Lecture 1: Introduction to Immunology 1. The first thing on the page is the Hematopoiesis chart, know it. 2.

The immune system is split up into innate and adaptive immunity. a. Innate immunity i. Rapid protection ii. No memory or specificity 1. Use a primitive receptor unlike adaptive immunity iii. Two principle cell types 1. Phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) 2. Natural Killer (NK) cells iv. Complement system b. Adaptive immunity i. Takes longer to respond ii. Has memory and specificity 1. Lymphocytes have restricted recognition a. They can only recognize one antigen because of their unique epitope. b. Once the epitope recognizes the antigen it is imperative that it undergoes clonal expansion. 3. The adaptive immune system must discriminate self from non-self. This is known as tolerance. a. Tolerance can occur in two areas i. Central occurs during the development of lymphocytes. ii. Peripheral occurs outside the tissue of development. b. When tolerance is lost it leads to autoimmune disorders. The body recognizes self-antigen as foreign. c. Tolerance induction is the process of deleting or inactivating cells that express receptors that recognize self. 4. The immune system is divided not only by innate and adaptive but also upon where lymphocytes develop. a. Primary lymphoid tissue i. Here lymphocytes develop ii. Two examples are the bone marrow and thymus b. Secondary lymphoid tissue i. Here lymphocytes are activated ii. Some examples are the lymph nodes, tonsils and adenoids, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. 5. Primary lymphoid tissue: Bone marrow a. Contains self-renewing pluripotent stem cells that replace a large variety of blood cells (eosinophils, basophils, erythrocytes, and platelets) using hematopoeis. i. To see the molecules that affect bone marrow see the chart b. Site of B cell development and maturation. i. Occurs prior to antigen exposure, referred to as antigenindependent B cell maturation. 6. Primary lymphoid tissue: Thymus

a. Site of T cell maturation b. Undergoes tolerance induction but with a special name i. Death by neglect ii. Negative selection iii. Both are used to inactivate/destroy cells with self-recognizing or useless receptors. c. After the initial selection cells that have been positively selected (i.e. not destroyed) undergo lineage commitment. i. Lineage commitment is the process of changing phenotype. Tcells can become either: 1. CD4 2. CD8 d. Once T-cells migrate from the cortex to the medulla they undergo a second screening process. 7. Secondary lymphoid tissue: Lymph nodes a. The outer cortex of a lymph node contains follicles. These can be either primary or secondary depending on whether they have germinal centers. i. Primary contain mature resting B cells and no germinal centers ii. Secondary contain germinal centers and antigen-activated Bcells. 8. Secondary lymphoid tissue: Spleen a. Contains red and white pulp i. White pulp contains majority of lymphoid cells b. Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) is the predominant T-cell region 9. Secondary Lymphoid tissue: Mucosa-Associated-Lymphoid-Tissue (MALT) a. General term for the unencapsulated lymphoid tissue present underlying the mucosal areas. i. (G)astrointestinal (ALT), (B)ronchus (ALT), etc. b. In some areas these areas are organized i. Peyers patches organized follicles present in GALT ii. Microbes enter MALT and are presented to M-cells 10. There is a lot of Histology review in this lecture that is beyond the scope of what youre going to be tested on. While it may be interesting dont get bogged down in it. 11. Soluble mediators of the immune system a. Cytokines and Chemokines i. Cytokines are small peptides secreted by activated leukocytes ii. Chemokines are chemoattractants. They attract different kind of lymphocytes. 1. Like Yogi bear to a pie in the woods b. Antibodies i. Also known as Immunoglobulins (Igs) ii. Contains an antigen binding site (Fb) and a site that carries out biological activity (Fc)

iii. Five Immunoglobuins 1. IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD iv. B-cells encounter antigen and for plasma cells that secrete Igs c. Complement i. A family of proteins used to facilitate microorganism elimination ii. You will learn these in more detail in another lecture 12. Activators of lymphocytes a. Monoclonal activate a single clone b. Polyclonal activate most or all clones c. Oligoclonal activate some clones d. Carrier effect: When a small molecule (hapten) couples with a large protein (carrier) to form an immunogenic compound.

Dont forget those synonyms when you come across them! CD4 T cells = Helper T cells CD8 T cells = pCTL/CTL = Cytotoxic T-Cells/Lymphoctytes