Introduction To Dataflow

A.
Virtual Instruments (VIs)

Virtual Instrument (VI) A LabVIEW program
The appearance and operation of VIs imitate physical instruments, such as oscilloscopes and digital multimeters.
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B. Parts of a VI
LabVIEW VIs contain three main components: 1. Front Panel 2. Block Diagram 3. Icon/Connector Pane
B. Parts of a VI Front Panel

Front Panel User interface for the VI
You build the front panel with controls (inputs) and indicators (outputs)
B. Parts of a VI Block Diagram

Block Diagram Contains the graphical source code
Front panel objects appear as terminals on the block diagram
B. Parts of a VI Icon/Connector Pane

Icon: graphical representation of a VI Connector Pane: map of the inputs and outputs of a VI Icons and connector panes are necessary to use a VI as a subVI
A subVI is a VI that is inside of another VI Similar to a function in a text-based programming language
Icon
Connector Pane
E. Front Panel Controls Palette

Contains the controls and indicators you use to create the front panel Access from the front panel by selecting ViewControls Palette
E. Front Panel Controls & Indicators

Controls
Knobs, push buttons, dials, and other input devices Simulate instrument input devices and supply data to the block diagram of the VI
Indicators
Graphs, LEDs, and other displays Simulate instrument output devices and display data the block diagram acquires or generates
E. Front Panel Numeric Controls/Indicators

The numeric data type can represent numbers of various types, such as integer or real
Numeric Control
Increment/Decrement Buttons Numeric Indicator
E. Front Panel Boolean Controls/Indicators

The Boolean data type represents data that only has two parts, such as True and False or On and Off Use Boolean controls and indicators to enter and display Boolean (True or False) values Boolean objects simulate switches, push buttons, and LEDs
Boolean Control
Boolean Indicator
E. Front Panel Strings

The string data type is a sequence of ASCII characters Use string controls to receive text from the user such as a password or user name Use string indicators to display text to the user
E. Front Panel Shortcut Menus

All LabVIEW objects have associated shortcut menus As you create a VI, use the shortcut menu items to change the look or behavior of front panel and block diagram objects To access the shortcut menu, right-click the object
E. Front Panel Property Dialog Box

Right-click a front panel object and select Properties to display The options available on the property dialog box are similar to the options available on the shortcut menu for that object
E. Front Panel Configure Multiple Objects

Select multiple objects to simultaneously configure shared properties
Configuring Your LabVIEW Environment

Functions Palette
Tack the Functions palette and select CustomizeChange Visible Categories then click Select All
Controls Palette
Tack the Controls palette and select CustomizeChange Visible Categories then click Select All
Pratice
Replicate the following front panel
F. Block Diagram
Block diagram objects include the following:

Terminals SubVIs Functions Constants Structures Wires
F. Block Diagram Terminals

Terminals are:
Block diagram appearance of front panel objects Entry and exit ports that exchange information between the front panel and block diagram Analogous to parameters and constants in text-based programming languages
Change the view type of a terminal by toggling the View as Icon selection from the context menu
F. Block Diagram Terminals
B. LabVIEW Data Types Terminals

Terminals visually communicate information about the data type represented
F. Block Diagram Wires

Transfer data between block diagram objects through wires Wires are different colors, styles, and thicknesses, depending on their data types A broken wire appears as a dashed black line with a red X in the middle
DBL Numeric Integer Numeric String
Scalar 1D Array 2D Array
F. Block Diagram Nodes

Objects on the block diagram that have inputs and/or outputs and perform operations when a VI runs Analogous to statements, operators, functions, and subroutines in text-based programming languages Nodes can be functions, subVIs, or structures
Nodes
H. Selecting A Tool
Create, modify, and debug VIs using the tools provided by LabVIEW A tool is a special operating mode of the mouse cursor The operating mode of the cursor corresponds to the icon of the tool selected When using the Automatic Tool Selection, LabVIEW chooses which tool to select based on the current location of the mouse
Practice
Look and the block diagram of the previous practice and add the following nodes: Target: Add Simulate a given temperature value, Multiply add a random noise of given amplitude, then light up an alert when such a Random number temperature is greater than setpoint and Greater than another if is less than setpoint . Less than Get date/time in seconds Then use wires to connect all the elements of the block diagram leaving no terminal unconnected.
Practice solution
F. Block Diagram Function Nodes

Fundamental operating elements of LabVIEW Do not have front panels or block diagrams, but do have connector panes Double-clicking a function only selects the function does not open it like a VI Has a pale yellow background on its icon
F. Block Diagram SubVI Nodes

SubVI: VIs that you build to use inside of another VI Any VI has the potential to be used as a subVI When you double-click a subVI on the block diagram, you can view the front panel and block diagram of the subVI
The upper right corner of the front panel and block diagram displays the icon for the current VI This is the icon that appears when you place the VI on a block diagram as a subVI
F. Block Diagram Wires

Transfer data between block diagram objects through wires Wires are different colors, styles, and thicknesses, depending on their data types A broken wire appears as a dashed black line with a red X in the middle
DBL Numeric Integer Numeric String
Scalar 1D Array 2D Array
B. LabVIEW Data Types Terminals

Terminals visually communicate information about the data type represented
B. LabVIEW Data Types Numerics

The numeric data type represents numbers of various types To change the representation of a numeric, right-click the control, indicator, or constant, and select Representation from the shortcut menu
B. LabVIEW Data Types Boolean

Behavior of Boolean controls is specified by the mechanical action In LabVIEW, the Boolean data type is represented with the color green
Mechanical Action of Booleans

Use the Mechanical Action of Booleans VI located in the NI Example Finder to learn about the different switch and latch actions.
B. Data Types String

A sequence of displayable or non-displayable ASCII characters On the front panel, strings appear as tables, text entry boxes, and labels Change the display type from the short-cut menu: Normal, \ Codes, Password and Hex Edit and manipulate strings with the String functions on the block diagram In LabVIEW, the string data type is represented with the color pink
B. Data Types Enum

An enum represents a pair of values, a string and a numeric, where the enum can be one of a defined list of values
B. Data Types Enum

Enum: enumerated control, constant, or indicator Enums are useful because it is easier to manipulate numbers than strings on the block diagram
B. Data Types Dynamic

Stores the information generated or acquired by an Express VI Non-Express VIs do not accept the dynamic data type
To use a built-in VI or function to analyze or process the dynamic data type, you must convert the data type Numeric, waveform, or Boolean data indicators or inputs automatically convert the dynamic data type when wired
In LabVIEW, the dynamic data type is represented with the color dark blue
F. Block Diagram Wiring Tips

Press <Ctrl>-B to delete all broken wires Right-click and select Clean Up Wire to reroute the wire
F. Block Diagram Wiring Tips

Use the Clean Up Diagram tool to reroute multiple wires and objects to improve readability
1. Select a section of your block diagram 2. Click the Clean Up Diagram button on the block diagram toolbar
I. Dataflow
LabVIEW follows a dataflow model for running VIs A node executes only when data are available at all of its input terminals A node supplies data to the output terminals only when the node finishes execution
I. Dataflow Quiz
Which node executes first? a) Add b) Subtract c) Random Number d) Divide e) Sine
I. Dataflow Quiz Answers

NO CORRECT ANSWER Which node executes first? a) Add possibly b) Subtract definitely not c) Random Number possibly d) Divide possibly e) Sine definitely not
SummaryQuiz
1. Which function executes first: Add or Subtract?
a) Add b) Subtract c) Unknown
SummaryQuiz Answer
1. Which function executes first: Add or Subtract?
a) Add b) Subtract c) Unknown
I. Case Structures
Have two or more subdiagrams or cases Execute and displays only one case at a time An input value determines which subdiagram to execute Similar to case statements or if...then...else statements in text-based programming languages
I. Case Structures
Case Selector Label: contains the name of the current case and decrement and increment buttons on each side
Selector Terminal: Wire an input value, or selector, to determine which case executes
Practice
Add to the previous practice a button in order to update the string label ONLY if the button is pressed. Then run. Change its mechanical action and run again. Create a enum control with items Heating, Cooling, Conditioning and use its values to turn on label too hot only, label too cold only, or both, according to the case selected. Make the string indicator display Hi there! if the user inputs Hello, or the same input string if otherwise.
I. Case Structures Default Case

You can specify a default case for the Case structure
If you specified cases for 1, 2, and 3, but you get an input of 4, the Case structure executes the default case
Right-click the Case structure border to add, duplicate, remove, or rearrange cases and to select a default case
I. Case Structures Input & Output Tunnels

You can create multiple input and output tunnels Inputs are available to all cases if needed You must define each output tunnel for each case
I. Case Structures Use Default if Unwired

Default values are:
Data Type Numeric Boolean String Default Value 0 FALSE Empty
Avoid using the Use Default If Unwired option on Case structure tunnels Adds a level of complexity to your code Complicates debugging your code
I. Case Structures Boolean

Boolean input creates two cases: True and False
I. Case Structures Integer

Add a case for each integer as necessary Integers without a defined case use the default case
I. Case Structures String

Add a case for each string as necessary Strings without a defined case use the default case
I. Case Structures Enum

Gives users a list of items from which to select The case selector displays a case for each item in the enumerated type control
I. Case Structures - Error Checking and Error Handling

Use Case Structures inside VIs to execute the code if there is no error and skip the code if there is an error
D. While Loops
Repeat (code); Until Condition met; End;
LabVIEW While Loop
Flowchart
Pseudo Code
D. While Loops
Iteration terminal: returns number of times loop has executed; zero indexed Conditional terminal: defines when the loop stops
Iteration Terminal
Conditional Terminal
Practice
Add a STOP button to the previous practice, then include everything in a while loop in order to stop the program when the user hit STOP. Add a CHART and display the current iteration number on it.
Please note: from now on the RUN CONTINOUSLY button wont be used, use the RUN button instead. AVOID HITTING THE ABORT BUTTON AT ALL COSTS!!
D. While Loops Tunnels

Tunnels transfer data into and out of structures The tunnel adopts the color of the data type wired to the tunnel Data pass out of a loop after the loop terminates When a tunnel passes data into a loop, the loop executes only after data arrive at the tunnel
Practice
Please open again the previous vi. Using an input tunnel display the time the vi has been active (in seconds) and stop it when such time is MORE THAN 20s or if the user hits the STOP button.
Think about this: what are the differences between a simple wire and a tunnel? Can a wire HOLD data? Can a tunnel?
F. Timing a VI
Why do you need timing in a VI? Control the frequency at which a loop executes Provide the processor with time to complete other tasks, such as processing the user interface
F. Timing a VI Wait Functions

A wait function inside a loop allows the VI to sleep for a set amount of time Allows the processor to address other tasks during the wait time Uses the operating system millisecond clock
F. Timing a VI Elapsed Time Express VI

Determines how much time elapses after some point in your VI Keep track of time while the VI continues to execute Does not provide the processor with time to complete other tasks
Practice
Open task manager and run the previous vi. Add to the previous practice the proper wait function in order to force the loop time to 200ms Open task manager and run the vi again. Add to the previous practice the proper function in order to display a string version of time elapsed
E. For Loops
N=100; i=0; Until i=N: Repeat (code;i=i+1); End;
LabVIEW For Loop
Flowchart
Pseudo Code
E. For Loops
Create a For Loop the same way you create a While Loop If you need to replace an existing While Loop with a For Loop, right-click the border of the While Loop, and select Replace with For Loop from the shortcut menu The value in the count terminal (an input terminal) indicates how many times to repeat the subdiagram
E. For Loops Conditional Terminal

You can add a conditional terminal to configure a For Loop to stop when a Boolean condition or an error occurs
E. For Loops Numeric Conversion

The number of iterations a For Loop executes must be specified in nonnegative integers If you wire a double-precision, floating-point numeric value to the count terminal, LabVIEW converts the larger numeric value to a 32-bit signed integer

Normally, when you wire different representation types to the inputs of a function, the function returns an output in the larger or wider format Coercion Dot LabVIEW chooses the representation that uses more bits However, the For Loop count terminal always coerces to a 32-bit signed integer

Avoid coercion for better performance
Choose matching data type Programmatically convert to the matching data type
Practice
Reproduce the following block diagram
What will be the result displayed in A? in B? in C? When? What will be the content of D?
E. For Loops Conditional Terminal

For Loops configured for a conditional exit have: Red glyph next to the count terminal Conditional terminal in the lower right corner
E. For Loop/While Loop Comparison

For Loop While Loop
Executes a set number of times unless a conditional terminal is added Can execute zero times Tunnels automatically output an array of data
Stops executing only if the value at the conditional terminal meets the condition Must execute at least once Tunnels automatically output the last value
A. Arrays
An array consists of elements and dimensions
Elements: data that make up the array Dimension: the length, height, or depth of an array An array can have one or more dimensions and as many as (231)1 elements per dimension, memory permitting
Consider using arrays when you work with a collection of similar data and when you perform repetitive computations
A. Arrays
The first element shown in the array (3.00) is at index 1 and the second element (1.00) is at index 2 The element at index 0 is not shown in this image, because element 1 is selected in the index display The element selected in the index display always refers to the element shown in the upper left corner of the element display
A. Arrays Creating
1. Place an array shell on the front panel 2. Drag a data object or element into the array shell
A. Arrays 2D Array
Stores elements in a grid Requires a column index and a row index to locate an element, both of which are zero-based To create a multidimensional array on the front panel, rightclick the index display and select Add Dimension from the shortcut menu You also can resize the index display until you have as many dimensions as you want
A. Arrays Initializing
You can initialize an array, or leave it uninitialized For initialized arrays, you define the number of elements in each dimension, and the contents of each element Uninitialized arrays have dimension but no elements
A. Arrays Creating Constants

To create an array constant:
Select an array constant on the Functions palette Place the array shell on the block diagram Place a constant in the array shell
You can use an array constant to store constant data or as a basis for comparison with another array Array constants also are useful for passing data into a subVI
A. Arrays Auto-indexing
If you wire an array to or from a For Loop or While Loop, you can link each iteration of the loop to an element in that array by enabling auto-indexing on tunnel The tunnel changes from a solid square to the image shown above to indicate auto-indexing
A. Arrays Auto-indexing Input

For Loop executes a number of times equal to the number of elements in the array
A. Arrays Auto-indexing Input

If the iteration count terminal is wired and arrays of different sizes are wired to auto-indexed tunnels, the actual number of iterations becomes the smallest of the choices.
Practice
Create a new VI having the following block diagram
Which values will be displayed by A,B and C?

A. Arrays Auto-indexing Output

When you auto-index an array output tunnel, the output array receives a new element from every iteration of the loop Auto-indexed output arrays are always equal in size to the number of iterations
A. Arrays Creating 2D Arrays

You can use two For Loops, one inside the other, to create a 2D array
Practice
Open the thermostat practice VI, Instead of generating a single temperature value per cycle, create a set of 100 samples, put them in an array. Display all the 100 samples on both the CHART and the GRAPH, while controlling the boolean indicators only on the AVERAGE of the array
Please try to keep you block diagram as tidy as possible


Introduction To Dataflow

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A.

Virtual Instruments (VIs)

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B. Parts of a VI Front Panel

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B. Parts of a VI Block Diagram

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B. Parts of a VI Icon/Connector Pane

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E. Front Panel Controls Palette

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E. Front Panel Controls & Indicators

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E. Front Panel Numeric Controls/Indicators

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E. Front Panel Boolean Controls/Indicators

E. Front Panel Strings

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E. Front Panel Shortcut Menus

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E. Front Panel Property Dialog Box

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E. Front Panel Configure Multiple Objects

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Configuring Your LabVIEW Environment

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Terminals SubVIs Functions Constants Structures Wires

F. Block Diagram Terminals

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F. Block Diagram Terminals

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B. LabVIEW Data Types Terminals

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F. Block Diagram Wires

Scalar 1D Array 2D Array

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F. Block Diagram Nodes

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F. Block Diagram Function Nodes

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F. Block Diagram SubVI Nodes

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F. Block Diagram Wires

Scalar 1D Array 2D Array

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B. LabVIEW Data Types Terminals

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B. LabVIEW Data Types Numerics

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B. LabVIEW Data Types Boolean

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Mechanical Action of Booleans

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B. Data Types String

B. Data Types Enum

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B. Data Types Enum

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B. Data Types Dynamic