fmost houses, the roof system

is the first structural element

that is neither level nor plumb.
Roof structures are deliberately pitched
to direct rainwater to the outside of the
house. When trusses are used for roof
framing, the carpentry crew is spared the
sometimes-bewildering task of fitting
inclined structural members to level and
square surfaces. All of this complicated
layout, cutting, and fitting is done by the
truss manufacturer, and the carpenters
need only install these prefabricated
components on top of the bearing walls.
On the other hand, when rafters
are used, carpenters have to lay out
the whole structure and join the
individual pieces neatly and securely
together. This is more difficult
than it might seem. Carpenters not
only fit pieces to existing angles,
they also create those angles and,
in doing so, start from scratch.
If you're working alone, the difficulties
posed by the layout are only
half the problem. You also have to
figure out some way to lift and
install the materials that make up
the frame. These materials are heavy
and unwieldy, and they have to be
installed overhead-sometimes far
overhead. It's not uncommon, for
example, for the ridge of the roof to
sit 1 2 ft. or more off the floor. Yet
as difficult as these problems might
seem, they can both be overcome.
As you'll see, the layout can be
simplified by understanding and
using the geometry that forms the
basis of roof framing and by using
a site-built jig. The installation can
be managed by developing a wellthoughtout plan for lifting the
materials into place.
Laying Out the Roof
There are two basic ways to
approach the layout of a stick-built
roof. The first is to use a non mathematical
approach. The most common
non mathematical technique
(and the first one I learned as a
STICK-BUILT ROOFS
young carpenter) is to scribe the
rafter in place. To do this, posts are
set up to hold the ridge centered at
the correct height above the bearing
walls. The height of the ridge is
determined either by math ( I'll discuss
the process below) or by scaling
the height from the blueprint.

Once the ridge is in place, two carpenters

(one at each end) hold the
rafter material so that it runs past
both the ridge and the top plate of
the wall. Then they scribe the top
and bottom cuts directly onto the
rafter material. After the first rafter
is cut, it serves as a pattern for the
rest of the roof.
If you're working alone, nonmathemati
cal approaches like this one
take too much time. It's possible to
rig up a bracket to hold the rafter
as you mark it, but it's far easier to
compute the key dimensions mathematically.
This situation is similar
to the problems associated with
squaring up a foundation, and the
math used to solve those problems
is also similar to the solution here.
For the balance of this chapter, I'll
use an example to walk you throughg :
8. Create a class named Television that has data members to hold the model numbe
r and
the screen size in inches,and the price.Member functions include overloaded inse
rtion
and extraction operators.If more than four digits are entered for the model,if t
he screen
size is smaller than 12 or greater than 70 inches, or if the price is negative o
r over
$5000 then throw an integer.Write a main() function that instantiates a televisi
on
object,allows user to enter data and displays the data members .If an exception
is
caught ,replace all the data member values with zero values.
GROUP B:
1. Assignments to understand functions available in graphics library such as,
(a) Text and Graphics mode, initialization of graphics mode, graphics drivers, s
witching
between text and graphics mode, error handling.
(b) Color, Color Palette, Aspect ratio, Text: fonts, alignment, size, orientatio
n and
justification.
(c) Graphics Primitives: Pixel, Line, Circle, Ellipse, Polygons, Line styles, Ba
r graphs, Pie
Charts, Histograms, filling a polygon, windowing.
(d) Writing a Graphics Editor
2. Write a program to implement algorithm for line and circle drawing.
3. Write a program to implement algorithm for filling a polygon using scan-fill
method.
4. Write a program to implement 2-D transformations.
5. Case study of any graphics tool.
36
Instructor will frame assignments based on the suggested assignments as given ab
ove.
Instructors are expected to incorporate variations in above list.
Students will submit Term Work in the form of a journal that will include at lea
st 13
assignments. Each programming assignment will consists of pseudo-algorithm, prog
ram listing

with proper documentation and printout of the output.

Practical Examination will be based on the term work and questions will be asked
to judge
understanding Taking a tour of OpenOffice.org Draw .............................
.................334
Layout with OpenOffice.Org Math ................................................
.............337
Starting it up .................................................................
.......................337
Taking a tour of OpenOffice.org Math ...........................................
...338
Configuring Printing for OpenOffice.org ........................................
............342
Chapter 18: Multimedia Wow! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .345
Checking Your Sound Card .......................................................
...................346
Looking into Your Mixer ........................................................
......................346
Investigating Troublesome Sound Issues .........................................
.........347
Listening to CDs ...............................................................
.............................348
Listening to Internet Radio ....................................................
......................349
Listening to Downloaded Music ..................................................
...............351
Ripping Music Tracks from CDs ..................................................
...............352
Burning CDs and DVDs ...........................................................
.....................354
Creating and Modifying Graphics ................................................
...............355
Watchin Movies ..................................................................
.........................356
xiv Linux For Dummies, 6th Edition
Chapter 19: Windows-Only Media Formats and Programs . . . . . . . .359
Commercial Software ............................................................
.......................360
CodeWeavers ....................................................................
...................360
Win4Lin ........................................................................
........................361
Cedega .........................................................................
.........................362
VMware .........................................................................
.......................363
Installing and Using Wine ......................................................
......................364
Part V: The Part of Tens .............................................367
Chapter 20: Ten Troubleshooting Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .369
The Linux Installer Froze ........................................................
..................370
For Fedora Core Users ..........................................................
.......................371
I Told the Installer to Test My Graphics, and They Failed ...................372
The Installer Tested My Graphics Fine, but My GUI Won t Start ........373
I Think I m in Linux, but I Don t Know What to Do! ..............................373
I Don t Want to Boot into This! ....................................................

............375
Changing your boot environment permanently ..........................375
Changing your boot environment just for now ...............................376
I Want to Change Screen Resolutions ..............................................
.......376
My GUI Is Hung, and I m Stuck! .....................................................
...........377
Help, My Machine Hangs During Boot! ..............................................
.....377
Aaargh! I Forgot My Root Password! What Do I Do? .............................378
Chapter 21: Ten Cool Uses for Knoppix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .379
Rescuing Files off of a Machine that Won t Boot ..................................
....379
Recovering a Root Password with Knoppix ........................................
......381
Functioning as a Portable Desktop ..............................................
..............383
Installing Knoppix .............................................................
...........................384
Keeping Knoppix Up to Date .....................................................
..................386
Installing New Software in LiveCD Knoppix ......................................
........388
Installing New Software on an Installed Knoppix System .......................38
8
Adding More Software Repositories ..............................................
............389
Aren t Sure a Machine Actually Works? ............................................
.........390
Exploring Tons of Linux Tools ..................................................
..................391
Part VI: Appendixes ...................................................393
Appendix A: Common Linux Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.395
Linux Commands by Function .....................................................
...............395
Archiving and compressing ......................................................
.........396
Built-in bash commands .........................................................
...........396
Table of Contents xv
Getting Help ...................................................................
...............................397
Files and file system ..........................................................
.................398
mtools .........................................................................
.........................400
System control .................................................................
...................401
Appendix B: About the DVD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .405
System Requirements ............................................................
......................406
Using the DVD-ROM ..............................................................
.......................407
Booting from the DVD-ROM .......................................................
.......407
Booting from a Linux floppy disk ...............................................
......408

What You Find in Fedora Core 3 .................................................

................408
If You ve Got Problems (Of the DVD-ROM Kind) .....................................
.409
Index........................................................................411
xvi Linux For Dummies, 6th Edition
Introduction
Welcome to the fascinating world of open source software that is Linux.
In this book, I introduce you to the wonders of the Linux operating
system, originally created as a labor of love by Linus Torvalds in the early
1990s. My goal is to initiate you into the rapidly growing ranks of Linux users
and enthusiasts busily rewriting the rules for the operating system marketplace.
If you ve contemplated switching to Linux but find the prospect too forbidding,
you can relax. If you can boil water or set your alarm clock, you, too, can
become a Linux user. (No kidding!)
When this book appeared in its first edition, Linux was an emerging phenomenon
that was neither terribly well known nor understood. In this edition
for a new generation of Linux users
so much material is available that I have
steered this particular title toward what Linux is and how you can make the
best use of it on your desktop. To that end, these pages contain various online
resources, tips, and tricks, as well as more general instruction. If you re lookin
g
for material on servers, many other books can serve your needs.
I keep the amount of technobabble to a minimum and stick with plain English
as much as possible. Besides plain talk about Linux installation, boot-up, confi
guration,
and tuning, I include many examples, plus lots of detailed instructions
to help you build and manage your very own Linux machine with a
minimum of stress or confusion.
I also include with this book a handy DVD-ROM that contains Fedora Core 3
and Knoppix, along with the CD-ROM images (the files you use to burn your
own CDs) for Linspire, Mandrake, SuSE, and Xandros. (To find out what exactly
is included on the DVD-ROM, see Appendix B.) If you have no idea of what
any of these items are, don t worry. You ll know soon enough!
About This Book
Think of this book as a friendly, approachable guide to tackling terminology
and the Linux collection of tools, utilities, and widgets. Although Linux isn t
terribly hard to figure out, it does pack a boatload of details, parameters, and
administrivia (administrative trivia, in Unixspeak). You need to wrestle those
2 Linux For Dummies, 6th Edition
details into shape while you install, configure, manage, and troubleshoot a
Linux-based computer. Some sample topics you find in this book include the
following:
 Understanding where Linux comes from and what it can do for you
 Installing the Linux operating system
 Working with a Linux system to manage files and add software
 Setting up Internet access and surfing the Web
 Customizing your Linux system
 Managing Linux system security and resources
Although it may seem, at first glance, that working with Linux requires years
of hands-on experience, tons of trial and error, advanced computer science
training, and intense dedication, take heart! It s not true! If you can tell someb
ody
how to find your office, you can certainly build a Linux system that
does what you want. The purpose of this book isn t to turn you into a fullblown
Linux geek (that s the ultimate state of Linux enlightenment, of course);
it s to show you the ins and outs that you need to master in order to build a