1. Which activity is not normally performed by managerial accountants a. Decide the best level of inventory to be maintained b.

Assisting managers to interpret data in managerial accounting reports c. Designing systems to provide information for internal and external reports d. Gathering data from sources other than the accounting system 2. For a hospital, what type of position (line or staff) is each of the following Emergency Room Manager Human Resources (Personnel) Manager a. Staff Staff b. Staff Line c. Line Staff d. Line Line 3. The set of processes that transform raw materials into finished products is known as a a. Differentiation strategy b. Flexible manufacturing system c. Lowest cost strategy d. Value chain 4. An MAS consultation as opposed to an MAS engagement, generally involves advice of information given by a CPA that is based upon a. An analytical approach and process b. Existing personal knowledge about the client c. An incidental effort devoted to a combination of activities d. The CPAs ability to implement managements recommendation 5. Which of the following statements is true a. Harmonious relationship with the client is not essential in successfully conducting the problem solving process in a consultancy engagement b. There is no need to prepare a written announcement to the clients employees on the appointment of the consultant as well as the terms of the consulting engagement if a contract has already been drawn and signed by the clients representative and consultant c. Continuing to take on every consulting opportunities could mean that the consultants growth in expertise and reputation are not advancing d. A consultant can simply dump or abandon a client when the same does not promise to be financially rewarding to the practice anymore 6. Which group of characteristics best describes decision support system a. Analytical models, specialized databases, and interactive computer-based modelling process b. Analytical models, specialized databases, and interactive computer-based modelling process, and the decision makers own insights and judgments c. Analytical models, programming models, application models, and interactive computer-based modelling process d. Expert systems, model based information, electronic data interchange and the decision makers own insight and judgments 7. Microcomputer systems have enhanced use with systems software and application software. Which one of the following statements concerning microcomputer systems is false a. Database management systems are available for microcomputer systems b. An operating system program is critical software package for microcomputers c. Electronic spreadsheet packages are types of applications software for microcomputers d. Integrated packages are examples of operating systems for microcomputers 8. Which of the following will cause a decrease in a companys accounts receivable turnover ratio a. Tighten credit standards b. Enforce credit terms more aggressively

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c. Ease enforcement of credit terms d. Factor all accounts receivable Jack & Sons, Inc. has a 2:1 acid test (quick) ratio. This would decrease to less than 2 to 1 if a. The company purchased inventory on open account b. The company sold merchandise on open account that earned a normal gross margin c. The company collected an accounts receivable d. The company paid an accounts payable Slippers Mart has sales of P3 million its credit period and average collection period are both 30 days, and 1% of its sales end as bad debts. The general manager intends to extend the credit period of 45 days which will increase sales by P300,000. However, bad debts losses on the incremental sales would be 3%. Costs of products and related expenses amount to 40% exclusive of the costs carrying receivables of 15% and bad debts expenses. Assuming 360 days a year, the changes in policy would result to incremental investment in receivables of a. 24,704 b. 701,573 c. 65,000 d. 9,750 The following common-size income statements are available for Kathy Corporation 2010 2009 Sales 100% 100% Cost of Sales 60% 70% Gross Profit 40% 30% Operating Expenses 20% 18% Net Income 20% 12% The trend percentage for sales 120% 100% What should be the trend percentage of gross profit for 2010? a. 48% b. 130% c. 160% d. 195% On budgeting, all of the following are not valid, except a. A sales budget and a sales forecasted are the same thing b. Responsibility budget identifies revenue and costs with the individual responsible for their incurrence c. The best way to establish budget figures is to use last years actual cost and activity data as this years budget estimates d. The primary purpose of the cash budget is to show the expected cash balance at the end of the budget period Allocated common fixed costs a. Can make a product line appear to be unprofitable b. Are always incremental costs c. Are always relevant in decisions involving dropping a product line d. Responses a, b and c are all correct The internal rate of return a. Ignores the time value of money b. Equates a projects cash inflows with its outflows c. Equates a projects cash outflows with its expenses d. Equates the present value of a projects cash inflows with the present value of the cash outflows e. Equates the present value of a projects cash flows with the future value of the projects cash flows Consider the following statements regarding the economic pricing model

I. II.

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The economic model is limited in use because a firms demand curve is difficult to determine The marginal revenue and marginal cost model is valid for all forms of market organization (perfect competition, oligopoly, and so forth) III. Cost accounting systems are not designed to measure the marginal changes in cost incurred as production and sales increase Which of the above statement/s is (are) true a. I only b. III only c. I and III d. II and III e. I, II, and III The four tasks that follow take place in the concept known as target costing 1 Value engineering 3 Establish a target cost 2 Establish a target selling price 4 Establish a target profit a. 1,3,4,2 b. 3,1,4,2 c. 2,4,3,1 d. 2,3,1,4 The purpose of the balance scorecard is best described as helping an organization a. Develop customer relations b. Mobilize employee skills for continuous improvements in processing capabilities, quality and response times c. Translate an organizations mission and strategy into a set of performance measures that help to implement the strategy d. Introduce innovate products and services desired by target customers As a company becomes more conservative in its working capital policy, it would tend to have a(n) a. Decrease in its acid-test ratio b. Increase in the ratio of current liabilities to noncurrent liabilities c. Increase in the ratio of current assets to units of output d. Increase in funds invested in common stock and decrease in funds invested in marketable securities Spike Co.s budgeted sales and budgeted cost of sales for the coming year are P212,000,000 and P132,500,000 respectively. Short-term interest rates are expected to average 5%. If Spike could increase inventory turnover from its current 8.0 times per year to 10.0 times per year, its expected cost savings in the current year would be a. 165,625 b. 0 c. 3,312,500 d. 828,125 A firm has daily cash receipts of P100,000 and collection time of 2 days. A bank has offered to reduce the collection time on the firms deposits by 2 days for a monthly fee of 500. If money market rates are expected to average 6% during the year, the net annual benefit (loss) from having this service is a. 3,000 b. 12,000 c. 0 d. 6,000 The term short selling is the a. Selling of a security that was purchased by borrowing money from a broker b. Selling of a security that is not owned by the seller c. Selling of all the shares you own in a company in anticipation that the price will decline dramatically

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d. Betting that a stock will increase by certain amount within a given period of time A company with P4.8 million in credit sales per year plans to relax its credit standards, projecting that this will increase credit sales by P720,000. The companys collection period for new customers is expected to be 75 days and the payment behaviour of the existing customers is not expected to change. Variable costs are 80% of sales. The firms opportunity cost is 20% before taxes. Assuming a 360-day year, what is the companys benefit (loss) on the planned change in credit terms a. 0 b. 28,800 c. 144,000 d. 120,000 Which one of the following would not be considered a carrying associated with inventory a. Insurance cost b. Cost of capital invested in the inventory c. Cost of obsolescence d. Shipping costs Malay Corporation uses the standard economic order quantity (EOQ) model. If the EOQ for Product A is 200 units and Malay maintains a 50-unit safety stock for the item, what is the average inventory of Product A a. 250 units b. 150 units c. 125 units d. 100 units Assuming a 360-day year, the current price of a P100 treasury bill due in 180 days on a 6% discount basis is a. P97 b. P94 c. P100 d. P93 A company had P500,000 of sales for the year jus ended and is projecting sales of P600,000 for the coming year. For every P1 increase in sales, 38 centavos of additional financing is required for the purchase of additional assets. The projected profit margin is 20%, and 60% of profits will be retained for reinvestment in the company. The amount of additional external financing needed by the company in the coming year is a. P0 b. P38,000 c. P86,000 d. P110,000 Game Corporations P1,000 par value convertible debentures are selling at P1,040 when its stock is selling for P46 per share. If the conversion ratio is 20, what will be the conversion price a. P22.61 b. P46 c. P50 d. P52 The best advantage of a zero-coupon bond to the issuer is that the a. Bond requires a low issuance cost b. Bonds requires no interest income calculation to the holder or issuer until maturity c. Interest can be amortized annually by the APR method and need not be shown as an interest expense to the issuer d. Interest can be amortized annually on a straight-line basis but is a noncash outlay A high sales-to-working-capital ratio could indicate a. Unprofitable use of working capital b. Sales are not adequate relative to available working capital

c. The firm is undercapitalized d. The firm is not susceptible to liquidity problems 30. Baylor Company paid out one-half of last years earnings in dividends. Baylors earnings increased by 20% and the amount of its dividends increased by 15% in the current year. Baylors dividend payout ratio for the current year was a. 50% b. 57.5% c. 47.9% d. 78% 31. When compared with normal spoilage, abnormal spoilage a. Arises more frequently from factors that are inherent in the manufacturing process b. Is given the same accounting treatment as normal spoilage c. Is generally thought to be more controllable by production management than normal spoilage d. Is not typically influenced by the tightness of production standards 32. The upper limit of a companys productive output capacity given its existing resources is called a. Excess capacity b. Cycle-time capacity c. Practical capacity d. Theoretical capacity 33. The responsibility for safeguarding financial assets and arranging financial is given to the a. Controller b. Chief financial officer c. Comptroller d. Treasurer 34. The budgeted total volume of 250,000 units was based upon Xerberts achieving a market share of 10%. Actual industry volume was 2,580,000 units. Xerberts increased volume owing to improved market share is a. 100% b. 80% c. 20% d. 4% Questions 35 and 36 are based on the following information. A company manufactures a product that has the direct materials, standard cost presented below. Budgeted and actual information for the current month for the manufacture of the finished product and the purchase and use of the direct materials is also presented Standard cost for direct materials: 1.60lbs @P2.50 per lb =P4 Budget Actual Finished goods (in units) 30,000 32,000 Direct materials usage (in pounds) 48,000 51,000 Direct materials purchases (in pounds) 48,000 50,000 Total cost of direct materials purchases P120,000 P120,000 35. The direct materials price variance for the current month is a. P7,500 unfavorable b. Zero c. P5,000 favorable d. P5,100 favorable 36. The direct materials efficiency variance for the current month is a. P500 favorable b. P3,000 favorable c. P7,500 unfavorable d. P8,000 unfavorable

37. A PERT network has only two activities on its critical path. These activities have standard deviations of 6 and 8, respectively. The standard deviation of the project time is a. 7 b. 10 c. 14 d. 48 38. Klaus is a divisional manager for Tot Toys. He has been assigned the task of creating a production budget for his division, which produces the companys most popular stuffed animal. Budgeted sales for this toy for the next year have been set at 650,000 units, desired ending finished goods inventory is 200,000 units, and Klaus would like there to be 100,000 equivalent units in ending work-in-process inventory. The starting finished goods inventory for the next year will be 300,000 units, with 75,000 equivalent units in beginning work-inprocess inventory. How many equivalent units should Klaus plan for his division to produce a. 550,000 b. 575,000 c. 725,000 d. 925,000 Questions 39 and 40 are based on the following information. Fabro Inc., produced 1,500 units of Product RX-6 last week. The inputs to the production process for Product RX-6 were as follows: 450 pounds of Material A at a cost of P1.50 per pound 300 pounds of Material A at a cost of P2.75 per pound 300 labor hours at a cost of P15 per hour 39. What is the total factor productivity for product RX-6 a. 2.00 units per pound b. 5.00 units per hour c. 0.25 units per peso input d. 0.33 units per peso input 40. What is the best productivity measure for the first-line supervisor in Fabro Inc.s production plant a. 5.00 units per labor hour b. P2.00 per pound c. 0.33 units per peso input d. P15.00 per labor hour Questions 41 to 44 are based on the following information. Ardmore Enterprises uses a standard cost system in its small appliance division. The standard cost of manufacturing one unit of Zeb is as follows: Materials 60 pounds at P1.50 per pound P90 Labor 3 hours at P12 per hour 36 Factory overhead 3 hours at P8 per hour 24 The budgeted variable factory overhead rate is P3 per labor hour and the budgeted fixed factory overhead is P27,000 per month. During May, Ardmore produced 1,650 units of Zeb compared with a normal capacity of 1,800 units. The actual cost per unit was as follows: Materials (purchased and used)58 lbs at P1.65 per lbs P95.70 Labor 3.1 hours at P12 per hour 37.20 Factory overhead P39,930 per 1,650 units 24.20 41. The total materials quantity variance for May is a. P14,355 favorable b. P14,355 unfavorable c. P4,950 favorable d. P4,950 unfavorable 42. The materials price variance for May is a. P14,355 unfavorable b. P14,850 unfavorable c. P14,355 favorable

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d. P14,850 favorable The labor rate variance for May is a. P1,920 favorable b. P0 c. P4,950 unfavorable d. P4,950 favorable The flexible budget overhead variance for May is a. P3,270 unfavorable b. P3,270 favorable c. P1,920 unfavorable d. P1,920 favorable If overhead is applied on the basis of units of output, the variable overhead efficiency variance will be a. Zero b. Favorable, if output exceeds the budgeted level c. Unfavorable, if output is less than the budgeted level d. A function of the direct labor efficiency variance Which one of the following statements pertaining to the return on investment (ROI) as a performance measurement is incorrect? a. When the average age of assets differs substantially across segments of a business, the use of ROI may not be appropriate b. ROI relies on financial measures that are capable of being independently verified, while other forms of performance measures are subject to manipulation c. The use of ROI may lead mangers to reject capital investment projects that can be justified by using discounted cash flow models d. They use of ROI can make it undesirable for a skilful manager to take on trouble-shooting assignments such as those involving turning around unprofitable divisions Charlies Service Co., is a service center. For the month of June, Charlies had the following operating statistics Sales P750,000 Operating income 25,000 Net profit after taxes 8,000 Total assets available 500,000 Shareholders equity 200,000 Cost of capital 6% Charlies has a a. Return on investment of 3.33% b. Residual income of P(5,000) c. Return on investment of 6% d. Residual income of P(20,000) Assume Avionics Industrials reported at year-end that operating income before taxes for the year equalled P2,400,000. Long-term debt issued by Avionics has a coupon rate equal to 6% and its cost of equity is 8%. The book value of the debt currently equals its fair value, and the book value of the equity capital for Avionics is P900,000 less than its fair value. Current assets are listed at P2,000,000 and long-term assets equal P9,600,000. The claims against those assets are in the form of P1,500,000 in current liabilities and P2,200,00 in long term liabilities. The income tax rate for Avionics is 30 percent. What is the economic value added (EVA) a. P731,240 b. P948,760 c. P1,668,760

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d. P1,680,000 Goal congruence is a. The desire and the commitment to achieve a specific goal b. The sharing of goals by supervisors and subordinates c. The extent to which individuals have the authority to make decisions d. The extent of the attempt to accomplish a specific goal A limitation of transfer prices based on actual cost is that they a. Charge inefficiency to the department that is transferring the goods b. Can lead to suboptimal decisions for the company as a whole c. Must be adjusted by some mark-up d. Lack clarity and administrative convenience Assume that the Entertainment Division is able to purchase a large quantity of video cards from an outside source at P8.70 per unit. The Video Cards Division, having excess capacity, agrees to lower its transfer price P8.70 per unit. This action would a. Optimize the profit goals of the Entertainment Division while subverting the profit goals of Parkside Inc b. Allow evaluation of both divisions on the same basis c. Subvert the profit goals of the Video Cards Division while optimizing the profit goals of the Entertainment Division d. Optimize the overall profit goals of Parkside Inc Which of the following is a weakness of using MBO for motivating employees? a. Employees may believe that they control situations that arise in the company b. Employees maybe forced to place too much emphasis on quantitative factors c. Employees may participate too much in the goal-setting process d. Employees may become too trusting and too dependent on the team to get things done American Coat Company estimates that 60,000 special zippers will be used in the manufacture of mens jackets during the next year. Reese Zipper Company has quoted a price of P0.60 per zipper. American would prefer to purchase 5,000 units per month, but Reese is unable to guarantee this delivery schedule, in order to endure availability of these zippers, American is considering the purchase of all 60,000 units at the beginning of the year. Assuming American can invest cash at 8%, the companys opportunity cost of purchasing the 60,000 units at the beginning of the year is a. P1,320 b. P1,440 c. P1,500 d. P2,640 Power Systems, Inc. manufactures jet engines for the AFP on a cost-plus basis. The cost of a particular jet engine the company manufactures is shown below Direct materials P200,000 Direct labor 150,000 Overhead: Supervisors salary 20,000 Fringe benefits on direct labor 15,000 Depreciation 12,000 Rent 11,000 If production of this engine were discontinued, the production capacity would be idle, and the supervisor would be laid off. When asked to bid on the next contract for this engine, the minimum unit price that Power System should bid is a. P408,000 b. P365,000 c. P397,000 d. P385,000

55. Market-skimming pricing strategies could be appropriate when a. No buyers want the product at a high price b. The cost of producing a small volume are low c. Competitors can easily enter the market d. The product is of poor quality 56. A companys product has an expected 4-year life cycle from research, development, and design through its withdrawal from the market. Budgeted costs are Upstream costs (R&D, design) P2,000,000 Manufacturing costs 3,000,000 Downstream costs (marketing, distribution, Customer service) 1,200,000 After-purchase costs 1,000,000 The plans to produce 200,000 units and price the product at 125% of the whole-life unit cost. Thus, the budgeted unit selling price is a. P15 b. P31 c. P36 d. P45 57. In production management, product breakdown into component parts and lead times for procuring these parts is necessary for a. A critical path method (CPM) system b. A materials requirements planning (MRP) system c. An economic order quantity (EOQ) system d. An ABC system 58. The inventory model that follows the concept that 80% of the value of an inventory is in 20% of the inventory items is the a. ABC system b. Economic order quantity (EOQ) model c. Just-it-time inventory system d. Materials requirements planning (MRP) system Questions 59 and 60 are based on the following information. The Huron Corporation purchases 60,000 headbands per year. The average purchase lead time is 20 working days. Maximum lead time is 27 working days. The corporation works 240 days per year 59. Huron Corporation should carry safety stock of a. 5,000 units b. 6,750 units c. 1,750 units d. 250 units 60. Huron Corporation should reorder headbands when quantity in inventory reaches a. 5,000 units b. 6,750 units c. 1,750 units d. 5,250 units 61. Product A accounts for 75% of a companys total sales revenue and 60% of its variance costs. Product B accounts for 25% of total sales revenue and 85% of variable costs. What is the breakeven point given fixed costs of P150,000 a. P375,000 b. P444,444 c. P500,000

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d. P545,455 A companys breakeven point in sales pesos maybe affected by equal percentage increases in both selling price and variable cost per unit (assume all other factors are constant within the relevant range). The equal percentage changes in selling price and variable cost per unit will cause the breakeven point in sales pesos to a. Decrease by less than the percentage increase in selling price b. Decrease by more than the percentage increase in the selling price c. Increase by the percentage change in variable cost per unit d. Remain unchanged The Childers Company sell widgets. The Company breaks even at an annual sales volume of 75,000 units. Actual annual sales volume was 100,000 units, and the company reported a profit of P200,000. The annual fixed costs for the Childers Company are a. P800,000 b. P600,000 c. P75,000 d. Insufficient information to determine amount of fixed costs A depreciation tax shield is a. An after-tax cash outflow b. A reduction in income taxes c. The cash provided by recording depreciation d. The expense caused by depreciation The bailout payback method a. Incorporates the time value of money b. Equals the recovery period from normal operations c. Eliminates the disposal values from the payback calculation d. Measures the risk is a project is terminated Garfield, Inc is considering a 10-year capital investment project with forecasted revenues of P40,000 per year and forecasted cash operating expenses of P29,000 per year. The initial cost of the equipment for the project is P23,000, and Garfield expects to sell the equipment for P9,000 at the end of the tenth year. The equipment will be depreciated over 7 years. The project requires a working capital investment of P7,000 at its inception and another P5,000 at the end of year 5. Assuming a 40% marginal tax rate, the expected net cash flow from the project in the tenth year is a. P32,000 b. P24,000 c. P20,000 d. P11,000 The proper discount rate to use in calculating certainty equivalent net present value is the a. Risk-adjusted discount rate b. Cost of capital c. Risk-free rate d. Cost of equity capital The use of an accelerated method instead of the straight-line method of depreciation in computing the net present value of a project has the effect of a. Raising the hurdle rate necessary to justify the project b. Lowering the net present value of the project c. Increasing the present value of the depreciation tax shield d. Increasing the cash outflows at the initial point of the project Lawson Inc. is expanding its manufacturing plant, which requires an investment of P4 million in new equipment and plant modifications. Lawsons sales are expected to increase by P3 million per year as a result

of the expansion. Cash investment in current assets averages 30% of sales; accounts payable and other current liabilities are 10% of sales. What is the estimated total investment for this expansion a. P3.4 million b. P4.3 million c. P4.6 million d. 4.9 million 70. Jackson Corporation uses net present value techniques in evaluating its capital investment projects. The company is considering a new equipment acquisition that will cost P100,000, fully installed, and have a zero salvage value at the end of its five-year productive life. Jackson will depreciate the equipment on a straightline basis for both financial and tax purposes. Jackson estimates P70,000 in annual recurring operating cash income and P20,000 in annual recurring operating expenses. Jacksons cost of capital is 12% and its effective income tax rate is 40%. What is the net present value of this investment on an after-tax basis a. P28,840 b. P8,150 c. P36,990 d. P80,250 71. If an investment project has a profitability index of 1.15 the a. Projects internal rate of return is 15% b. Projects cost of capital is greater than its internal rate of return c. Projects internal rate of return exceeds its net present value d. Net present value of the project is positive Questions 72 to 75 are based on the following information. The Dickins Corporation is considering the acquisition of a new machine at a cost of P180,000. Transporting the machine to Dickins plant will cost an additional P18,000. It has a 10-year life and is expected to have a salvage value of P10,000. Furthermore, the machine is expected to produce 4,000 units per year with a selling price of P500 and combined direct materials and direct labor costs of P450 per unit. Tax regulations permit machines of this type to be depreciated using the straight-line method over 5 years with no estimated salvage value. Dickins has a marginal tax rate of 40% 72. What is the net cash outflow at the beginning of the first year that Dickins should use in a capital budgeting analysis a. P(170,000) b. P(180,000) c. P(192,000) d. P(210,000) 73. What is the net cash flow for the third year that Dickins Corporation should use in a capital budgeting analysis a. P136,800 b. P136,000 c. P128,400 d. 107,400 74. What is the net cash flow for the tenth year of the project that Dickins should use in a capital budgeting analysis a. P200,000 b. P158,000 c. P136,800 d. P126,000 75. What is the approximate payback period on the new machine a. 1.05 years b. 1.54 years c. 1.33 years d. 2.22 years

76. An analysis of a companys planned equity financing using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (for Security Market Line) incorporates only the a. Expected market earnings, the current treasury bond yield, and the beta coefficient b. Expected market earnings and the price-earnings ratio c. Current treasury bond yield, the price-earnings ratio, and the beta coefficient d. Current treasury bond yield and the dividend payout ratio 77. In linear programming, the shadow price refers t the a. Measurement of the value of relaxing a constraint in a problem with dual variables b. Marginal change in profit associate with a change in the contribution margin of one of the variables c. Unused capacity available once the optimal solution is obtained d. Variables that are included in the final solution of the linear programming model 78. When using PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique), the expected time for an activity when given an optimistic time (A), a pessimistic (B), and a most likely time (m) is calculated by which one of the following formulas a. (b a) 2 b. (a + b) 2 c. (a + 4m + b) 6 d. (4abm) 6 79. What coefficient of correlation results from the following data X Y 1 10 2 8 3 6 4 4 5 2 a. 0 b. -1 c. +1 d. Cannot be determined from the data given 80. A particular manufacturing job is subject to an estimated 90% learning curve. The first unit required 50 labor hours to complete. What is the cumulative average time per unit after four units are completed a. 50.0 hours b. 45.0 hours c. 40.5 hours d. 40.0 hours 81. The three major activities of systems design are a. User interface design, data manipulation, and output analysis b. Process design, output design, and output analysis c. User interface design, data design, and process design d. Data design, input validation, and processing 82. The graphic portrayal of the flow of data and the information processing of a system, including computer hardware, is best displayed in a a. Data-flow diagram b. System flowchart c. Gantt chart d. Decision table 83. An information system (IS) project manager is currently in the process of adding a systems analyst to the IS staff. The new systems analyst will be involved with testing the new computerized system. At which stage of the systems development life cycle will the analyst be primarily used

a. Cost-benefit analysis b. Requirements definition c. Flowcharting d. Implementation 84. The concept of timeliness of data availability is most relevant to a. Payroll systems b. General ledger systems c. Manual systems d. Online systems 85. In auditing computer-based systems, the integrated test facility (ITF) a. Allows the auditor to assemble test transactions and run them through the computer system to test the integrity of controls on a sample data base b. Is a set of specialized software routines that are designed to perform specialized audit tests and store audit evidence c. Is a concurrent audit technique that establishes a special set of dummy master files and enters transactions to test the programs using the dummy files during regular processing runs d. Uses an audit log to record transactions and data having special audit significance during regular processing runs