Lecture 6

1
Microwave Physics and Techniques UCSB June 2003

Lecture 6
Transmission Line II and Matching
June 18, 2003
A. Nassiri
2
Types of Transmission Lines:
d
s
| |
| |
| | m F
d
s
C
m H
d
s
L
d
s
Z
r
2
2
2 120
ln
ln
ln
=
o
| | s m
LC
= =
1 1
D
d
| |
| |
| | m F
d
D
C
m H
d
D
L
d
D
Z
r
ln
ln
ln
=
2
2
60
o
| | s m
LC
= =
1 1
3
Transmission Lines are Guiding devices for carrying
electromagnetic waves to and from antenna, etc.
Transmission Line behavior occurs when the wavelength of the
wave is small relative to the length of the cable.
We have already shown that in a loss-less line (zero resistance
along conductors, infinite resistance between them), the
propagation speed is given by
where L and C are the inductance and capacitance per unit length.
The characteristic (specific) impedance is given by:
| | s m
LC
1
=
| | =
C
L
Z
o
4
Transmission Lines with Unmatched Termination:
}
}
}
}
Z
L
X=-l
X=0
Z
0
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) x j
r
x j
i
t j
x j
r
x j
i
t j x t j
r
x t j
i
x t j
r
x t j
i
e
Z
e
Z
x i e x i t x i
e e x v e x v e e t x
e
e

+
+

= =
+ = = + =

o o
where : Similarly
where
: Wave Reflected
: Wave Incident
,
~ ~
,
Notice minus sign in reflected current component: Energy flows in
opposite direction to incident wave.
5
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
o
o
o o
o o
o
o o
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
i
Z
i
L
L
i
r
r L i L
r i r L i L
r i
r i
L
r i
r i
L
+
= =
+ =
+ =

+
=
=
+ =
=
t Coefficien Reflected

and Now
0
0
0
0
~
~
~
~
6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
x j x j
x j x j
x j x j
i
x j x j
i
e e
e e
Z
x i
x v
x Z
e e
Z
x i
e e x v

+
= =

=
+ =
o
o
~
~
~
~
: Impedance d Generalize
x j
L
L
x j
x j
L
L
x j
e
Z Z
Z Z
e
e
Z Z
Z Z
e
Z

+
+
=
o
o
o
o
o
7
| |
2 4
2
4
4
l so
Wavelength Quarter Suppose l
=
2
tan And
( ) | |
=
= =
|
.
|
\
|

that such impedance istic character of section a with
impedance of load a to impedance line of a match We can
l
l
l
l
L s
L
s
L L
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
Z
jZ
jZ
Z Z Z
o
o
o o
o
4
4
2
4
tan
tan
lim
8
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
(

=
(
(
(
(
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
(
+ +
+ + +
=
x Z j x Z
x Z j x Z
Z
x jZ x Z x jZ x Z
x jZ x Z x in jZ x Z
x jZ x Z x jZ x Z
x jZ x Z x in jZ x Z
Z
x j x Z Z x j x Z Z
x j x Z Z x j x Z Z
Z
L L
L
L L
L L
L L
L L
L L
L L
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos sin cos
sin cos cos
sin cos sin cos
sin cos cos
sin cos sin cos
sin cos sin cos
2 2
2 2
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o
o o
o o
o
( )
x jZ Z
x jZ Z
Z x Z
L
L

=
tan
tan
o
o
o
( ) l line of end at visible" " Impedance Z
( )
l
l
l
+
+
=
tan
tan
L
L
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z Z
o
o
o
9
Transmission Lines :
Example- Suppose we want to match a 75 transmission line to a 37 Marconi
Antenna.
}
}
}
}
4
= 75
s
Z
= = = 68 52 75 37 .
L s
Z Z Z
o
= 37
L
Z
The matching cane therefore be achieved using a Quarter-
Wavelength section of 50 Transmission Line.
10
Now consider a short circuit termination: (Z
L
=0)
( )
( )
43 42 1
o
o
o
o
=
X Reactance
l
l
l tan
tan
Z j
Z
jZ
Z Z
X()
l
[Capacitive]
[Inductive]
11
Now consider an open circuit termination: (Z
L
=)
X()
l
[Capacitive]
[Inductive]
( ) ( ) l
l
l =
= cot
tan
o o
Z j
jZ
Z
Z Z
L
L
12
Problem
Suppose we have a load with an impedance of (40+j80) which we need
to match to a 100 transmission line. (c 3x10
8
m/s and f=130 MHz).
( )
m
Hz
s m
d
j
j
Z
Z
Z
L
n L
31 0
10 130
10 3
135 0
135 0
8 0 4 0
100
80 40
6
8
.
/
.
. .
. .
=
+ =
+
= =
ce is The distan
~ ator is the gener toward point this from
h) wavelengt (in nce the dista Chart, Smith the From
o
}
}
}
}
100
Z
L
=40+j80
Looking in here, we
see a resistive load
of 440 . We can
match this to 100
using a 1/4
matching section.
0.31 m
13
}
}
}
}
100
Z
L
=40+j80
0.31 m
}
}
1/4
440
?
MS
100
= =
=
8 209 440 100 .
o
o
Z
Z Z Z
L s

14
Problem
Find the length, position and characteristic impedance of the quarter-wavelength
transformer required to match an antenna with an impedance of (30-j40) to a 75
transmission line. The operating frequency of this system is 100MHz and the
insulator in the transmission line has a dielectric constant of 10.
( )
533 0 4 0
75
40 30
49 9
10 100
10 49 9
10 49 9
10
10 3
6
7
7
8
. .
.
.
/ .
/
j
j
Z
Z
Z
m
f
s m
s m
c
L
n L
r
=
= =
=
=
=
= =
o
Impedance Normalized
Wavelength
n Propagatio Wave of speed The
15
Problem
From the Smith Chart, we find that we need to move 0.86 away from the
load (i.e., towards the generator) in order to eliminate the reactance (or
imaginary) impedance component. At this point, the resistive (real)
element is 0.29. Thus:
= 75 21 75 29 0 . .
~
~
~ ~
~ ~
75
= 39 40 75 21 75 . .
75
30-j40
0.250.949=0.237m 0.0860.949=0.816m
~
~
16
Stub Matching :
We showed how a quarter-wavelength matching section can be used to
impedance-match a load to a line. However, this technique has a major
disadvantage: it is unlikely that one can find a transmission line with exactly the
right characteristic impedance to perform the matching.
An alternative method is known as Stub-Matching
Using the parameters of example 1
Stub Matching requires us to convert from impedance Z to admittance Y.
Suppose we have a load with an impedance of (40+j80) which we need
to match to a 100 transmission line. (c 3x10
8
m/s and f=130 MHz).
17
Stub Matching :
( )
( )
( )
0 1 5 0
80 40
8000 4000
80 400
80 400
80 400
100
1
2 2
. . j
j
j
j
j
Z
Z
Y
Y
Z
Y
L
L
n L
n L
=
+
+
=
= = =

o
o
~ ~
~ ~
100
Y
L(n)
=0.5+j1.0
Towards Load Towards Generator
18
Stub Matching :
m m 734 0 318 0 3 2
10 130
10 3
6
8
. . . = =
=
~ ~
~ ~
100
Y
L(n)
=0.5+j1.0
0.318 =0.734m
1.0+j1.65
Looking into the line at the point X, we see a normalized admittance
(1+j1.65).
If we introduce a reactive admittance of j1.65 in parallel with the line at
this point, the overall admittance will be 1.+j0 and the matching will be
achieved.
19
Stub Matching :
A pure reactance can be created by means of a Stub,i.e.,a length of
transmission line with a short-circuit termination.
~
~
~
~
l
Z
in
y
L(N)
=
We showed before that the input impedance of a short-circuited line is
given by
l = tan
o
jZ Z
in
l
l
is Admittance Input =
= cot
tan
o o
Z
j
jZ
y
in
1
20
~
~
~ ~
100
Z
L
= 40+j80
0.318 =0.734m
Stub Matching :
~ ~
~
1
0
0
0
.
2

m
100
Short Circuit Stub
100
21
Transmission Line
}
}
}
}
z
L S
Z
L
Source
Load
l
We assume the line is characterized by distributed resistance R, inductance L, capacitance C, and
conductance G per unit length.

v v + dv
z + dz
i + di
z
Rdz Ldz
Cdz Gdz
i
22
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law to the small length dz:
t
i
Ldz Rdzi dv
+ =
t
i
L Ri
z
v
Applying Kirchhoffs current law to the small length dz:

( )
( )

t
dv v
Cdz dv v Gdz di
+
+ + =
t
v
C Gv
z
i
These basic equations are difficult to solve for non-sinusoidal waves in the general
case. We only consider
1) transients on lossless lines
2) sinusoidal waves on lossy lines.
Transmission Lines
23
Transmission Lines (Lossless Lines)
In a lossless line we put R-0 and G=0.
t
i
L
z
v
t
v
C
z
i
If we eliminate i we obtain the one-dimensional wave equation

2
2
2
2
t
v
LC
z
v

The general solution contains forward and reverse traveling waves of arbitrary shape,
and has the form
( ) ( ) ( ) ct z V ct z V t z v
r f
+ + = ,
Exercise: Verity this solution satisfies the wave equation.
24
Transmission Lines (Lossless Lines)
V (t)
t
at z = 0 at some z > 0
z/c
V (z)
z
at some t > 0
z = ct
t
v
C
z
i
Relation of voltage to current

Substitute v back into the equation and integrate with respect to time,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) z f ct z V ct z V t z i
C
L
r f
+ + = ,
f(z)=0 f(z)=const
( ) ( ) ( )
C
L
Z ct z V ct z V t z i Z
r f
= + =
0 0
, ,
25
The current can be written as the sum of forward and revese components as
( ) ( ) ( ) ct z I ct z I t z i
r f
+ + = ,
where

r r f f
V
Z
I V
Z
I
0 0
1 1
= =
Reflection
We consider a simple transmission line
}
}
}
}
S L
Z
0
Z
L
z
v
L
i
L
At the load z =L we have
and

L r f
v V V v = + =
L r f
i Z V V i Z
0 0
= =
L r f
r f
Z
Z
V V
V V

0
=
+
Re-arrange to obtain at the load:

0
0
Z Z
Z Z
V
V
L
L
f
r
+
=
26
Voltage reflection factor
We define the voltage reflection factor of the load as
( )
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
L
v
+
=
Special cases
-1 0 s/c
1 o/c
0 Z
0
Matched

v
(L) Z
L
Condition
The input resistance of the line when there is no reflected wave is
0
0
Z
I
I Z
I
V
i
v
R
f
f
f
f
in
in
in
= = = =
The input resistance of an initially uncharged line is
initially equal to the characteristic impedance.
27
Example
}
}
}
}
S L
Z
0
Z
L
z
v
L
Z
s
V
s
v
s
i
s
l
At z = S
( ) ( ) t S V t S V v
r f S
, , + =
and
( ) ( ) t S V t S V i Z
r f S
, , =
0
v
S
and i
S
must satisfy the boundary conditions provided by
the source viz.
S S S S
i Z V v =
If we eliminate v
s
and iS from the equations above, we obtain
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0
0
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
t S V
Z Z
Z
V t S V
S
S
r
S
S f
, ,
V
s
V=V
f
Z
s
Z
0
V
r
(S, t) 0 0 t < 2T
28
Example
From the load end ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Z Z
Z Z
L L t L V t L V
S
L
v v f r
+
= = , , ,
} }
} }
Z
S
Z
L
Z
0
V
S
u(t)
v
L
( ) t u
Z Z
Z
V
S
S
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
0
( ) T t u
Z Z
Z
V
S
S

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
0
( ) ( ) T t u L
Z Z
Z
V
v
S
S

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
0
( ) ( ) T t u L
Z Z
Z
V
v
S
S
2
0
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
( ) ( ) ( ) T t u S L
Z Z
Z
V
v v
S
S
2
0
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
( ) ( ) ( ) T t u S L
Z Z
Z
V
v v
S
S
3
0
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
( ) ( ) ( ) T t u S L
Z Z
Z
V
v v
S
S
3
2
0
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
( ) ( ) ( ) T t u S L
Z Z
Z
V
v v
S
S
4
2
0
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
( ) ( ) ( ) T t u S L
Z Z
Z
V
v v
S
S
4
2 2
0
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
29
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ... + + + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= T t u S L T t u S L T t u L
Z Z
Z
V t v
v v v v v
S
S L
5 3 1
2 2
0
0
Example
Lattice Diagram
This has the form of a geometrical progression with common ration . For large
values of t the final value of the load voltage may be shown by summing the geometrical
progression above to be
( ) ( ) S L
v v

( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) S L
L
Z Z
Z
V t v
v v
v
S
S L

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
1
0
0
If we substitute for and in terms of Z
S
, Z
L
and Z
0
and re-arrange, we get ( ) L
v
( ) S
v
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
t as
Z Z
Z
V t v
L S
L
S L

30
Example
T 3T 5T 5T 7T 9T
t
v
L
(t)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
L S
L
S
Z Z
Z
V
( ) | | L
Z Z
Z
V
v
S
S
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
0
0
( ) ( ) S L
v v

Times the previous step. Could be
positive or negative.
1. No activity at the load until the time T
2. The initial step at that time is the product of two factors, initially launched forward wave on
the line and the sum of the unity and the reflection factor at the load known as the
transmission factor at the load junction.
3. Each of the subsequent steps is a common factor times the amplitude of the preceding step.
4. The steps become progressively smaller so that the eventual load voltage converges towards
a value which is recognizable as the value the load voltage would have if one simply
regarded the source impedance and load impedance as forming a voltage divider delivering
to the load a fraction of the source voltage.
31
Special cases
T 3T 7T 5T 9T 11T
t
v
L
(t)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
0
Z Z
Z
V
S
S
Waveform for a line matched at the load end.
T 3T 7T 5T 9T 11T
t
v
L
(t)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
L
L
S
Z Z
Z
V
0
Waveform for a line matched at the source end.
T 3T 7T 5T 9T 11T
t
v
L
(t)
S
V 2
Waveform for an open circuit line.
S
V
32
Non-resistive terminations

} }
} }
R
S
Z
0
V
S
t = 0
C
i
L
v
L
l
S L
R
S
V
S
}
}
Z
0
( ) t u
Z R
Z
V V
S
S f
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0
0
( ) ( ) t L V t L V v
r f L
, , + =
( ) ( ) t L V t L V i Z
r f L
, , =
0
Adding these, we obtain
( ) t L V i Z v
f L L
, 2
0
= +
2V
f
}
}
Z
0
i
L
v
L
C
for 0 t< 2T
( ) T t u
R Z
V Z
V
S
S
f

+
=
0
0
33
With , C Z
0
=
( )
( )
( ) t e T t u V v
T t
S L
=

1
The reverse wave produced at the load end can then be found from
( ) ( ) ( ) t L V t v t L V
f L r
, , =
and is
( ) ( )
( )
t e T t u V t L V
T t
S r

|
.
|
\
|
=

2
1
,
To find V
r
at some point z<L we add a further delay time T-t where t= z/c to obtain
( ) ( )
( )
t e T t t u V t z V
T t t
S r

|
.
|
\
|

+ =
+

2
2
1
2 ,
The total voltage on the line at any point and time is then obtained by adding to this
backward wave the forward wave
( ) ( ) t t u V t z V
S f

=
2
1
,
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
+

+ +
=
T t t
S
e T t t u t t u V t z v
2
2 1 2
2
1
,
to obtain
34
ct
cT
z
0<t<T
v(z)
1/2V
S
1/2V
S
cT
z
V
S
v(z)
T<t<2T
v(z)
V
S
cT
t >2T
35
Analysis in Frequency Domain
( ) ( ) { }
t j
e z V e t z v

= ,
V(z) is a complex phasor representing peak value.
( ) ZI I L j R
dz
dV
= + =
( ) YV V C j G
dz
dI
= + =
C j G jB G Y
L j R jX R Z
+ = + =
+ = + =
Solution:
Eliminating I
( )( ) C j G L j R ZY V
dz
V d
+ + = = =
2
2
2
complex propagation constant
( )
z
r
z
f
e V e V z V
+
+ =
36
V
f
represents the amplitude and the phase (at the origin) of a forward wave, while V
r
represents the amplitude and phase (both at the origin) of a reverse wave).
+ = j
is the complex propagation constant.
attenuation constant
phase constant
The current I z) is
( ) | |
z
r
z
f
e V e V
Z
z I
+
+ =
1
Substituting for
( ) | |
z
r
z
f
e V e V
Z
Y
z I
+
=
| |
z
r
z
f
e V e V
Z
+
=
0
1
where we introduced
C j G
L j R
Y
Z
Z
+
+
= =
0
characteristic impedance of line
37
imag
Re
-

j
Argand Diagram for
x
jy
Z
0
-Z
0
Argand Diagram for Z
0
f
V
( )
( )
{ }
z t j z
f
e e V e t z V

= ,
z
f
e V

t t + = 0
0 = t
z
z
r
V
z
r
e V
( )
( )
{ }
z t j z
r
e e V e t z V
+
= ,
Forward wave on a line Reverse wave on a line
38
We define the complex voltage reflection factor
v
(z) at any point on the line as
v
(z) =
complex amplitude of the reverse voltage wave at z
complex amplitude of the forward voltage wave at z
( ) ( )
z
v
z
f
z
r
v
e
e V
e V
z

= =
2
0
When z = L, i.e. at the load, we denote
v
by
v
(L), the reflection factor of the load.
When z=S, i.e. at the source, we denote
v
by
v
(S), the reflection factor looking into the
line at the source end.
( )
( )
( ) l

= = =
2 2
2
2
e e
e
e
L
S
S L
L
S
v
v
39
Impedance
We define impedance at any point by
( )
( )
( )
z
r
z
f
z
r
z
f
e I e I
e V e V
z I
z V
z Z
+
+
+
+
= =
}
}
V(z)
Z
0
,
Z
L
Z
L
Z(z) Z
I
S z
L
z
I
z
( ) ( )
( ) z
z
Z
z Z
v
v

+
=
1
1
0
( )
( )
( )
0
0
Z z Z
Z z Z
z
v
+
=
Combine steps to find Z
I
l
l

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
e
Z Z
Z Z
e
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
L
L
L
L
I
l l
l l
+
+
=
sinh cosh
sinh cosh
L
L I
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
0
0
0
40
Matching
If a line is terminated in its characteristic impedance (which is complex for an arbitrary
lossy line), i.e. if Z
L
=Z
0
, then
Z
I
= Z
0
for any l
Lossless TL
We assume R = 0 and G = 0:
0 =
LC =

LC
p
1
=
=
LC
g
1
=

=
i.e. no attenuation
i.e. no dispersion
= constant
= same constant
Z
0
in now real and independent of frequency:
C
L
Z =
0
41
We find that the voltage reflection factor
( ) ( )
z j
v v
e z

=
2
0
changes in phase nut not in magnitude as we go along the line. It advances in phase
along +z direction toward the load. At the source
( ) ( )
l
=
j
v v
e L S
2
distance l back from the load the voltage reflection factor is retarded in phase as
we make the line longer and move back from the load.
l l
l l
+
+
=
sin cos
sin cos
L
L I
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z
Z
0
0
0
Special cases
i.e. s/c Open circuit /4 line
Open circuit load
i.e. o/c Shorted /4 line
Short circuit load
Impedance Case
l = tan
0
jZ Z
I

I
Z
l = cot
0
jZ Z
I
0 =
I
Z
42
Quarter wave lines
When l = /4, l = /2. Then
L
I
Z
Z
Z
2
0
=
This important result means /4 lines can be used as transformers.
Example
} }
} }
/4
Z
L
Z
S
V
S
Transmission line
Z
0
L I
Z Z Z =
0 ( )( ) = = 7 70 50 100
0
. Z
Normalized impedance
0
Z
Z
z =

1
1
+
=
z
z
v
v
v
z

+
=
1
1
43
Admittance Formulation
For every impedance Z we have a corresponding admittance Y=1/Z. It is easy to
show that
l l
l l
+
+
=
sin cos
sin cos
L
L I
jY Y
jY Y
Y
Y
0
0
0
Special cases
i.e. o/c Short circuit /4 line
Short circuit load
i.e. s/c Open/4 line
Open circuit load
Impedance Case
l = tan
0
jY Y
I

I
Y
l = cot
0
jY Y
I
0 =
I
Y
Quarter wave lines
L
I
Y
Y
Y
2
0
=
v
v
v
y
y
y
Y
Y
y
+

=
+
= =
1
1
1
1
0

Normalized admittance
44
Current reflection factor
( )
z
f
z
r
i
e I
e I
z

=
Substituting for I
f
and I
r
in terms of V
f
and V
r
, we find:
v i
=

1
1
+
=
y
y
i
i
i
y

+
=
1
1
Then
( ) ( )
z j
i i
e z

=
2
0
or
( ) ( )
l
=
j
i i
e L S
2
45
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
We look at the way the total voltage V(z) varies along the lossless line. We have, with
= j
( )
z j
r
z j
f
e V e V z V
+
+ =
V
f
and V
r
are complex numbers
V
max
V
min
z
( ) z V
/2
/4
r f
r f
V V V
V V V
=
+ =
min
max
r f
r f
V V
V V
V
V
S
+
= =
min
max
VSWR:

1
1
+
=
S
S
v
v
v
S

+
=
1
1
46
Line Parameters
Maximum and minimum values of impedance along the line can be related simply to S.
When is in phase with we have a simultaneous voltage maximum and
current minimum. Thus
z j
f
e V
z j
r
e V
+
( )
0
0
SZ
Z V V
V V
I
V
Z
r f
r f
=
+
= =
min
max
max
( ) S
Z
Z V V
V V
I
V
Z
r f
r f
0
0
=
+

= =
max
min
min
2a 2b

|
.
|
\
|
=
a
b
L ln
2
0

|
.
|
\
|
=
a
b
C
ln
2
|
.
|
\
|
= =
a
b
C
L
Z ln
0
0
2
1
and
The complex propagation constant is
LC j YZ j = = +
There is no attenuation since we assumed there are no losses and the
velocity c = / is
= =
1 1

LC
c
47
Consider a twin line
s
d
d s
d
s
d
s
ar L >>
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
0 0
ln cosh

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
s
d
s
ar
C
2
ln cosh
d s
d
s
Z >>
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 1
0
0
ln
Common values of Z
0
are 300 for communication lines, 600 for telephone
lines and slightly higher values are found for power lines.
48
Matching of T.L.
We recall from lumped circuit theory the maximum power transfer theorem for a.c. circuits
which indicates that a sinusoidal steady state source of fixed internal voltage V
s
and source
impedance Z
S
will deliver maximum power to a load impedance Z
L
when Z
L
is adjusted to
be the complex conjugate of the source impedance Z
S
, that is
*
S L
Z Z =
Matching of the T.L. at both ends makes power transfer between the source and the load
take place at minimum loss, and also makes the system behavior become independent of
the line length.
Z
S
Z
0
Z
L
V
S
Transmission line
Matching system Matching system

Lecture 6

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Lecture 6

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1

Microwave Physics and Techniques UCSB June 2003

Applying Kirchhoffs current law to the small length dz:

If we eliminate i we obtain the one-dimensional wave equation

Relation of voltage to current

Re-arrange to obtain at the load:

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