2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Oct.

9-12, 2012, Seoul, Korea

Analysis on Electromagnetic Vibration Source
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for
Compressor of Electric Vehicles
Hyeon-Jae Shin\ Jang-Young Choi
l
, Han-Wook Cho
2
, Seok-Myeong Jang
l
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
Dept. of Electric, Electronics & Communication Engineering Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
E-mail : godnow@cnu.ac.kr
Abstract- This paper analyzes the electromagnetic vibration
sources affect mechanical vibration the PMSM type motor for
full electric driven compressor of electric vehicles. 2-D FEM
solutions for cogging torque, torque ripple and radial force
density are obtained magnetic feld solutions. And fnd natural
frequencies the stator of this electric machine using 3-D FEM.
Finally, compare vibration sources from electromagnetic
harmonics with natural frequencies stator of the motor.
Keywords ; IPM,compressor motor, cogging torque, radial force,
natural frequnecy
I. INTRODUCTION
It is widely documented that the continuously increasing
energy consumption is linked to population and economic
growth. The acceleration of industialization and economic
growth is accompanied by an increase of mobility demand, but
most of tansportation system still using fossil fels.[I] The
study of eco-fiendly cars going around the world and also
increasingly expanding the scope of its application is becoming
the tend. Eco-fiendly cars are classifed hybrid vehicle, fel
cell electric vehicle, electic battery charging vehicle and etc.
All kind of Electric vehicle car (EV -car) is still expensive,
takes a lot of time for charging and has few infastuctures than
gasoline and diesel engine vehicles. To overcome these
disadvantages EV -cars have to high-effciency, miniaturization
of components. The permanent magnet synchronous motor
(PMSM) is suitable for components of EV -car systems.
Because the PMSM being studied as promising candidate for
many industrial applications owing to its high torque density
and high effciency.[2-3] Suitable for automotive refigerant
compressor motor is considered vehicle's weight and volume
effciency. Permanent magnet motor is divided interior
permanent magnet motor (IPM) and surface-mounted
permanent magnet motor. Especially IPM is using magnetic
torque and reluctance torque that has wide speed range and
high efciency. In addition, mechanical stength can be greater
than SPM because of the rotor magnets are fxed to the interal,
sensor-less drive is available to using a salient-pole
characteristic about d-axis inductance and q-axis inductance.
The vehicle system also needs quietly and good ride comfort.
There are many electomagnetic sources affect noise and
vibration of the PMSM; cogging torque, normal force, torque
ripple, etc.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. I. Concepts and components about automotive refigerant compressor
(a) engine belt driven compressor (b) full electric driven compressor
( c) hybrid compressor
In this paper, focuses on the electromagnetic source affect
mechanical vibration of IPM type compressor motor. 2-D
FEM solutions for cogging torque, torque ripple and radial
force density are obtained fom the derived analytical
magnetic feld solutions. And fnd natural fequencies the
stator of this electric machine using 3-D FEM.
II. MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS AD CONFIGURATIONS
Ordinary fossil-fel vehicles using engine belt driven
compressor system (BDC) for air conditioning, but these
systems always wasting fel even though idling time. Full
electric driven compressor (FEDC) and 2-way or hybrid
compressor is shown fg. 1. Classifed according to the outut
performance of the electic motor, when the engine and the
electric motor can operate independently is called power hybrid
(or stong hybrid) or using main engine power with electric
power as needed in the way that is called mild hybrid. In this
paper focuses IPM type FEDC system. Table. I Show motor
specifcation.
TABLE/, MOTOR DESIGN SPECIFICA nONS
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Nominal
6.6Nm Cogging torque 0.25Nm
Torque
Operating!
6540rpml
Efciency
Maimum (S. 5Nm, 92%
speed
8000rpm
3000rpm)
Max Power 4. SkW THD 10%
Torque ripple 8% Weight 3kg
978-1-4673-0954-7112/$31.00 2012 IEEE
200
Fig. 2. 3D-Model of rPM type compressor motor for FEDC
Fig. 3. Rotor and stator for Prototype rPM compressor motor
III. ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS
A. Cogging Torque
Fig. 2 show designed interior permanent magnet type
compressor motor for electric vehicles. It is consists of 27-
stator slots, 6 poles rotor. The cogging torque is least common
multiple of stator slots number and rotor poles.
(1)
Where, 51 is number of stator slots and p is number of rotor
magnetic poles. LCM(. 51) is least common multiple of stator
slots number and rotor poles. The 54
th
is major harmonic fom
cogging torque. Fig. 3 show number of pole pairs and stator
slots for prototype IPM compressor motor. If the magnetic
saturation and armature reaction are negligible, the cogging
torque is independent of the stator current.[4] The Cogging
torque result using FEM analysis is shown in fg. 4. Also Fig.5
is show test result about cogging torque at 3rm during one
revolution. Compare analysis results with measured results, test
result is shown higher than FEM result and including multiples
of 6
t
harmonics form number of magnetic poles.
E
4
z
. Z
!
[
(
g
-Z
'5
8
< -4
D
4
E
z
o
.
"
'
Z
:
C
E
J

Z 4 J
OgU!S OS!1!OO]lGg| mSJOO!CLOG
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Cogging torque analysis results of 2D-FEM
(a)torque wave form and (b) FFT analysis result
E

4
Z
c

g -Z
'5
g -4
<
-
U J Z1
OgU!S OS!1!OO ]lGg|
(a)
o
E
Z
.
"



D
4
o
Z
J
6th
12th
24th
.
1
1
18'"
J
o
Z
54th
4
mSJOO!C LOG
(b)

Fig. 5 Cogging torque measured results at rotor speed 3rpm

(a)torque wave form and (b) FFT analysis result
Fig. 6. Positions where Radial force density is calculated
B. Radial Force
J
Fig. 7 show radial force characteristics at maximum torque
with current and phase angle conditions. Radial force density
waveform using the fnite element analysis can be obtained
fom the following formula.
B
2
F=
-g
,
2
1
0
(2)
Where, Bg is magnetic fux density at load condition by
permanent magnet fux density and armature curent given by
the sum of the magnetic fux density or no-load fux density
that is the permanent magnet fux density can be given alone.
fo is permeability of vacuum, 41x 10-
7
[H/m] .
C Torque Ripple
Torque ripple due to shape and distortion of the
electromotive force (EMF) and curent waveforms. Containing
A phase back-EMF harmonics are the following expression.
''
E
4

+ o
.
Z

o
L .J
I I I . "
.
D J JD Z ZD o oD 4 4D D
MGCDSOJCS! Og!G ]1Gg| mSJJOOJC LJOGJ
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. Radial force density aalysis results of 2D-FEM
(a)radial force density wave fonn and (b)FFT analysis result
201
E

!
e
0
f
"

0
O
E

Q
L

C

"
u

3
O

U
7
E
D
D
Q
"
4

C
E

o
Z !
Z
e
o
18th
54th
f

Z 4 D
JJG]JS|
mSJJOOJCLJOGJ
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. Torque anaJysis results at rotor speed 6540rpm of 2D-FEM
(a) torque waveform and (b) FFT anaJysis results
MGSSGUJGO@DD4JJ JZ P
Q
"
U
. .
C
D
E

o
3"
J
'

Z-

4-

-
D

J

-J

-
Z
JJG]SGC| mSJJOOJC OJOGJ
(a) (b)
Fig. 9. Back EMF measured data at rotor speed 6540rpm
(a) Back EMF wave form and (b) Phase-A FFT analysis results
4
4
1>'
o
Q
"
. . Z
C
E

J
5"

I.
J JD
JJG]SGC|
mSJJOOJC OJOGJ
(a) (b)
Fig. 10. Phase-A current Measured data at rotor speed 6540rpm
(a) Current wave form and (b) FFT analysis results
0
Z
kA(B)=K,cos(B)+ I Kncos(nB)
(3)
n=3.odd
The instantaneous electomagnetic torque is the same as that
obtained fom Lorentz Equation. Fig.8 show torque analysis
results using the fnite element analysis can be obtained fom
the following formula.
1
T=-[kAiA +kBiB +kcicl
(4)
Op
Where, O is electric angular velocity, kA is phase-A back EMF
and i is phase curent. Fig. 9, 10 show voltage and curent
measuring speed at 6540rm, torque 6.6Nm. Dominant
harmonic orders of measured back EMF are 1, 3 harmonic
orders. Also, dominant harmonic orders of measured curent
are 1 and 5.
TABLE II. STATOR CORE NATURAL FREQUENCIES
--
m=2 m=3
n=1 2305 Hz 5815 Hz
n=2 4192 Hz 8829 Hz
(a)
(c)
N

>
u
C
Q
:
C

u
(b)
(d)
Fig. I I. Deformation of the stator core of 3D-FEM
(Circumferential mode: m, axial mode: n)
(a) m= 2, n= 1 (b) m= 3, n= 1 (c) m= 2, n= 2 (d) m= 3, n= 2
8000
6540rpm
60
Stator Natural
54
Frequencies 48
6000 . . .
42
36
4000
. . .
30
24
18
2000
12
6
0
0
0
4000 6000 8000
Rotor speed [rpm]
Fig. 121 Natural Frequency with rotor speed ad harmonic order
IV. MECHNICAL ANALYSIS
I
Q
3
0
:
n'
0
a

Noise and vibration in PM machines can be classifed into
three categories based on its source: aerodynamic, mechanical
and electomagnetic. Electromagnetic source is the dominating
on in low to medium power rated machines.[7] The noise and
vibration of the motor stucture are the direct responses of the
excitation by those electromagnetic sources. There are three
different types of vibration for a stator of an electic machine:
axial, torsional and radial. Axial stator vibration may be
produced by axial forces which are out of phase, but this kind
of vibration probably arise only rarely, except in large
generators. Torsional vibration may occur in machines with
skewed slots or salient poles, radial vibration of the stator
structure is usually the most important type of vibration.[] If the
fequency of the radial magnetic force is equal to, or near, the
natural fequencies of the stator system and the force order r is
the same as the circumferential vibrational mode m of the stator
system, signifcant vibration and acoustic noise can be
produced.[4] Fig. 10 shows deformation of the stator core using
the [mite element analysis and table II is values about stator
core natural fequencies. Where, m is circumferential mode and
202
n is axial mode. In the fg. 11, the dash lines showed the natural
fequencies and electromagnetic harmonic orders are shown as
solid lines. At the driving point 6540rm, the 54
t
harmonic
fom electromagnetic vibration fequency 5889Hz is nearby
stator natural fequency 5815Hz. But, amplitude of 54
6
1
harmonic is very small. For accurate determination, it is has to
need vibration measuring and compare these results.
V. CONCLUTTON
This paper presents electomagnetic analysis to fnd
cogging torque, radial force and toque ripple about proto model
IPM type automotive refigerant compressor motor. Also
compare with cogging torque, back EMF and current measured
data. The stator natural fequencies are found using 3-D FEM
compare with electomagnetic harmonics. It is shown about
possible to noise and vibration at the some operating points.
Specifcall, electromagnetic vibration harmonic fom cogging
torque 54
!
1
harmonic has small amplitude. But, stator m=3
mode is closed to 5889Hz. For accurate determination, it is has
to need vibration measuring and compare these results. In
addition, motor vibration studies need to compare with
electromagnetic analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by basic Science Research
Program through the National Research Foundation of
Korea(NRF) Funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and
Technology(20 12-0003363)
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203