English

Adjectives

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words.

An adjective often precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. Examples: Mrs. Smith papered her living room walls with beautiful wall paper. The large boat foundered on the dark sea. The coal mines are dark and dank. My bike is dirty and rusted. Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles a, an, and the are adjectives. Examples:

Comparative and Superlative

Present Simple

FORM: [VERB] + s/es in third person

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

I play tennis. She does not play tennis. Does he play tennis?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

Cats like milk. Birds do not like milk. Do pigs like milk?

Past Simple

FORM: [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car. He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

Filling Formats

Linkers and Connectors A connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences. And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until, as if, because, when, after, though, before. Example: A boy and a girl. An elephant and a giraffe. A toy or a book. The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.

Contrast In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence. However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma. On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs. In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas.

Addition Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma. As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add one more piece of information. Followed by a noun phrase.

SCIENCE
The Cell

Cells are the Starting Point All living organisms on Earth are divided in pieces called cells. There are smaller pieces to cells that include proteins and organelles. There are also larger pieces called tissues and systems. Cells are small compartments that hold all of the biological equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and successful on Earth. A cell is the smallest living thing, and all bigger living things are made of cells. Both plants and animals are made of cells. We don't know yet whether there are cells on any other planet besides Earth. On Earth, the first cells got started about 3.5 billion years ago, about 2.5 billion years after the Earth first formed. Different Types of Cells The cell is the basic unit of life. Some organisms are made up of a single cell, like bacteria, while others are made up of trillions of cells. We're made up of cells, too.

Although there are lots of different cells, most of them fit fewer than two main types of cells:

Prokaryotic Cells - The prokaryotic cell is a simple, small cell with no nucleus. Most bacteria are prokaryotic. There are three main parts to the prokaryotic cell: 1) the outside or cell wall 2) the flagella which is like an appendage and can help the cell to move 3) The inside or cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic Cells - these cells are a lot bigger and have a cell nucleus which houses the cell's DNA. These are the types of cells we find in plants and animals.

Parts of the Cell

There are a lot of parts and functions to some cells. The machines inside the cell like the nucleus, ribosomes, and lysosomes are called organelles.

Here are some of the man components many cells have:

Nucleus - Large Oval body near the centre of the cell. - The control centre for all activity. - Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Cyto Plasm - cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane. - clear thick fluid. - contains structures called organelles.

Vacuoles - are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste. - in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the plant support. - in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller.

Mitochondria - power house of the cell. - centre of respiration of the cell. - they release energy for cell functions.

Endo Plasmic Reticulum ( ER ) - systems of membranes throughout the cyto plasm. - it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. - passageway for material moving though the cell.

Lysosomes - "suicide sacs" - small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion. - if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell.

Living Matter A life form is an entity or being that is living or alive

Life on Earth The life present on earth is complex and varied in its form. Living beings have evolved from their single-celled or unicellular forms into complex and giant multicellular bodies. In the process of development, their body systems and mechanisms have become specialized in nature.

Thus, in the course of evolution, different levels were formed.

For example, the ecosystem though is placed one level above community, the former is not a group of communities. Roughly defined, it is an

environment where organisms of different populations live together and evolve. So, let us now delve into details of these levels.

Social
COLOMBIA

The Republic of Colombia is a country located in the northwestern region of South America.

Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the North by the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; to the north-west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Main Facts Official Name: Repblica de Colombia. Capital: Bogot. Independence Day: July 20th, 1810. Battle of Boyaca: August 7th 1819.

NATURAL FEATURES Climate: Tropical. Major Rivers: Magdalena, Cauca, Meta, Guaviare, Caqueta, Putumayo, Atrato, Vaupes, Vichada. Mountain Ranges: Occidental, Central, Oriental.

PEOPLE Religions: Roman Catholicism, 95.4%. Language: Spanish (official).

LIMITS East: Venezuela and Brazil South: Ecuador and Peru North: Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea North-west: Panama West: Pacific Ocean.

ECONOMY Main Agricultural Products: Crops; sugarcane, potatoes, plantains, rice, bananas, cassavas, corn, coffee, flowers. Livestock; cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens. Main Mined Products: Petroleum, natural gas, gold, coal, iron ore. Main Manufactured Products: Foods, textiles, chemicals, machinery, electrical apparatus, transport equipment, metal products. Main Exports: Coffee, petroleum and petroleum products, fruits, flowers, iron and steel, textile and apparel. Monetary Unit: Peso.

GOVERNMENT Independence: July 20, 1810. Constitution: July 1991. Branches: Executive, Legislative and Judicial

DEPARTMENTS AND CAPITALS Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district which is treated as a department.

Department 1 Amazonas

Capital City Leticia

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Antioquia Arauca Atlntico Bolvar Boyac Caldas Caquet Casanare Cauca Cesar Choc Crdoba Cundinamarca Guaina Guaviare Huila La Guajira Magdalena Meta Nario Norte de Santander Putumayo Quindo Risaralda

Medelln Arauca Barranquilla Cartagena Tunja Manizales Florencia Yopal Popayn Valledupar Quibd Montera Bogot Inirida S. Jos del Guaviare Neiva Riohacha Santa Marta Villavicencio Pasto Ccuta Mocoa Armenia Pereira

San Andrs and Providencia San Andrs San Andrs Santander Sucre Tolima Valle del Cauca Vaups Bucaramanga Sincelejo Ibagu Cali Mit

32

Vichada

Puerto Carreo

Colombian Icons or Symbols

Flag

Coat of Arms

Animal (Condor)

Tree (Wax Palm)

Flower (Orchid)

Product (Coffee)

Product (Emerald)

Money (Peso)

Cesar Gaviria Trujillo

Csar Gaviria Trujillo (born March 31, 1947) is a Colombian politician and a Latin American statesman. He served as President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994, and Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1994 until 2004.

Presidency In 1990 he was elected President of Colombia for the Liberal Party. During his government a new constitution was adopted in 1991. As president, Gaviria also led the fight against the Cali drugs cartel and various guerrilla factions.

Under his presidency, the prison La Catedral was built under Pablo Escobar's specifications and Pablo Escobar was imprisoned there, where Escobar continued to control his drug empire, judging and killing inside the prison several crime partners. On July 20, 1992, Pablo Escobar fled the prison after learning that he was going to be moved to a different prison. On December 2, 1993, the notorious drug lord was gunned down by Colombian police, a triumph for the Gaviria administration.

Colombian Constitution

The Political Constitution of Colombia, promulgated in 1991 and better known as The Constitution of 1991, is the constitution in effect in the Republic of Colombia which repealed the Constitution of 1886. It has lately been called the Constitution of the Rights. History In December 1990 the election for the representatives of a National Constituent Assembly, promulgated the New Constitution in 1991

The presidents of the National Constituent Assembly were: Alvaro Gmez Hurtado on behalf of the Conservative Party, Horacio Serpa from the Liberal Party, y Antonio Navarro from the M-19 movement. Main points of change in 1991 Constitution

These are the most important laws established in this unique document:

Colombia adopted the formula of social state of right, took the shape of a decentralized unified state with a certain autonomy for its territorial entities and a presidential system. The 4 year presidential period remained.

An accusatory judicial system was established through the Attorney General of Colombia (Fiscala General de the Nacin).

The Constitutional Court was created as an independent body from the Supreme Court of Justice, and relieved it from the constitutional control which the latter had been exercising since 1910.

Math
Pythagoras Theorem

In mathematics, the Pythagorean Theorem is a relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle.

The theorem is named after the Greek mathematician Pythagoras, who by tradition is credited with its discovery and proof, although

knowledge of the theorem almost certainly predates him.

Aurelio Baldor Aurelio Angel Baldor was a lawyer and Cuban mathematician, he was born in Havana in October 22nd in 1906 and he died in Miami (United States) April 2nd 1978.

He was an educating acquaintance in Latin America thanks to his work Algebra (1941), although he published other such as Arithmetic, Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry.

He lived like a rich man in the beaches of Tarar, in Havana, until the Cuban Revolution of 1959. One year and half later he escaped to Mexico while he sold the rights from their work Algebra to editorial Cultural the Publications.

John Napier John Napier of Merchistoun (1550 4 April 1617), nicknamed Marvelous Merchistoun, was a Scottish mathematician, physicist, astronomer/astrologer and 8th Laird of Merchistoun.

He is most remembered as the inventor of logarithms and Napier's bones, and for popularizing the use of the decimal point. Napier's birth place, Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh, Scotland, is now part of Napier University.

DECIMAL POINT

The

notation

we

use

today first appeared in a book called "Descriptio" by the Edinburgh John of

mathematician, Napier, Laird

Merchiston, in the 1616.

He used a decimal point to separate the whole number part from the decimal number part. Known as 'Marvelous Merchiston", he published many other treatises including "Mirifici logarithmorum" (1614) and Rabdologia (1615) on systems of arithmetic using calculation aids known as Napiers Bones.

Decimal Mark Decimal mark is a symbol used to separate the integer part from the fractional part of a number written in decimal form.

Different cultures use different symbols for the decimal mark. The choice of symbol for the decimal mark also affects the choice of symbol for thethousands separator used in digit grouping, so the latter is also treated in this article. In mathematics the decimal mark is a type of radix point, a term that also applies to number systems with bases other than ten.