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A sewage treatment plant in northern Portugal. Water treatment describes those industrial-scale processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. These can include use for drinking water, industry, medical and many other uses. Such processes may be contrasted with small-scale water sterilization practiced by campers and other people in wilderness areas. The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. One such use is returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact. The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose may be solids separation using physical processes such as settling and filtration, and chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation. Biological processes are employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand filters.
Contents
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1 Potable water purification 2 Processes for drinking water treatment 3 Sewage treatment 4 In developing countries 5 Industrial water treatment 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links
Abandoned Water Purification Plant [[Springfield, Tennessee]], United States Water purification is the removal of contaminants from untreated water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for the most critical of its intended uses, usually for human consumption. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, minerals such as iron, manganese and sulphur, and other chemical pollutants such as fertilisers. Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment as well. It is therefore common practice to have residual disinfectants in the treated water in order to kill any bacteriological contamination during distribution.
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World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines are generally followed throughout the world for drinking water quality requirements. In addition to the WHO guidelines, each country or territory or water supply body can have their own guidelines in order for consumers to have access to safe drinking water.
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Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time) A combination selected from the following processes is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide: Pre-chlorination - for algae control and arresting any biological growth Aeration - along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and manganese Coagulation - for flocculation Coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes - to improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation Sedimentation - for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids trapped in the floc Filtration - removing particles from water Desalination - Process of removing salt from the water Disinfection - for killing bacteria. There is no unique solution (selection of processes) for any type of water. Also, it is difficult to standardise the solution in the form of processes for water from different sources. Treatability studies for each source of water in different seasons need to be carried out to arrive at most appropriate processes. The above mentioned technologies are well developed, and generalised designs are available that are used by many water utilities (public or private). In addition to the generalised solutions, a number of private companies provide solutions by patenting their technologies. The developed world employs a considerable amount of automation for water and wastewater treatment. The developing nations worldwide use automation along with manual operations. The level of automation is a choice of operators. The aspects that govern the choice of level of automation are capital and operating costs, skills available locally, operators comfort, integration of automation & control with rest of the component of water supply and so on.
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Agricultural wastewater treatment Carl Rogers Darnall Ecological sanitation Industrial wastewater treatment Peak water (water supply & demand) Pulsed-power water treatment SODIS Water pollution Water quality Water supply network
[edit] References
1. ^ US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (2004). "Primer for Municipal Waste water Treatment Systems." Document no. EPA 832-R04-001. 2. ^ Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (1972). Wastewater Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-041675-3. 3. ^ "Safe Water System", US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Fact Sheet, World Water Forum 4 Update, June 2006. 4. ^ "Household Water Treatment Guide", Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, Canada, March 2008. 5. ^ Lindsten, Don C. (September 1984). "Technology transfer: Water purification, U.S. Army to the civilian community". The Journal of Technology Transfer 9 (1): 5759. doi:10.1007/BF02189057. 6. ^ Water Treatment and the need for Boiler and Cooling Water Treatment.[better source needed ]
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International Water Association Professional / research organization Nanotechnology-enabled Water Treatment-Project NeWT, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN), Rice University NSF International - Independent non-profit standards organization Transnational Ecological Project - Industrial wastewater treatment (Russia) Water Environment Federation - Professional association focusing on wastewater treatment WHO.int, WHO Guidelines Safe and Sustainable Water for Haiti web site hosted by Grand Valley State University Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_treatment&oldid=546992620" Categories: Waste treatment technology Water pollution Water treatment Hidden categories: All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2012
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