Project Report

Airbus A-318 (Performance Analysis)

AERO VEHICLE PERFORMANCE

Submitted to :

Sir IZHAR KAZMI

Submitted by :

SHAHZAD MALIK

Reg #

100101016

Department :

BE-09 (AERO)

Date

23-10-2012

Aircraft Data
Zero Lift Drag Coefficient= Cdo =0.0188
Wing Span = 34.1 m
Wing Area = S = 122.6 m2
Wing Sweep Back= 25o
Maximum Takeoff Weight= 68000*9.81 N
Maximum Speed= Mach 0.82 at 11000 m
Service Ceiling= 12000 m
Engines(x2) = Pratt & Whitney PW6000 series
Thrust = 200 KN (at Sea Level)

Thrust Required (Drag)

Graphical Approach
1.Let the Velocity be 125 m/s
V = 125 m/s
2.At a standard Altitude of 11000 m..
Density = = 0.364234 kg/m3
CL = 2W/ V2S = 2(68000*9.81)/(0.364234*1252*122.6) = 1.91
3.CD = CD,O + KCL2 = 0.0188 + (0.038*1.912) = 0.158
4.TR = D = 0.5* * S * CD * V2 = 55029.18 N

Similarly the same procedure is done for different Velocities at the same altitude.
Table (a)

Velocity (m/s)
115
125
135
145
155
165
175
185
195
205
215
225
235
245
255
265
275
285
295
305
315
325
335
345
355

Data at Height= 11000 m

CL
CD
Thrust Required (N)
2.259 0.21
62818.08
1.912 0.16
55029.32
1.639 0.12
49205.82
1.421
0.1
44846.96
1.244 0.08
41608.23
1.097 0.06
39246.21
0.976 0.05
37584.98
0.873 0.05
36494.87
0.786 0.04
35878.54
0.711 0.04
35661.82
0.646 0.03
35787.37
0.59
0.03
36210.3
0.541 0.03
36895.08
0.498 0.03
37813.26
0.459 0.03
38941.86
0.425 0.03
40262.16
0.395 0.02
41758.77
0.368 0.02
43418.97
0.343 0.02
45232.13
0.321 0.02
47189.37
0.301 0.02
49283.16
0.283 0.02
51507.13
0.266 0.02
53855.85
0.251 0.02
56324.65
0.237 0.02
58909.53

Thrust Required Curve for A-318 at 11000 m

Thrust Required Curve for A-318 at 11000 m, illustrating the region of velocity instavility and
stability, and the direction of decreasing angle of attack with increasing velocity.

Drag Versus Velocity for a318, illustration of the variation of zero lift drag and drag due to
lift at 11000 m.

Analytical Approach
To calculate L/D(max), we will use
L/D(max) = 1/sqrt(4CDOK) = 1/sqrt(4*0.0188*0.038) = 18.71.

Variation of L/D with velocity

The value of minimum thrust required remains the same even at different altitudes, but the
velocity to achieve this point is different as can be shown in the graph below.

Effect of Altitude on the point corresponding to minimum thrust required.

To Calculate minimum thrust required, we will calculate Thrust to weight Ratio minimum.
(TR/W)min = 1/(L/D)max
= 0.0535
(TR)min = 0.0535*W
= 54660.7 N
Which is analogous to graphical result.
Hence the velocity for minimum TR is
V(TR)min = sqrt((2/)*(sqrt(K/CDO))*(W/S)) = 206.1 m/s

Aerodynamic Relations
CL/CD3/2, CL/CD, CL/CD1/2

Calculations
(CL/CD)(max) = 1/sqrt(4CDOK) = 1/sqrt(4*0.0188*0.038) = 18.71.
V(CL/CD)max = sqrt((2/)*(sqrt(K/CDO))*(W/S)) = 206.1 m/s
CL/CD3/2(max) = (1/4)*(3/KCD,O1/3)3/4 = (1/4)(3/(0.038)(0.0188)1/3)3/4 = 17.88
V(CL3/2/CD)max = sqrt((2/)*(sqrt(K/3CDO))*(W/S)) = 156.6 m/s
CL/CD1/2(max) = (3/4)*(1/3KCD,O1/3)3/4 = (1/4)(1/3(0.038)(0.0188)1/3)3/4 = 25.42
V(CL1/2/CD)max = sqrt((2/)*(sqrt(3K/CDO))*(W/S)) = 271.24 m/s

Hence
V(CL3/2/CD)max : V(CL/CD)max : V(CL1/2/CD)max = 156.6 : 206.1: 271.24 = 0.76 : 1 : 1.32

Comparison of Zero Lift Dag and Drag due to Lift

a)From above we get V(CL3/2/CD)max = 156.6 m/s
CL = 2W/ V2S = 2(68000*9.81)/(0.364234*156.62*122.6) = 1.22

Zero lift Drag = 0.5V2SCDo = 0.5*0.364234*156.62*122.6*0.0188 = 10293.95 N

Drag due to lift = 0.5V2SKCL2 = 0.5*0.364234*156.62*122.6*0.038*1.222 = 30969.03 N
Compairing, we get
R = Zero lift Drag/ Drag due to lift = 10293.95/30969.03 = 1/3
b) Similarly, from above we get V(CL/CD)max = 206.1 m/s
CL = 2W/ V2S = 2(68000*9.81)/(0.364234*206.12*122.6) = 0.7
Zero lift Drag = 0.5V2SCDo = 0.5*0.364234*206.12*122.6*0.0188 = 17830.14 N
Drag due to lift = 0.5V2SKCL2 = 0.5*0.364234*206.1 2*122.6*0.038*0.7 2 = 17830 N

Compairing, we get
R = Zero lift Drag/ Drag due to lift = 17830/17660 = 1
c) Similarly, from above we get V(CL1/2/CD)max = 271.24 m/s
CL = 2W/ V2S = 2(68000*9.81)/(0.364234*271.242*122.6) = 0.406
Zero lift Drag = 0.5V2SCDo = 0.5*0.364234*271.242*122.6*0.0188 = 30882 N
Drag due to lift = 0.5V2SKCL2 = 0.5*0.364234*271.24 2*122.6*0.038*0.406 2 = 10289 N

Compairing, we get
R = Zero lift Drag/ Drag due to lift = 30882/10289 = 3

Thrust Available and the Maximum

Velocity of the Airplane
Sea Level
At Sea Level, density = o = 1.23 kg/m3
Thrust Available = TAo = 200000 N
wing_loading = W/S = 5441.1
thrust_weight = Ta/W = 0.2998

Vmax = 374 m/s

At 11000 m
At 11000 m, density = = 0.364234 kg/m3

m=1.05,
TA=55729 N
wing_loading = W/S = 5441.1
thrust_weight = 0.0835
Vmax = 343 m/s

Power Required
Graphical Approach
Power required is given by

We have TR curve from the previous section. Multiplying the values with velocities we get
Velocity (m/s)
105
115
125
135
145
155
165
175
185
195
205
215
225
235
245
255
265
275
285
295
305
315
325
335
345
355

Tr (N)
72854.29
62322.25
54531.85
48743.36
44468.62
41378.43
39248.48
37926.91
37314.8
37354.91
38026.4
39344.81
41368.09
44211.68
48080.34
53336.04
60655.86
71460.31
89407.28
128846.89
1829291.86
7632.69
7170.21
6748.53
6362.98
6009.55

Pr (N.m/s)
7649700.48
7167059.02
6816481.43
6580353.61
6447949.42
6413656.28
6475998.93
6637209.46
6903238.43
7284207.55
7795411.88
8459134.76
9307821.08
10389745.11
11779683.81
13600689.69
16073802.64
19651585.73
25481075.4
38009831.33
557934016.3
2404295.95
2330317.61
2260755.9
2195226.74
2133389.37

Analytical Approach
The analytical formula for power required is

It can be seen from the formula that

The power required will be minimum when CL/CD3/2 is maximum.

From above, we have CL/CD3/2(max) = 17.88
Substituting values, we get
PR = 6448799.683 Nm/s
Which is same as calculated from the graph.

Power Available & Maximum Velocity

Power available is given by

Thrust available = TA = 55729 N

So
PA = 55729xV
Maximum velocity is achieved when power available is equal to the power required.
Analytically it was 343 m/s.
Now making graph of PA and PR, the point where they will cut is the max velocity.

Which is same as analytically calculated.

The velocity calculated is purely theoretical, because we have not considered transonic drag
effects. This velocity will corresponds to the Mach greater than 1 which is not achievable in
our aircraft.