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Blood

I). Functions A). Distribution B). Regulation C). Protection

II). Components A). Plasma 1). 90% water 2). 2% 100s of solute. 3). 8% Plasma proteins B). Formed elements: all formed elements originate with the stem cell

1). Erythrocytes: 2). Leukocytes a). Granulocytes i). Neutrophils ii). Eosinophils iii). Basophils b). Agranulocytes i). Lymphocytes ii). Monocytes

3). Platelets III). Erythrocytes

A). Function Respiratory gas transport i). great affinity ii). a large surface area iii). not use the oxygen iv). small size

B). Structure

1). Biconcave 2). No nucleus 3). Few organelles 4). Small 5). hemoglobin molecules

C). Hemoglobin proteins

4 polypeptide chains & 4-heme pigment that contain iron

O2 binding

Hb + O2 <----------> HbO2

D). Production of Erythrocytes: Erythropoiesis

1). Hemocytoblast stem cell 2). Stem cell becomes committed 3). Early erythroblasts have ribosomes 4). Erythroblasts accumulate iron and hemoglobin

5). Normoblasts eject organelles 6). Released as erythrocyte

E). Controls of RBC concentration

1). Hormonal i). Erythropoietin released by the kidneys ii). Testosterone enhances erythropoietin

2). Erythrocyte destruction i). Macrophages engulf old RBCs ii). Iron is salvaged iii). Heme degrades into bilirubin

SUMMARY of Development and Destruction Erythrocytes Low O2 Kidney releases erythropoietin erythropoiesis in the red bone marrow RBCs are released Old, damaged RBCs engulfed by macrophage Remaining heme Become bilirubin Goes to the liver Bilirubin secreted in bile Bile enters the intestine Converts to urobilinogen Iron recycled

Excreted in feces F). ABO Blood Types 1). Antigens & Antibodies

Red blood cells have proteins called antigens on the membranes These can be A or B (or Rh) or all 3 or none of them. If there are no A/B antigens the type is O. If there are no Rh antigens it is Rh-.

Another set of proteins in the plasma are called antibodies or agglutinogens An individual does not contain antibodies to the antigens on their red blood cells.

i.e. A person with an A antigen would not have an A antibody (anti-A) in their plasma because it would clump their red blood cells.

They would however have an antibody to antigens that are not normally present (anti-B)

2). Typing

Type O does not react to anti A or anti B Type A reacts to Anti A but not Anti B Type B reacts to Anti B but not Anti A Type AB reacts to both Anti A & B

Rh+ reacts to Anti Rh. Rh- does not react Anti Rh.

http://orion.ramapo.edu/~spetro/labsyllabus/lbsys05.html

Summary of Blood Types Genetics O, O Blood Type O Antigen on RBC none Antibody present Both Anti A and Anti B A,A or A,O A A Anti B Reacts to Serum: Neither Anti A or Anti B Anti A but not Anti B B, B or B, O A, B AB AB Neither Anti A or Anti B B B Anti A Anti B but not Anti A Both Anti A and Anti B

Rh+, Rh+ or Rh Rh+ Rh-., Rh-

Rh+ Rh-

Rh none

none None unless exposed to Rh+ antigens

Anti Rh No reaction to anti Rh

Percentage of the Population With Each Blood Type

Rh+ O A B AB 38.5% 34.3% 8.6% 4.3%

Rh6.5% 5.7% 1.4% 0.7%

3). Transfusions ABO blood types cannot receive any blood that contains antigens that will clump in the presence of their natural antibodies.

O- cannot take blood from A+-, B+-, or AB+-. Because they have anti-A, anti-B and Anti-Rh They can only take O-.

Universal donor has no antigens: OUniversal acceptor has no antibodies: AB+

4). Genetics: i). O is recessive to A & B ii). A and B are codominant iii). Rh+ is dominant over Rh-

4). Rh factor in pregnancies The Rh- mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies. Causing hemolytic disease of the newborn this can lead to brain damage, mental retardation, and even death.

IV). Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) A). Leukopoiesis

Myeloblasts become all of the granular leukocytes Monoblasts become monocytes Lymphoblasts become lymphocytes.

B). Granulocytes:

Contain cytoplasmic granules. Generally spherical in shape

1). Neutrophils

contains fine granules a 3-6 lobed nucleus

2). Eosinophils

large course granules bi-lobed nucleus

3). Basophils

stains very dark large histamine granules

C). Agranulocytes

Lack granules. Spherical or kidney shaped nuclei

1). Lymphocytes Large dark spherical nucleus i). Tlymphocytes (T-cells) ii). Blymphocytes (B-cells)

2). Monocytes Largest leukocytes U-shaped nucleus.

V). Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A). Formation

Large multinucleated cells that pushes against the wall of the capillary. Cytoplasmic extensions stick through and separate.

B). Functions C). Regulated by

VI). Response to Vascular Injury

A). Vascular Damage results in vasoconstriction B). Platelet Plug Formation C). Coagulation (blood clotting)