CHAPTER 4: HEAT

4.1 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

Heat energy has long been used by human beings for various purposes such as cooking, lighting, and keeping warm. Heat energy is also used on a big scale in industries. A good understanding of heat will help us manage heat energy in ways that are efficient and beneficial.

4.1 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

1. 2. When two objects with different degrees of hotness come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred between the two objects. Mechanism of thermal equilibrium;

(a) (b)

Energy is transferred from the ___________ object to the ____________ object. This causes the hot object A to cool down while the cold object B warms up. The temperature of A drops while the temperature of B rises.

(c)

After some time, the rates of energy transfer between the two objects become equal. There is no net heat transfer between the objects. The two objects are said to be in ____________________

3.

Thermal equilibrium can be summarised as: (a) ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________ Thermal equilibrium does not depend on the; (a) _______________________________ (b) _______________________________ (c) _______________________________ (d) _______________________________

4.

LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Temperature is the measure of the ________________________ of an object. The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). The temperature can be measured by a liquid-in-glass thermometer. Mercury and coloured alcohol are the usual thermometer liquids. Mercury is used in a thermometer because it; (a) ____________________________ (b) ____________________________ (c) ____________________________ (d) ____________________________ (e) ____________________________ Liquid-in-glass thermometer uses the Celsius scale, 0C. The Celsius scale is defined by two fixed points of temperature, which are the ___________ and the ___________ The lower point is defined the ___________________________________ under atmospheric pressure. The lower point is the ___________________________________ under standard atmospheric pressure.

6.

7. 8.

9.

A new thermometer without a scale marked on the stem can be calibrated by placing the bulb in ice and then in steam. The corresponding levels of the mercury column are marked. The distance between the ice point (00C) and the steam point (1000C) is then divided into 100 equal divisions. The thermometer can now be used to measure temperature.

10. The calibrating of the thermometer can be carried out by using the following formula:

Temperature, =

l _ l0 l100 _l0

x 100

Example: Given an alcohol in glass thermometer which has not been calibrated. The length of the alcohol when it is inserted into melting ice and boiling water are 4.2 cm and 12.7 cm respectively. When it is inserted into a cup of warm water, the alcohol length is 8.7cm.What is the temperature of the warm water? Solution: Temperature, =

l _ l0 x 100 l100 _ l0

= 8.7 4.2 x 100 12.7- 4.2 = 52.90 C

4.2 UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

A pail of water from a swimming pool has been left beside the pool by some children in the morning. At noon, a lifeguard puts one hand into the water of the swimming pool and the other hand into the pail of water. He observes that the water temperatures are different.

In another situation, when equal masses of water and cooking oil are heated with similar flame, the temperature of one will increase faster than the other. The water in the swimming pool and in the pail are said to have different heat capacities. In the latter situation, the water and the cooking oil have different specific heat capacities.

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

1. The heat capacity of an object is the ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Figure 1: Three objects with different heat capacities. 2. Figure 1 shows three objects with different heat capacities because different amounts of heat are required to raise their temperature by 1 0C. Note that although A and B are both made of aluminium. They have different heat capacities because the masses are different.
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Figure 2: Different materials have different specific heat capacities Figure 2 shows the amounts of heat required to raise the temperature by 1 0C for equal masses of the objects. Note that although B and C have equal masses, different amounts of heat are required to raise the temperature by 1 0C because they are made of different materials. Different are said to have different specific heat capacities. 3. The heat capacity of an object depends on the; (a) _________________________________ (b) _________________________________ The specific heat capacity of a substance is the ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ The quantity of heat absorbed or lost by a body is given by:

4.

5.

6.

Specific heat capacity, c can be calculated from the amount of heat supplied, Q to a mass, m of a substance and the increase in the temperature, , Specific heat capacity, c =

The SI unit for specific heat capacity is J kg-1 0C-1. 7. For example the specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1 0C-1. This means that ______________________________________________________________________ Some substances have low specific heat capacities while some have high specific heat capacities. Substance Aluminium Copper Iron Glass Paraffin Specific heat capacity 900 390 470 670 2100

Q m

8.

Example 1 The bulb of thermometer contains 3.4g of mercury. What amount of heat is required to raise the temperature of mercury from 30 0 C to 100 0 C?
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Solution Mass of mercury, m = 3.4 x 10 3 kg, specific heat capacity, c = 139Jkg 1 0 C 1 , change of temperature, = 100 30 =70 0 C. Amount of heat required, Q = mc = 3.4 x 10 3 kg x 139Jkg 1 0 C 1 x 70 0 C. = 33J Example 2 320 g of hot water at 80 0 C is poured into an aluminium can of mass 35g and temperature of 20 0 C. Calculate the final temperature. Solution Let the final temperature be T Assuming no heat loss to the surroundings, Heat lost by water = heat gained by the aluminium can m 1 c 1 = m 2 c 2 0.320 x 4200 x (80 T) = 0.035 x 900 x (T 20) T = 78.63 0 C.

Example 1 Calculate the total heat that is observed by a copper block of mass 500 g and which has been heated from 31 0C to 80 0C (Specific heat capacity of copper = 390 J kg-1 0C-1)

Example 2 A metal of mass 2000 g is heated to 850C and placed in 500 g of water which is at temperature of 300C. When a steady state is achieved, the temperature of the mixture is 400C. Find the specific heat capacity of the metal. (specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1 0C-1)

Example 3 An electric kettle of power 2500 W contains of mass 3 kg and which is at a temperature of 25 0C. What is the time required to heat the water until it reaches its boiling limit at 100 0C.

Example 4 300 g of water at temperature 400C is mixed with 900 g of water at temperature 800C. If there is no heat loss to the surroundings, what is the final temperature when thermal equilibrium is achieved by the mixture of water?

Example 5 An electric heater is installed in the bathroom of Ramlis house. It can increase the temperature of the tap water from 15 0C to 45 0C.The heater can provide 3 kg of hot water every minute. Find the energy supplied to the water every minute. (specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 0 -1 C )

APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Cooking Pot

1.

The body, base and handle of the cooking pot in figure above are made of materials with different specific heat capacities.

Part of a cooking pot

Characteristic

Cooper base

Wooden handle

Aluminium body

Claypot

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Clay has a ______________________________________________ than metals. It is also a poor conductor of heat. During cooking, heat is conducted slowly from the fire to the food inside the pot. The longer cooking time brings out the taste in the food. After the flame is switched off, the claypot is at a higher temperature than the food inside it. A considerable amount of heat continues to be transferred into the food. The food remains hot for a longer period of time.

Cooling System of a Car Engine

1. 2.

Water has a large specific heat capacity. It can absorb a large amount of heat without a high increase in temperature. Water is used to cool down internal combustion engines such as the car engine.

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Sea breeze and Land breeze

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4.3 Understanding Specific Latent Heat

Change of Phase

(a) 1.

(b)

Water exists in three phases: solid (ice), liquid and gaseous phase (steam). Photograph shows a piece of ice that has just been taken out from the freezer. The ice quickly absorbs heat from the warmer surroundings and melts. The heat supplied to a substance during change of phase _________ _______________________________________________________ When a solid melts or a liquid is boiling, _______________ but the temperature remains _____________

2.

Figure 1

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3.

The four main changes of phase: melting, boiling, condensation and solidification are summarized in figure 1.

Figure 2: The heating curve 4. Figure 2 shows the heating curve when a substance in a solid state is heated uniformly and undergoes a change of phase from solid to liquid to gas. - A to B : ______________ According to the kinetic theory of matter, molecules in a solid are arranged in regular patterns and are held together tightly. When the solid is heated, the molecules _________________ and _______________ about their fixed positions at greater speeds and greater amplitudes. The ___________________ of the molecules increases and the ____________ of the solid ______________

- B to C

______________ The solid begin to _____. ______________________ is ______________ by the solid to provide the energy to ___________________________________________. The molecules are freed from their fixed positions and are able to move about. The energy absorbed does not increase the _______________ of the molecules, so the temperature ____________________ during melting.

- C to D

______________ The liquid __________________. The heat supplied __________________________ of the liquid molecules which begin to move faster and randomly.

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- D to E

______________ The liquid starts to ______. ____________________ is absorbed by the liquid. This provides the liquid with the _____________________________________ between the molecules and to work against the atmospheric pressure as the liquid expands into gas.

- E to F

______________ The liquid vaporized completely into a gas. The heat supplied increase the kinetic energy of the gas molecules and its temperature rises.

Figure 3: The cooling curve - A to B : _____________ When the gas is cooled, ________________ to the surroundings and the kinetic energy of the molecules ___________, resulting in a fall in the temperature of the gas. ______________ The temperature__________________ during this change in state and the latent heat of evaporations is ______________ to the surroundings. - C to D : _____________ The average kinetic energy of the liquid molecules decreases resulting in a fall in the temperature of the liquid until the solidification points.

- B to C

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- D to E

The molecules become more closely packed as the liquid solidifies. The temperature remains constant during this change in state and the latent heat of fusion is released to the surroundings. Solid On further cooling, the average kinetic energy of solid molecules decreases resulting in a fall in the temperature of the solid.

-E

Latent Heat
1. The ____________ or the ________________ at ______________ _____________ during a _______________ is known as latent heat. This transfer of heat _____________________________________ of the molecule.

2.

Latent Heat of Fusion

Figure 3 1. 2. During melting, the heat absorbed is used to __________ the bonds between the particles. The particles are freed from their fixed positions and are able to vibrate and move among each other as illustrated in figure 3. The ____________________ is known as the latent heat of fusion. For a liquid to solidify at its freezing point, latent heat of fusion has to be removed.

3.

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Latent Heat of Vaporisation

Figure 4 1. 2. 3. When a liquid boils, the heat absorbed is used to completely break the bonds between the particles. The __________________________ is known as the latent heat of vaporisation. When vapour condenses back into the liquid phase, latent heat of vaporisation is released.

Specific Latent Heat

1. The specific latent heat of a substance is the __________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ _________________ The specific latent heat,

Q = latent heat absorbed or released by the substance. m = mass of the substance With unit in J kg-1 2. The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is defined as the ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ For example the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 000 J kg-1. This mean __________________________________________ __________________________________________________ The specific latent heat of vaporisation of a substance is defined as the ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
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3.

4.

Example 1 An electric kettle contains 3.4 kg of water at 300C. (a) Calculate the amount of heat required to boil away all the water after the boiling point has been reached. (b) If the power of the heater is 2.4 kW, what is the time taken? [Specific heat capacity, c = 4200 Jkg-10C-1, Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.26 x 106 J kg-1]

Example 2 Water of mass 0.36 kg at 250C is put into the freezer compartment of a refrigerator. Calculate the amount of heat that must be removed to change the water completely into ice. [Specific heat capacity, c = 4200 Jkg-10C-1, specific latent heat of fusion = 3.36 x 105 J kg-1]

Example 3 What is the quantity of heat that is required to convert 40g of ice into steam at 1000C. [Specific heat capacity, c = 4200 Jkg-10C-1, specific latent heat of fusion = 3.36 x 105 J kg-1, Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.26 x 106 J kg-1]

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Experiment: Determine the specific latent heat of fusion of an ice.

Method: 1. Two sets of equipment are arranged as in figure. 2. The first set off apparatus is supplied with electrical power, whereas the second set of the apparatus is a control set without electrical power supply. 3. The mass of each of the two empty beakers, A and B is determined using the weighing balance. 4. A stop watch is started simultaneously as the current supply is turned on. 5. After a suitable time interval, the electrical current is turned off. 6. The masses of water in both beakers are determined. The control set of apparatus was set up so that the mass of ice melted by the heat supplied by the heater only can be determined. The value of the specific latent of fusion of ice obtained is larger than the standard value. Some of the heat supplied by the heater is lost to the surroundings.

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Exercises 1. What is the quantity of heat required to change 0.7 kg of water at 270 C to steam at 1000C? [Specific heat capacity of water, c = 4200 Jkg-10C-1, Specific latent heat of vaporization of water, l = 2.26 x 106 Jkg-1]

2.

A 500W electric heater is used to boil water. What is the time required to reduce the mass of water by 80 g after the water has reached its boiling point? [Specific latent heat of vaporization of water, l = 2.26 x 106 Jkg-1]

3.

By using an immersion heater marked 240 V, 3 kW in an experiment, calculate the time taken to convert 3 kg of boiling water into steam. [Specific latent heat of vaporization of water, l = 2.26 x 106 Jkg-1]

4.

A piece of ice of mass 2 kg at a temperature of 00C is heated until it becomes water at 100C. If the specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg-10C-1 and the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.36 x 105 Jkg-1, what is the energy supplied?

5.

In an experiment, Azmi uses an electric heater to heat 1.0 kg of ice at 00C until it becomes water at 600C. Calculate the electrical energy used in the experiment. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 x 103 Jkg-10C-1, specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 x 105 J kg-1]

6.

A piece3 of ice is added to 200 g of water at 300C. When all the ice has melted, the temperature of the water becomes 200C. What is the mass of the ice? [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 x 103 Jkg-10C-1, specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 x 105 J kg-1]

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7.

On a hot day, a student added 80 g of ice into 250 g of orange squash at a temperature of 280C. What is the final temperature of the orange squash? [Specific heat capacity of the orange squash = 4.2 x 103 Jkg-10C-1, specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 x 105 J kg-1]

8.

1.2 kg of water at a temperature of 280C is put into the freezer of a refrigerator of 1200 W. How long does it take for all the water to completely freeze to ice? [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 x 103 Jkg-10C-1, specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 x 105 J kg-1]

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4.4 UNDERSTANDING THE GAS LAWS

The idea of Gas Laws

Figure 1.1 You feel a resistance when you try to compress a balloon.

Figure 1.2 The air in the tyre of a car is able to support the weight of the car.

Figure 1.3 The lid of an empty tin bursts open when the tin is dropped into a fire. 1. 2.

Figure 1.4 The plastic bottle bulges after it has been exposed to strong sunlight.

The observation of the events in figure above show that a gas has volume and temperature and it exerts a pressure. These properties are explained in terms of the behaviour of gas molecules in table 1.

Property of a gas

Explanation based on the kinetic theory

Volume

Temperature

Pressure

Table 1

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3.

Table 2 gives a summary of the units for pressure, volume and temperature of a gas.

Property and symbol Pressure, P Volume, V Temperature, T

SI unit

Symbol for SI unit

Other units N cm-2, cm Hg mm3, cm3

0

Table 2

Relationship between pressure and volume

Figure 2 1. When the volume of a gas is decreased, the number of molecules ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ The same number of molecules moves in a smaller space. The molecules collide more frequently with the walls of the container. The _____________________________________________ results in an _____________ in the ________________ exerted by the gas.

2. 3. 4.

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BOYLES LAW
1. Boyles law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the _____________ of the gas is _______________________ to its _________ when the temperature and mass is kept constant.

In smaller volume, molecules hit the walls more often resulting in greater pressure. 2. The relationship between pressure and volume can be explained using the kinetic theory of gases: (a) (b) (c) (d) When the volume of a gas is decreased, the number of molecules per unit volume increases. The same number of molecules moves in a smaller space. The molecules collide more frequently with the walls of the container. The increases in the rate of collision results in an increase in the pressure exerted by the gas.

Experiment: To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature. Variables: Manipulated variable: ____________ Responding variable: _____________ Fixed variables: Mass of the air in the tube and the temperature Apparatus:

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3. 4.

The mathematical expression for Boyles law is, Boyles law can be shown graphically as in figure 2

The relationship between pressure and volume can also be expressed with the graphs above. 5. An example of Boyles law is the action of the diaphragm of our body. When we inhale, the diaphragm moves downward and increases the volume of the lungs so that the pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure. This results in air being forced into the lungs. When we exhale, the diaphragm moves upward and decreases the volume of the lungs. This increases the pressure inside the lungs above the atmospheric pressure on the outside so that gases are forced out of the lungs.

CHARLES LAW
1. Charles law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the ________ of the gas is ______________ to its absolute _________ when its pressure is kept constant. 2. The relationship between volume and temperature can be explained using the kinetic theory of gases.

(a)

When gas is heated, the average __________ of the molecules ___________. The ___________ of the gas increases.

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(b) (c) (d)

The _______________ between the molecules and the _______ will _______ if the volume is constant. If the gas is allowed to expand, the faster molecules now move in a bigger space, Therefore, the rate of collision between the molecules and the walls remain constant and thus the pressure is constant.

Experiment: To determine the relationship between volume and temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure. Variables: Manipulated: ______________ Responding: _______________ Fixed: Mass of the air in the tube and the pressure. Apparatus:

3. The mathematical expression for Charles law is,

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4. The volume of gas decreases when its temperature is lowered. At 00C, the gas has a certain volume. It is impossible to lower the temperature of the gas until the volume becomes zero.

Figure 3 5. By extrapolating the graph of volume against temperature. It is found that at -273 0 C the volume is expected to become zero, as shown in figure 3. 6. The temperature -273 0 C is the lowest possible temperature and in known as the ______________________________. 7. SI unit for temperature is Kelvin (K). Temperature measured in the kelvin scale are known as absolute temperatures. Absolute zero is given the value 0 kelvin (0 K). Thus, in the Kelvin scale, there are no negative values of temperature.

8. When the Kelvin scale is used for temperature, the graph of volume against absolute temperature is a straight line passing through the origin. 9. The corresponding temperatures in the Celsius and Kelvin scale are as follows:

Temperature Absolute zero Ice point Steam point Unknown temperature

Celsius scale -273 0 C 0 C 100 C 0C

0 0

Kelvin scale OK 273 K 373 K ( + 273) K

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PRESSURE LAW
1. 2. The pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the _________ of the gas is __________________ to its ____________________ when its volume is kept constant. The relationship between pressure and temperature can be explained using the kinetic theory of gases:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

When a gas is heated, the average _________________ of the molecules __________________. The _____________ of the gas increases. The faster moving molecules strike the walls of the container more frequently. The molecules also experience a larger ________________________ when they bounce back from the walls. A larger force is exerted on the walls resulting in a higher pressure.

Experiment: To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume. Variables: Manipulated: ______________ Responding: ______________ Fixed: The mass of the air in flask and the volume Apparatus:

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3.

When the temperature of the gas is reduced to 0 0C, the molecules still have kinetic energy which is less than that at room temperature. The gas exerts a lower pressure.

4.

The temperature at which the pressure of the gas is expected to becomes zero can be obtained by extrapolating the graph of pressure against temperature. It is found that at -273 0C, the pressure becomes zero. The graph of pressure against absolute temperature is shown in figure above.

5.

6.

The mathematical expression for the Pressure law is,

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Problems Solving of Gas Laws Boyles Law 1. An air bubble of capacity 15 cm3 at a pressure of 320 cm Hg is released from the sea. Determine the volume of the bubble when it reaches the surface of the water, if the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg. Assume that the temperature of the water is constant. Solution Initial volume, V1 = 15 cm3 Initial pressure, P1 = 320 cm Hg Final volume, V2 = ? Final pressure, P2 = 76 cm Hg P1V1 = P2V2 = V2 = = P1V1/P2 (320)(15)/(76) 63 cm3

2.

A bicycle pump of length 40 cm has a uniform cross-sectional area. It contains air at atmospheric pressure. If the piston is pushed down a distance of 17 cm to force air into a tyre, what is the resultant air pressure in the pump? Assume that the temperature of the air is constant. [Patm = 1 atm] Solution P1V1 = P2V2 P2 = (1)(40)/(23) = 1.74 atm

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3.

Figure 4.4.2 shows a glass tube closed at one end with a small quantity of mercury trapped inside. When the tube is in a horizontal position, the length of air column at the closed end of the tube is 8 cm and the length of the mercury column is 2 cm. (e) (f) What is the pressure of the air trapped inside the tube in a horizontal position? What is the length of the column of air trapped inside the tube, when the tube is in a vertical position as shown in figure 4.42(b)?

Solution (a) When the glass tube is in a horizontal position, the pressure of the air trapped inside is the same as the pressure of the air outside, i.e. atm pressure. Pressure of the trapped air, P = 76 cm Hg. (b) P1V1 V2 = P2V2 = [P1V1]/P2 = [76 x 8]/78 = 7.8 cm

i.

A rod of tube with one end closed has a strip of mercury 3 cm long. When the tube is held vertically, the length of air trapped is 8 cm as in figure (a) above. Atmospheric pressure is taken as 76 cm Hg. (a) Calculate the length, x of air which is trapped when the tube is placed horizontally as in figure (b) above. (b) Calculate the length, y of air which is trapped when the tube is inverted as shown in figure (c) above.
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Solution (a) P1V1 = P2V2 (76 + 3)8 = x = = (b) P1V1 = P2V2 (76 + 3) 8 = y = =

76 (x) 632/76 8.3 cm

(76 3) y 632/73 8.7 cm

ii.

A bubble of air with volume 4 cm3 is released from a submarine at the depth of 50 m. What will be the volume of the bubble when it has risen to a depth of 14 m? [Atmospheric pressure = 10 m water] Solution P1V1 = P2V2 60 x 4 = 24 x V2 V2 = (60 x 4)/24 = 10 cm3 An air bubble released by a diver has a volume of 6.0 cm3 at a depth of 5 m. What is the volume of the bubble at a depth of 2 m? [Assume atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 10 m of water] Solution P1V1 = P2V2 (5 + 10) x 6 = (2 + 10) V2 V2 = [15 x 6]/12 V2 = 7.5 cm3

iii.

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Figure 1 iv. Figure 1 shows trapped air inside a thin glass tube in three different positions. Determine the value of x and y. [Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg] Solution Position (a) P1 = (76 + 4) cm Hg = 80 cm Hg Position (b) P2 = (76 4) cm Hg = 72 cm Hg Position (c) P3 = 76 cm Hg Comparing (a) and (b) P1V1 = P2V2 80 x 12 = 72 x x x = (80 x 12)/72 x = 13.3 cm Comparing (a) and (c) P1V1 = P2V2 80 x 12 = 76 x y y = (80 x 12)/76 = 12.6 cm

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Pressure Law v. An iron cylinder containing gas has a pressure of 360 kPa when it is kept in a store at temperature 270C. What is the pressure of the gas when the cylinder is moved outdoors where the temperature is 400C. Solution P1 = 360 kPa P2 = Final pressure

T1 = (27 + 273) = 300 K T2 = (40 + 273) = 313 K

Using the pressure law, P1/T1 = P2/T2 360/300 = P2/313 P2 = (360 x 313)/300 P2 = 375.6 kPa vi. Before a journey from Alor Setar to Ipoh, the air in a car tyre has a pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 270C. After the journey, the air pressure in the tyre is 240 kPa. What is the temperature of the air in the tyre after the journey? [Assume the volume of a tyre is constant] Solution P1/T1 = P2/T2 200/(27 + 273) = 240/T2 T2 = (300 x 240)/200 T2 = 360 K T2 = 360 273 = 870C The pressure of nitrogen gas in a light bulb is 60 kPa at 200C. Calculate the temperature of the gas when the pressure inside the bulb rises to 90 kPa after the bulb is lighted up. Solution P1/T1 = P2/T2 60/293 = 90/T2 T2 = (90 x 293)/60 T2 = 439.5 K Final temp. = 439.5 273 = 166.5 0C

vii.

viii.

A closed flask contains gas at a temperature of 95 0C and pressure of 152 kPa. If the temperature is reduced to -17 0C, what is the new pressure of the gas?
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Solution P1/T1 = P2/T2 P2 = (152)(256)/368 P2 = 106 kPa ix. A motorcycle tyre is found to posses a pressure of 3.2 atmospheric when it was tested in a garage at a temperature of 27 0C. By assuming that the volume of the air in the tyre is fixed, what is the surrounding temperature if the tyre is fixed, what is the surrounding temperature if the tyre is found to posses a pressure of 2.8 atmospheric? Solution P1/T1 = P2/T2 3.2/300 = 3.5/T2 T2 = 328 K The surrounding temp. = (328 273) = 550C Charles Law x. A syringe in a refrigerator contains 4.5 ml of air at -30C. When the syringe was taken out and placed in a room where the temperature was 270C, the air in it expands. Calculate the final volume of the air in the syringe. Solution V1/T1 = V2/T2 4.5/270 = V2/300 V2 = (4.5 x 300)/270 V2 = 5.0 ml xi. The volume of a fixed mass of gas is 150 cm3 at 35 0C. If the gas is heated at a constant pressure, what is the volume of the gas when the temperature reaches 87 0C?

xii.

The figure above shows a glass tube containing some trapped air inside it. At 27 0C, the horizontal column of trapped air is 9 cm. If the atmospheric pressure does not vary, how much is the horizontal column of air at a temperature of 45 0C? Solution V1/T1 = V2/T2 9A/300 = xA/318 V2 = 9.54 cm3
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