MODULE 9

Introduction The problems in which the body possesses an axis of symmetry and the boundary conditions and other parameters of the problem are symmetric with respect to this axis are called as axisymmetric problems. The cylindrical coordinate system is found to be convenient for analyzing such problems. In this coordinate system, the primary and secondary variables (or their components if they happen to be vectors and tensors) become independent of , in axisymmetric problems. Therefore, the domain of analysis, in axisymmetric problems, becomes just a r - z plane. Thus, axisymmetric problems are two-dimensional problems, in some sense but not completely. Further, if primary variable is a vector, its becomes zero in axisymmetric problems. Because of this, and the fact -component

that r and z components are independent of , some of the components of the secondary variable (which happens to be a tensor in this case) become zero. Thus, the size of the problem reduces. This lecture describes the integral formulation of a typical axisymmetric problem. Its finite element formulation would be similar to 2-D problems, and hence, will not be discussed. Model Boundary Value Problem

Figure 26.1 Domain and Boundary of a Model Boundary Value Problem To illustrate the development of integral formulations of axisymmetric problems, we consider the axisymmetric steady-state heat conduction problem. The domain and its boundary are shown in Fig. 26.1. The thermal conductivity of the domain material is k and Q is the heat generated at point problems, k and Q are independent of temperature per unit volume per unit time. In axisymmetric . A part of the boundary, denoted by , is held at a

which can vary with the boundary coordinate s . The remaining part of the

boundary, denoted by , receives the heat flux which also can vary with the boundary coordinate s . The heat flux q , as defined in Lecture 20, is the heat flow (normal to the area) per unit area per unit time. In cylindrical coordinates, since the temperature T is independent of , the expression for q becomes : (26.1)

Here,

is the gradient of temperature T and

is the unit outward normal to the

boundary. ) are the components of T while are the components of . As stated in Lecture 20, q is considered positive if the heat is flowing out of the domain and vice-versa. For axisymmetric problems, and are independent of .

Temperature T ( r , z ) at point ( r , z ) of the domain is governed by the following boundary value problem consisting of the differential equation (D.E) and boundary conditions (B.C.) : D.E.: B.C.: (i) (ii) (26.2a) (26.2b) (26.2c)

The differential equation 26.2(a) represents the heat balance of small element of the domain. The boundary condition 26.2(b) is called as the Temperature of Dirichlet boundary condition where as the boundary condition 26.2(c) is called as the Heat Flux or Neumann boundary condition. Using the definition of the divergence operator and eq. (26.1), the above problem can be expressed in vector notation : (26.3a) (26.3b) (26.3c) Here is the divergence operator.

Weak or Weighted Residual Formulation Consider a function , defined over the domain, which satisfies both the boundary conditions (26.3b) and (26.3c). In general, this function will not satisfy the differential equation (26.3a). Instead, when is substituted in the left hand side of eq. (26.3a), it

will lead to the following error called as the residue and denoted by

: (26.4)

To make the function an approximate solution of the problem (26.3a, 26.3b, 26.3c), we minimize the above residue by setting the integral of the product of R and a weight function to zero : (26.5) Here, we chose the weight function w to be independent to . Note that, the integration in eq. (26.5) is over the entire volume V of the body and not over the domain of the analysis shown in Fig 26.1. Thus, it is a 3-D integral and not 2-D integral. This is a major difference between the finite element formulations of the axisymmetric and 2-D problems. The integral (26.5), however can be expressed as an integral over using the property of the axisymmetric problems that all the variables are independent of . But, that will be done later.

The weight function w ( r, z ) must belong to a class of admissible functions. For the present problem, this class consists of the functions which satisfy the following conditions : 1. On the boundary where T is specified, w must be zero. Thus, in the present problem, w = 0 on . is specified, w must be unconstrained. Thus, in the 2. On the boundary where

present problem,w is unconstrained on . 3. The function w should be smooth enough for the integral of the weighted residue to be finite. We rewrite eq. (26.5) as : (26.6) To relax the smoothness requirements on the choice of the approximation function , we use the vector identity (20.7) and the divergence theorem. In the identity (20.7), f and g are functions of ( x , y ). We now take them to be the functions of . Setting and g = w and using the identity (20.7), the left side of eq. (26.6) becomes : (26.7) In Lecture 20, the divergence theorem (eq. 20.8) has been stated for 2-D problems. For 3-D

problems, its statement is as follows. For a vector-valued function h, the volume integral of can be converted to the (boundary) surface integral using the following relation : (26.8) where S is the boundary surface of the volume V and is the unit outward normal to S . Setting and using the divergence theorem (26.8) to convert the first right side integral to a surface integral, eq. (26.7) becomes : (26.9) Using eq. (26.1), the boundary integral on the right side of eq. (26.9) can be expressed in terms of the heat flux q . Thus, we get (26.10) Combing equations (26.6) and (26.10) and transposing the surface integral to the other side, we get (26.11)

Next, we express the volume integrals of eq. (26.11) as the integrals over integral of eq. (26.11) as the integral over (26.11) can be expressed as : . Since

and the surface

, the first integral of eq

(26.12)

The second step in eq. (26.12) follows from the property that k , T and w are independent of . Similarly, using the properly that Q is independent of eq. (26.11) can be written as : , the second volume integral of

(26.13)

Since ( l is the coordinate along integral of eq. (26.11) becomes :

) and q is independent of

, the surface

(26.14) Substituting equations (26.12)-(26.14) and canceling the factor expression (26.11) becomes : from all the terms, the

(26.15) Note that the integral form of the axisymmetric problem differs from that of the 2-D problem in the sense that each integral contains an extra multiplier, namely the coordinate r . Finally, we simplify the boundary integral of eq. (26.15). Since boundary integral of eq. (26.15) into two parts : (i) integral over over . Further, since w = 0 is on , the integral over , we split the and (ii) integral

becomes zero. Using the can be expressed in terms

Neumann boundary condition (eq. 26.2c), the integral over of . Thus, we get

(26.16)

Combining equations (26.15) and (26.16), we get (26.17) This is called as the Weighted Residual Integral . This is the integral form to be used in the Weighted Residual Formulation . Now, the condition 3 of the class of admissible functions can be made explicit. For all the integrals of eq. (26.17) to be finite, piecewise continuous over the domain with only finite discontinuities. Variational Formulation must be

We obtain the other integral form in a similar fashion. Let represents a small change in the function wherever T is specified. Thus, the variation of T and the operator eq. (26.17), we get

be a function which

with the constraint that . Such a function is called as in

on the boundary

is called as the variational operator. Setting

(26.18)

Using the properties of -operator from section 5 of Lecture 2 and assuming k to be independent of temperature, eq. (26.18) can be converted to the form : (26.19) where

(26.20)

The functional I is called as the Variational Functional of the boundary value problem ((26.3a), (26.3b), (26.3c)). This is the integral form to be used for the Variational Formulation . This integral form needs to be extremized to obtain the solution of the boundary value problem. The extremizing function T ( r , z ) needs to satisfy the following three conditions, which are similar to the conditions on the weight functions w ( r , z ) : 1. The function T ( r , z ) must satisfy the temperature boundary condition (26.3b). Thus, condition on on . Further, the variation . must be unconstrained where the must be must satisfy the

2. The function T ( r , z ) and its variation

heat flux boundary condition (eq. (26.3c)) is specified. Thus, T and

unconstrained on . 3. The function T ( r , z ) must be smooth enough to make the functional I finite. Thus, T must be such that is finite at every point of the domain.

The equation (26.3a) is called as the Euler equation of the functional I (eq. 26.20). Further, the boundary condition (26.3b) is called as the Essential boundary condition and the boundary condition (26.3c) is called as the Natural boundary condition .

As stated in Lecture 20, the variational functional of the steady-state heat conduction problem exists only if the thermal conductivity k is independent of the temperature T . Further, unlike the solid mechanics problems like the bar and beam problems, the variational functional of the heat conduction problem does not represent any physically meaningful quantity. Since the domain of axisymmetric problems is two-dimensional, the triangular and rectangular elements described in Lectures 21-25 can be used to discretize the domain. Further, the finite element formulation of axisymmetric problems is similar to that of the 2-D problems described in Lectures 21-22. Thus, the procedures of Lectures 21-22 can be used to obtain the element quantities, to assemble them and to apply the Dirichlet boundary condition for axisymmetric problem as well.