1

Konsolidasi tanah Lempung

Materi presentasi dari
N. Sivakugan
SIVA
Copyright2001
2
Apa itu konsolidasi?
Jika tanah lempung jenuh dibebani eksternal,
Lempung jenuh
GL
Air akan keluar (terperas) dari tanah dalam waktu
yang panjang (karena permeabilitas lempung yang
kecil).
SIVA
Copyright2001
3
This leads to settlements occurring over a long time,
which could be several years.
time
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

Apa itu konsolidasi?
SIVA
Copyright2001
4
In granular soils
Granular soils are freely drained, and thus the
settlement is instantaneous.
time
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

SIVA
Copyright2001
5
During consolidation
Due to a surcharge q applied at the GL,
GL
saturated clay
q kPa
A
the stresses and pore pressures are increased at A.
Ao
Au
Ao
..and, they vary
with time.
SIVA
Copyright2001
6
Immediately after placing an overburden load or loading of a foundation (t =
0)
pressure water pore excess
pressure water pore state steady
0
= A
=
u
u
sand
sand
clay
u
0

u
0 z
o'
z
o' A
In sand the overburden load is directly carried by the soil skeleton.
In clay the load is carried by water.
Consolidation
SIVA
Copyright2001
7
u
0

u
days 100 t 40 t 10 t 1 t 0 t e.g. = = = = =
load overburden without pressure water pore
0 0
= A + = u u u u
The excess pore water pressure is a function of time and location
Au = Au ( t , z ) = excess pore water pressure D = drainage
length
2 D
Consolidation Part 2: Excess pore pressure
SIVA
Copyright2001
8
Consolidation
U = Degree of consolidation = load on the springs / total load
) s s ( ) t ( U s s
0 0
+ =

0 0
= =
U : t
Federnlast
pore water
soil
skeleton
v
load
total load
u
load on the
springs
0
s s
t
0
s s

1
= =
U : t
load
u = water pressure
SIVA
Copyright2001
9
Selama proses konsolidasi
Ao remains the same (=q) during consolidation.
GL
saturated clay
q kPa
A
Ao
Au
Ao
Au decreases (due to drainage)
Ao
Au
Ao
q
transferring the load from water to the soil.
while Ao increases,
SIVA
Copyright2001
10
One Dimensional Consolidation
~ drainage and deformations are vertical (none laterally)
saturated clay
GL
q kPa
~ a simplification for solving consolidation problems
reasonable
simplification if the
surcharge is of
large lateral extent
water squeezed out
SIVA
Copyright2001
11
AH -Ae Relation
saturated clay
GL
q kPa
saturated clay
GL
q kPa
H
o

Time = 0
+

e = e
o

AH
Time =
e = e
o
- Ae
average vertical strain =
o
H
H A
SIVA
Copyright2001
12
AH -Ae Relation
Consider an element where V
s
= 1 initially.
Ae
1
e
o

Time = 0
+
Time =
average vertical strain =
o
e
e
+
A
1
SIVA
Copyright2001
13
AH -Ae Relation
Equating the two expressions for average
vertical strain,
o
e
e
+
A
1
=
A
o
H
H
consolidation
settlement
initial thickness of
clay layer
initial void ratio
change in void ratio
SIVA
Copyright2001
14
Coefficient of volume compressibility
~ denoted by m
v

~ is the volumetric strain in a clay element per
unit increase in stress



volume original
volume in change
=
o A
A
=
V
V
m
v
i.e.,
no units
kPa or MPa
kPa
-1
or MPa
-1

SIVA
Copyright2001
15
Consolidation Test
~ simulation of 1-D field consolidation in lab.
field
GL
lab
undisturbed soil
specimen
Dia = 50-75 mm
Height = 20-30 mm
metal ring
(oedometer)
porous stone
SIVA
Copyright2001
16
Consolidation Test
AH
1

Aq
1

e
o
-

Ae
1
) 1 (
1
1 o
o
e
H
H
e +
A
= A
e
o
H
o

Aq
2

loading in increments
= A
2
e
allowing full consolidation before next increment
SIVA
Copyright2001
17
Consolidation Test
unloading
SIVA
Copyright2001
18
e log o
v
plot
log o
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o

loading
o
v
increases &
e decreases
unloading
o
v
decreases &
e increases (swelling)
- from the above data
SIVA
Copyright2001
19
Compression and recompression indices
log o
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o

1
C
c

C
c
~ compression index
C
r
~ recompression index
(or swelling index)
1
C
r

1
C
r

SIVA
Copyright2001
Preconsolidation pressure
log o
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o

o
p

preconsolidation pressure
is the maximum
vertical effective
stress the soil
element has
ever been
subjected to
SIVA
Copyright2001
21
Virgin Consolidation Line
log o
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o

virgin consolidation line
o
p

o
vo

e
o

e
o
, o
vo

original
state
SIVA
Copyright2001
Overconsolidation ratio (OCR)
log o
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o

virgin consolidation line
o
p

o
vo

e
o

original
state
Field
o
vo

'
'
vo
p
OCR
o
o
=
SIVA
Copyright2001
Overconsolidation ratio (OCR)
log o
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o

OCR=1
OCR=2
OCR=2
OCR=13
OCR=13
~current state
VCL
Normally
consolidated
clay
Slightly
overconsolidated clay
Heavily
overconsolidated clay
SIVA
Copyright2001
24
More to come
SIVA
Copyright2001
Settlement computations
e
o
, o
vo
, C
c
,
C
r
, o
p
, m
v

-oedometer
test
Ao=q
q kPa
H
Two different ways to estimate the
consolidation settlement:
(a) using m
v

(b) using e-log o
v
plot
settlement = m
v
Ao H
H
e
e
settlement
o
+
A
=
1
next slide
SIVA
Copyright2001
Settlement computations
~ computing Ae using e-log o
v
plot
'
' '
log
vo
vo
c
C e
o
o o A +
= A
initial
o
vo

e
o

o
vo
+ Ao
Ae
If the clay is normally consolidated,
the entire loading path is along the VCL.
SIVA
Copyright2001
Settlement computations
~ computing Ae using e-log o
v
plot
'
' '
log
vo
vo
r
C e
o
o o A +
= A
o
vo

initial
e
o

o
vo
+ Ao
If the clay is overconsolidated, and remains so by
the end of consolidation,
Ae
VCL
note the use of C
r

SIVA
Copyright2001
Settlement computations
~ computing Ae using e-log o
v
plot
'
' '
log
'
'
log
p
vo
c
vo
p
r
C C e
o
o o
o
o
A +
+ = A
o
vo

initial
e
o

o
vo
+ Ao
If an overconsolidated clay becomes normally
consolidated by the end of consolidation,
VCL
o
p

Ae
SIVA
Copyright2001
29
Preloading
Preloading at West Kowloon Expressway, Hong Kong.
(5-10 m embankments for 2-5 months)
SIVA
Copyright2001
30
Preloading
Piezometers measure pore pressures and thus
indicate when the consolidation is over.
SIVA
Copyright2001
31
Preloading
Prefabricated Vertical Drains to Accelerate Consolidation
Installation
Cross section of PVD
SIVA
Copyright2001
32
Prefabricated Vertical Drains
Installation of PVDs