Eagle Undergraduate Mathematics Conference Problem Contest

For credit, show all your work.

No calculator allowed.
Do not write on both sides of the answer sheets.
Write each problem on a separate page.
Write your team number on each page at the top left corner. Do NOT write your name
on any page except for this one.
Tie-breaker rules: Tie-breakers will be taken from the problems in order of diculty. The order will
be determined by the total amount of points earned at each question (summing across team scores),
considering rst the team earning the most points on question(s) with fewest total points earned.
Team Number:
Team Members:
1.
2.
3.
1. Find the last three digits of 13!.
2.
(a) Write the rst four non-zero terms of the Taylor series for cos(x
2
) and x
3
sin(x) about x = 0.
(b) Use the results from part (a) to write the rst four non-zero terms of the Taylor series about x = 0
for the function f(x) = cos(x
2
) + x
3
sin(x).
(c) Calculate the value of f
(8)
(0).
(d) Let P
4
(x) be the fourth degree Taylor polynomial for f(x) about x = 0. Use information from the
graph to explain why |P
4
(
1
3
) f(
1
3
)| <
1
900
.

Suggested Calculus problem for undergraduate team competition:


(a) Write the first four non-zero terms of the Taylor series for
( )
2 3
cos and sin( ) x x x about x =0.

(b) Use the results from part (a) to write the first four non-zero terms of the Taylor series about x =0 for
the function
( )
2 3
( ) cos sin( ) f x x x x = + .

(c) Calculate the value of
(8)
(0) f .

(d) Let
4
( ) P x be the fourth degree
Taylor polynomial for ( ) f x about x =0.
Using information from the graph at right
explain why
( ) ( )
1 1
4
3 3
1
900
P f < .










Possible manner in which to award 6 points:
(a) 1 point each for correct:
( )
4 8 12
2
cos 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x x x
x = + + and
6 8 10
3 4
sin( ) ...
3! 5! 7!
x x x
x x x = + +

(b) 1 point for
4 6 8
1 1 1 1
( ) 1 1 ...
2! 3! 4! 5!
f x x x x
| | | | | |
= + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
in any equivalent form

(c) 1 point:
(8)
(0)
8!
f
is the coefficient of
8
x . The student gets this first point for trying to equate
(8)
(0)
8!
f
to the coefficient of
8
x in part b (whether or not correct).
1 point for correct
(8)
1 1
(0) 8!
4! 5!
f
| |
= +
|
\ .
.

(d) 1 point: from the graph we see that
1
3
0
max
(5)
( ) 30 x f x s s < .
Thus
( ) ( )
5
1 1
4
3 3
30 1 30 3 1
5! 3 29160 2916 900
P f
| |
< = = <
|
\ .
.
(5)
Graph of
( ) y f x =
3. Let A and B be nonzero 3 3 matrices, AB = 0. Find the value of t if
A =

2 1 3
1 t 2
1 3 1

.
4. Find a real-valued function f(x) > 0 such that
f(x) = e

2
(sin t)f(t)dt.
5. The interior angles of a convex polygon form an arithmetic progression with a common dierence
of 8

. Determine the number of sides of the polygon if its largest interior angle is 124

.
6. Determine the number of positive divisors of 2012
12
that are greater than 2012
6
.
2012 EUMC Team Problem Solving Contest Solution
1. Find the last three digits of 13!.
Solution. (This problem is proposed by D. Stone)
Note that
13! = 13 12 . . . 10 . . . 5 . . . 1
is divisible by 100. Hence the last two digits are zeros.
Now consider the last digit of
13!
100
= 13 12 11 9 8 7 6 4 3,
we have 8. Note that this is the third to last digit of 13!.
Therefore, the last three digits of 13! are 800.
2.
(a) Write the rst four non-zero terms of the Taylor series for cos(x
2
) and x
3
sin(x) about x = 0.
(b) Use the results from part (a) to write the rst four non-zero terms of the Taylor series about x = 0
for the function f(x) = cos(x
2
) + x
3
sin(x).
(c) Calculate the value of f
(8)
(0).
(d) Let P
4
(x) be the fourth degree Taylor polynomial for f(x) about x = 0. Use information from the
graph to explain why |P
4
(
1
3
) f(
1
3
)| <
1
900
.

Suggested Calculus problem for undergraduate team competition:


(a) Write the first four non-zero terms of the Taylor series for
( )
2 3
cos and sin( ) x x x about x =0.

(b) Use the results from part (a) to write the first four non-zero terms of the Taylor series about x =0 for
the function
( )
2 3
( ) cos sin( ) f x x x x = + .

(c) Calculate the value of
(8)
(0) f .

(d) Let
4
( ) P x be the fourth degree
Taylor polynomial for ( ) f x about x =0.
Using information from the graph at right
explain why
( ) ( )
1 1
4
3 3
1
900
P f < .










Possible manner in which to award 6 points:
(a) 1 point each for correct:
( )
4 8 12
2
cos 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x x x
x = + + and
6 8 10
3 4
sin( ) ...
3! 5! 7!
x x x
x x x = + +

(b) 1 point for
4 6 8
1 1 1 1
( ) 1 1 ...
2! 3! 4! 5!
f x x x x
| | | | | |
= + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
in any equivalent form

(c) 1 point:
(8)
(0)
8!
f
is the coefficient of
8
x . The student gets this first point for trying to equate
(8)
(0)
8!
f
to the coefficient of
8
x in part b (whether or not correct).
1 point for correct
(8)
1 1
(0) 8!
4! 5!
f
| |
= +
|
\ .
.

(d) 1 point: from the graph we see that
1
3
0
max
(5)
( ) 30 x f x s s < .
Thus
( ) ( )
5
1 1
4
3 3
30 1 30 3 1
5! 3 29160 2916 900
P f
| |
< = = <
|
\ .
.
(5)
Graph of
( ) y f x =
Solution. (This problem is proposed by M. Ransom)
First of all we have
cos(x
2
) = 1
x
4
2!
+
x
8
4!

x
12
6!
+ . . .
and
x
3
sin(x) = x
4

x
6
3!
+
x
8
5!

x
10
7!
+ . . . .
Therefore
f(x) = 1 +

1
1
2!

x
4
+

1
3!

x
6
+

1
4!
+
1
5!

x
8
+ . . . .
Note that
f
(8)
(0)
8!
is the coecient of x
8
. Hence
f
(8)
(0) = 8!

1
4!
+
1
5!

.
Now from the graph we see that
max
0x
1
3
|f
(5)
(x)| < 30.
Thus
|P
4
(
1
3
) f(
1
3
)| <
30
5!

1
3

5
=
3
2916
<
1
900
.
3. Let A and B be nonzero 3 3 matrices, AB = 0. Find the value of t if
A =

2 1 3
1 t 2
1 3 1

.
Solution. (This problem is proposed by J. Zhu)
Let B = (b
1
, b
2
, b
3
) where b
1
, b
2
and b
3
are column vectors of B.
Since AB = 0, each b
i
(i = 1, 2, 3) is a solution to the system
Ax = 0.
Since B is nonzero, at least one of the b
i
is nonzero and Ax = 0 must have nonzero solutions.
Therefore the determinant of A is zero (since A is not of full rank), calculating the determinant yields
0 = det(A) = 5t.
Hence t = 0.
4. Find a real-valued function f(x) > 0 such that
f(x) = e

2
(sin t)f(t)dt.
Solution. (This problem is modied from ASM problem contest)
By taking the derivative and using the fundamental theorem of Calculus, we have
f

(x) = sin xf(x),

or equivalently,
f

(x)
f(x)
= sin x.
Integrating both sides yields
ln f(x) = cos x + C
or
f(x) = e
cos x+C
.
Since f(

2
) = e, we must have e
C
= e and consequently C = 1. Therefore
f(x) = e
cos x+1
.
5. The interior angles of a convex polygon form an arithmetic progression with a common dierence
of 8

. Determine the number of sides of the polygon if its largest interior angle is 124

.
Solution. (This problem is modied from international mathematical talent search)
Let n be the number of sides. then the n interior angles are (in degrees)
124, 116, 108, . . . , 124 8(n 1),
whose sum is 180(n 2) (since the sum of interior angles of any n-gon is 180(n 2) degrees. Hence
we have
180n 360 = 180(n 2) = 124 + . . . + (124 8(n 1)) = 128n 4n
2
,
which is equivalent to
0 = 4n
2
+ 52n 360 = 4(n + 18)(n 5).
Therefore n = 5 (note that n = 18 is not an eligible answer).
6. Determine the number of positive divisors of 2012
12
that are greater than 2012
6
.
Solution. (This problem is modied from South African Olympiad)
The prime factorization of 2012 yields 2012 = 2
2
503.
Hence 2012
12
= 2
24
503
12
has (24 + 1) (12 + 1) = 25 13 = 325 positive divisors including 2012
6
.
For the remaining 324 divisors (that are not equal to 2012
6
), there is a bijection between the ones
greater than 2012
6
and the ones less than 2012
6
(for instance, if x|2012
12
and x > 2012
6
, then y =
2012
12
x
is a positive divisor of 2012
12
that is less than 2012
6
).
Hence there are
324
2
= 162 positive divisors of 2012
12
that are greater than 2012
6
.