-57
|avguing
lIal sex Ias Iecone oJ
pavanounl inpovlance
in ouv
sociel,
lo lIe
poinl
oJ
cvealing
lIe desive lo Iave
il,
lo Iave access lo
il,
lo discovev
il,
lo IiIevale
il,
lo avlicuIale il in discouvse
[and]
lo
JovnuIale il in
lvulI):
WEEKS,
supva
nole
153,
al 96-121
|discussing
lIe conslvuclion
oJ
IonosexuaIil):
WiIIian N.
EsIvidge,Jv.,
A SociaI Conslvuclionisl
Cvilique oJ
Fosnev's
Sex and Beason
Sleps
Tovavd a
OaIegaI Agenda,
102 YALE
L.J.
333,
365-66
|1992)
|discussing
sociaI conslvuclion oJ
sexuaIil): EsIvidge, supva
nole
98,
al 1421-22
|expIaining
lIe sociaI conslvuclion oJ sane-sex
navviage
and
veIalionsIips):
MiIlon C.
Began,Jv.,
Beason,
Tvadilion and
FaniI
Lav A Connenl on SociaI Conslvuclionisn,
79
VA. L. BEV.
1515,
1521-22
|1993) |discussing sociaII
conslvucled vievs oJ sexuaI
ovienlalion and sane-sex
navviages). AIlIougI
lIeve is sone evidence lIal
IonosexuaIil
and
IelevosexuaIil
ave in
pavl genelicaII
delevnined,
see CIandIev
Buvv,
HonosexuaIil
and
BioIog,
ATLANTIC MONTHLY,
Mav.
1993,
al
47, 64-65,
lIal
evidence does nol
suggesl
lIal
sexuaIil
is
excIusiveI genelicaII
delevnined.
'81 1 ATTOBNEY OENEBAL,
supva
nole
55,
al 97
|slalenenl
oJ FalIev Bvuce
Billev).
1994]
veguIalion,
Iul vIal
expIains
lIe sociaI nandale lo
Ieep
sexuaI
expvession pvivale?
C. Fveud and FoucauIl TIe
Bepvession
HpolIesis
and
Beond
One oJ lIe nov-convenlionaI accounls Jov
vI
ve excIude sex
Jvon lIe
puIIic spIeve
is allviIulaIIe lo
Signund
Fveud,
vIo
nainlained lIal
vepvession
oJ lIe IiIido is essenliaI lo civiIiza-
lion.182 In Fveudian
lIeov, evevone's
Jivsl Iove
oIjecl
is Iis ov
Iev
opposile-sex pavenl,
and IolI
deveIopnenl
oJ lIe
pevsonaIil
and nainlenance oJ lIe
JaniI vequive vepvession
oJ lIese inceslu-
ous desives.183 Fvon a socielaI
slandpoinl,
Fveud
lIougIl
lIe
vepvession
oJ sexuaI dvives
necessav
lo vedivecl Iunan
enevg
inlo
nove
sociaII pvoduclive
endeavovs. AIsenl
vepvession,
lIe
lIeov
goes,
ve vouId Ie even nove oIsessed vilI sex lIan ve
aIvead
ave,
and no one vouId IolIev
naIing
lIe lvains vun on line.'84 Fveud
aIso consideved sexuaI
vepvession
essenliaI lo sociaI
Ionding.185
182
See SIOMUNB
FBEUB,
CIVILIZATION ANB ITS BISCONTENTS 64-74
|Janes SlvacIe
ed. &
lvans., 1961).
TIe viev lIal sexuaI
vepvession
is
necessav
lo nainlain
civiIizalion is
I
no neans
unique
lo Fveud. As TIonas
Ove vepovls
[E]vev
lIinIev oJ lIe
gveal
cenlvaI lvadilion oJ lIe Iasl
cenluv's
sociaI
lIougIl
Ias seen
vepvessed sexuaIil
and lIe aulIovilavian
JaniI
slvucluve
as cIose lo lIe cove oJ ouv civiIizalion. Consevvalive lIeovisls Iave deJended
vepvession
as
necessav:
vevoIulionavies Iave
uvged
lIal
sociel
vouId Iave
lo Ie ovevlIvovn lo Jvee us Jvon ils
lvann.
TIonas C.
Ove,
Evos,
CiviIizalion and lIe
Buvgev
Couvl,
L. & CONTEMF.
FBOBS.,
Sunnev
1980,
al
83, 92:
see aIso id. al 92-95
|lvacing
lIe
IinIage
oJ sexuaI
vepvession
and civiIizalion
lIvougI
lvo slvains oJ
lIougIl
one Jvon lniIe BuvIIein lo Max
WeIev lo
JosepI ScIunpelev
and lIe olIev Jvon FviedvicI
EngeIs
lo HevIevl
Mavcuse lo WiIIeIn
BeicI).
183
See
FBEUB,
supva
nole
182,
al 59-60.
184
See id.
Havv
CIov,
avguing
in Javov oJ
veguIaling oIscenil, expvessI
veIies on
Fveud
Evev connunil
nusl devole ils allenlion lo lIe
discipIine
and diveclion
oJ
povevJuI
naluvaI
inpuIses. Evev
sociaI ovdev nusl endeavov lo
give
lIe
sensuaI side oJ IiJe ils due vIiIe
pvevenling
undue ov excessive
pveoccupa-
lion vilI il. TIe ninds and
enevgies
oJ cilizens nusl Ie avaiIaIIe Jov lIe
Iong-vange puvsuils
and
IigIev
ends oJ lIe
connunil.
TIis
vequives
sociaII inposed
veslvainls
upon
lIe
induIgence
oJ lIe
passions
and, aIso,
sociaII inposed
slandavds and vaIues
concevning
lIe
induIgence
oJ lIe
passions.
CLOB,
supva
nole
74,
al 197.
185
See
FBEUB,
supva
nole
182,
al
65:
see aIso 18 SICMUNB
FBEUB,
Sone Neuvolic
ManiJeslalions inJeaIous,
Favanoia and
HonosexuaIil,
in THE COMFLETE FSYCHOLOO-
ICAL WOBKS OF SIOMUNB FBEUB
221,
232 |Janes
SlvacIe
ed. &
lvans., 1955)
|avguing
lIal
vepvession
and suIIinalion oJ IonosexuaI desive in
nen,
allacIed
iniliaII
lo lIe
JalIev,
is
necessav
lo lIe naIe
Ionding upon
vIicI civiIizalion is
IuiIl).
[VoI.
143 111
In Seidnan's
levns,
lIe
pavlicuIavisn
associaled vilI a sexuaI
veIalionsIip
|vIicI
encouvages
Javovilisn,
spavIs jeaIous,
and
na
Iead lo
aggvession
lovavd
olIevs)
lIvealens lIe univevsaIisl vaIues
necessav
lo
nenIevsIip
in a
Iavgev connunil.
In lIe
niIilav
pavIance,
unil coIesion
vequives
desexuaIized lies.186
TIe conlouvs oJ lIe sexuaI
speecI
doclvine can Ie seen in
Fveudian levns. Fveud
posiled
lIal
vepvession
oJ
sexuaIil
does nol
evadicale sexuaI
lIougIls,
Iul
neveI suInevges
lIen inlo lIe
unconscious,
vIeve
lIe
conlinue lo aJJecl IeIaviov and veluvn in
lIe Jovn oJ
snplons.187
TIe Couvl
siniIavI pevnils vepvession
Iul nol
suppvession
oJ nosl sexuaI
speecI.
TIe slale
na
Iinil
oJJensive Iul nonoIscene sexuaI
expvession
lo
pavlicuIav pavls
oJ
lovn ov
pavlicuIav
lines oJ
da,
as iJ lo IanisI il lo
sociel's
unconscious,
Iul
na
nol
suppvess
il
aIlogelIev.188
Even in lIe
oIscenil
veaIn,
vIeve lIe doclvine on ils Jace
appeavs
lo aulIovize
oulvigIl suppvession
oJ
speecI,
in Jacl
onI
pavliaI vepvession
is acIieved. Because oJ lIe
appIicalion
oJ IocaI
connunil
slandavds,
Iavd-cove
oIscenil
is nol JovIidden
aIlogelIev
Iul valIev Iiniled lo dislviIulion Jvon lIe nalion's ved-
IigIl
dislvicls
anong
olIevs,
Nev YovI
Cil's
Tines
Squave,
Boslon's ConIal
Zone,
and San Fvancisco's TendevIoin. In Nev
YovI
Cil,
Jov
exanpIe,
lIe Second Civcuil Ias IeId lIal
nolIing
186
See,
e.g.,
Bevnavd E. Tvainov & Evic L.
CIase,
Bon'l
Conpvonise
lIe UIlinale
Mission,
N.J. LJ., Ma
17, 1993,
al
17,
32
|avguing
lIal lIe
niIilav's
Ian on
IonosexuaIs is
jusliJied
lo JoveslaII sexuaI lension lIal vouId undevnine unil
coIesion).
Fov siniIav
veasons,
even IeJove lIe
nodevn-da
concevn vilI sexuaI
Iavassnenl,
Iusinesses oJlen
pvoIiIiled
ov
discouvaged
sexuaI
veIalionsIips
Ielveen
enpIoees.
Even vIeve sucI
veIalionsIips
ave nol
expvessI pvoIiIiled,
JeIIov
enpIoees
viII
oJlen seeI lo
Ieep
lIeiv
veIalionsIips
a secvel al vovI. TIe
apocvpIaI slov
oJ lIe
vonan vIo
sIepl
Iev
va
lo lIe
lop
veJIecls nol
onI
naIe
anxiel
aIoul vonen in
lIe
vovIpIace,
Iul aIso lIe lIveal lIal sex is
lIougIl
lo
pose
lo vIal sone considev
lIe univevsaIisl
nevilocvac
oJ lIe
puIIic
vovId.
187 See SIOMUNB
FBEUB,
BOBA AN ANALYSIS OF A CASE OF HYSTEBIA 146
|FIiIip
BieJJ
ed., 1963).
188
See,
e.g.,
SaIIe Connunicalions v.
FCC,
492 U.S.
115,
126
|1989) |invaIidaling
a lolaI Ian on
diaI-a-povn
sevvices Iul
indicaling
lIal nove Iiniled veslviclions
na
Ie
pevnissiIIe): Cil
oJ Benlon v.
FIaline
TIealves, Inc.,
475 U.S.
41,
46-47
|1986)
|pevnilling
lIe
zoning
oJ aduIl lIealevs Iul
suggesling
lIal a lolaI Ian vouId Ie
invaIid):
FCC v. FaciJica
Found.,
438 U.S.
726,
750
|1978) |pevnilling
FCC
veslviclions
Iavving sexuaII
indecenl
Ivoadcasling onI duving
cevlain Iouvs oJ lIe
da):
Aclion Jov CIiIdven's TeIevision v. FCC, 932 F.2d
1504,
1508-09
|B.C.
Civ.
1991)
|vejecling
a
conpIele
Ian on
Ivoadcasling
indecenl
speecI
and
IoIding
lIal sone
saJe IavIov Jov indecenl naleviaI is
conslilulionaII vequived),
cevl.
denied,
112 S. Cl.
1281
|1992).
1994]
couId Ie
palenlI
oJJensive
I connunil
slandavds: lIus,
no
oIscenil
can Ie
pvoIiIiled
lIeve.'89 FuvlIevnove,
lIvougIoul
lIe
nalion,
oIscenil
in lIe Ione is innune Jvon
suppvession.190
TIus,
lIe Couvl's sexuaI
speecI
doclvine Junclions Iess lo
pevnil
lIe
suppvession
oJ sexuaI
expvession
lIan lo
pevnil
ils
vepvession
Jvon lIe visiIIe
puIIic spIeve, jusl
as,
in Fveud's
viev,
lIe
pscIe
IanisIes unveIcone sexuaI
lIougIls
lo lIe
unconscious,
Iul cannol
exlinguisI
lIen
aIlogelIev.
Move
vecenlI,
MicIeI FoucauIl
cIaIIenged
Fveud's
lIeov
oJ
sexuaI
vepvession, avguing
lIal lIe
vepvessive IpolIesis
nisun-
devslands lIe necIanisns
I
vIicI sex is
veguIaled.19I
In Fou-
cauIl's
viev,
nodevn
sociel,
Jav Jvon
vepvessing sexuaIil,
Ias
conpeII[ed]
sex lo
speaI.192
Fvon lIe conJessionaI lo lIe
anaIsl's
coucI lo lIe
OpvaI WinJve
sIov,
Weslevn
sociel
is
pveoccupied
vilI
laIIing
aIoul sex. FoucauIl
nainlains, Iovevev,
lIal lIis
appavenl IiJling
oJ
vepvession
Ias nol in Jacl Ieen IiIeval-
ing:
valIev,
open
discussion,
calegovizalion,
and cIassiJicalion oJ sex
eJJecl sociaI conlvoI nove
eJJicienlI
and
inlvicaleI
lIan does IIunl
vepvession.93 [W]Ial
is invoIved is lIe
pvoduclion
oJ
sexuaIil
valIev lIan lIe
vepvession
oJ sex.194 In lIis
viev,
sociaI
povev
ovev individuaI cilizens is exevcised
lIvougI
lIe
pvoIiJevalion
oJ
discouvses aIoul sex and
lIvougI
a cuIluve lIal lveals
sexuaIil
and
ils
invesligalion
as lIe cenlvaI lvulI aIoul
pevsonaI idenlil.'95
TIe Iav's oIsession vilI lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion
appeavs
lo naIe Iess sense Jvon FoucauIl's
pevspeclive
lIan Jvon Fveud's.
IJ sociaI conlvoI is acIieved nove
diveclI lIvougI puIIic
discouvse
189
See Uniled Slales v. Vavious AvlicIes oJ OIscene
MevcIandise,
709 F.2d
132,
137
|2d
Civ.
1983).
190
See
SlanIe
v.
Oeovgia,
394 U.S.
557,
565
|1969)
|IoIding
lIal lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl
pvoIiIils cvininaIizing
neve
pvivale possession
oJ oIscene
naleviaIs).
191
See
FOUCAULT,
supva
nole
180,
al
10,
1749.
192
Id. al 158.
193
See id. al 23-25.
94Id. al 114.
195
See id. al 69-70. FoucauIl
expIains
[I]l
is lIis
desivaIiIil
oJ sex lIal allacIes eacI one oJ us lo lIe
injunclion
lo Inov
il,
lo veveaI ils Iav and ils
povev:
il is lIis
desivaIiIil
lIal naIes
us lIinI ve ave
aJJivning
lIe
vigIls
oJ ouv sex
againsl
aII
povev,
vIen in
Jacl ve ave Jaslened lo lIe
depIonenl
oJ
sexuaIil
lIal Ias IiJled
up
Jvon
deep
vilIin us a sovl oJ
nivage
in vIicI ve lIinI ve see ouvseIves
veJIecled-lIe davI sIinnev oJ sex.
Id. al 156-57. Fov
FoucauIl, lIen,
Weslevn
sociel's pveoccupalion
vilI sex
pvovides
lIe necIanisn Jov
povev |lIe
souvce oJ vIicI is
genevaII
unidenliJied in Fou-
cauIl's
vovI)
lo nove
cIoseI
conlvoI us.
[VoI.
143 111
aIoul sex lIan
lIvougI
lIe
veIegalion
oJ sex lo lIe
pvivale spIeve,
one
nigIl expecl
lo see Iess insislence on lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine.
Indeed,
il vas
pveciseI
Jov lIal veason lIal TIonas
Ove pvedicled
in 1980 lIal vilIin a Jev
eavs
Jovnicalion and
sodon
Iavs viII Ie
Jound unconslilulionaI.196 He veasoned lIal
given
lIe
incveasing-
I puIIic pvesence
oJ lIe IonosexuaI
connunil
and lIe sIeev
nunIevs oJ cilizens
Iiving logelIev
|and
engaging
in sexuaI
veIalions)
oulside oJ
navviage,
lIe Iav vouId
Iegilinale
lIose
veIalionsIips
in ovdev lo
Iving
lIen aIove
gvound,
vIeve
lIe
vouId Ie nove
suIjecl
lo sociaI conlvoI.
Bul
Ove's pvediclion
Ias nol
el
Ieen veaIized. Six
eavs
aJlev
Iis avlicIe vas
puIIisIed,
lIe
Supvene
Couvl
upIeId
a
sodon
slalule in Bovevs v. HavdvicI.'97
Sodon
slalules venain on lIe
IooIs in
nan
slales,
and no slale viII
Iegilinale ga
ov IesIian
veIalionsIips lIvougI navviage.'98
TIeve Ias
undouIledI
Ieen,
Iovevev,
sone evoIulion in lIe diveclion
Ove
Jovesav. TIe
ga
and IesIian
vigIls
novenenl Ias nade
gveal
slvides in
cIanging
popuIav
|and judiciaI) opinion
in vecenl
eavs,
so nucI so lIal
IegaI
cIaIIenges
lo
discvininalov poIicies againsl gas
and IesIians in lIe
niIilav-a
deJendanl lo vIicI lIe couvls ave
usuaII exceedingI
deJevenliaI-Iave succeeded in lIe Iovev couvls.199 And il seens
196
Ove, supva
nole
182,
al 97.
Ove avgued
lIal lIe Couvl's
pvivac
decisions
veve
pvedicaled
nol on an individuaIisl nolion oJ lIe
vigIl
oJ
consenling
aduIls lo
conlvoI lIeiv ovn sex
Iives,
Iul on
sociel's
need lo enJovce ovdev and sociaI
slaIiIil.
Id.
TIus,
Ie sav OvisvoId v.
Conneclicul,
381 U.S. 479
|1965),
and Boe
v.
Wade,
410 U.S. 113
|1973),
vIicI
guavanleed
lIe
vigIls
lo
conlvaceplives
and
aIovlion,
as
pvolecling
lIe
slaIiIil-cenleved
concevns oJ nodevale consevvalive
JaniI
and
popuIalion poIic. Ove, supva,
al 90.
197
478 U.S. 186
|1986).
198
See
EsIvidge, supva
nole
98,
al 1421.
199
See, e.g.,
SleJJan v.
Aspin,
8 F.3d
57,
59
|B.C.
Civ.
1993) |IoIding
lIal
Nav
veguIalions conpeIIing
a
nidsIipnan
lo
vesign
Jvon lIe NavaI
acaden soIeI
Iecause Ie vas an adnilled IonosexuaI vioIale
equaI pvoleclion),
vacaled and
veI'g
en Iane
gvanled,
No.
91-5409,
1994 U.S.
App.
LE7IS 9977
|an.
7, 1994):
MeinIoId v.
Uniled Slales
Bep'l
oJ
BeJense,
808 F.
Supp.
1455,
1458
|C.B.
CaI.
1993) |IoIding
lIal a
poIic
oJ
Ianning
IonosexuaIs Jvon
niIilav
sevvice Iased
neveI
on sexuaI
ovienlalion vioIales
equaI pvoleclion), aJJd
in
pavl
and vev'd and vacaled in
pavl,
Nos.
93-55242, 93-56354, 1994 WL 467311, al *1
|9lI
Civ.
Aug.
31, 1994) |IoIding
lIal
sevvicenen
na
Ie
discIavged
Iecause oJ IonosexuaI
acls,
Iul nol
neveI
Iecause
oJ
IonosexuaIil):
BaII v.
Secvelav
oJ lIe Uniled Slales
Nav,
830 F.
Supp.
1319,
1335,
1337
|E.B.
CaI.
1993) |sane):
EIzie v.
Aspin,
841 F.
Supp.
439,
443-44
|B.B.C.
1993) |sane):
SeIIand v.
Aspin,
832 F.
Supp.
12,
15
|B.B.C. 1993) |sane).
A 1993
OaIIup
FoII sIovs lIal 80% oJ lIe
puIIic suppovls equaI joI oppovlunil
Jov
gas,
as
conpaved
lo
onI
59% in 1982. See U.S. FoII SIovs Bivision on Issue
oJ
HonosexuaIs,
ST. LOUIS
FOST-BISFATCH,
Apv.
30, 1993,
al C1. In
genevaI, puIIic
opinion poIIs
sIov lIal lIeve Ias Ieen a
slead
evosion ovev lIe
pasl
20
eavs
oJ
1994]
IiIeI
lIal Bovevs viII
evenluaII
Ie
vevevsed:
il is one oJ lIe
Supvene
Couvl's nosl
videI
cvilicized decisions.200
Bul lIe
picluve
is Jav nove
conpIex
lIan
Ove painled
il. TIe
gvoving ga-vigIls
novenenl Ias Ieen nel in luvn
I gvoving
opposilion
Jvon
vigIl-ving gvoups.201 Sodon
slalules venain on
lIe IooIs in
eigIleen
slales202 and
anli-ga
ovdinances Iave
Iecone lIe nexl vave oJ
IegisIalion.203
WIiIe lIe
sodon
Iavs ave
vaveI
enJovced
excepl
as
IacIslops
Jov
pvoseculions
oJ
vape
ov
pvoslilulion,204
lIeiv exislence
avguaII encouvages
Iess JovnaI
Jovns oJ
enJovcenenl,
incIuding pvivale
and
puIIic
discvininalion
againsl gas
and
IesIians,
and
ga-IasIing.205
puIIic suppovl
Jov Iavs and
pvaclices
lIal discvininale
againsl
IonosexuaIs. BicIavd
Havvood,
'Slvangevs'
In Ouv
Midsl,
WASH.
FOST,
FeI.
26, 1993,
al A23.
200
See CHABLES
FBIEB,
OBBEB ANB LAW ABOUINO THE BEAOAN
BEVOLUTION,
A
FIBSTHANB ACCOUNT 81-83
|1991) |cvilicizing
lIe Bovevs decision as eilIev an
inposilion
oJ
vev gveal cvueIl
ov an exevcise in
Ipocvis inviling avIilvav
and
aIusive
appIicalions
oJ lIe cvininaI
Iav):
LAUBENCE H.
TBIBE,
AMEBICAN CONSTI-
TUTIONAL LAW 1422-35
|2d
ed.
1988)
|cvilicizing
lIe Bovevs decision as
JaiIing
lo
acInovIedge
lIe
undevIing
vaIue oJ lIe
vigIl
oJ
pvivac
as
pvolecling
inlinale
Iunan
associalions):
BanieI
O. ConIIe,
TIe Second BealI
oJ
SuIslanlive Bue
Fvocess,
62
INB.
LJ.
215,
235-36
|1986) |descviIing
lIe Bovevs decision as devianl and
pevvevse): Janel
E.
HaIIe, Beasoning
AIoul
Sodon
Acl and
Idenlil
in and
AJlev
Bovevs v.
HavdvicI,
79 VA. L. BEV.
1721,
1770
|1993)
|cIavaclevizing
lIe Bovevs
decision as lIe
[judiciaI]
exevcise oJ
IonopIoIic povev):
Lance
LieInan,
A TviIule
lo
Juslice
Bvon
B.
WIile,
107 HABV. L. BEV.
13,
19
|1993) |poinling
lo Bovevs as
Juslice
WIile's Ieasl
convincing
and vovsl
opinion):
KendaII
TIonas,
TIe
EcIipse oJ
Beason A BIelovicaI
Beading oJ
Bovevs v.
HavdvicI,
79 VA. L. BEV.
1805,
1806
|1993)
|avguing
lIal Bovevs veJIecls a
IonopIoIic ideoIog).
Indeed,Juslice
FoveII,
one oJ lIe Jive
Juslices
in lIe Bovevs
najovil, essenliaII
cIanged
Iis vole aJlev
slepping
dovn Jvon lIe Couvl. In venavIs nade al Nev YovI
Univevsil,
FoveII
said,
I lIinI I
pvoIaII
nade a nislaIe in
voling
vilI lIe
najovil
in Bovevs. He slaled lIal
upon veveading
lIe decision a Jev nonlIs aJlev il
vas
issued,
I
lIougIl
lIe dissenl Iad lIe Iellev oJ lIe
avgunenls.
Linda Oveen-
Iouse,
WIen Second
TIougIls
in Case Cone Too
Lale,
N.Y.
TIMES,
Nov.
5, 1990,
al A14.
Fov an
avgunenl
pvovides
a doclvinaI voule lo
vevevsing
Bovevs,
see CoIe &
EsIvidge, supva
nole 103.
201
See
supva
noles 93-98 and
acconpaning
lexl.
202
See
supva
nole 13.
203
See
supva
nole 48.
204
See, e.g.,
BuIen
Caslaneda,
Bislvicl Beexanines
Sodon
Lav,
WASH.
FOST,
FeI.
26, 1992,
al
B1
|vepovling
lIal Bislvicl oJ CoIunIia
Cil
Adninislvalov BoIevl L.
MaIIel cIavaclevized lIe Bislvicl's
sodon
slalule as one
genevaII
used
onI
in
nonconsensuaI silualions and as nol a
pvinav
Iav enJovcenenl
concevn):
BeI
Fvice,
TIeve
OugIl
Nol lo Ie a
Lav,
Oannell Nevs
Sevvice,
JuI
9, 1993,
avaiIaIIe in
LE7IS,
Nevs
LiIvav,
Wives FiIe
|assevling
lIal acluaI
sodon pvoseculions
ave
vave).
205
See KendaII
TIonas,
Beond
lIe
Fvivac FvincipIe,
92 COLUM. L. BEV.
1431,
1464
|1992)
|noling
lIal vioIence
againsl ga
nen and IesIians is a slvucluvaI Jealuve oJ
IiJe in Anevican
sociel):
TIonas,
supva
nole
200,
al 1832
|assevling
lIal lIe Bovevs
decision
vigidiJied
sexuaI
voIes,
selling
IonosexuaIs Jav
apavl
Jvon IelevosexuaIs and
[VoI.
143 111
TIis nove
conpIicaled picluve,
and in
pavlicuIav
lIe
disjuncluve
Ielveen JovnaI
veguIalion
and inJovnaI
pvaclice,
oJJevs a
polenliaI
Ividge
Ielveen Fveud and FoucauIl. As a JovnaI
nallev,
lIe Iav
JoIIovs a Fveudian
pallevn,
and insisls
upon
a
sIavp puIIic/pvivale
Iine on nallevs oJ
sexuaIil:
in levns oJ acluaI
enJovcenenl,
Iovevev,
lIe Iines ave
anlIing
Iul
sIavp,
and
na
veJIecl a nove
FoucauIdian
slvaleg
oJ
dispevsed veguIalion.
In
pvaclice,
ve aIIov
a
gveal
deaI oJ sexuaI
expvession
lo suvJace in
puIIic,
Iul al lIe
sane line ve insisl on
veguIaling
ils
puIIic
naniJeslalions,
vIelIev
lIvougI
lIe
zoning
oJ
ved-IigIl
dislvicls ov lIe
cIoseI
valcIed
veguIalion
oJ olIevvise nude dancevs'
appaveI.
B. Avl and
OIscenil
An Issue
oJ
ConlvoI
WIiIe Fveud and FoucauIl
disagvee
aIoul lIe necIanisns
I
vIicI
povev opevales
vilI
vespecl
lo
sexuaIil,
IolI
idenliJ
sexuaIil
as a cenlvaI
lavgel
oJ sociaI conlvoI. Avl cvilic
Lnda
Nead
pvovides
sone
insigIl
inlo
vI
ve
lavgel sexuaIil
in Iev
slud
oJ
lIe JenaIe nude. SIe sees lIe JenaIe nude as lIe Iovdev ...
Ielveen avl and
oIscenil.206
BolI avl and
oIscenil
laIe as a
pvinav suIjecl
lIe naIed JenaIe
Iod,
vIicI in a
palviavcIaI
cuIluve
vepvesenls
aII lIal is
lIvealening
aIoul lIe olIev
excess,
passion,
lIe unInovn. Bul vIiIe avl and
oIscenil
sIave lIis
connon
suIjecl,
ouv cuIluve insisls on
dvaving
lIe
sIavpesl
oJ
dislinclions Ielveen lIen. Undev IolI Anevican and BvilisI
Iav,
avlislic
expvession
and
oIscenil
ave
nuluaII
excIusive
calego-
vies.207
Nead
pvoposes
lIal lIe dislinclion Ielveen avl and
oIscenil
devives Jvon lIe
pevceived dangev
oJ
Iosing
conlvoI lIal lIe olIev
pvesenls.
Avl oJJevs lIe iIIusion oJ
naslev
ovev ils
suIjecl.
TIvougI
lIe JovnaI eIenenls oJ avlislic
vepvesenlalion,
lIe avlisl
lvansJovns lIe naIed
Iod
inlo a
nude,
vepvesenled,
Jvaned,
and
conlained.
TIus,
KennelI
CIavI,
vIo vvole lIe cIassic
slud
oJ lIe
nude,
vvole lIal
[l]Ie
nude venains lIe nosl
conpIele exanpIe
oJ lIe lvansnulalion oJ nallev inlo Jovn.208 TIe
avlisl,
CIavI
naIing
lIen
suscepliIIe
lo
viIiJicalion):
BeI
Fvice,
A
Oa BigIls
Cvusadev Finds Success
Al
Lasl,
STAB
TBIB.,
Ocl.
13, 1993,
al E4
|slaling
lIal
sodon
Iavs ave
indiveclI
used
lo lav
ga peopIe
and
den
lIen
joIs):
see aIso
supva
nole 97 and
acconpaning
lexl.
206
NEAB,
supva
nole
91,
al 25.
207
See id. al 90
|noling
lIal avlislic nevil is a deJense lo
pvoseculion
undev
Oveal Bvilain's OIscene FuIIicalions Acl oJ
1959):
see aIso MiIIev v.
CaIiJovnia,
413
U.S.
15,
24
|1973) |deJining oIscenil
as
expvession IacIing an
sevious avlislic
nevil).
208
KENNETH
CLABK,
THE NUBE A STUBY IN IBEAL FOBM 27
|1956).
Nol
1994]
avgued,
cIolIes lIe naIed
Iod
in avlislic
Jovn,
guided I
lIe
JovnaI vuIes oJ avlislic
vepvesenlalion.209
As Nead
poinls
oul
[I]J
avl is deJined as lIe convevsion oJ nallev inlo
Jovn,
inagine
Iov nucI
gvealev
lIe
lviunpI
Jov avl iJ il is lIe
JenaIe Iod
lIal is
lIus
lvansJovned-puve
naluve
lvansnuled,
lIvougI
lIe Jovns oJ
avl,
inlo
puve
cuIluve.210
B
conlvasl,
Nead
avgues, oIscenil vepvesenls
lIal vIicI
cannol Ie conlvoIIed. TIe levn
oIscene,
sIe
poinls
oul,
na
Ie
a nodiJicalion oJ lIe Lalin
'scena,'
so
neaning IilevaII
vIal is
oJJ,
ov lo one side oJ lIe
slage, Ieond pvesenlalion.211
WIeve
avlislic
vepvesenlalion
veJIecls lIe
lviunpI
oJ Jovn ovev
nallev,
oIscenil
is lIal vIicI cannol Ie
vepvesenled
on
slage,
lIal vIicI
is
Ieond
Jovn.
IJ... avl is seen lo
vepvesenl
lIe suIIinalion ov lvansJovnalion
oJ sexuaI
dvives,
lIen
povnogvapI conves
lIe sexuaI
unnedialed:
il inciles and noves lIe vievev lo aclion. TIe
puve
aeslIelic
expevience
is
posed
as a consoIidalion oJ individuaI
suIjeclivil:
il
can Ie seen in levns oJ lIe
Jvaning
oJ lIe
suIjecl.
In
conlvasl,
lIe
expevience
oJ
povnogvapI
is descviIed as a Iind oJ disluv-
Iance:
il
pvesenls
lIe
possiIiIil
oJ an
undoing
oJ
idenlil.212
Nead
conpaves
lIe Iine Ielveen avl and
oIscenil
lo InnanueI
Kanl's dislinclion Ielveen lIe IeauliJuI and lIe suIIine. Kanl
vvole lIal
[l]Ie
BeauliJuI in naluve is connecled vilI lIe Jovn oJ
lIe
oIjecl,
vIicI consisls in
Iaving
Ioundavies.213 TIe
suIIine,
I
conlvasl,
is lo Ie Jound in a JovnIess
oIjecl,
so Jav as in il ov
I
occasion oJ il IoundIessness is
vepvesenled,
and
el
ils
lolaIil
is aIso
pvesenl
lo
lIougIl.214
LiIe lIe
suIIine,
Nead
suggesls,
lIe
oIscene
vepvesenls
lIe lIveal oJ
IinilIessness,
oJ lIe aIsence oJ
Ioundavies.215
Fvon lIis
pevspeclive,
lIe Iav's
allenpl
lo
veguIale
lIe
puIIic
vepvesenlalion
oJ
sexuaIil na
Ie undevslood as an
allenpl
lo Iinil
lIe
IinilIess,
lo assevl lIe
povev
lo conlvoI lIal vIicI visIs
Ieing
Ieond
conlvoI. LiIe lIe
paslies
and
O-slvings
nandaled
I
coincidenlaII,
CIavI is Iesl Inovn Jov Iis BBC leIevision
sevies, CiviIisalion,
vIicI
vas sIovn
lIvougIoul
lIe Uniled Slales on FBS. See
NEAB,
supva
nole
91,
al 12.
209
See
genevaII
CLABK,
supva
nole
208,
al 1-29.
210
NEAB,
supva
nole
91,
al 18.
211
Id. al 25.
212
Id. al 28.
213
KANT,
supva
nole
60,
al 101-02.
214
Id. al 102.
215
See
NEAB,
supva
nole
91, al 29-30.
166 TNIVEBSITY OF FENNSYLVANIA LAW BEVIEW
[VoI.
143 111
Indiana's nude
dancing
Iav,
lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
insisls on
inposing
a
Iinil,
an
Iinil,
no nallev Iov lenuous ov
JIeeling
lIal Iinil
na
Ie,
Jov lIe saIe
uIlinaleI
oJ lIe Iinil ilseIJ.
UnconlvoIIed sexuaI
expvession pvesenls
lIe sane lIveal lIal lIe
naIed JenaIe
Iod pvesenls:
lIe
IegaI vegine,
IiIe lIe
vegine
oJ
avlislic
Jovn,
pvovides
a
va |Jov nen)
lo assevl
naslev
ovev lIis
Joveign suIjecl.
Bul vIiIe Nead's
dicIolon capluves
nucI oJ vIal naIes
oIscenil dangevous,
Iev viev oJ lIe
povnogvapIic
as lIe sexuaI
unnedialed216 JaiIs lo
vecognize
lIe exlenl lo vIicI
povnogvapI
|and
al Ieasl in lIis
cuIluve,
sexuaIil)
is ilseIJ
aIvead dependenl
upon
Iinils. WIiIe lIe oIscene
cIaIIenges
and deJies lIe Iinils lIal
Iav
inposes,
al lIe sane line il couId nol exisl vilIoul lIose Iinils.
Fav Jvon
Ieing
unnedialed,
povnogvapI
is a
IigII
JovnaIized
genve, suIjecl
lo and
dependenl upon
an eIaIovale sel oJ vuIes.
E. TaIoo and
Tvansgvession
TIe Evolic Linils
oJ
Lav
WIiIe
Fveud, FoucauIl,
and Nead
expIain
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
sexuaIil
as
pvolecling
civiIizalion Jvon lIe
disvuplions
and
dangevs
allendanl lo
sex,
il
na
aIso Ie undevslood as
pvolecling
sex Jvon
civiIizalion.
B nainlaining
an auva oJ
nslev
and
inposing
a sel
oJ
laIoos,
lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
conlviIules
|in
nosl
inslances
unconsciousI)
lo vIal naIes sex
sex.
As EIizaIelI
Covie Ias
suggesled [S]exuaIil
is nevev a neve
IioIogicaI
Jacl:
valIev,
il is aIso a sociaI
concepl
.... Il is conslvucled
I
lIe sociaI
discouvses oJ a
connunil
ov
sociel.
CenlvaI lo lIis conslvuclion
is lIe
opposilion pevnilled/JovIidden
ov
pvopev/inpvopev.217
FoucauIl sav lIis
dnanic
in aII
veguIalion
oJ
sexuaIil,
Ie il
IegaI, pvoJessionaI,
nedicaI,
ov sociaI
TIe nedicaI
exaninalion,
lIe
pscIialvic invesligalion,
lIe
pedagogicaI vepovl,
and
JaniI
conlvoIs
na
Iave lIe ovev-aII and
appavenl oIjeclive
oJ
saing
no lo aII
vavavd
ov
unpvoduclive
sexuaIilies,
Iul lIe Jacl is lIal
lIe
Junclion as necIanisns vilI
a douIIe
inpelus pIeasuve
and
povev.
TIe
pIeasuve
lIal cones
oJ
exevcising
a
povev
lIal
queslions,
nonilovs, valcIes,
spies,
seavcIes
oul,
paIpales, Ivings
lo
IigIl:
and on lIe olIev
Iand,
lIe
pIeasuve
lIal IindIes al
Iaving
lo evade lIis
povev,
JIee Jvon
il,
JooI
il,
ov
lvavesl
il. TIe
povev
lIal Iels ilseIJ Ie invaded
I
lIe
216
See
supva
lexl
acconpaning
nole 212.
217
EIizaIelI
Covie,
FovnogvapI
and
Fanlas FscIoanaIlic Fevspeclives,
in SE7
E7FOSEB,
supva
nole
14,
al
132,
133.
1994]
pIeasuve
il is
puvsuing:
and
opposile
il,
povev assevling
ilseIJ in
lIe
pIeasuve
oJ
sIoving
oJJ,
scandaIizing,
ov
vesisling....
TIese
allvaclions,
lIese
evasions,
lIese civcuIav incilenenls Iave lvaced
avound Iodies and
sexes,
nol Ioundavies nol lo Ie
cvossed,
Iul
pevpeluaI spivaIs oJ povev
and
pIeasuve.218
In lIis
accounl,
sexuaIil
is neilIev
sepavale
Jvon nov
pviov
lo sociaI
conlvoI,
Iul is a Junclion oJ lIe
vev
sociaI conlvoI assevled ovev il.
LiIe an aduIl
gane
oJ
Iide-and-seeI,
lIe
veguIalion
oJ
sexuaIil
cveales nucI oJ lIe allvaclion and excilenenl lIal suvvounds
sexuaIil,
and indeed conslvucls vIal ve undevsland as
sexuaIil.
MucI oJ
povnogvapI's appeaI
Iies in
appvoacIing
and
lvansgvessing
lIe sociaI laIoos lIal ve
deveIop
lo
veguIale
il.
Sinone de
Beauvoiv,
descviIing
lIe inJanous
povnogvapIev Mavquis
de Sade's
pIiIosopI,
slaled
[n]o
apIvodisiac
is so
polenl
as lIe
deJiance oJ Oood.219 As EIIen WiIIis Ias
avgued,
Hovevev
IoudI
peopIe pvocIain
lIal
povn
is as vIoIesone as
gvanoIa,
lIe essence
oJ ils
appeaI
is lIal
enolionaII
il venains laIoo.220
SiniIavI,
Mav
McInlosI Ias nainlained lIal Iecause an essenliaI
ingvedienl
oJ
povnogvapI
[is]
lIe desive lo
sIocI,
lo cvoss lIe
Ioundavies,
lo
expIove
JovIidden
zones,
povnogvapI vepvesenls
a conlvadiclion
vilIin
Iouvgeois
CIvislian
novaIil,
in lIal il exisls
onI
Iecause il
is condenned.
FovnogvapI
and censoviousness ave an
insepavaIIe
coupIe.221
TIus,
civiIizalion and ils vuIes ave al Ieasl as
necessav
218
FOUCAULT,
supva
nole
180,
al
45:
see aIso
Vance,
supva
nole
71,
al 45
|descviIing
liliIIalion oJ Meese Connission
Ieavings).
219
SIMONE BE
BEAUVOIB,
Musl We Buvn
Sade?,
in THE
MABQUIS
BE SABE THE 120
BAYS OF SOBOM ANB OTHEB WBITINOS 28
|1966).
220
ELLEN
WILLIS, Feninisn, MovaIisn,
and
FovnogvapI,
in BEOINNINO TO SEE THE
LIOHT FIECES OF A BECABE 219
|1981).
SIe noles JuvlIev lIal
povnogvapI
is lIe
veluvn oJ lIe
vepvessed,
oJ
JeeIings
and Janlasies dviven
undevgvound
.... Fvuvi-
ence-lIe slale oJ nind I associale vilI
povnogvapI-inpIies
a sense oJ sex as
JovIidden,
secvelive
pIeasuve.
Id. al 220-21.
221
Mav
McInlosI,
LiIevaIisn and lIe Conlvadiclions
oJ
SexuaI
FoIilics,
in SE7
E7FOSEB,
supva
nole
14,
al
155,
166.
Lnne SegaI
naIes a siniIav
poinl
WIal ve do nol Jind in
povnogvapI-Ience
ils
pvovocalion-ave
lIe
accepl-
aIIe naIe enolions associaled vilI lIe
appvoved
discouvses on naIe sexuaIi-
l.
Sex veslvained
I
Iove and
navviage,
sex vIicI is
'pvoleclive,' 'vespecl-
aIIe' and
'JailIJuI,'
vevevses inlo ils
opposile
sex
gveed
Jov
innediale,
unIiniled,
seIJ-cenleved
gvaliJicalion.
Bul vouId ve Iave lIe
povnogvapIic
vepvesenlalion
vilIoul lIe
acconpaning
aulIovilalive discouvses
oJ
and on nen
and lIeiv
sexuaIil?
TIe
nivvoving
lIenes oJ lIe
acceplaIIe
and
lvansgves-
sive discouvses on
sexuaIil suggesl
a diaIeclicaI veIalion Ielveen lIe lvo.
SegaI, supva
nole
69,
al 68
|enpIasis added):
see aIso SUSAN
OBIFFIN,
FOBNOOBAFHY
ANB SILENCE CULTUBE'S BEVENOE AOAINST NATUBE 15
|1981) |slaling
lIal lIe
povnogvapIev
is oIsessed vilI lIe idea oJ
lvansgvession):JoeI
KoveI,
TIe AnlidiaIeclic
[VoI.
143 111
Jov
Ieeping povnogvapI exciling
as
povnogvapI's vepvession
is
necessav
Jov
Ieeping
civiIizalion civiIized.222
FovnogvapI's dependence
on laIoo is so
slvong
lIal even
vIeve lIe Iav does nol dvav
Iines,
povnogvapIevs
lIenseIves dvav
lIen.
TIus,
soJl-cove
povnogvapI,
oJ lIe sovl lIal
appeavs
in
FIaIo
ov
FenlIouse,
oIes
caveJuI slvicluves lIal ave nol
IegaII
inposed
al aII. Mosl
picloviaIs depicl
vonen
onI,
eilIev aIone ov
in
paivs.
WIeve nen enlev lIe
picluve,
lIeiv
genilaIs
ave
genevaII
oIscuved:
iJ a
penis
is
dispIaed,
il is nevev evecl. And acluaI
penelvalion
is
vivluaII
nevev
depicled.223
Havd-cove
povnogvapI, I
conlvasl,
is JuII oJ evecl
penises
and
penelvalion.224
Even
Ieve, Iovevev,
Iines ave
caveJuII
dvavn.
One
Iine,
evev
pvesenl
al Ieasl in
lIeov,
is lIal Iavd-cove
povnogva-
pI na
Ie deened
oIscene,
sonelIing
nol even
lIeovelicaII
possiIIe
vilI soJl-cove
povnogvapI.225
Moveovev,
Iavd-cove
povnogvapI
aIso
pIaces
Iinils on lIe
vepvesenlalion
oJ nen as sex
oIjecls
vIiIe sex Ielveen vonen and IelevosexuaI sex ave
slapIes
oJ Iavd-cove
povnogvapI,
sex Ielveen nen is
genevaII
veslvicled
lo
povnogvapI dislincliveI
idenliJied as
ga
ov IisexuaI.
Al
Jivsl,
lIese
slvicluves,
IavgeI seIJ-inposed,
seen
pavadoxicaI.
FovnogvapI pvesenls
ilseIJ as
IiIevaling, el veIigiousI
Ieeds ils
ovn
seIJ-inposed
Iinils. In
pavl,
lIese dislinclions
na
Ie an
allenpl
lo
lavgel
diJJevenl navIels oJ desive. Bul
lIe
aIso
suggesl
oJ FovnogvapI,
in MEN CONFBONT FOBNOOBAFHY
153,
159
|MicIaeI
S. KinneI
ed.,
1990) |IJ
lIeve veve no laIoos lo
lvansgvess,
lIeve vouId Ie no inlevesl al aII in
povnogvapI.)
222
Sludies
suggesl
lIal lIe exislence oJ veslviclions on
sexuaII expIicil
naleviaIs
na
naIe lIen nove desivaIIe. See Mauvice
YaJJe,
FovnogvapI
An
Updaled
Beviev
|1972-1977),
in COMMITTEE ON FILM
CENSOBSHIF,
supva
nole
73,
al
235, 238:
see aIso
Hovavd L. FvonIin &
TinolI
C.
BvocI,
Evolic MaleviaIs A
Connodil
TIeov
AnaIsis oJ
lIe EnIanced
BesivaIiIil
TIal
Ma Acconpan
TIeiv
UnavaiIaIiIil,
3
J.
AFFLIEB SOC. FSYCHOL.
219, 219
|1973)
|vepovling
lIal
naIing
evolic naleviaIs nove
diJJicuIl lo oIlain ...
na
incvease inlevesl in lIe
naleviaIs).
TIis
na expIain
lIe
povnogvapIic
JiIn
induslv's pencIanl
Jov
IaIeIing
lIeiv JiIns 7 and
777,
pIaing
on lIe
nonpovnogvapIic
JiIn
induslv's valings sslen. CJ
1 ATTOBNEY
OENEBAL,
supva
nole
55,
al 279-80
|discussing
lIe Molion Ficluve Associalion oJ Anevica
valing
sslen).
223
See ANNETTE
KUHN,
THE FOWEB OF THE IMAOE ESSAYS ON BEFBESENTATION
ANB SE7UALITY 33
|1985) |noling
lIal
[p]IologvapIs
oJ evecl
penises,
Jov
exanpIe,
ave
usuaII
conJined lo Iavdcove and lo
ga
naIe
povnogvapI,
vIiIe
vepvesenlalions
oJ acls oJ IelevosexuaI inlevcouvse ave aIso Iiniled in
avaiIaIiIil).
224
See id. al
33-34,
44-46.
225
SoJl-cove
povnogvapI
is
IiIeI
lo JaiI one ov IolI oJ lIe
oIscenil vequive-
nenls lIal lIe naleviaI Ie
palenlI
oJJensive and IacI
an signiJicanl
avlislic ov
sociaI vaIue. See
supva
lexl
acconpaning
nole 45.
1994]
lIal
povnogvapIevs
inluil lIal lIeiv
pvoducl's
allvaclion
nigIl
Ie
Iosl iJ lIe Iines veve
evased,
and sex vas
acluaII
IiIevaled. As
Annelle KuIn
expIains
In ovdev lo nainlain ils
allvaclion,
povn
denands
slvicluves, conlvoIs,
censovsIip. Exposed
lo lIe
IigIl
oJ
da,
il visIs a Ioss oJ
povev. FovnogvapI
inviles
poIicing.226
FovnogvapI's seIJ-inposed
Iines aIso sevve anolIev Junclion
lIe
naIe il saJe lo
induIge
in sexuaI Janlasies.
B aIIoving
individuaIs lo cIoose
pveciseI
vIal
lpe
oJ JelisI ov
pvaclice lIe
viII viev ov vead
aIoul,
povnogvapI gives
lIe veadev lIe Jveedon
lo Iose IinseIJ vilIoul Jeav lIal Ie viII
veaII
Iose IinseIJ.227 TIe
capacil
lo IveaI Jvee oJ one's inIiIilions is
pavl
oJ vIal naIes sex
IolI
exciling
and
dangevous.
Bul
jusl
as cIiIdven
pIa
nove
JveeI
vIeve lIeve ave sone oulside vuIes lo
guide
lIen,
aduIls
na
JeeI
nove Jvee lo Iose lIenseIves iJ
lIe
ave assuved oJ a Iinil.228
TIus,
povnogvapI's seIJ-inposed
Iinils
pavadoxicaII pvovide
lIe
iIIusion oJ
dangev
and a
pvonise
oJ
saJel ou
von'l Ie loo
suvpvised.
TIe Iavs ve
inpose
on sexuaI
expvession pIa
a siniIav
pavadoxicaI
voIe. Indiana's
IegaII-nandaled paslies
and
O-slvings,
Jov
exanpIe, na
naIe nude
dancing
nove
appeaIing I vepvesenl-
ing
a laIoo lo Ie
cIaIIenged,
and al lIe sane line
na give
lIe
vievev a sense oJ
secuvil
lIe Iav assuves Iin lIal lIeve ave Iinils
lo lIe
pIa
in vIicI Ie is
engaging. SiniIavI, oIscenil pvoIiIi-
lions
sinuIlaneousI
veinJovce lIe laIoo cIavaclev oJ sexuaI
speecI
and assuve veadevs and vievevs lIal lIe IuII oJ
povnogvapI
is
sociaII acceplaIIe. B
conslilulionaI
deJinilion,
oIscenil
Iavs
na
pvoscviIe onI
lIose
sexuaII expIicil
naleviaIs vIicI ave
palenlI
226
KUHN, supva
nole
223,
al 23.
227
Indeed,
Iecause il is
genevaII
consuned on a
soIilav
Iasis,
lIe veadev ov
vievev oJ
povnogvapI
velains uIlinale conlvoI. He ov sIe
na
cIose lIe
IooI,
slop
lIe
video,
ov
Iang up
lIe
pIone
al
an poinl.
TIe
onI
olIev in
povnogvapI
is
lIe
vepvesenled
olIev,
Jav Iess
lIvealening
lIan a
pavlnev
vIo
nigIl
assevl Iis ov
Iev ovn
independenl
viII,
and laIe one JuvlIev lIan one daves lo
go.
28
Accovding
lo Susan
KeIIev,
pvaclilionevs
oJ viluaI sadonasocIisn
expvessI veI
on sucI Iines once il is eslaIIisIed lIal cevlain Iines viII nol Ie
cvossed,
ov lIal lIe
nasocIislic
pavlnev
Ias lIe
povev
lo caII a IaIl al
an poinl,
lIe
coupIe
is Jvee lo
pIa
vilI Jeavs and desives aIoul doninance and suInission lIal
lIe
vouId nol olIevvise
Ie
viIIing
lo
induIge.
See
KeIIev,
supva
nole
58,
al 2218-19. As KeIIev Ias
noled,
in
viluaI
[sadonasocIisn],
lIe evolic
quaIil na
Ie enIanced
I
lIe Jacl lIal lIe
vioIence is conlained and conlvoIIed
I
lIe
pavlies, aIIoving
lIen lo Ie avave oJ lIe
viluaI as veII as lIe innediale
expevience.
Id. al
2219:
see id. al 2217-22
|descviIing
vavious IeveIs oJ sadonasocIislic
sex):
see aIso STEVEN
SEIBMAN,
EMBATTLEB EBOS
SE7UAL FOLITICS ANB ETHICS IN CONTEMFOBABY AMEBICA 115-22
|1992)
|discussing
IesIian
sadonasocIisn).
[VoI.
143 111
oJJensive,
appeaI
lo a sIaneJuI ov novIid inlevesl in
sex,
and Iave
no
Iilevav,
avlislic,
ov sociaI vaIue.229 Because lIis
pvoIiIilion
is
so
navvov,
il sevves in
pvaclice
nol so nucI lo
puvge
lIe
connunil
oJ
expIicil sexuaII avousing speecI
as lo vaIidale
evevlIing
lIal
venains as
nonoJJensive, novnaI,
ov
sociaII
vaIuaIIe. In lIis
va,
oIscenil
doclvine
coIIecliveI
assuves lIe
connunil
lIal lIe
povnogvapI
il consunes al sucI a
IigI
vale is
acceplaIIe.
IJ sexuaI
speecI veguIalion
veve Iiniled lo
oIscenil
Iavs,
Iovevev,
lIe
vev Iegilinac
oJ nonoIscene sexuaI
expvession nigIl
veII
depvive
lIe IuII oJ
povnogvapI
oJ ils
povev.
TIe
veguIalion
oJ oJJensive sexuaI
speecI
aIIovs nonoIscene sexuaI
expvession
lo
sIave in lIe allvaclion oJ lIe JovIidden. Il ensuves lIal vIeve
sexuaI
expvession
is
puIIicI
connunicaled,
il is
Iepl
in lIe davI
sIadovs oJ lIe
puIIic spIeve-in
lIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicls oJ
lovn,
lIe
covdoned-oJJ seclions oJ video
sloves,
and lIe
aduIls-onI
Iavs and
novie lIealevs. TIe econonic success oJ lIe
povnogvapI induslv
allesls lo
sociel's
denand Jov ils
pvoducls,
Iul
consunplion
is,
Jov
lIe nosl
pavl, Iepl
undev lIe laIIe.230 In addilion lo
nainlaining
povnogvapI's desivaIiIil
as JovIidden
Jvuil,
lIe
zoning
oJ sexuaI
expvession suppovls
a
slvaleg
oJ
pIausiIIe deniaIiIil
Jov a
sociel
lIal JeeIs
guiIl
aIoul lIe
povnogvapI
il consunes.
B Ieeping
povnogvapI
oJJ Main Slveel Iul nol
suppvessing
il
aIlogelIev,
ve
can Iave ouv caIe vIiIe
dening
lIal ve ave
Iungv.23'
Al lIe sane
line,
lIe Iines dvavn
I povnogvapI's
sociaI and
seIJ-veguIalion
sevve an
ideoIogicaI
Junclion. KuIn Ias
suggesled
lIal
povnogvapI's
laIoos undevscove lIe
cenlvaIil
oJ ils naIe
229
See
supva
lexl
acconpaning
noles 5-9.
230
FovnogvapI
Ias Ieen eslinaled as a
$7-8
IiIIion
pev eav induslv.
See
Mauveen
Bovd, Yes,
Bul Can SIe MaIe TIen
Svoon?,
N.Y.
TIMES,
Ma
26, 1991,
al E3
|eslinaling
annuaI vevenues al
$7
IiIIion
pev eav): JosepI
L.
OaIIova &Jeanne
TIovnlon,
CvacIdovn on
FovnogvapI-A
No-Win
BallIe,
U.S. NEWS & WOBLB
BEF.,June
4, 1984,
al
84,
84
|eslinaling
annuaI vevenues al
$8
IiIIion
pev eav).
231 EIizaIelI Covie Ias
avgued
lIal aII
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI desive sIaves lIis
pavadoxicaI
cIavaclev
Il is a
pavadox
lIal vIiIe sexuaI veIalions ave
pve-eninenlI
lIe
oIjecl
oJ
sociaI conlvoI in Iunan socielies sexuaI desive is oJlen laIen lo Ie
sonelIing Ieond
sociaI
ovganizalion
ov valionaI conlvoI. TIe veaIn oJ lIe
sexuaI is seen as
pav
exceIIence lIe veaIn oJ lIe
ivvalionaI,
lIe anavcIic-lIe
veaIn oJ lIe senses.
Hovevev,
lIe
opposilion conlvoI/Ieond
conlvoI avises
onI
once conlvoI is
inposed
.... TIe
Ieond
conlvoI is lIen
desive,
incIuding
ov
especiaII
sexuaI desive .... Besive Ieve is nosl
lvuI
ilseIJ
vIen il is nosl olIev lo sociaI
novns,
vIen il
lvansgvesses
lIe Iinils and
exceeds lIe
pvopev.
Covie,
supva
nole
217,
al 134.
1994]
IelevosexuaI
pevspeclive
[I]l appeavs
Iavd lo JalIon
vI
il is lIal IolI lIe sexuaI
suIjecliv-
il
vIicI sels ilseIJ
up
as lIe cuIluvaI novn
|nascuIinil)
and lIe
sexuaI
pvaclice
ve ave aII neanl lo slvive Jov
|IelevosexuaIil)
ave
IolI in cevlain
vespecls unvepvesenlaIIe. FIologvapIs
oJ evecl
penises,
Jov
exanpIe,
ave
usuaII
conJined lo Iavdcove and lo
ga
naIe
povnogvapI,
vIiIe
vepvesenlalions
oJ acls oJ IelevosexuaI
inlevcouvse ave aIso Iiniled in
avaiIaIiIil.
SucI
censovsIips,
Iovevev,
Jav Jvon
navginaIising
cevlain sexuaI
pvaclices, pveciseI
conslvucl lIen as lIe
veaII inpovlanl
ones.232
IJ lIe
povnogvapIic vepvesenlalion
oJ vonen conslilules a
necIanisn Jov nen lo assevl conlvoI ovev vonen
lIvougI oIjecliJi-
calion,
ve
nigIl
veII
expecl
lIe vuIes lo Iav
equaI povnogvapIic
lvealnenl oJ
nen,
vIicI is indeed
veIegaled
lo Iavd-cove
ga
ov
IisexuaI
povnogvapI. Lnne SegaI
Ias
avgued
lIal lIe aIsence oJ
lIe
penis
in soJl-cove
povnogvapI na
veJIecl a concevn lIal lIe
nelapIovicaI povev
oJ lIe
pIaIIus
vouId Ie deJIaled
I
IilevaI
inages
oJ
penises.33
TIe
povnogvapIic pvesenlalion
oJ vonen
pvovides
lIe iIIusion lIal JenaIe
sexuaIil-so lIvealening
lo
nen-can Ie
capluved I
lIe
caneva:
lIe veIalive aIsence oJ lIe
penis covveIaliveI inpIies
lIal naIe
sexuaIil
venains
Ieond
conlvoI. SliII anolIev
possiIIe expIanalion
slens Jvon nen's Jeav
oJ Ionoevolic
desive:
lIe consunev
nigIl
Jind IinseIJ exciled
I
lIe
dispIa
oJ evecl
penises,
vIicI in luvn
nigIl
Iead Iin lo
queslion
Iis
IelevosexuaIil.
TIus,
povnogvapI's
Iines nol
onI
nainlain lIe aIIuve oJ sexuaI
expvession,
Iul undevscove ils
ideoIog
oJ IelevosexuaI
novnalivil
and naIe doninance.
Consevvalives viev lIe lIveal
posed I
evasuve oJ lIe Iines oJ
sexuaI
vepvession
and
veguIalion
as lIe Ioss oJ novaI vaIues. Bul al
Ieasl as
signiJicanl
a lIveal
na
Ie lIe Ioss oJ sexuaI
expvession's
pavlicuIav appeaI.
Buncan
Kenned
Ias
avgued
lIal vIal naIes a
pavlicuIav slIe
oJ dvess
sex
is ils devialion Jvon lIe novn oJ lIe
selling
in vIicI il is vovn.234 An oulJil lIal
nigIl
nol Ie
pavlicu-
IavI sex
in lIe Iedvoon ov on lIe IeacI
na
Iecone
sex
iJ vovn
in a Iess
sexuaII-cIavged selling,
sucI as a
scIooI, oJJice,
ov
232
KUHN, supva nole
223,
al 33-34.
253 See
SEOAL,
supva
nole
52,
al
87-88:
see aIso
Jacques
Lacan,
TIe
Meaning oJ
lIe
FIaIIus,
in FEMININE SE7UALITY
74,
82 |JuIiel MilcIeII &
JacqueIine
Bose eds. &
JacqueIine
Bose
lvans., 1982)
|pvoposing
lIal lIe
pIaIIus
can
onI pIa
ils voIe as
veiIed).
23
See
Kenned, supva
nole
69,
al 1344-48.
[VoI.
143 111
supevnavIel. B aIIuding
lo lIe nove
sexuaII cIavged selling, sex
dvess inviles lIe
inaginalion
oJ lIe vievev inlo lIal
selling.235
Sex
dvess inviles lIe
puIIic
vievev lo
inagine
a
pvivale
encounlev.
IJ
evevIod
dvessed
sex, Kenned avgues,
lIe novn vouId
sinpI cIange,
and lIe dvess vouId no
Iongev
Ie
sex.
NovnaIiza-
lion
depvives an pavlicuIav sex
dvess
pvaclice
oJ ils sexiness.236
IJ dvess lIal
signiJies pvivale
cones lo
signiJ puIIic,
an
essenliaI eIenenl oJ ils evolic
appeaI
viII Ie Iosl. TIe
paslies
and
O-slvings-and
indeed
puIIic nudil
Iavs
genevaII-lIus pvolecl
lIe
sexiness oJ
nudil, I nandaling
lIal
nudil
nol Ie novnaIized.
TIe Iines ve
dvav,
il
seens,
ave as
inpovlanl
lo sex as
lIe
ave lo
civiIizalion.
As ve Iave
seen,
lIe nosl JundanenlaI Iine oJ aII in lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
is lIe
puIIic/pvivale
dislinclion.
FovnogvapI
vouId Ie
vivluaII
inconceivaIIe vilIoul sucI a Iine lo
lvansgvess I vepvesenling
sex Jov lIe
consunplion
oJ
olIevs,
povnogvapI
naIes lIe
pvivale puIIic.
Ils
deJining lvopes
ave
exIiIilionisn
|Jvon
lIe
slandpoinl
oJ lIe
povnogvapIic
nodeI)
and
voeuvisn
|Jvon
lIe
slandpoinl
oJ lIe
consunev),
IolI oJ vIicI
naIe no sense unIess lIeve is a Iine Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale
lo
lvansgvess.
TIus,
il is lIe
vev veguIalion
oJ
povnogvapI
lIal
naIes
povnogvapI possiIIe.
TIe
pavadoxicaI
eJJecls oJ lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
suggesl
lIal lIose vIo
uvge povnogvapI's veguIalion na
Ie
engaging
in a
seIJ-deJealing enlevpvise.
WIiIe il is al Iesl
specuIa-
live lIal sucI
veguIalion
viII in Jacl
upIoId novaIil
ov JuvlIev
equaIil,
lIe
vespeclive goaIs
oJ JundanenlaIisls and
Jeninisls,
il is
vivluaII
cevlain lIal sucI
veguIalion
viII enIance
povnogvapI's
appeaI.
LiIe lIe
paslies
and
O-slving,
vIalevev Iines
sociel
dvavs
viII lIenseIves Ie
JelisIized,
and viII Iecone lIe JocaI
poinls
oJ
235
See id. al 1372
|assevling
lIal lIe
sex
dvessev inviles lIe
slvaigIl
naIe
audience lo
inagine Ieing
vilI Iev in lIe
selling [lo vIicI]
Iev dvess
aIIudes).
236
Id. al
1349:
see aIso id. al 1361
|[T]Ie
pIeasuves
oJ sex ave connecled vilI lIe
pIeasuves
oJ
ideoIogicaI
conlesl and oJ
lvansgvession. CIanging
lIe novn
nigIl
de-
evolicize IeIaviov lIal Iad lIe
pIeasuves
oJ deJiance ov
deviance.).
TIis
lIeov suggesls
lIal lIe nude dancevs in Bavnes vouId Iave Iosl iJ
lIe
Iad
von.
TIe avgued
lIal lIe nude
dancing
Iav caused lIen econonic
injuv
in lIal
lIe
veceived
Iavgev lips
vIen
lIe
danced
enliveI
naIed lIan vIen
lIe
vove
paslies
and a
O-slving.
See Bavnes v. OIen TIealve, Inc.,
501 U.S.
560,
563
|1991).
Bul lIal
na
veII Iave Ieen lvue
onI
Iecause lIe Iav
pvoIiIiling
nude
dancing,
vIicI nade
enliveI
nude
dancing
nove desivaIIe. IJ Indiana's Iav Iad Ieen slvucI
dovn,
JuII
nude
dancing
vouId Iave Iecone
novnaIized,
and lIe dancevs vouId
Iave Iad lo
cIaIIenge
sone olIev
IegaI
Iine in ovdev lo veceive
IigIev lips.
1994]
desive. TIe Jacl lIal
povnogvapIevs
cveale lIeiv ovn Iines
suggesls
lIal lIe vouId-Ie
veguIalovs
ave
pIaing
inlo lIe
povnogvapIevs'
Iands.
Al lIe sane
line,
iJ
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
Ias as nucI
lo do vilI
Ieeping
sex
sex
as vilI
Ieeping
civiIizalion
civiIized,
one
nigIl queslion vI anone
sIouId Ie concevned aIoul
veguIalion
al aII. LiIe lIe
sepavalion
oJ cIuvcI and
slale,
pevIaps
lIe
puIIic/
pvivale
Iine sevves vaIuaIIe ends Jov IolI sides oJ lIe
equalion.
TIis
concIusion, Iovevev,
is loo
sinpIe.
TIeve ave in Jacl
nan
viclins oJ lIe vuIes lIal
govevn puIIic
sexuaI
expvession.
TIeve ave
lIe Jev vIo ave
acluaII pvoseculed: given
lIe venavIaIIe anounl
and
vaviel
oJ sexuaI
expvession
lIal
goes
vilIoul
pvoseculion,
lo
Ie
pvoseculed
Jov
oIscenil
lIese
das
is aIin lo
Ieing
slvucI
I
IigIlning.237
And lIeve ave lIe
suveI Iavgev
nunIev vIo ave
cIiIIed
I
sucI vuIes sone
na go lIvougI
IiJe unaIIe lo
expvess
ov discovev lIeiv sexuaI
idenlil
Iecause oJ
sociel's
laIoos aIoul
sexuaI
expvession:
olIevs viII
go
aIead and vioIale lIe laIoos Iul
suJJev suIslanliaI
guiIl
and seIJ-vecvininalion in
doing
so.
Bul nosl
lvouIIing
oJ aII
na
Ie lIe
sexuaIil
lIal lIese
veguIalions pvoduce.
As FoucauIl
slaled,
vIal is invoIved is lIe
pvoduclion
oJ
sexuaIil
valIev lIan lIe
vepvession
oJ sex.238 TIe
sexuaIil pvoduced I
sociaI
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
is ilseIJ
povnogvapIic:
il is oIsessed vilI laIoo and
lvansgvession. SexuaIil
need nol Ie so Iiniled. Il can aIso Ie lIe nosl
pvoJound expvession
oJ
Iove, conneclion,
and connilnenl lIal lvo Iunan
Ieings
can
sIave. Bul Iecause ouv
sociel
Ias Ieen so oIsessed vilI conlvoI-
Iing
and
veguIaling
sexuaI
expvession,
ve Iave eIevaled lIe
aspecls
oJ
lvansgvession
and laIoo aIove aII olIevs.
Jusl
as lIe
allenpl
lo
censov an avlisl
na
incvease inlevesl in lIe avlisl's vovI Jov lIe
vvong
veasons,
so lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
incveases
inlevesl in
pveciseI
lIose
aspecls
oJ sex lIal ve seeI lo
conlvoI,
and
Jov lIe
vvong
veasons. TIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
lIus
237
TIe Meese Connission
vepovled
lIal
[a]s
a
puveI enpivicaI
nallev,
. . .
delevninalions oJ
oIscenil
Jov even lIe nosl
expIicil
and oJJensive oJ
[sexuaII
expIicil] nagazines
seen
aIevvalionaI,
and
I
and
Iavge
nosl oJ lIese
nagazines
civcuIale
videI lIvougIoul
lIe
counlv
vilIoul
signiJicanl IegaI
allacI. 1 ATTOBNEY
OENEBAL,
supva
nole
55,
al 281. TIe inIevenl avIilvaviness oJ sucI enJovcenenl
vaises suIslanliaI concevns aIoul Jaivness.
CJ
Fuvnan v.
Oeovgia,
408 U.S. 238
|1972)
|slviIing
dovn lIe dealI
penaIl
Iecause ils
avIilvav appIicalion
vendeved il cvueI
and unusuaI
punisInenl).
238
FOUCAULT,
supva
nole
180,
al 114.
[VoI.
143 111
inposes
a cosl nol
onI
on ouv conslilulionaI
doclvine,
Iul on lIe
vev neaning
oJ
sexuaIil.239
TIe nolion lIal ve Iave cvealed a
povnogvapIic
sexuaIil
lIvougI
lIe vuIes ve Iave Iaid dovn is counlevinluilive.
FveciseI
Iecause ouv sociaI novns condenn
povnogvapI,
ve ave
IiIeI
lo
vesisl lIe
suggeslion
lIal ouv
conceplion
oJ
sexuaIil
is ilseIJ
inexlvicaII
lied lo
povnogvapI
and ils
veguIalion.
We
veguIale
povnogvapI
Iecause ve
vejecl
il as a
pvopev
Jovn oJ sexuaI
expvession.
TIe
nessage
lIal Anevicans
enjo veIaliveI
slaIIe,
nonoganous,
and vouline sex Iives-lIe
inlevpvelalion
lIal lIe nevs
nedia
iniliaII gIeaned
Jvon a vecenl
suvve
oJ sex in Anevica-is
nucI easiev lo
accepl.240
Bul one need
onI open
one's
ees
lo see lIe exlenl lo vIicI a
oJ
sex,
oIsessed vilI lIe evolics oJ
lvansgvessing
laIoos,
doninales ouv cuIluve.
FovnogvapIic naga-
zines and videos do a
lIviving
Iusiness. Even in nove nainslvean
cuIluve,
sexuaI laIoos and lIeiv
lvansgvession
seII
evevlIing
Jvon
novies lo
nagazines
lo vecovds lo cIolIes lo leIevision sIovs lo
pevJune.
We ave oIsessed vilI lIose vIo dave lo
appvoacI, pIa
vilI,
and
lvansgvess
lIe vuIes CaIvin KIein
advevlisenenls,
Madonna
videos,
Fvince
songs,
NYFB
BIue, CosnopoIilan
advice
coIunns on
adding spice
lo
ouv
sexuaI
IiJe,
and
daline
laII sIovs
Jealuving
lIose vIo Iave IvoIen lIe vuIes and Iived lo leII lIeiv
slov
on nalionaI leIevision.
TIe vuIes ve
inpose
on lIe
expvession
oJ
sexuaIil-vIelIev
IegaI,
cuIluvaI,
ov
veIigious-uIlinaleI
JueI lIese oIsessions and
cIanneI ouv
conceplion
oJ
sexuaIil
inlo lIe
vev lvansgvessive
239
I do nol nean lo
suggesl
lIal a
pviov
nolion oJ
sexuaIil-puve,
unaIienaling,
and
Ioving-Ias
Ieen
covvupled I
sociaI
veguIalion.
BalIev, I
sinpI
nole lIal olIev
conceplions
oJ
sexuaIil
ave
possiIIe,
and lIal lIe
veguIalov inpuIse pvoduces
a
pavlicuIav
and
pavlicuIavI povnogvapIic conceplion.
240
See LAUMANN ET
AL., supva
nole
68,
al
375, 546-47:
FIiIip
EInev-Bevill,
Nov
Jov
lIe TvulI AIoul Anevicans and Sex, TIME,
Ocl.
17, 1994,
al 64
|vepovling
lIal lIe
suvve suggesls
lIal lIe sex Iives oJ nosl Anevicans ave aIoul as
exciling
as a
peanul-Iullev-and-jeII sandvicI):Joannic
M. ScIvoJ &
Bels Wagnev,
Sex in
Anevica,
U.S. NEWS & WOBLB
BEF.,
Ocl.
17, 1994,
al
74,
76
|noling
lIal lIe sex
suvve
sIovs
lIal Anevicans ave
doing
Iess vilI eacI olIev
sexuaII
lIan lIe
inages gIeaned
Jvon
popuIav
cuIluve vouId
inpI-and
vIen
lIe
do Iave
sex,
il's
pvell
convenlionaI).
Because lIe
suvve
vas Iased on Jace-lo-Jace
inlevvievs,
il is
quile possiIIe
lIal lIe
vesuIls veve sIeved
I
lIe
suIjecls'
veIuclance lo Ie candid aIoul inlinale
queslions
posed
I slvangevs,
even undev a
guavanlee
oJ
conJidenliaIil.
See LAUMANN ET
AL.,
supva,
al 55-60.
Indeed,
21% oJ lIe
suvve
inlevvievs veve conducled in lIe
pvesence
oJ a
spouse, cIiIdven,
ov olIev
pevson vaising
JuvlIev
queslions
aIoul candov. See id.
al 568.
1994]
ideoIog
lIal,
al Ieasl on lIe
suvJace,
ve seeI lo
suppvess.241
We
ave
caugIl, uIlinaleI,
in a
ccIe
oJ
pvoIiIilion
and
lvansgvession.
TIis
ccIe sinuIlaneousI
oJJevs lIe iIIusion oJ conlvoI
I enJovcing
a sel oJ
Iines,
and lIe iIIusion oJ
dangev,
as lIe JovIidden is
evolicized. Bul lIe
ccIe
is a
Iiniling
one,
as ouv
inaginalion
is
inpvisoned
vilIin lIe Iounds oJ lvo
conlvav
iIIusions,
lIeveI
avoiding
lIe
lvuI dangevous
Iul aIso
lvuI IiIevaling possiIiIilies
oJ
sexuaI connunicalion vilI anolIev.
TIe cosls
inposed I
lIe
pavadoxicaI ganes
ve
pIa
in
veguIaling
sexuaI
expvession
ave nosl
sIavpI
veJIecled in lIe ved-
IigIl
dislvicl. TIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicl is a
geogvapIicaI
navIev oJ
conpvonise
lIal ve Iave veacIed in lIe
veguIalion
oJ
puIIic
sexuaI
expvession.
NeilIev
puIIic
nov
pvivale,
il
vepvesenls
lIe
navgin
oJ
ouv sexuaI
expevience,
lIe
pIace
lo vIicI ve
veIegale pvivale
sexuaI
expvession
in
puIIic.
TIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicl veveaIs IolI lIe
inpossiIiIil
oJ
nainlaining
a
Iine and lIe
inpovevisIed
vision oJ
sexuaIil
ve Iave conslvucled
lIvougI
ouv
veguIalion
oJ il.
FavliaII exposed, pavliaII
Iidden,
Iul
vev
nucI
veguIaled |IolI
IegaII
and
sociaII),
lIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicl veJIecls aII
oJ ouv cuIluve's anIivaIenl
JeeIings
lovavds sexuaI
expvession.
TIe
ved
IigIl
al once
conjuves
lIe
inviling
coIoved
IigIl
oJ a IvolIeI's
IacI voon and lIe
sinpIesl
oJ sociaI diveclives
Slop!
Bul as ve
Iave
seen,
lIe
inage
oJ
pvoIiIilion
adds lo lIe allvaclion. WIal is
iIIegaI
eIsevIeve is
pevnilled
Ieve:
in lIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicl,
lIe Iines
Ielveen
puIIic
and
pvivale
nol
onI na
Ie Iul ave
necessaviI
IIuvved.
Heve,
sex and ils
vepvesenlalions,
lIe nosl
pvivale
oJ
goods,
ave soId and
excIanged
on lIe
puIIic
navIel,
Iul
aIvas
undev
vvaps. FveciseI
Iecause
povnogvapI
JelisIizes vIalevev
Iine lIe Iav
inposes,
a
Iine cannol Ie
nainlained. TIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicl is civiIizalion's
conpvonise
vilI
sex.
Bul is lIis lIe Iind oJ
conpvonise
ve
veaII
vanl? TIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicl,
as lIe Couvl
expvessI vecognized
in
Young
v. Anevican Mini
TIealves,
Inc. and Benlon v.
FIaline
TIealve,
Inc. is a davI and disnaI
pIace, popuIaled I unsavov
cIavaclevs and vedoIenl vilI second-
241
In sone
sense,
oJ
couvse,
Jascinalion vilI
lvansgvession
is an inevilaIIe
I-
pvoducl
oJ
veguIalion
oJ
an
sovl and is nol Iiniled lo
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession.
Bul laIoos avound
expvession
Iave a
pavlicuIavI slvong
eJJecl in lIis
vegavd:
censov-
sIip
oJ ideas seens lo Iead lo
slvongev
inlevesl and
cuviosil
in lIe
suppvessed
lIan
does
pvoIiIilion
oJ
iIIegaI
conducl.
Moveovev,
laIoos Iave a
JveigIl
in lIe sexuaI
selling
lIal
lIe
seen lo Ieav novIeve eIse.
[VoI.
143 111
av
eJJecls. TIe
inage
oJ sex veJIecled
I
lIis
Ioundav
Iine is
cIeap
and
lavdv:
il Ias
evevlIing
lo do vilI lIe excilenenl oJ lIe
JovIidden and IillIe lo do vilI connunicalion vilI anolIev. Nov
couId ve soIve lIe
pvoIIen I Ianning ved-IigIl
dislvicls:
lIe
Ioundav
Iine vouId
sinpI veappeav
sonevIeve
eIse,
vilI aII oJ lIe
sane eJJecls. IJ lIis is lIe
Iiniling
case oJ ouv
veguIalion
oJ
sexuaIil,
il
suggesls
lIal lIe
veguIalov slvaleg
is
deepI nisguid-
ed. TIe
ved-IigIl
dislvicl veveaIs vIal ouv
allenpls
lo assevl
naslev
and conlvoI ovev
sexuaIil pvoduces povnogvapI
ilseIJ.
CONCLUSION
I Iave
avgued
lIal lIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
cannol Ie
jusliJied
undev lvadilionaI
speecI
doclvines and indeed invevls lvo
oJ lIe Fivsl Anendnenl's nosl JundanenlaI
pvincipIes
lIe naxin
lIal lIe Fivsl Anendnenl's cenlvaI
puvpose
is lo
pvolecl puIIic
diaIogue
Jvon oJJiciaI
censovsIip,
and lIe IedvocI
pvincipIe242
lIal
sociel na
nol censov
expvession neveI
Iecause il Jinds il
oJJensive,
novaII
ov olIevvise. TIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
excIudes sexuaI
expvession
Jvon
puIIic
deIale
pveciseI
Iecause a
najovil
cIains lo Jind ils
puIIic expvession novaII
oJJensive. TIal
lIe
Supvene
Couvl Ias endovsed sucI an invevsion oJ Fivsl
Anendnenl vaIues
suggesls
lIal lIe Couvl considevs lIe IeneJils
sevved
I poIicing
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine lo
oulveigI
Fivsl
Anendnenl
pvincipIe.
Yel neilIev lIe Couvl nov connenlalovs
Iave devoled nucI allenlion lo lIe eJJecls lIal
enJovcing
lIal Iine
Ias on
sociel
ov
sexuaIil.
AIlIougI
lIe
puIIic/pvivale
Iine is
convenlionaII
seen as
essenliaI lo nainlain lIe vaIues oJ
civiIizalion,
il
pIas
an
equaII
cenlvaI voIe in lIe conslvuclion oJ
sexuaIil.
In
Iavge pavl,
vIal
naIes sexuaI
expvession sex
in ouv cuIluve is lIe
polenliaI
Jov
lvansgvession,
Jov aIandonnenl oJ
inIiIilions,
and Jov lIe
pIa
oJ
Janlas.
SociaI
pvoIiIilions ivonicaII
conlviIule lo lIis
conceplion
oJ
sexuaIil I conslvucling
Iines lo
lvansgvess,
inIiIilions lo
aIandon,
and a novnaI
veaIil againsl
vIicI Janlasies
na
Ie
pIaed
oul.
FovnogvapIevs pIa aIong
vilI lIe Iines
sociel
dvavs
and even
go
JuvlIev
I dvaving
lIeiv ovn Iines.
Sociel veguIales
sexuaI
expvession
Iecause oJ ils
pevceived dangevs, el
vilIoul sucI
veguIalion
sexuaI
expvession nigIl
veII Iose sone oJ ils
dangevous
appeaI.
242
Texas v.
JoInson,
491 U.S. 397, 414
|1989).
1994]
TIus,
vIiIe convenlionaI accounls oJ sexuaI
veguIalion povlva
lIe sex dvive as an olIevvise unveslvained IiIidinaI inslincl lIal
nusl Ie
conlained, suIIinaled,
and
veguIaled
lo sevve lIe inlevesls
oJ
civiIizalion,
I Iave
suggesled
lIal lIe sex dvive is ilseIJ
sIaped I
lIe
veguIalov
Iines ve dvav and
pveciseI I
lIe excilenenl lIal
lvansgvessing
lIose laIoos
pvonises.
TIe
veguIalion
oJ sexuaI
expvession
veveaIs al
Iollon,
nol a
slvuggIe
Ielveen sociaI ovdev
and sexuaI
anavcI,
Iul a
dnanic
in vIicI IolI Iav and sex ave
inexlvicaII dependenl
on lIe
dvaving
oJ Iines.
FavadoxicaII,
lIen,
sexuaI
expvession
lo sone exlenl viII
aIvas
eIude
sociel's
despevale allenpls
lo
veguIale
il,
Iecause sexuaI
expvession
lvansJovns vIalevev laIoo is
inposed
inlo a JelisI.
B
ouv
veguIalov
oIsession ve Iave conslvucled a
vev
pavlicuIav lpe
oJ
sexuaIil,
one in vIicI
lvansgvessing
Iines and
vioIaling
laIoos is cenlvaI lo sexuaI excilenenl. We sIouId nol
|and
nosl oJ us do
nol)
assune lIal sucI a conslvuclion oJ
sexuaIil
is
necessav
ov inevilaIIe. Bul lIis conslvuclion oJ
sexuaIil
is so
slvongI
delevnined in ouv
cuIluve-I
lIe
vev veguIalions
ve
inpose-lIal
il is diJJicuIl lo conceive oJ
sexuaIil
in olIev lIan
lvansgvessive
levns. TIis conslvuclion oJ
sexuaIil
Iinils lIe
possiIiIilies
Jov aIlevnalive visions oJ
sexuaIil,
visions lIal ave nol
deIiniled
I
lIe
lvansgvession
oJ laIoos. BolI lIe lvadilionaI cvilics
oJ
povnogvapI,
vIo envision a
sexuaIil
cIavaclevized
I
Iove and
devolion,
and lIe Jeninisl
cvilics,
vIo seeI a
sexuaIil pvedicaled
on
equaIil
Ielveen vonen and
nen,
undevnine lIeiv ovn causes
I Jocusing
on
suppvession
as lIe neans Jov
acIieving
lIose ideaIs.
TIe
vouId do Iellev nol lo seeI lo conlvoI sexuaI
expvession,
Iul
inslead lo
pavlicipale
in aJJivnalive
pvivale
and
puIIic expIovalion
oJ aIlevnalive visions. In lIe
end,
nol
onI
lIe Fivsl
Anendnenl,
Iul
sexuaIil
ilseIJ,
denand nove
speecI,
nol Iess. Move
veguIalion
and Iess
speecI
viII
onI
ensuve lIal ve venain Iound lo a
oJ
sexuaIil.

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Playing by Pornography's Rules: The Regulation of Sexual Expression

Playing by Pornography's Rules: The Regulation of Sexual Expression