rafter material. After the first rafter is cut, it serves as a pattern for the rest of the roof.

If you're working alone, nonmathemati cal approaches like this one take too much time. It's possible to rig up a bracket to hold the rafter as you mark it, but it's far easier to compute the key dimensions mathematically. This situation is similar to the problems associated with squaring up a foundation, and the math used to solve those problems is also similar to the solution here. For the balance of this chapter, I'll use an example to walk you throughg : 8. Create a class named Television that has data members to hold the model numbe r and the screen sizis the outcome of many years of experiment conducted by the Cathol ic F.I.C. brothers of the Netherlands, and the German Volunteer Service instruct ors, in simple building techniques required for a rural community. The National Vocational Training Centre is very grateful to Brothers John v. Win den and Marcel de Keijzer of F.I.C. and Messrs. Fritz Hohnerlein and Wolfram Pfo rte for their devoted service in preparing the necessary materials for the book; we are also grateful to the German Volunteer Service and the German Foundation For International Development (DSE) - AUT, who sponsored the publication of this book. We are confident that the book will be of immense value to the instructors and t rainees in our training centres. DIRECTOR: National Vocational Training Institute, Accra Copyright by Stichting Kongregatie F.I.C. Brusselsestraat 38 6211 PG Maastricht Nederland Alle Rechte vorbehalten All rights reserved. 2 INTRODUCTION TO A RURAL BUILDING COURSE Vocational training in Rural Building started in the Nandom Practical Vocational Centre in 1970. Since then this training has developed into an official four ye ar course with a programme emphasis on realistic vocational training. At the end of 1972 the Rural Building Course was officially recognised by the Na tional Vocational Training Institute. This institute guides and controls all the vocational training in Ghana, supervises the development of crafts, and sets th e examinations that are taken at the end of the training periods. The Rural Building programme combines carpentry and masonry, especially the tech niques required for constructing housing and building sanitary and washing facil ities, and storage facilities. The course is adapted to suit conditions in the r ural areas and will be useful to those interested in rural development, and to f armers and agricultural workers. While following this course, the instructor should try to foster in the trainee a sense of pride in his traditional way of building and design which is influenc ed by customs, climate and belief. The trainee should also be aware of the requi rements of modern society, the links between the old and new techniques, between traditional and modern designs - and how best to strike a happy medium between the two with regard to considerations like health protection, storage space, sew age and the water supply. The trainee should be encouraged to judge situations i n the light of his own knowledge gained from the course, and to find his own sol

utions to problems; that is why this course does not provide fixed solutions but rather gives basic technical information. The instructor can adapt the course t o the particular situation with which he and the trainee are faced. This course is the result of many years of work and experimentation with differe nt techniques. The text has been frequently revised to serve all those intereste d in Rural Development, and it is hoped that this course will be used in many vo cational centres and communities. It is also the sincere wish of the founders of this course that the trainees should feel at the completion of their training t hat they are able to contribute personally to the development of the rural areas , which is of such vital importance to any other general development. We are grateful to the Brothers F.I.C., the National Vocational Training Institu te and the German Volunteer Service for their assistance and support during the preparation of this course. Bro. John v. Winden (F.I.C.) Wolfram Pforte (G.V.S.) Fritz Hohnerlein (G.V.S.) 3 LAY-OUT OF THE RURAL BUILDING COURSE The Rural Building Course is a block-release-system course, which means that the trainee will be trained in turn at the vocational centre and at the building si te. The period of training at the centre is called off-the-job training, and the p eriod on the building site is called on-the-job training. Each will last for two y ears, so that the whole course will take four years and will end with the final test for the National Craftsmanship Certificate. BLOCK RELEASE SYSTEM YEAR TERM 1 TERM 2 TERM 3 1 X X X 2e in inches,and the price.Member functions include overloaded insertion and extraction operators.If more than four digits are entered for the model,if t he screen size is smaller than 12 or greater than 70 inches, or if the price is negative o r over $5000 then throw an integer.Write a main() function that instantiates a televisi on object,allows user to enter data and displays the data members .If an exception is caught ,replace all the data member values with zero values. GROUP B: 1. Assignments to understand functions available in graphics library such as, (a) Text and Graphics mode, initialization of graphics mode, graphics drivers, s witching between text and graphics mode, error handling. (b) Color, Color Palette, Aspect ratio, Text: fonts, alignment, size, orientatio n and justification. (c) Graphics Primitives: Pixel, Line, Circle, Ellipse, Polygons, Line styles, Ba r graphs, Pie Charts, Histograms, filling a polygon, windowing. (d) Writing a Graphics Editor 2. Write a program to implement algorithm for line and circle drawing. 3. Write a program to implement algorithm for filling a polygon using scan-fill method. 4. Write a program to implement 2-D transformations. 5. Case study of any graphics tool.

36 Instructor will frame assignments based on the suggested assignments as given ab ove. Instructors are expected to incorporate variations in above list. Students will submit Term Work in the form of a journal that will include at lea st 13 assignments. Each programming assignment will consists of pseudo-algorithm, prog ram listing with proper documentation and printout of the output. Practical Examination will be based on the term work and questions will be asked to judge understanding Taking a tour of OpenOffice.org Draw ............................. .................334 Layout with OpenOffice.Org Math ................................................ .............337 Starting it up ................................................................. .......................337 Taking a tour of OpenOffice.org Math ........................................... ...338 Configuring Printing for OpenOffice.org ........................................ ............342 Chapter 18: Multimedia Wow! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 Checking Your Sound Card ....................................................... ...................346 Looking into Your Mixer ........................................................ ......................346 Investigating Troublesome Sound Issues ......................................... .........347 Listening to CDs ............................................................... .............................348 Listening to Internet Radio .................................................... ......................349 Listening to Downloaded Music .................................................. ...............351 Ripping Music Tracks from CDs .................................................. ...............352 Burning CDs and DVDs ........................................................... .....................354 Creating and Modifying Graphics ................................................ ...............355 Watchin Movies .................................................................. .........................356 xiv Linux For Dummies, 6th Edition Chapter 19: Windows-Only Media Formats and Programs . . . . . . . .359 Commercial Software ............................................................ .......................360 CodeWeavers .................................................................... ...................360 Win4Lin ........................................................................ ........................361 Cedega ......................................................................... .........................362 VMware ......................................................................... .......................363 Installing and Using Wine ...................................................... ......................364 Part V: The Part of Tens .............................................367 Chapter 20: Ten Troubleshooting Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369

The Linux Installer Froze ........................................................ ..................370 For Fedora Core Users .......................................................... .......................371 I Told the Installer to Test My Graphics, and They Failed ...................372 The Installer Tested My Graphics Fine, but My GUI Won t Start ........373 I Think I m in Linux, but I Don t Know What to Do! ..............................373 I Don t Want to Boot into This! .................................................... ............375 Changing your boot environment permanently ..........................375 Changing your boot environment just for now ...............................376 I Want to Change Screen Resolutions .............................................. .......376 My GUI Is Hung, and I m Stuck! ..................................................... ...........377 Help, My Machine Hangs During Boot! .............................................. .....377 Aaargh! I Forgot My Root Password! What Do I Do? .............................378 Chapter 21: Ten Cool Uses for Knoppix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379 Rescuing Files off of a Machine that Won t Boot .................................. ....379 Recovering a Root Password with Knoppix ........................................ ......381 Functioning as a Portable Desktop .............................................. ..............383 Installing Knoppix ............................................................. ...........................384 Keeping Knoppix Up to Date ..................................................... ..................386 Installing New Software in LiveCD Knoppix ...................................... ........388 Installing New Software on an Installed Knoppix System .......................38 8 Adding More Software Repositories .............................................. ............389 Aren t Sure a Machine Actually Works? ............................................ .........390 Exploring Tons of Linux Tools .................................................. ..................391 Part VI: Appendixes ...................................................393 Appendix A: Common Linux Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 Linux Commands by Function ..................................................... ...............395 Archiving and compressing ...................................................... .........396 Built-in bash commands ......................................................... ...........396 Table of Contents xv Getting Help ................................................................... ...............................397 Files and file system .......................................................... .................398 mtools ......................................................................... .........................400 System control ................................................................. ...................401 Appendix B: About the DVD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405

System Requirements ............................................................ ......................406 Using the DVD-ROM .............................................................. .......................407 Booting from the DVD-ROM ....................................................... .......407 Booting from a Linux floppy disk ............................................... ......408 What You Find in Fedora Core 3 ................................................. ................408 If You ve Got Problems (Of the DVD-ROM Kind) ..................................... .409 Index........................................................................411 xvi Linux For Dummies, 6th Edition Introduction Welcome to the fascinating world of open source software that is Linux. In this book, I introduce you to the wonders of the Linux operating system, originally created as a labor of love by Linus Torvalds in the early 1990s. My goal is to initiate you into the rapidly growing ranks of Linux users and enthusiasts busily rewriting the rules for the operating system marketplace. If you ve contemplated switching to Linux but find the prospect too forbidding, you can relax. If you can boil water or set your alarm clock, you, too, can become a Linux user. (No kidding!) When this book appeared in its first edition, Linux was an emerging phenomenon that was neither terribly well known nor understood. In this edition for a new generation of Linux users so much material is available that I have steered this particular title toward what Linux is and how you can make the best use of it on your desktop. To that end, these pages contain various online resources, tips, and tricks, as well as more general instruction. If you re lookin g for material on servers, many other books can serve your needs. I keep the amount of technobabble to a minimum and stick with plain English as much as possible. Besides plain talk about Linux installation, boot-up, confi guration, and tuning, I include many examples, plus lots of detailed instructions to help you build and manage your very own Linux machine with a minimum of stress or confusion. I also include with this book a handy DVD-ROM that contains Fedora Core 3 and Knoppix, along with the CD-ROM images (the files you use to burn your own CDs) for Linspire, Mandrake, SuSE, and Xandros. (To find out what exactly is included on the DVD-ROM, see Appendix B.) If you have no idea of what any of these items are, don t worry. You ll know soon enough! About This Book Think of this book as a friendly, approachable guide to tackling terminology and the Linux collection of tools, utilities, and widgets. Although Linux isn t terribly hard to figure out, it does pack a boatload of details, parameters, and administrivia (administrative trivia, in Unixspeak). You need to wrestle those 2 Linux For Dummies, 6th Edition details into shape while you install, configure, manage, and troubleshoot a Linux-based computer. Some sample topics you find in this book include the following: Understanding where Linux comes from and what it can do for you Installing the Linux operating system Working with a Linux system to manage files and add software Setting up Internet access and surfing the Web Customizing your Linux system Managing Linux system security and resources Although it may seem, at first glance, that working with Linux requires years of hands-on experience, tons of trial and error, advanced computer science training, and intense dedication, take heart! It s not true! If you can tell someb

ody how to find your office, you can certainly build a Linux system that does what you want. The purpose of this book isn t to turn you into a fullblown Linux geek (that s the ultimate state of Linux enlightenment, of course); it s to show you the ins and outs that you need to master in order to build a