International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) ISSN 2249-6866 Vol.

3, Issue 2, Jun 2013, 9-16 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

STRENGTH AND FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF POST CONSUMED WASTE PLASTIC FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
R. N. NIBUDEY1, P. B. NAGARNAIK2, D. K. PARBAT3 & A. M. PANDE4
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Research Scholar, Yashvantrao Chavhan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

3

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India Department of Civil Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Sakoli, Maharashtra, India

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Yashvantrao Chavhan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra India

ABSTRACT
This research paper seeks to optimize the benefits of using post consumed waste PET bottles in the fiber form in concrete (WPFRC).The post consumed waste mineral water plastic bottles are shredded into fibers of specific size and shape. Several design concrete mixes with different percentages (0 % to 3 %) of waste plastic fibers for two aspect ratios, are casted into desire shape and size as per requirement of the tests. Each specimen was cured for 28 days. The workability (slump, compaction factor), compression, split tension and flexural tests were carried out. The results are compared with control concrete. The improvement in mechanical properties of concrete was observed. The behavior of WPFRC depending on sizes of fibers is resulted in this paper.

KEYWORDS: Solid Waste, PET Fibers, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Strengths INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a versatile material for civil engineering construction. It has ability to get cast in any form and shape. All basic ingredients of concrete are natural origin. But the properties of concrete can be change by adding some special natural or artificial ingredients. The concrete has many advantageous properties such as good compressive strength, durability, impermeability, specific gravity and fire resistance. However the concrete has some bitter properties, like- weak in tension, brittleness, less resistance to cracking, lower impact strength, heavy weight, etc. Some remedial measures can be taken to minimize these bitter properties of concrete. The some of the bitter properties of concrete are due to micro cracks at mortar aggregate interface. To overcome this, the fibers can be added as one of the ingredients of concrete. The fibers inclusion in cement base matrix acts as unwanted micro crack arrester. The prevention of prorogation of cracks under load can result in improvement in static and dynamic properties of cement based matrix Waste is the one of the challenge to dispose and manage. It has one of the major environmental, economical and social issues. Industrial activities are associated with significant amount of non-biodegradable solid waste. It is common to serve the mineral water in plastic bottles (polyethelene teraphthelne (PET) bottles) in every country. It has non biodegradable properties. The polyethelene teraphthelne (PET) bottles are recycled and used in industry for different purposes. T. Ochi et al [1] developed an apparatus for extrusion of indented monofilament fibers and in analysis they found that there was no problem when used in normal concrete. The compression strength and youngs modulus of PET fiber reinforced concrete were increased with reference to normal concrete. The results of pullout test were satisfactory when compared to polypropylene fibers. The PET fibers were used in Japan for spraying and lining tunnels, including

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R. N. Nibudey, P. B. Nagarnaik, D. K. Parbat & A. M. Pande

expressway tunnels. Ms K. Ramadevi and Ms R. Manju [2] focused on solid waste disposal of non biodegradable materials and other is reduction in use of natural ingredients like sand. In their investigation, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 6% volume of sand was replaced by PET bottle fibers. The waste PET bottles were collected, shredded into flakes and the grinded to made plastic fibers. The concrete grade of M20 was taken for experimentation. The unit weight of concrete was found to be reduced for PET fiber reinforced concrete. It was observed that the compressive, split tensile and flexural strength were increased at 2% addition of fibers, thereafter reduction in strength was resulted. Venu Malagavelli and Rao P.N. [3] studied the poly ethylene terephthalate (mineral water bottles) and high density poly propylene (disposable glass) fibers on workability, compressive strength and flexural peak load of concrete. The cubes of size 150 mm and slabs of size 740x740x50 mm were casted to determine the compressive strength and flexural peak load respectively. It was observed that slump and compaction factor was increased on addition of 1% of fibers HDPP fibers and 2% of PET fibers. The compressive strength of cubes was increased by 4.2 % with 1% HDPP fibers and 5.63 % with 1% PET fibers. The flexural load before failure was also increased by using both the fibers Fernando Fraternali et al [4] discussed about the recycled PET fiber-reinforced concrete and polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete. The three types of different strength PET fibers and PP fibers were used in the study. The thermal conductivity and other mechanical properties like compressive strength, first crack strength, ductility indices of fiber-reinforced concrete compared with unreinforced concrete. It was observed that high strength PET fiber-reinforced concrete was able to produced significative increases compressive strength and flexural strength compared to UNRC and PPFRC. The thermal conductivity was also decreased than UNRC. Rafat Siddique et al [5] investigated the effect of recycled plastic on fresh and hardened concrete properties of concrete such as bulk density, air content, workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, impact resistance permeability, and abrasion resistance. The post-consumer plastic aggregates utilized to replace conventional aggregates in concrete was found responsible to reduce bulk density compressive strength, splitting tensile strength but makes concrete ductile which has significant advantage in reducing crack formation and propagation. Recycled plastic can be used pavements, bridges, floors, dams and many other civil engineering works that has become an attractive alternative to disposal. From previous research work it is clear that the post consumed PET bottles in fiber form can be used to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. The fibers developed thorough recycling process are costly thats why the fibers are simply shredded to required shape and size. The present paper reports the investigation of effect of the addition of various volume fraction of PET fibers on behavior of cement based matrix. The compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength behavior of concrete is discussed. The PET fibers inclusion in concrete is an innovative material that can be promote in construction field.

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
Materials Used Portland Pozzolana Cement (Fly Ash based) was used in this experimentation conforming to IS: 1489-1991 (Part I). The physical properties of used cement are as follows - Fineness (90 micron sieve) = 2.7 %, Normal consistency = 32 %, Initial setting time = 210 minute, Final setting time = 330 minute, Soundness (Le-Chat.) = 1.5 mm and 28 days compressive strength = 50.7 MPa. Locally available natural sand from river was used as fine aggregate. The sand was having specific gravity 2.53, water absorption 1.2 %, bulk density 1718.52 Kg/cu.m, fineness modulus 2.65, silt content 0.61% and conformed to grading zone- II as per IS: 383-1970. The crushed stone aggregates were collected from the local query. The maximum size of aggregates were 20 mm and 10 mm and tested as per IS: 383-1970 and 2386-1963 (Part I,II and III) specifications[6,7]. The physical properties of coarse aggregates were as follows. (Table.1)

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Table 1: Physical Property of Coarse Aggregates Properties of Aggregates Specific gravity Water absorption (%) Bulk density (Kg/cu.m) Fineness modulus 20 mm (MSA) 2.85 1.15 1564.2 7.63 10 mm (MSA) 2.83 1.23 1694.8 6.42

Water: Potable water was used for mixing and curing of specimens throughout the experimentation. Super Plasticizer: To impart additional workability a super plasticizer AC-PLAST-BV-M4 was used. It is concrete plasticizer with less than 0.05 % chloride content and conforms to IS: 9103-1999. The super plasticizer was added 0.6 % by weight of cement to all mixes. Plastic Fibers: The post consumed PET mineral water bottles of single brand were collected from local restaurants. The fibers were cut after removing the neck and bottom of the bottle. The length of fibers was kept 25 mm and the breadth was 1 mm and 2 mm. The aspect ratio (AR) of waste plastic fibers were 35 (AR-35) and 50 (AR-50).The plastic fibers used were having specific gravity 1.34, water absorption 0.00 %. The different fractions for two aspect ratios were used in this experimentation. Figure 1 shows the PET fibers.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Concrete Mix Based on the trial mixes for different proportion of ingredients the final design mix was prepared for M30 grade of concrete as per IS 10262:2009. [8] The concrete mix proportions of 1:1.42:3.55 (Combined) with water cement ratio 0.48 was selected. The plastic fibers were added into dry mix of concrete in the percentages of 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0% by weight of cement. The different specimens as per requirements of tests were casted. These specimens were tested after 28 days of curing. In each category there were three specimens tested and average value is reported in the form of graphs. Properties of Green Concrete The workability of green concrete is determined with the help of slump cone test (Figure 2) and compaction factor test for each percentage of plastic fibers. These tests were carried out at every batch of the concrete and average value is reported.

Figure 1: Polyethelene Teraphthelne (PET) Bottle Fibers (AR-50) Specimen Dimensions and Different Tests

Figure 2: Slump Test (Normal Concrete)

The compressive strength specimens of dimensions 150x150x150 mm were casted with different percentages of PET fibers. Similarly tensile strength specimens of dimensions 150 mm (dia.) x 300 mm and flexural strength specimens of

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R. N. Nibudey, P. B. Nagarnaik, D. K. Parbat & A. M. Pande

dimensions 100x100x500 mm were casted. The concrete filled moulds were vibrated on table vibrator. The compressive strength and flexural strength specimens were tested under compression testing machine and universal testing machine respectively as per IS 516-1959.[9] The flexural test specimens were tested for two points loading with 400 mm span. The indirect tension test (Brazilian test) was conducted on tensile strength specimens under compression testing machine as per IS 5816-1970.[10]

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The results of fresh and hardened normal concrete (0 % fibers) are shown in tables. The behavior of properties of WPFRC reported in the form of graphs. Workability and Dry Density The following table 2 shows the results of workability (Slump and Compaction factor test) and dry density of normal concrete for M30 grade. The figures 3 and 4 show the behavior of fresh WPFRC and figure 3.3 shows the dry density of WPFRC. Table 2: Slump, Compaction Factor and Dry Density of Normal Concrete % Fibers 0 Slump (mm) 67 Compaction Factor 0.877 Dry Density (KN/cu.m) 25.382

Figure 3: Behavior of Slump of WPFRC

Figure 4: Behavior of Compaction Factor of WPFRC

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Figure 4: Behavior of Dry Density of WPFRC Strength of Hardened Concrete The following table 3 shows the results of Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, and Flexural Strength of normal concrete for M30 grade. The figures 5 to 7 show the behavior of WPFRC after 28 days of curing of specimens. Table 3: Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength in MPa % Fibers 0 Strengths (MPa) Tensile Strength 3.48

Compressive Strength 41.19

Flexural Strength 4.99

Figure 5: Compression Strength

Figure 6: Split Tensile Strength

Figure 7: Flexural Strength

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R. N. Nibudey, P. B. Nagarnaik, D. K. Parbat & A. M. Pande

DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS
All the tests were conducted on green and hardened concrete as per relevant standards. The results were obtained experimentally after 28 days of curing of each specimen. The results of fiber reinforced concrete are compared with the normal concrete.

WORKABILITY
Slump and Compaction Factor The workability of green concrete was measured in terms of slump and compaction factor. From the values of slump and compaction factor it can be observed that the workability decreases when the fiber % increases. The maximum slump for 0% fibers was observed 67 mm for M30 grade of concrete. The slump values were decreases to 32 mm (AR35) and 22 mm (AR50). Similarly, the maximum compaction factor for 0% fibers was observed 0.877 for M30 grade of concrete. The compaction factor values were decreases to 0.78 (AR35) and 0.723 (AR50)

STRENGTHS
Compressive Strength The compressive strength of control concrete was 41.19 MPa. The compressive strength was increases to 42.96 MPa (AR35 and AR50) at 1% of fiber content in concrete. There after the compressive strength was reduced to 31.70 MPa (AR35) and 33.19 MPa (AR50). Split Tensile Strength The tensile strength of control concrete was 3.48 MPa. The tensile strength was increases to 3.87 MPa (AR35) and 4.13 MPa (AR50) at 1% of fiber content in concrete. There after the tensile strength was reduced to 2.58 MPa (AR35) and 2.83 MPa (AR50). Flexural Strength The flexural strength of control concrete was 4.99 MPa. The flexural strength was increases to 5.71 MPa (AR35) and 6.00 MPa (AR50) at 1% of fibred content in concrete. There after the flexural strength was reduced to 3.89 MPa (AR35) and 4.17 MPa (AR50).

CONCLUSIONS
The major conclusions based on the results obtained in the experiments are as follows. The workability property of concrete was affected in WPFRC, may be due resistance offered by the fibers to the movement of aggregates. The dry density was also reduced and made concrete light weight. The maximum percentage increase in compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength at 1% of fiber content were 5.26 %, 15.47% and 17.32 % for aspect ratio 35 and 7.35%, 24.91% and 24.105% for aspect ratio 50 respectively over control concrete (0% fibers). It can be observed form test results that improvement in strengths was higher for aspect ratio 50. It was found that normal concrete specimens were suddenly broken into two pieces at ultimate strength but WPFRC specimens did not suddenly broken.(Figure 8 and 9) The behavior of WPFRC was found ductile due inclusion of fibers. The significant improvements in strengths were observed with inclusion of plastic fibers in concrete. The optimum strength was observed at 1% of fiber content for all type of strengths. From this experimental investigation, the composites would appear to be low-cost materials which would help to resolve some solid waste problems and preventing environment pollution.

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Figure 8: Compression Test Specimen Normal and WPFRC

Figure 9: Tensile Test Specimen Normal and WPFRC

REFERENCES
1. T. Ochi, S. Okubo, K. Fukui (2007), Development of recycled PET fibre and its application as concrete reinforcing fiber, 2. Cement and Concrete Composites 29, 448-455

Ms K. Ramadevi, Ms R. Manju (2012), Experimental investiga tion on the properties of concrete with Plastic PET (bottle) fibers as fine aggregates, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Volume 2 Issue 6, 42-46

3.

Venu Malagavelli, Rao P.N. (2010), Effect of non bio degradable waste in concrete slabs, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Volume 1 No 3 , 449-457

4.

Fernando Fraternali, Vincenzo Ciancia, Rosaria Chechile, Gianvittorio Rizzano, Liciano Feo, Loredana Incarnato (2011), Experimental study of the thermo -mechanical properties of recycled PET fiber-reinforced concrete, Composit Structures 93, 2368-2374

5.

Rafat Siddique, Jamal Khatib, Inderpreet Kaur (2008), Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A review, Waste Management 28, 1835-1852

6.

IS: 2386-1963, Indian standards code of practice for methods of test for Aggregate for concrete, Bureau of Indian Standard Institution, New Delhi.

7.

IS: 383-1970, Indian standards specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

8. 9.

IS: 10262:2009, Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. IS: 516-1959 (reaffirmed 1999) Edition 1.2 (1991-07), Methods of tests for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

10. IS: 5816:1999, Splitting tensile strength of concrete -Method of test, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi