OTDR LA G?

OTDR la t viet tat cua Optical Time Domain Reflectometer, la mot phng tien e xac nh cac ac tnh cua si quang. No xac nh s co va suy hao cua tnh hieu tai bat ky iem nao tren si quang.

NG DUNG CUA OTDR

OTDR c xem nh la mot thiet b khong the thieu trong he thong truyen dan quang. T luc lap at tuyen cap en cong viec bao dng va sa cha eu khong the thieu may OTDR. OTDR c s dung vi cac muc ch sau: o suy hao toan bo tuyen cap quang. o suy hao moi han. o suy hao phan xa cua khp noi. nh v iem t si quang. Phat hien oan cap b chen ep hoac uon cong qua mc cho phep.

OTDR HOAT ONG NH THE NAO?

Ngi ta ngh en viec phong cac xung anh sang vao si quang roi thu nhan va phan tch cac xung phan xa e anh gia ac tnh truyen dan cua si quang. Nguyen ly nay c ap dung trong may o quang doi OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) do BARNOSKY va JENSEN a ra au tien vao nam 1976. PHAN XA VA TAN XA NGC a) S suy hao: Cong suat quang truyen tren si cung giam dan theo khoang cach vi quy luat ham so mu nh tn hieu ien: P(z)=P0exp(-2z) Trong o, P(z): cong suat quang c ly z (met) P0 : cong suat quang au si (z=0) : o suy hao trung bnh tren moi met, n v Np/m. Thong thng c tnh theo n v dB/km, luc o bieu thc cua ham cong suat co dang: P(z)=P0.10-z/10 Trong o, [] = dB/km ; 1dB=0,115 Neper (Np) [z] = km

1dB/km=11510-6 Np/km
b) S phan xa (Reflection):
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Khi anh sang truyen en cuoi si quang, gap mat phan cach gia si thuy tinh va khong kh, se phan xa (phan xa Fresnel) vi he so phan xa (Reflection coefficient): R= vi (n1 n0 ) 2 (n1 + n0 ) 2

n1: chiet suat cua si thuy tinh, n1=1,5 n0: chiet suat cua khong kh R= 0,04= 4% (hay 14dB)

ieu o co ngha la au cuoi cua si quang (hoac cho si b t) co 4% cong suat quang phan xa tr lai.

Phan xa cuoi si Neu mat cat au cuoi si quang nghieng hoac khong nhan th he so phan xa thap hn. Tong quat, cong suat phan xa c dien ta bi cong thc: Pr(t)=RP0exp(-2vt) Trong o, R: he so phan xa P0 : cong suat au si : he so suy hao trung bnh (Np/m) v: van toc anh sang trong si t: thi gian(s)

c) Tan xa ngc (Back Scattering): Tan xa Rayleigh la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan gay suy hao trong si quang. Cac tia tan xa toa ra moi hng. Nhng tia tan xa ngc ve pha nguon quang co phng hp vi truc si quang mot goc nho hn goc m cua si co the truyen ve au si (hnh 6.8). Nhng tia tan xa theo cac hng khac th hoac tiep tuc truyen ve pha cuoi si hoac b khuc xa ra khoi loi si tuy theo phng cua chung.

S truyen tia tan xa ngc Cong suat tan xa co dang tong quat: PS(t)=SSVP0 exp(-2vt) Trong o, S: he so tan xa ngc S: he so tan xa Rayleigh v: van toc anh sang trong si quang : o rong xung anh sang P0: cong suat cua xung anh sang ti : o suy hao trung bnh cua si quang t: thi gian He so tan xa ngc S phu thuoc vao loai si quang * Si a mode chiet suat nhay bac (SI): 3 n12 n2 2 S= 2 4n12 * Si a mode chiet suat giam dan (GI): n2 n 2 S = 1 22 4n1 * Si n mode (SM):
S = 0, 038 n1 2 p : bc song anh sang
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Trong o,

2p: ng knh trng mode S O KHOI MAY O OTDR

May phong cac xung anh sang vao si can o. Tren ng truyen cac xung anh sang gap nhng chng ngai khac nhau nh nhng cho khong ong nhat cua si, moi han, khp noi nen se co mot phan nang lng anh sang doi ve di hnh thc phan xa hay tan xa ngc. Mc o phan xa phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua nhng cho khong ong nhat tren si. Nang lng anh sang phan xa c thu nhan, oi ra dang ien, khuyech ai va cho the hien tren man hnh.

Truc tung chia theo mc cong suat phan xa con truc hoanh chia theo chieu dai si quang thong qua thi gian tre t luc phong xung en luc nhan xung. Moi quan he gia chieu dai si L va thi gian tre t la: 1 L = v t 2 c Trong o, v = : van toc anh sang truyen trong loi si n1 Tha so xuat hien trong cong thc tren do xung anh sang truyen trong si theo hai chieu.

AC TNH KY THUAT MAY OTDR

DAI ONG (DYNAMIC RANGE) Dai ong may OTDR xac nh chieu dai cua si quang ma may co the o c. n v o la dB. Gia tr dai ong cang ln th kha nang o c si cang dai.

VUNG CHET (DEAD ZONE) Vung chet lien quan en khoang cach si quang tren trace theo sau phan xa Fresnel. May o OTDR c thiet ke e o cac tn hieu quang phan xa ngc co mc cong suat rat thap. Do o au thu cua may o co o nhay rat cao. Neu co mot tn hieu phan xa Fresnel th rat delam cho au thu b mu, v cong suat phan xa fresnel thng co mc cong suat rat cao so vi phan xa ngc. Khi au thu ri vao trang thai bao hoa, tc b mu, th no se khong nhan thay bat ky tn hieu nao trong thi gian o. Do o may se khong o c. Hien nhien, sau mot khoang thi gian nhat nh, au thu se phuc hoi lai bnh thng, va se lam viec bnh thng. Nh vay, trong khoang thi gian au thu b mu se tng ng vi khoang cach ma may o khong xac nh c nhng s kien g tren o. o chnh la vung chet cua may o OTDR. n v o vung chet la chieu dai met. Co hai loai vung chet: vung chet s kien (event dead zone) va vung chet suy hao (attenuation dead zone). Vung chet s kien la khoang cach gia hai phan xa Fresnel gan nhat ma may o co the phat hien c.

Vung chet suy hao la khoang cach sau phan xa Fresnel ma may co the o c iem gay phan xa ngc.

Nh vay vung chet suy hao luon dai hn vung chet s kien.
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O PHAN GIAI (RESOLUTION) Co hai ch tieu anh gia o phan giai, o la o phan giai suy hao (loss resolution) va o phan giai khong gian (spatial resolution). o phan giai suy hao cho biet kha nang phan biet hai mc cong suat au thu. a so cac may OTDR co o phan giai suy hao la 0,01 dB hoac 0,001 dB. o phan giai khong gian cho biet kha nang phan biet hai iem d lieu tren trace. Nhng may co o phan giai cao la 0,5m va nhng may co o phan giai thap la 4 en 16 met.

Neu may ch lay cac iem d lieu moi khoang cach 8m th may ch co the nh v si quang moi khoang cach +/-8m.

Chung ta co the chon va o khoang cach va suy hao gia hai iem d lieu bat ky tren trace cua si quang. Khoang cach cang gan th cho thong tin cua si quang cang chi tiet. O CHNH XAC KHOANG CACH (DISTANCE ACCURACY) o chnh xac nay co lien quan en ba thanh phan: o on nh cua ong ho may o. Anh hng bi mach tao xung clock. Khoang cach iem d lieu. Anh hng bi o phan giai khong gian. Ch so IOR (Index of Refraction). Anh hng bi tnh ong nhat ve chiet suat cua cac oan si quang c han noi vi nhau.

CHIET SUAT KHUC XA (INDEX OF REFRACTION) Van toc anh sang lan truyen trong si quang phu thuoc vao chiet suat cua si quang, va o anh hng en ket qua o. Moi loai si quang cua cac nha san xuat khac nhau co gia tr chiet suat IOR khac nhau. Bang di ay la bang cac gia tr IOR cua cac nha san xuat si quang khac nhau. Tuy nhien chung ta can tham khao gia tr nay t nha cung cap cap quang.
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BC SONG (WAVELENGTH) Si quang thng c s dung va c kiem tra tren ba vung bc song: 850nm, 1300nm, va 1550nm. Si a mode lam viec tren vung 850nm va 1300nm. Con si n mode ch lam viec tren vung 1310nm va 1550nm. Suy hao tren cac vung bc song khac nhau nen ket qua o cung co nhng khac biet nhat nh.

LOAI KHP NOI (CONNECTOR TYPE) Chung ta phai chon loai khp noi cua may o phu hp vi he thong ta ang s dung e tien li trong cong tac bao dng va sa cha. Cac loai khp noi thong dung: FC/PC, ST, SC, Biconic, SMA, va D4.

S DUNG OTDR
CAU HNH Chung ta phai chon cau hnh OTDR phu thuoc vao si quang ma can c kiem tra. May OTDR ch co the o mot loai si quang mot thi iem: n mode hoac a mode. Chon module OTDR. Mot mainframe co the co nhieu module. Chung ta phai chon module OTDR. Chon loai si quang. Chon bc song. Chung ta co the chon o mot bc song 1310nm hoac 1550nm. Tuy nhien, chung ta cung co the chon o ca hai bc song chung luc.

THONG SO O Trc khi tien hanh o, chung ta can cai at cac thong so o cho ung. Khoang cach (Distance Range): Khoang cach nay con c goi la khoang cach hien th. Tren man hnh chung ta se thay toan bo khoang cach nay. Thng chung ta chon khoang cach dai hn chieu dai can o cua tuyen la 25%. o phan giai (Resolution): Tuy theo muc ch o ma ta chon o phan giai cho phu hp. o rong xung (Pulse Width): Chung ta chon o rong xung phu hp vi khoang cach o. o rong xung cang ln th co kha nang o tuyen cang dai. Hien nhien la vung chet cung dai.

Di ay la bang co tnh chat tham khao:

CAC LOAI S KIEN (1) Mot trace si quang c ban:

(2) iem cuoi si quang (End of Fiber):

(3) S kien gay phan xa (Reflective Event):

(4) S kien khong gay phan xa (Non-Reflective Event):

O SUY HAO (1) o suy hao toan tuyen:

(2) o suy hao tren mot oan si quang: Ap dung giong nh o suy hao toan tuyen. (3) o suy hao moi han: Co the o theo phng phap hai iem hoac phng phap xap x bnh phng toi thieu LSA.

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MOT SO LU Y VE AN TOAN KHI S DUNG MAY O OTDR:

An toan cho ngi s dung

May o OTDR s dung nguon quang laser co cong suat phat quang cao va phat ra anh sang khong thay c (1310 nm va 1550nm) cho nen co the nguy hiem cho mat cua ngi s dung. Do vay, khi s dung may o OTDR can lu ly: Khong ket noi hoac thao g cac si quang trong khi nguon quang laser ang hoat ong Khong c nhn trc tiep vao si quang khi khong chac chan rang hien tai si quang o khong c s dung e truyen anh sang Bao am rang mat cua ban a c bao ve bi cac dung cu bao ho trong trng hp tiep xuc vi anh sang laser

An Toan Cho Thiet B: Khong ket noi si quang ang mang bat ky dang mot tn hieu anh sang nao vao cong ket noi cua may o OTDR v co the gay hai cho may. Bat ky mot tn hieu quang nao co cong suat ln hn 30dBm co the anh hng en acquisition cua may o va lam hong module OTDR. Cac canh bao tren may o thng c thong bao bang bang canh bao hoac bieu tng canh bao co dang nh sau:

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(1) la man hnh touch screen LCD 10.4 inch. (2) Contron panel co en ch th cac chc nang.

TOM TAT CAC LOAI S KIEN

Span Start
Span Start cua mot trace la s kien anh dau iem bat au cua mot oan si quang (fiber span). Theo mac nh, Span Start c at s kien au tien cua si quang c kiem tra. Tuy nhien, ngi s dung cung co the chon mot s kien khac lam v tr Span Start cua mot oan si quang muon phan tch. Khi o, bang s kien (Event Table) se c bat au tai v tr Span Start nay.

Span End
Span End cua mot trace la s kien anh dau iem ket thuc cua mot oan si quang (fiber span). Theo mac nh, Span End c at s kien cuoi cung cua si quang c kiem tra va c goi la s kien cuoi si quang (end-of-fiber event). Tuy nhien, ngi s dung cung co the chon mot s kien khac lam v tr Span End cua mot oan si quang muon phan tch. Khi o, bang s kien (Event Table) se c ket thuc tai Span End nay.

Continuous Fiber

S kien nay cho biet rang chieu dai cua tuyen quang c ghi nhan bi may o th ngan hn chieu dai cua tuyen quang o. iem ket thuc cua si quang khong c nhan biet bi v qua trnh phan tch ket thuc trc khi ti c iem cuoi cua si quang. Do o, khoang cach ghi nhan (acquisition distance) can c tang len e co the o c chieu dai ln hn cua si quang.
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Khong co bieu hien suy hao hay phan xa tai v tr Continuous Fiber nay.

End of Analysis

o rong xung c s dung khong cung cap u dai ong e at ti c cuoi si quang. Qua trnh phan tch ket thuc trc khi ti c cuoi si quang bi v ty so tn hieu tren nhieu SNR qua thap. Do o, o rong xung can c tang len e tn hieu at ti c cuoi si quang vi ty so SNR u ln. Khong co bieu hien suy hao hay phan xa tai v tr End of Analysis nay.

Non-Reflective Fault

Non-Reflective Fault (s kien gay nen khong phai do hien tng phan xaanh sang) nay gay ra mot s giam ot ngot cua mc tn hieu tan xa Rayleigh. S kien nay c bieu dien bang s khong lien tuc tren ng doc xuong cua trace tn hieu.
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Loi nay thng gay ra do moi han nong chay (splice), uon cong hay vi uon cong tren si quang. Gia tr suy hao cua s kien nay se c xac nh. Khong co phan xa xay ra cho loai s kien nay.

Reflective Fault

Reflective Fault (s kien gay nen do hien tng phan xa anh sang) c bieu dien nh cac xung gai xay ra tren trace. Chung gay ra bi s khong lien tuc cua chiet suat cua moi trng truyen. Cac loi phan xa xay ra lam cho mot phan ang ke nang lng anh sang truyen trong si quang b phan xa ngc ve pha nguon quang. Reflective fault co the cho biet s ton tai cua cac khp noi, moi han c kh hoac ngay ca cac moi han nong chay chat lng kem. Gia tr suy hao va phan xa thong thng se c xac nh tai v tr co loai s kien nay. Khi cac xung phan xa at mc ngng, nh cua xung se b cat do s bao hoa cua linh kien thu quang. Ket qua la, vung chet (dead zone) - la khoang cach ngan nhat co the phan biet hai s kien ke nhau - co the tang len. Positive Fault

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Loai s kien nay cho biet mot moi han nong chay (splice) co o li, xay ra do vung ket noi gia hai oan si quang co he so tan xa ngc Rayleigh khac nhau. Mot gia tri suy hao se c xac nh cho loai s kien nay. Lu y rang: gia tr suy hao nay khong the hien suy hao thc s cua s kien. Gia tr suy hao thc s co the c o bang cach phan tch ket qua o hai chieu. Launch Level

Launch Level cho biet mc cong suat tn hieu c a vao si quang. Hnh tren cho thay mc cong suat ghep c o nh the nao. Mot ng thang c ve s dung phng phap xap x bnh phng toi thieu (leastsquare approximation) e ket noi tat ca cac iem tren vung tuyen tnh gia hai s kien th nhat va th hai c phat hien. ng thang nay c keo dai cho ti khi cat truc tung (dB) iem cat ngang cho biet mc cong suat ghep vao au si quang. Ky hieu <<<< tren bang s kien (Event Table) cho biet rang mc cong suat ghep qua thap.
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Fiber Section

Ky hieu nay bieu dien mot oan si quang khong co s kien. Tong cua tat ca cac oan si quang trong toan bo fiber trace th bang vi chieu dai tong cong cua si quang. Cac loi c phat hien la cac s kien ac biet- ngay ca khi chung bao phu nhieu hn mot iem tren trace. Gia tr suy hao cua oan si quang nay c xac nh. Suy hao trung bnh cua oan si quang nay (dB/km) c xac nh bang cach lay gia tr suy hao chia cho chieu dai cua oan si quang. Merged Reflective Fault

Ky hieu nay bieu hien cho loai s kien bao gom nhieu s kien phan xa (reflective events) ke nhau. Gia tri suy hao c xac nh la suy hao tong cua cac s kien phan xa thanh phan. S kien Merged Reflective Fault c ket hp bi nhieu s kien phan xa. Tren bang s kien, ch co Merged Reflective Fault c neu ra, cac s kien phan xa thanh khong c the hien.

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Trong hnh tren, hai reflective fault a c ket hp. Cac s kien phan xa nay co the la do cac khp noi, moi han c kh hoac ngay ca cac moihan nong chay chat lng kem. Mot gia tr phan xa c xac nh cho tat ca cac s kien a c ket hp va c the hien bang gia tr phan xa ln nhat. Mot gia tr phan xa cung c bieu dien cho tng s kien thanh phan c ket hp. Suy hao tong cong ( dB) c xac nh bang cach ve hai ng thang: - ng th nhat c ve bang cach ket noi , least-square approximation, cac iem -trace trong vung tuyen tnh trc s kien th nhat. - ng th hai c ve bang cach ket noi , least-square approximation, cac iem trace trong vung tuyen tnh theo sau s kien th hai. Neu co nhieu hn hai s kien c ket hp, ng nay se c ve trong vung tuyen tnh theo sau s co c ket hp cuoi cung. ng nay sau o c keo dai hng ve pha s kien ket hp th nhat. - Suy hao tong bang s chenh lech ve cong suat gia iem ma s kien th nhat bat au (iem A) va iem nam ngay di s kien th nhat tren ng thang noi dai (iem B). Echo Suy hao cua tng s kien thanh phan khong c xac nh.

Ky hieu nay cho biet rang s kien phan xa c phat hien sau iem cuoi cua si quang. Mot xung anh sang turyen ti connector cuoi cung va c phan xa ve hng may o OTDR. Sau o no gap connector th hai va lai phan xa ve hng connector cuoi cung. Tiep o, xung anh sang nay lai phan xa ngc ve pha OTDR.
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Chuong trnh x ly Toolbox mo ta s phan xa mi nay nh la echo bi v khoang cach cua no dai hn chieu dai tong cong cua si quang. Khoang cach gia connector th hai va connector th nhat bang vi khoang cach gia connector cuoi cung va echo. Suy hao cua echo khong c xac nh. Reflective Fault (Possible Echo)

Ky hieu nay cho biet mot s kien phan xa co the la phan xa that s hay la echo tao ra bi mot phan xa manh khac nam ngan ve pha nguon. Xung anh sang i ti connector th ba, b phan xa ngc ve pha OTDR va tiep o lai phan xa ngc vao si quang. Sau o xung anh sang nay lai cham connector th ba lan th hai va phan xa ngc mot lan na ve pha OTDR. Do o, phan mem x ly Tooolbox, se phat hien s co phan xa xay ra tai v tr bang hai lan khoang cach cua connector th ba. Do s kien nay hau nh vo ngha (khong co suy hao) va do khoang cach cua no bang boi so khoang cach cua connecotr th ba, Toolbox se xem s kien nay nh la possible echo. Gia tr phan xa cua Reflective Fault (Possible Echo) c xac nh.

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CHE O O OTDR
O CHIEU DAI TONG CONG CUA SI QUANG

Lu y khi at con tro:

O KHOANG CACH MOT OAN SI QUANG

V DU CAC S KIEN

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SUY HAO MOI NOI

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