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NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY:
A NEW SYSTEM OF VALUES
AND IDEAS BEHIND THEIR REALISATION

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istory demonstrates that successful implementation of large scale social and economic reforms in all countries, regardless of the differences in their condi tions and start up posi tions, inevitably depends on the achievement of accord among the majority on. a long range national goal, which guarantees maximum integration of personal and group interests. This goal will only become the principal driving force for social progress, if it is achieved via a strate gic line of behavior, based on logic, which is relatively simple for the masses to under stand, and certain state policy.
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Despite the variations in the reforms, carried out in these countries, an "econom ic miracle" was always one component of their success. The achievement of a worthy place in the hierarchy of developed coun tries, genuine sovereignty and national security was invariably based on the devel opment of a progressive production struc ture, oriented above all towards a better quality of life for the population, the required number of jobs, and a stable position in the world's research intensive high technology markets. A comparative analysis of Russia's actu al potential leads one to conclude that years of hard and goal directed work can also lead to "an economic miracle" in our country. By cooperation with a number of other CIS countries, Russia has accumulated a
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vast potential of research intensive tech nologies and a real chance to develop them. Our country's specialists belong to the small elite of the international community, capable of developing and operating highly sophisticated technological systems requir ing, for their part, high standards of man agement and the cooperation of hundreds of enterprises, research institutes and design bureaus. This ability may be considered one of Russia's most valuable assets, our nation al property. However, for many years these assets have been squandered due to huge military expenditures, which made the national economy inefficient. Now, the abili ty to develop and operate highly sophisticat ed technological systems is endangered. It is not sufficient to implement a mere set of medium range programs to realize the 1
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ANDREl KOKOSHIN, Russia's First Deputy Minister of Defense, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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accumulated potential. A consistent national industrial policy is required, representing a strategic line of the state, entrepreneurs and trade unions, supported by most of the society and aimed at
the formation of civil society and a new democratic statehood. Russia can compete on a par in the world markets of aviation, rocket and space technology, ship building, machine tool building,
The national goal of Russia's scientific and technological devel opment could be formulated as a market based reform of the national innovation system, capable of guaranteeing the use and development of the accumulated potential of high technologies and services, required for economic growth based on the promo tion of higher living standards and a better quality of life, on the competitiveness of our domestic industry, resource conservation and environmental protection.
forming competent and mainly self developing organizations the major forces of productive economic activities in a market economy and gradually ensuring Russia a worthy place in world markets (including, above all, our own) and integrating Russia, on the most advantageous terms, into regional and global telecommunication and transportation systems. Russia must adopt a national industrial policy, which could serve as a genuine basis for national accord and contribute to stability in heavy power plant engineering, etc. In many cases it is important for Russia to penetrate the world markets in cooperation with its strate gic foreign partners, i.e. those companies and financial industrial groups which stand for equal and mutually beneficial cooperation. Russian rocket, space and aviation industries may become a kind of "driving forces" to give impetus to a wide complex of associ ated technologies. It implies, first and foremost, development of super fast railway transport, automobile industry, electronics, instru
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Members of the Government of the Russian Federation took part in the solemn flag raising ceremony on the newest destroyer "Besstrashny", built at the Northern Shipyard in St. Petersburg. First Deputy Defense Minister of Russia Andrei Kokoshin also visited the Baltic plant, where the construction of the nuclear missile cruiser "Peter Veliky" nears its completion.
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and research intensive products, maintaining their high technologi cal level and retaining their skilled personnel. The availability of a suf ficient number of such enterprises will be a major contribution to the deterrence from any large potential military aggression. Besides, great importance should be attached to the linkage of conversion
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engaged in the development of a specific element of infrastructure. In all industrially developed countries the state assumes responsibil ity for the development of infrastructure (communications, transport, power engineering). This is one of the vital prerequisites for a pro ductive use of conversion investments. It is impossible to achieve a
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ment making, etc. These trends should be among the state's top priorities. The state budget pattern and system of state benefits and privileges should be formed according to these priorities. Large scale pene tration into the world markets of industrial and particularly research intensive products is extremely difficult and requires persistent and long term efforts in economics and politics. Activities on the interna tional scene should also be aimed, inter alia, at the achievement of this goal. Matters are also complicated by the fact that Russia's research intensive potential is concentrated primarily in the defense sector and that one should therefore simultaneously take into account the effect of several factors. Some factors concern the critical situation in our defense indus try, caused by the slashing of government contracts for arms and military hardware in 1992, which amounted to 67 68%, as well as the parallel processes of conversion, diversification of production and transformation of ownership forms. Recently the pendulum of the Russian industry swung from "excessive militarism" in the oppo site direction, showing extremes, which are inherent in Russian national character. Massive efforts are to be made to provide an optimum in this sphere. The Ministry of Defense does not play a leading role in the elab oration and implementation of conversion programs. However, it is vitally interested in enterprises producing certain high technology
and diversification programs with state defense contracts and the implementation of a long term arms and military hardware develop ment program. A great deal depends in this respect on the development in the near future of a market mechanism for the realization of conversion and diversification programs, including, inter alia, the stimulation of demand. The solution of this problem envisages, along with some other measures, provision of the solvency of the state customer, who will meet in turn the interests of state consumers such: as passen gers, telephone subscribers, entrepreneurs in the delivery business, etc. Therefore it would seem that money allocated to conversion pro jects should be granted to a larger extent to particular customers
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modern efficient economy and industry without developing the infra structure. In addition, conceivable development of Russia's infra structure performs a political function: it helps maintain territorial integrity of the country and provide its social and cultural homo geneity. In present circumstances, we require a concerted mechanism for the implementation of conversion programs and their orientation toward the State Program of Conversion of the Defense Industry, as well as social consensus on the national goal of Russia's scientific and technological development. In the most general terms this goal could be formulated as a market based reform of the national innovation system, capable of guaranteeing the use and development of the accumulated potential of high technologies and services, required for economic growth based on the promotion of higher living standards and a better qual ity of life, on the competitiveness of our domestic industry, resource
conservation and environmental protection. To achieve it, we must, first and foremost, accelerate the elaboration of normative acts, in order to itemize, establish and specify the rights of owning, using and disposing of the results of scientific and technological activities for the previous period, build up a mechanism for the enforcement of legislation on intellectual property and establish an information infrastructure for the conversion and privatization of state enterpris es. Meanwhile, we must complete as soon as possible the drafting of a law on state scientific and technological policies, in order to guarantee the integrity of a law based regulation system, governing the organization and state support of research and development, the realization of scientific and technological achievements, the protec tion of intellectual property and control of the Russian Federation's information resources. Furthermore, we must coordinate legislation and the development of contractual legal foundations of the joint use
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of accumulated scientific and technological achievements and the protection of intellectual property and state secrets with the coun tries which were formerly part of the Soviet Union. The need to speed up the elaboration of a normative legal basis for the regulation of scientific and technological policy is demon strated by the accelerated rate of privatization of defense research institutes and design bureaus, which formed part of the defense complex of the former USSR. Unfortunately, the privatization process only solves property problems, while the registration and distribution of intellectual prop erty is not backed by the requisite normative legal basis. To provide the necessary conditions for the effective use of scientific and tech nological breakthroughs and the promotion of safeguards for intel lectual property rights, it seems advisable in this connection to legal ize by a normative act, during the transitional period, a provision stipulating that scientific achievements and technological solutions resulting from state orders are federal property and fall within the jurisdiction of federal executive bodies. The role of the export regulation system in promoting the goals of national industrial policy deserves special consideration. An analysis of the actual functioning of international and nation al export control systems in industrialized countries indicates that, far from impeding the economic development of our country, this control (provided it is properly organized) will promote it. The Ministry of Defense plays on active role in the new export regulation system in the Russian Federation. The permanent Export Control Commission of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) supervises over exports of arms, equipment and devel opments of the Ministry of Defense. The Chief of Armaments of the Armed Forces, representatives of the General Staff, all arms and ser vices are members of this Commission. Each request submitted by Russia's defense research institutes and design bureaus should be thoroughly reviewed with due regard to national long term security and current economic situation. Representatives of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Federal Counter Intelligence Service and Intelligence Service partic ipate in the work of the Export Control Commission of the Ministry of
Defense of the Russian Federation. By adhering to the international regime of non proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery vehicles, Russia thereby becomes a predictable and trustworthy partner in the sys tem of international relations. It opens up new possibilities for the development of equal technological exchanges for peaceful purpos es. Unfortunately, various economic and political obstacles impede this course of events. On the one hand, this is attributed to specific activities of national export regulation systems. Western countries widely use such controls to maintain their technological advantages over their competitors in world markets, and in this respect it may be regarded as an instrument of economic policy. On the other hand, Russia's participation in the development of a new export control regime, to be established by COCOM member countries, according to a declaration at their session last November, remains an unre solved issue. After declaring the break up of COCOM on March 31, 1994, the member countries of this international organization set up several working groups: some of them will elaborate the principles underly ing the functioning of new international export control regimes. This work has not been completed to this day. In these circumstances, when pursuing a policy of openness and trust, Russia is entitled to reciprocity from its partners. It may insist on the equivalence of its technological exchange with the West, making any lifting of its own restrictions dependent on the liberaliza tion of exports by countries which formerly participated in COCOM. Given that there is demand for modern technologies on both sides, any mutual lowering of the level of bans and restrictions will help promote confidence and economic cooperation between part ners. The solution of the problem of free technological exchanges, with due regard taken of the national interests of all participants, constitutes the goal behind the establishment of the Russian system for the strategic regulation of foreign economic relations. In this respect this activity is an inalienable part of national industrial policy. (
The editors express acknowledgment to A. A. Kokoshin for his support and attention to our magazine.
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RUSSIAN ARMS TRADING

he sale of Russian made arms to foreign countries is only a few profitable export items. At least this was the case until recently. Now, however, vocifer ous, impersonal complaints can be heard: we are losing arms markets, the export of arms has fallen to a minimum, the military industrial complex (MIC) is perishing and the mafia of illegal arms merchants is flourishing. Then, to top it all, a new State Company ROSVOOROUZHENIE appeared, which was immediately denounced as a monopolist in the sphere of arms trade. What is going on? Where are we heading? There are many questions but few intelligible answers. Consequently, we decided to interview a competent individual Victor Samoilov, Director General of the State Company ROSVOOROUZHENIE. Many people have always associated arms trade with the mafia. It is amoral to cash in on sales of instruments of death. Nevertheless Russia is trying to sell its arms. Let us cast aside emotions and epithets. As a professional I operate on the basis of well defined notions. Therefore I prefer to speak about military and technical cooperation (MTC) with foreign countries, rather than about arms trade. This is not a ver bal trick: it is rather a universally accepted term. In a broader perspective, under Article 52 of the UN Charter each country enjoys the right to repel aggression. You must agree, however, that many countries lack the necessary weapons to do so. Therefore the right of countries to sell and buy arms is the mechanism used to realize the right to self defense. Therefore, MTC is an objective necessity of inter state rela tions, involving the supply of arms, military hardware, and tech
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nologies to foreign countries, the provision of military technical services and the investment of financial resources in this field. MTC aims to obtain and utilize foreign currency to meet national needs, primarily to guarantee the national security, eco nomic, military and political interests of Russia. Surely it is contradictory to claim that the sale of Russian arms guarantees our national security? Surely we are undermin ing our safety? There is no contradiction here. Exports of arms and military hardware contribute to the utilization of the production and intel lectual capacities of our MIC. Military and technical cooperation strengthens Russia's positions and guarantees its interests on the international scene. Such cooperation has been conducive to the development of trade and economic relations and remains a reliable and effec tive provision of hard currency. How much hard currency have we earned from arms trade? The figures are well known and I will not repeat them here. I can only say that for each rouble spent in the country on the MTC programs in the former USSR, between 1981 to 1990, export earnings amounted to a sum equivalent to two US dollars. And it should be borne in mind that a considerable share of these programs were carried out gratis or on a credit basis, and that no payments have been received to this day. Why? Iraq and Libya, which accounted for up to 20% of our cur rency receipts, have not paid for the arms delivered to them, owing to some political decisions, including support for the sanctions imposed on these countries by the United Nations. This is one of the main reasons. According to existing informa tion, the direct economic losses incurred by Russia in 1990
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Under Article 52 of the UN Charter each country enjoys the right to repel aggression. You must agree, however, that many countries lack the necessary weapons to do so. Therefore the right of countries to sell and buy arms is the mechanism used to realize the right to self defense.
Victor Samoilov, Director General of the State Company ROSVOOROUZHENIE
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1992 from the suspension of arms deliveries to these countries exceeded US $10 billion. Incidentally, whereas the foreign com panies, which suffered losses from the embargo and disruption of trade with these countries, were duly reimbursed by the United Nations, Russian enterprises received nothing. At the same time, I would like to point out that despite the decline in the total volume of arms and military hardware deliv ered to foreign countries, in 1992 the volume of military exports paid for in the year of delivery remained virtually unchanged and stood at 96.4% of the 1991 level. The volume of arms sales for hard currency paid for in the year of delivery rose almost by one third compared to 1991. In addition, Russia received almost 1 billion dollars worth of goods in payment for exported arms and military hardware. I hope that now it is clear that MTC should be handled pri marily by the state or, more specifically, by special agencies, appointed by the state, rather than private individuals, public organizations or commercial structures. Have such agencies always existed? Yes, practically always. They existed in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union. Here I would like to recall some facts from our recent history. Way back in 1921 an External Orders Division was organized in the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs to handle purchases of military equipment abroad. In 1939, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade set up an Engineering Division (elevated to the status of a department in 1942) which handled deliveries of military hardware during the Great Patriotic War from the United States, Britain and Canada under lend lease terms. After the war, it was put in charge of reparations and imports of arms and military hardware. In 1953 we began to export arms and military hardware man ufactured in our country. In that year a Chief Engineering Department (abbreviated GIU in Russian) was created within the Ministry of Internal and External Trade of the USSR. The volume of arms deliveries kept growing (from 1953 to 1988 it rose 24 times) and, accordingly, the functions within MTC became increasingly specialized. Therefore, in 1968 the General Technical Department (subsequently transformed to the state foreign trade company SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA) and in 1988 the General Department for the Collaboration and Cooperation (GUSK) were separated from GIU. The activities of these three organizations were coordinated by the General Department of Military and Technical Cooperation (GUVTS), established as part of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. This "division of labor" was necessitated by the con ditions of that time. These organizations maintained stable links with Russian designers and manufacturers of arms and military hardware and with foreign partners. Missions were opened in about 40 foreign countries. We received reliable information on the military needs of these countries and could supply this equipment under inter governmental agreements.
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You seem to be suggesting that the former Soviet Union created an almost ideal system of arms trade. Why did it collapse virtually overnight? Yes, it was the best system at that time. However, devel opments in the late 1980s and early 1990s, both on the interna tional scene and inside the country made reorganization essen tial, at least in the structural units of MTC. Let me cite only one example. The dissolution of the Warsaw Treaty Organization made GUSK practically "jobless". The mounting crisis in the defense industries, caused by the death of state credits, seri ously hampered the work of SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA, which was charged with the delivery of spare parts to foreign partners and the creation of a defense infrastructure abroad. Unable to per form their traditional functions, they were forced to focus on areas, which fell within the competence of another foreign trade association: OBORONEXPORT the legal successor of GIU since 1992. This association accounted for up to 90% of our arms exports. As the Ministry of External Economic Relations failed to effectively coordinate the activities of these three organizations, they began to compete on the international arms market. This confused foreign buyers, who did not know which Russian agency was authorized to conduct negotiations on arms sales. Moreover, they tried to undercut export prices. Consequently, the state organizations, engendered by GIU, began to hinder each other in the arms market? Yes, this is partly true. However, one should also consider other factors, which resulted from the liberalization of foreign
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trade. Both foreign partners and we Russians were puzzled by numerous cases, where various "businessmen" and intermedi aries aggressively tried to penetrate the sphere of arms trade. They included people's deputies, government officials, former party bosses heading various funds, actors, regional foreign trade organizations, etc. However, they all had one thing in com mon: they lacked professionalism in business. Competition appeared on the domestic level, which harmed the country's interests. In addition, following the transition to market relations and liberalization of foreign trade, some enterprises and organiza tions (such as the Joint Stock Company KALASHNIKOV, Republican Company BAIKAL, Foreign Trade Association PROM EXPORT, and some others) were granted the right to sell inde pendently their products on the international market. These organizations lacked, however, expertise in foreign trade activi ties and the appropriate structures and qualified specialists. Therefore, in 1992 1993 they failed to realize the rights they have been granted and did not make any substantial deliveries abroad. Moreover, the independent low professionalism of the manufacturers in the field of MTC engendered a number of neg ative phenomena. Is it true that Western competitors did their best to prevent Russia's access on international arms markets? The arms market always involves very tough relations between competitors. Our relations with the United States have improved in many fields, but we are still competitors in arms trade. Clearly the US governmental, military and business circles made concerted efforts to prevent Russia from gaining access to new arms markets and opposed our attempts to preserve Russia's position in traditional regions. Unfortunately, these attempts were successful. Russian arms were efficiently discredited by Western propa ganda, echoed by some Russian media, and assertions that the military conflict in the Persian Gulf demonstrated the superiority of American weaponry over Russian arms. As you may recall, the "hero" of this conflict was the US made AA missile system PATRIOT. This system used six missiles to destroy one SCAD type Iraqi tactical missile. Russian AA missile systems, such as the S 300PMU and S 300V, can destroy such targets with the first shot, even in the event of a massive missile attack. Following this propaganda, over the past three years the Americans more than doubled their sales of arms to foreign countries. Now the United States accounts for over one half of world arms trade. In the meantime Russia slipped from first (1989) to sixth place (1992). Incidentally, the Americans are now trying to obtain samples of the S 300, although they have their patriots. Do you really mean to say that only Western propaganda blocked Russia's access to the international arms business? No, although this factor should be considered. I have already mentioned other reasons, why we lost our positions in
the arms export. I want to mention one more factor, which I deem important enough. The world market has a definite capac ity, which cannot be expanded simply by increasing the number of exporters. Winning arms markets, particularly new ones, is a complicated and slow process. The end of the "cold war" and the policy of confrontation and the general improvement in the international climate have result ed in a sharply reduced demand for arms, both in countries where arms are manufactured and in other countries, which used to be traditional buyers of arms. At the same time one must engage in self criticism and admit that in the competitive struggle Russian arms exporters should have been more flexible, persistent, and inventive and, most importantly, should have displayed greater professionalism and unity of action. It goes without saying that this should be based on a clear cut state concept in the field of arms exports, a concept relying on the priority of rational objectives. The first step has already been taken. Could you be more specific? To enhance military and technical cooperation with foreign countries and ensure the state monopoly on the arms trade in November 1993 the President of the Russian Federation issued a decree, which established the State Company for the Export and Import of Arms and Military Hardware ROSVOOROUZHENIE. The new company is the legal successor of OBORONEXPORT, SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA, and GUSK and directly reports to the government of the Russian Federation. This act removes the aforementioned drawbacks, including competition between Russian state organizations engaged in the export of arms. What are the functions of the new State Company? As its name suggests, the company will export and import all types of arms, military hardware, and dual purpose technolo gies, subject to the approval of the government. It will also build up the defense infrastructure and provide logistics support for arms and military hardware throughout their service life. However, this is what all arms exporters were doing before the formation of the State Company. Is there anything new in principle? Of course. As the Company is no longer part of the Ministry
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of External Economic Relations it assumed some state functions in the management and regulation of MTC. In particular, I refer to the placing of state orders and supervision over their fulfill ment. It determines contractual prices for exported arms and services in the sphere of MTC. One more novelty it invests funds in enterprises and research organizations to keep them develop and produce arms, which will be competitive on the world market. Incidentally, and this is the first time that we have made this fact public: in 1992 and the first half of 1993 the OBORONEX PORT Association, now a member of the new State Company, allocated from its own resources 17.5 billion rubles and 7.3 mil lion US dollars to help defense industries. Of course, this is not much. The Association lacks sufficient funds to finance MIC enterprises permanently. The problem must be resolved as soon as possible at state level. This does not imply only the provision of purpose oriented credits or cre ation of financial industrial groups, involving bank capital. I have in mind a large package of measures to ensure political and diplomatic support for MTC on the international scene. You mentioned financial industrial groups. Am I right in thinking that if a bank so desires and has the potential, it can invest funds in our poverty stricken MIC and enjoy good profits after the sale of high tech arms abroad? In principle, yes. However, the list of banks allowed to make investments in design bureaus, research institutes, and MIC enterprises will be drawn up by the Russian government. This is done primarily in the interests of MIC enterprises. After the creation of the State Company, several managers of MIC enterprises spoke out against the new monopolist in arms trade... Yes, one Russian newspaper published their letter. Since then, however, most of them have reconsidered their positions. This is quite natural. The concentration of efforts and direct guidance provided by the President and the government strengthen the role of the MIC and reduce the red tape. Over past two years, the first hand experience of MIC enterprises working in the sphere of military and technical cooperation with foreign countries has indicated that it is virtually impossible to achieve good results in the arms export business, without well trained specialists, a knowledge of the situation on the arms markets and special features of such cooperation in various regions, and a developed infrastructure abroad. Most major arms manufacturers in Russia fully understand the situation and prefer to use the services of only one organi zation the new State Company ROSVOOROUZHENIE. The enterprises become fully fledged participants in the MTC process. They can display their products at international exhibi tions and negotiate the sale of these products. Moreover, now their economic interests are no longer infringed upon: whereas in the past everything went to the state, now export earnings are retained by the enterprises. I must stress, however, that all Russian participants in MTC must be guided above all by nation
al, rather than corporate interests. The State Company will ensure that the state interests are duly observed. All this looks very good on paper. However, if there is no efficient mechanism of interaction between the designers and manufacturers of arms and the State Company, MTC will again work by fits and starts. You are quite right. Such a mechanism is already being created. ROSVOOROUZHENIE has set up a coordination council and supervisory council with specialized sections. The councils will include representatives of all interested ministries, depart ments, design bureaus, research institutes, and leading enter prises of the military industrial complex. They will decide on the main lines of work, draw up and implement current and long term export programs in the sphere of MTC. This merely requires goodwill from the Russian participants
in MTC, geared to increasing exports of products and services, winning new arms markets and retaining traditional ones. What are Russia's prospects? The traditional and most profitable arms market for Russia was and still remains the Near and Middle East and the countries of the Persian Gulf. Military and technical cooperation with these countries has been elevated to a qualitatively new level. The UAE have ordered from Russia a batch of infantry combat vehicles, BMP 3, which beat US and British competitors during desert tests. The countries of this region have displayed interest in such Russian arms as tanks T 80U, AA missile systems S 300 and "Tor", the self propelled gun mount "Msta S", anti tank systems "Shturm S" and "Metis". Despite the changes in Eastern Europe, we continue to work in our traditional European markets: Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and Finland. China is another country, which can be regarded as a seri ous and profitable partner in our arms trade. India is major importer of Russian arms. Now we are rendering this country technical assistance in the construction of several naval ships, worth US $150 million. Despite a severe competitive struggle Russia is actively try ing to gain access to new markets or strengthen its positions on markets, where its presence was weak: in South East Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines), Africa, and Latin America. (
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RUSSIAN MILITARY EXPORT:
TOP PRIORITIES
SERGEI AKSHINTSEV, Cand. Sc. (Economics), Expert of the Russian Foundation of Foreign Economic Policy he continuing crisis of the Russian economy has given rise to a spate of recommendations on how to remedy the situation as soon as possible. Some extremely superficial remarks made by people in the public eye can have a considerable impact on mass mentality and the progress of reforms. Here I would like to refer to such a complex and controversial problem as Russian arms exports, which constituted as recently as five or seven years ago a classified issue and the domain of a limited group of experts. Then the powerful disarmament campaign concealed it from the analysts' view. Recently, however, this problem has acquired partic ular urgency. We shall confine ourselves to some problems, which appear crucial to Russian arms exports and still arouse a negative reaction from experts and laymen in this country and abroad. One should admit first of all, that the former Soviet Union, with its enormous military industrial complex was one of the world's major arms suppliers. In the context of global East West confronta tion, sizeable arms deliveries became an important tool in maintain ing Soviet influence worldwide and keeping many authoritarian regimes in power. Although the desired political dividends were achieved, our country sustained heavy economic losses, as a con siderable share of the deliveries were provided on extremely pref erential terms. This led to a sharply negative attitude to our military
exports and allegations that they were the principal cause of insta bility and posed a threat to peace in various regions. These views are to a large extent well founded. However, the problem should not be approached unilaterally by laying all the blame for international instability at the former Soviet Union's door. For example, more than 40 countries supplied arms to belligerent nations during the war between Iran and Iraq in 1980 88. Iraq, which faced such harsh criticism for its aggressiveness, bought arms from the USSR and also from France which accounted for about 13% of Iraqi arms exports in 1986 90, China (10%), Brazil (8%), the USA (2%), and Czechoslovakia (1%). However, now we ourselves and our approach to arms exports have changed, the problem has acquired a somewhat different character. The international situation has indeed radically changed. We have abandoned power confrontation with the West, no longer support "authoritarian" and "reactionary" regimes, but are still in bad need of arms exports. Why? First of all, our arms have traditionally embodied the lat est in scientific and technological progress, have been developed and manufactured through considerable capital and by labor inten sive scientific and industrial facilities. They constitute one of the few high technologies, which are, like raw materials and energy resources, in great demand on the world market. By rational sales, in compliance with relevant international agreements, we would obtain the hard currency we so badly need for economic reforms and for the implementation of conversion programs. Two views in vogue today should be discussed. On the one hand, some experts and public figures view the export of Russian arms as one of the obstacles to conversion and transition to a mar ket economy. On the other, many officials and public leaders in the West are extremely concerned about the potential build up of Russian arms exports, claiming they will jeopardize the disarma ment process throughout the world. However, treatment of these problems seems to be based on an underestimation of actual reality. First of all, we have finally realized that a leading role in con version should be assigned to regions and enterprises which, in the context of transition to a market economy and privatization, should themselves be able to estimate their production and export poten tial. We should also understand that if a plant witnesses a sharp decrease in government defense contracts, and yet continues pro ducing military hardware in great demand in the world market, it does not make sense to insist on its "administrative" conversion.
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Market demand will enable the defense plant to make its own choice: whether it is more profitable to produce and export arms or convert to civilian production. After all, recent experience shows that our military hardware may be bought by "Third World" countries and also by leading countries of the West. This is well illustrated by the acquisition of a MiG 29 fighter squadron by Germany's Air Force as well as the planned purchase of Russian Yak 141 aircraft for the US Marine Corps and catapults for US Air Force fighters. In addition, Russia has and will continue to have allies (like any country in the West), it maintains and will sign agreements on coop eration with them, including in the domain of military technology. This may require the development of an entirely new system for arms deliveries under a government military assistance program, similar to the one existing and functioning in the USA. This, in turn, will necessitate state support for the export potential of certain defense plants. The government's policy to arms export should be based on awareness that, given a sharp cutback of orders from its own armed forces, it should provide an optimal workload for the country's mil itary industrial base, required by the Russian state to safeguard its security under normal conditions and in critical situations and reduce the cost of military hardware procurement programs for the national army and navy. All these elements can be seen in the policies of the leading Western countries, whose leaders and businessmen view the export of their own arms as one of the principal ways of enabling their defense industries to meet the challenge of reduced orders for their armed forces. Furthermore, military exports enable these countries to maintain and consolidate their presence in different regions of the world, with a view to safeguarding their national interests. It would therefore be both naive and irrational to insist on the limitation of Russian arms exports. After all, there will always be a need for modern arms capable of maintaining the defense power of various states. If they fail to meet such needs themselves, they will either try to obtain arms abroad or develop their own military indus trial facilities, as indicated by the Republic of South Africa and Brazil. When restrictions were imposed on the sale of military hard ware to them, they developed powerful modern defense industries and entered the world market with competitive military products. In the world market, owing to recent shrinkage (according to SIPRI estimates, the world export trade in basic conventional weapon systems registered an overall 56% drop in 1988 92 at com parable prices) and large number of offers, competition among arms exporters is intensifying and vacant slots in the market are rapidly filled. The trend towards the weakening of Russian positions in the East European market, until recently one of the major traditional importers of Soviet arms, is a graphic indication of large scale con sequences such a situation is likely to have for Russia. At the same time, Western competitors are actively trying to infiltrate this mar ket. For instance, Poland is giving serious thought to purchasing up to 200 USF 16 fighters to replace the Russian MiG 21s. US, British and French firms insistently offer their participation in programs to update and repair Soviet made combat aircraft, which our East European neighbors have in large quantities. Israel has also stepped up its efforts in this direction. It will be involved in the implementation of a program to update 100 MiG fighters of the
Romanian Air Force. Incidentally, the expansion of military technological relations with East European countries is viewed in NATO as an important instrument for consolidating its military and political positions in this part of Europe, which inevitably arouses Russia's concern. Western competitors simultaneously reexport Russian made military hardware. This applies, above all, to Germany, which inten
sively exports combat equipment and its spare parts inherited from the army of the former East Germany. According to SIPRI, Germany exported in 1990 92 about 30 MiG 21, MiG 23 and Su 22 aircraft, 110 T 72 tanks, 50 BRDM 2 armored reconnaissance vehicles, 300 BTR 60 armored personnel carriers, 200 122 mm D 30 howitzers, and a large number of missiles, naval hardware and ammunition. Western arms manufacturers also seek to infiltrate the market of former USSR republics. Exports of Israeli weaponry to Estonia are unprecedented: the republic will receive 50 million dollars of weapons, including small arms, 81 mm mortars, 106 mm pieces of ordnance, antiaircraft guns and ammunition. The agreement on the sale to Finland of 50 US F/A 18 combat aircraft, instead of the originally planned Russian MiG 29s, merits a similar assessment. Needless to say, we recognize the sovereign right of our neigh bors to choose the type of arms they want to buy. However, the expanding military presence of Western countries in the immediate vicinity of Russian borders inevitably arouses our concern. In addition, the cessation of arms deliveries from the USSR (Russia) to some Middle Eastern countries, its traditional recipi ents, has led to a more active stance from China, offering military hardware at lower prices. Some arms manufacturers from Eastern Europe also plan to increase their arms exports. Major Western arms suppliers are taking active and diverse measures to maintain and develop their export potential with the support of their governments. For instance, President Clinton recently lifted the ban on the sale of arms to the "Vishegrad Four" Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary, which have associated themselves with the new NATO concept of "Partnership for Peace." These measures also include the intensive advertising of their own goods and negative advertising of competitors' products, exploit ing, for instance, the success in the Gulf War of the anti Iraqi coali tion forces, equipped mainly with Western technology. This has led over the past few years to a certain imbalance in
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The government's policy to arms export should be based on awareness that, given a sharp cutback of orders from its own armed forces, it should provide an optimal workload for the country's military industrial base, required by the Russian state to safeguard its security under normal conditions and in critical situations and reduce the cost of mil itary hardware procurement programs for the national army and navy.
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world arms trade. According to the UN Conventional Arms Register, the USA, Germany, France and Great Britain exported in 1992 a total of 1,412 tanks, 924 armored infantry fighting vehicles, and 200 combat aircraft. Russian deliveries of such military hardware abroad amounted to 7, 198 and 26 units accordingly. By and large, Russian arms exports in 1988 92 registered in real terms an 83% decrease (with due allowance for the fact that Russia accounted for 80% of the former Soviet Union's arms exports S.A.), falling to $2.0 billion. For the USA the decrease was 31%, for France 52%, for Great Britain 44%, while Germany marked an increase of 55%. Consequently, a sharp decline of Russia's share in the world's total arms exports to 11.1% in 1992 (29.2% in 1988) was accompanied by substantial growth registered by all leading Western countries: 30.5% to 45.8% for the USA, 3.1% to 10.5% for Germany, 6% to 6.3% for France and 4.3% to 5.2% for Great Britain. What conclusions can we draw? During the past few years Russia has lost ground in the world arms market. Is this good or bad? On the one hand, it seems good, as it is claimed that we thereby contribute to the non proliferation of arms in the world. But it would have really made sense, if similar deep cuts had been made by other countries, the major arms exporters and their users. Otherwise (this is really happening in present conditions), Russian interests are unilaterally infringed upon, while the positions of for eign suppliers, primarily Western countries, are consolidated in dif ferent parts of the world. This view was reflected, inter alia, by Russian President Boris Yeltsin's statement at a joint session of the Federal Assembly and the State Duma on February 8, 1994. Given its highly developed defense complex many of its spe cialized manufacturing branches are practically non convertible, while the restructuring of others requires enormous capital, which is unavailable Russia has an objective need to export its arms on a commercial basis. If the West really wants to help us during the transition to a democratic society and economic reforms, it should appreciate this problem rather than label us again "the main culprit in worldwide arms proliferation" and threaten us with sanctions for signing a profitable contract for Russian arms deliveries (provided that existing international agreements on this subject are complied with). Two options could be recommended for Western countries, in view of their concern about the supermilitarization of our economy and associated exports of Russian arms. They could actively finance our conversion projects from the enormous funds they have saved owing to the end of the East West confrontation. They could also consider the manufacture and export of our high technology and competitive defense products as our special ization within the international division of labor. This implies the sale of our arms to developing countries, where they are in great demand, evidenced by an order for the delivery of 500 Russian BMP 3 armored infantry fighting vehicles to the United Arab Emirates, where they triumphed during grueling tests over the famous American M 2 Bradley AIFVs and British MCV 80 Warriors, as well as by the enormous interest in our arms (primarily the T 80U tank, the mobile S 300 PMU1 air defense missile system, the portable Igla antiaircraft missile system, and the self propelled Tunguska antiaircraft missile system), shown by representatives of
Middle Eastern countries at the Idex 93 international exhibition, where our equipment made an excellent showing during demon stration and firing tests. The Russian defense industry has great potential to supply its products to the leading countries of the West and participate in joint programs for the development and sale of modern arms. This may be illustrated by the aforementioned projects of supplying our avia tion technology to the USA, and the real interest of the German Air Force in acquiring an additional number of MiG 29 fighters as an alternative to the more expensive EFAs and offers to furnish the air frames of MiG 29 fighters with Western avionics and armament and sell them to third countries. In addition, MiG AT and Yak 130 train ing aircraft are now being developed, involving French (CNECMA and Sextant Avionique) and Italian (Aeromacchi) firms, to be sup plied to the air forces of Russia and other countries. Such cooper ation would clearly be profitable both to Russia and Western coun tries, which would thereby be able to acquire Russian state of the art technologies, reduce their expenditures and expand the markets of their products. In addition, as evidenced by the recent deliveries of MiG 29 fighters to Hungary and Slovakia, exports of Russian arms may help resolve the problem of Russia's external debt and help it to devel op mutually advantageous trade with other countries. To solve these problems and make Russian arms export more effective, we should reexamine the policy of its implementation. We must above all develop a new sales management system, with due regard for transition to market conditions and the need to grant more extensive rights to the manufacturers in sales of their prod ucts on foreign markets, with strict government regulations and controls over arms deliveries. The government should also support its exporters of military technological products in the face of severe competition. Other important priorities in the development of Russian arms exports include the establishment of an efficient and reliable system for supplying arms sold with the requisite spare parts and a thor ough study of the development trends of the world arms market, with a view to revealing its current and long term needs for defense products as well as the readiness of exporters to offer to their cus tomers mutually advantageous forms of payment for deliveries and their ability to implement these transactions effectively. By and large, it should be stressed that Russia supports all peace initiatives and is doing its utmost to make the process of dis armament irreversible. In so doing, we should remain realistic with out yielding to the pressure of Western countries or surpassing them in unilateral restrictions on our arms sales. An integrated approach to restrictions on worldwide arms proliferation must be devised, involving all suppliers and customers and envisaging the imposition of severe sanctions, against all those, who violate rele vant treaties, as well as provision of incentives, for those who abide by them. We should not overdramatize the situation and allege, as some radical politicians do, that Russia intends to raise its arms exports to $30 billion thereby destabilizing the world arms market. Russia is merely interested in maintaining a worthy place and developing mil itary technological cooperation with various countries on a mutual ly advantageous basis. (
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"VIVARI" CONTROLS "SMERCH"

LAUNCHERS
$
Yuri Voronov, Mikhail Svetlanov
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wing to indis putable advan tages high fire rate, fire efficien cy and surprise strikes the mul tiple rocket sys tems (MRS) con stitute as the most powerful component of field artillery.
They are used to annihilate enemy manpower, suppress its fire means and destroy defensive installations in tactical depths. The multiple loading of rocket systems, boasting small size and simple launchers, enable them to destroy targets over large areas, with salvo fire springing a sur prise and producing a dramatic effect on the enemy. They are highly mobile, capable of opening
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The control elements used in the "Smerch" sys tem doubled the hit accuracy (it does not exceed 0.21 % of the salvo fire range) and tripled fire consistency. The excellent power to mass ratio of the missile, boasting a 280 kg warhead with its own weight equal to 800 kg, and high energy solid propellant used in the engines, allow firing against targets located at ranges of up to 70 km.
fire a few minutes upon arrival at the fire position and leaving in time, thereby evading retaliation strikes. Many experts believe that the Russian "Smerch" MRS is the world's best multiple rocket sys tem. A number of fundamentally new technical solutions embodied in the rocket projectile design make it possible to classify it as a new generation weapon. This applies, first and foremost, to the world's first projectile in flight spin stabilization system. Flight correction in pitch and yaw accomplished via control signals is effected by a unique gas actu ator. The control elements used in the "Smerch" system doubled the hit accuracy (it does not exceed 0.21% of the salvo fire range) and tripled fire consistency. The excellent power to mass ratio of the missile, boasting a 280 kg warhead with its own weight equal to 800 kg, and high energy solid propellant used in the engines, allow firing against tar gets located at ranges of up to 70 km. The "Smerch" rocket warhead weighs almost three times as much as that of the American counterpart. Its design versatility (a monoblock or dispenser con taining 72 submunitions) allows the system to perform various combat missions. Thanks to a variety of submunition types in the dispenser warhead, which may contain HE fragmentation, incendiary elements, mines for the remote antitank and antiper sonnel mine laying, as well as some other destructive elements, various types of targets can be defeated, including armored vehicles, fortifications and com mand operations centers. Consequently, 10 to 16 rockets
AC004
1. The "Smerch" multiple rocket system 2. 9T234 2 transporter loader 3. A projectile for the "Smerch" multiple rocket system
are required to destroy a mecha nized infantry company, 4 to 12, command operations centers, 21 to 44, an artillery battery or pla toon, 9 to 35, mobile combat operations centers, and 17 to 71, a launcher. The MRSs provide maximum efficiency, when used as part of subunits and units acting under a single concept and flexible oper ational command. Experience gained from operating "Smerch" rocket systems in the Russian armed forces revealed that the best organizational form for these weapons is provided by the "bat tery battalion brigade" system, subordinate to a task force or front, which most combat tasks are accomplished for. It surpasses foreign counter parts in combat characteristics
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and quality of the automated fire control system (ACS), which is mass produced by the Tomsk "Kontur" production association. The company's chief design er, Yuri Pakin, claims that the fol lowing principles were imple mented to a maximum degree during the development of the rocket artillery brigade's auto mated control system (the ACS was named "Vivari"): simple design, small size and high reliability of the equip ment; independence and mobility of system components; compatibility of software and hardware with existing and future automated fire control sys tems for field artillery; potential application in any environmental conditions and
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varying temperatures (from 50 to +40C). The "Vivari" control system became operational at the begin ning of the 1990s and has been widely used. It performs automat ed and non automated control over a MRS brigade armed with the 9K58 "Smerch" and "Uragan" rocket systems. Its technical facilities ensure information exchange with high, subordinate and cooperating control ele ments, solve the problems of planning concentrated fire and fire against enemy columns, pre pare fire data, assemble and ana lyze information about the condi tion of artillery units. The core of the "Vivari" con trol system is formed by com mand and control vehicles (CCV), attached to the brigade's com 2
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Scheme showing combat use of the system ("Smerch" MRS brigade control variant)
mander and chief of staff, subor dinate battalion commanders (up to three), and battery comman ders (up to 18). The CCV equipment is accommodated in the K1.4310 van, installed on the chassis of the KamAZ 4310 truck. It includes communications means, secure data transmission equip ment, a digital computer, dis plays and printers. The main technical means,
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used to solve computation prob lems, is based on the E 715 1.1 on board digital computer. Its quick response is 500,000 short operations for the integrated mode and 250,000 short opera tions for the non integrated mode. The capacity of the ran dom access memory is 96 Kbytes, and that of the read only memory, 288 Kbytes. The CCVs of all brigade con trol posts boast special software,
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which can: receive, process, store, dis play and generate messages in formalized and non formalized form; transmit to higher control elements messages disclosing the location and combat readi ness of each subunit, forward commands to subordinate, units and subunits on preparing strikes; protect stored and
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4. A transporter loader with ammunition load
processed information from unauthorized access of attending personnel and authorities as well as unauthorized use of input/out put devices. In addition, the software pro vides for the generation of special messages and blanks for the fol lowing tasks: to assign enemy targets to destruction means; to plan concentrated fire and fire against columns; to compute the grid azimuth on the aster; to compute the fire settings (flight assignment data) for six "Smerch" MRS vehicles; to prepare meteorological bulletins from the data of a meteostation; to compute primal and inverse geodetical problems, locate a point by resections, transform rectangular coordi nates into an adjacent zone, com pute the grid convergence value. All computational problems are called on for solution by a command, entered by the opera tor into the special digital com puter via the control console of the data transmission equipment.
1994
The only exception is represented by target reference data compu tation problems, which are solved automatically upon receipt of messages, which prescribe the delivery of a strike and indicate the salvo fire executor. To check the solution process, the CCV commander's and operators' stations are equipped with TV displays. The display format is 32 lines by 32 characters. Each CCV also com prises an ATsPU 64 6 alphanu meric printer. It prints at a rate of at least 60 lines/min; the number of bits is 64. The CCV technical means are interfaced with the special digital computer through the 131N 4 device. The communications means comprise VHF and HF radio sets, which ensure reliable radio con tact to a range of up to 50 km on the move and up to 350 km from the stationary position. The van is fitted with antennas, which guar antee reliable functioning of the radio sets. Radiotelephone communica tion can be accomplished from the driver's cab or operations section via the T 240D equip
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ment. Data is exchanged between the command and control vehi cles at a rate of 16 kbit/s over digital channels; formed by the P 171M Arbalet 10V radio set. Data is exchanged between the physi cal links at a rate of up to 1.2 kbit/s over standard voice fre quency channels, formed by radio relay radio sets and wire communication lines. In case of need, it is possible to automatically switch to a back up communication channel within a few seconds, thereby practical ly ruling out any loss of informa tion during transmission. The equipment does not account for data exchange during movement. The communications means complex provides link ups to the following channels: satellite, tro pospheric and radio relay com munications stations, medium power HF and VHF radio sets, communications centers, wire communications lines. The entire equipment is pow ered, while stationary or on the move, by the ED2x8 T400 1VPS towed diesel generator set. To provide normal working 4
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EXCLUSIVES
conditions for the commander and operators, the CCVs are equipped with air conditioners, FVUA 100N 24 filtering ventilat ing units and OV 65G heater units. The complete vehicle com prises DK 4D primary deactiva tion means, chemical and radio logical monitoring devices and a set of spare parts. It should be noted here that all command and control vehi cles, forming part of the "Vivari" control system, boast type equip ment. If one vehicle is lost, any other vehicle in the system may assume its functions. This sub stantially increases the survivabil ity of the system on the battle field. The operating procedure can be exemplified by the combat
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employment of the system. The brigade's command post receives enemy data coming from the reconnaissance vehicles, as well as from higher command. The computers of the brigade com mander and chief of staff solve fire planning problems. They access the potential of the firing subunits, availability of ammuni tion, select the target destruction method, determine the density of fire, test various solutions for the assigned mission. The required data and messages are then fed automatically over the communi cations channels to the command
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post of one of the battalions selected to accomplish the fire missions. On the battalion's command post, the enemy data (character, type and coordinates of targets) is specified, tie in problems are solved, and meteo bulletins are prepared by data supplied from automated meteorological moni toring systems. Finally, the required informa tion is fed over the communica tions channels to the battalion commander, based on current information about the disposition and combat readiness of these subunits. The computers of the battery CCR process the obtained information and prepare a flight assignment for six "Smerch" MRS vehicles.
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5. A general view of the com mand and control vehicle 6. Signalman's station 7. Operator's station
According to Russian military specialists, the "Vivari" automat ed control system greatly enhances the combat readiness of subunits, armed with "Smerch" rocket launchers, as well as fire accuracy and efficiency. It rivals America's automated control sys tem Tackfire. Moreover, in terms of essential characteristics, in particular, the time required to prepare for combat operations and transmit commands, the "Vivari" surpasses its American counterpart. (
Comparative Characteristics of the "Smerch" Rocket System and American MLRS Caliber, mm Length of rocket, mm Number of launching tubes Weight of rocket, kg Weight of warhead, kg Range of fire, km: minimum maximum Area covered by a salvo, ha Time required to fire a full salvo, s Fuel endurance of combat vehicle, km Configuration "Smerch" 300 7,600 12 800 280 20 70 67.2 38 900 4x4 wheeled MRLS 240 3,960 12 310 139
30
485 full tracked
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EXCLUSIVES
FORMIDABLE SEA
$
MINE WEAPONS
Boris Tyurin, Captain 1st Rank
$
The great role of underwater weapons is indicated by statistics: more than one million sea mines were laid during two world wars. Mine weapons were also employed widely in local wars.
ea mines occupy a special place in the naval arse nals of all leading world powers, including Russia. Historically, our country is the originator of weapons of this kind and pioneer in their opera tional employ ment. In the Russian and Soviet Navies, the sea mining school was and still is maintained at the highest possible level. The great role of underwater weapons is indicated by statistics: more than one million sea mines were laid during two world wars. Mine weapons were also employed widely in local wars. World trends in the develop ment of sea mine weapons basi cally coincide. High priority is given to the development of bot tom laid water influence mines, anti submarine mine systems (e.g., type CAPTOR Mk. 60 sys tems), underwater rocket mines, self propelling sea bottom mines, aircraft laid bottom mines and mines, protecting the coast against hostile landings. In this
1. Arrangement and operating principle of bottom mine MDM 1: 1 explosive charge section 2 equipment module
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respect a leading position abroad is held by the USA, Great Britain and Italy. The first opportunity to evaluate our progress in the development of underwater weapons was offered at the mili tary equipment and armaments show held in Abu Dhabi, the capi tal of the United Arab Emirates. Here visitors were able to familiar ize themselves with information about our sea mines, which for eign customers could purchase for their countries. Prospective customers are offered information about several current models of domestic sea mines: bottom mines MDM 1, MDM 2, MDM 3, MDM 4, MDM 5, DM 1, UDM 2 and UDME (modification of mine UDM spe cially designed as an export ver sion), self propelling sea bottom
mine SMDM, ship beach defense mine KPM and anti submarine mine system PMK 1. They are intended for the destruction of surface ships and submarines. All these mines, except mine KPM, are of an influence type, working on the principle of combat action on a target. Thus, mine MDM 1 is classified by experts with classic bottom mines. It is equipped with a two channel (acoustic induc tion) proximity fuze and conven tional functional devices: a delay arming mechanism and a ship counting device. Mine MDM 2 is equipped with a three channel acoustic proximity fuze and a self destroying device. Aircraft laid bottom mines MDM 3, MDM 4 and MDM 5 are equipped with three channel proximity fuzes, with acoustic, electromagnetic and hydrodynamic channels and sets of functional devices similar to those used in mine MDM 2. Mines UDME 2, UDME and DM 1 are equipped, respectively, with a two channel (induction hydrody namic) proximity fuze, a direction al acoustic proximity fuze (with a fuzing radius of 30 to 50 m) and an induction acoustic proximity fuze with antishock and antisweep channels (with a fuzing radius of 20 to 45 m for a surface ship and 25 to 30 m for a submarine). The principle of operation of the proximity fuzes used in con
AC005
2. Principle of operation of sea bottom mine MDM 2 3. Aircraft laid sea bottom mines (from left to right): MDM 3, MDM 4, MDM 5
and MDM 5 to present day influ ence sweeps and the required noise
4. 1159 design (Koni class) frigates were exported to many countries.
These ships are equipped with minefield laying means: 1 starboard chute 2 starboard mine path 3 roll over 4 mine and torpedo depart ment command station 5 barrage mines on portside mine path
junction with a delay arming mecha nism and a ship counting device ensures the resistance of mines MDM 1, MDM 2, MDM 3, MDM 4
5. A 877 design (Kilo class) diesel electric submarine may carry up to 24 mines 6. Be 12 amphibian aircraft can be used as mine layers
immunity of mines. MDM 2, MDM 3, MDM 4 and MDM 5 with their operational lives ranging up to one year. The bottom laying feature of mines MDM 1 and MDM 2 makes them hardly detectable in the case of mine countermeasures taken by the enemy via mine hunting sonars of submarines and surface ships and the mine detection equipment of current foreign submersible mine hunting vehicles. Bottom mines MDM 1, MDM 2, MDM 3,
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equipped with 533 mm and 650 mm torpedo launchers. All Soviet and Russian built submarines of design 613, 633, I 641, I 641 K and 877 EKM, presently in operational ser vice abroad, are equipped with 533 mm torpedo launchers. One of the most advanced Russian diesel sub marines of 877 EKM design ("Kilo" according to the NATO classifica tion) is capable of carrying and lay ing 24 mines of the latest models. To carry and lay mines, surface ships must have mine rail tracks and 2
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MDM 4 and MDM 5 are naval weapons, which can be efficiently employed in the coastwise areas of the world ocean. This also applies to mines UDM 2, UDME and DM 1. Aircraft laid mines MDM 3, MDM 4 and MDM 5 have special features. If, during aircraft laying, they get onto dry land or shallows, they are self destroyed by explo sion. Aircraft laid mines MDM 4 and MDM 5 are provided with a unique deceleration and stabilization sys tem, which ensures their accurate laying in a minefield. A few words about the adapt ability of these mines to various car riers and layers. The conventional sea mine carriers and layers presently used in foreign and home navies are submarines, surface ships and aircraft. To perform mine laying, a submarine must have design features, which permit it to accomplish this task (e.g., torpedo tubes). In our navy, submarines are
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EXCLUSIVES
stern chutes. Such ships, which were previously exported or offered for export, include destroyers URO ("large anti submarine ships" according to the Russian classifica tion) of 1155.1 design (modification of the type UDALOI large anti sub marine ship of 1155 design) and 956 design (SOVREMENNY type destroyer in the Russian Navy), frigates (escort ships) of 1135.6 design (developed on the basis of escort ships of 1135 design BUREVESTNIK) and small escort ships of 1166.1 (GEPARD type) and 1159 design (DELFIN type). They are all equipped with mine rail tracks and stern chutes. In the past, our naval exports included 266 ME design sea mine sweepers capable of carrying up to 12 mines UDME, 1265 E design coastal mine sweep ers capable of carrying 5 to 6 mines UDME) and other ships adapted to lay minefields. Mines SMDM, PMK 1 and KPM deserve special consideration. The self propelling sea bottom mine, SMDM, essentially combines a tor pedo and bottom mine. The torpedo discharged from the torpedo launcher of a submarine acts as an independent mine carrier. The offensive method of employment of mine SMDM permits the mining of submarine inaccessible sea and ocean water areas containing the elements of a developed hostile anti submarine defense system (e.g., naval bases, ship basing or repair points, coastwise sea fair ways, etc.) to pose a mine threat and, what is more important, disrupt seaborne traffic and destroy hostile ships. After this torpedo mine covers a preset distance, it settles on the bottom at a desired depth and then acts as a conventional bottom mine. The domestic mine SMDM was developed on the basis of quantity produced 533 mm and 650 mm tor pedoes (according to the 1st and 2nd versions of the conversion of
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torpedoes into mines). According to the 1st version, a mine module (warhead containing an explosive charge) and 533 mm diameter case compartment, containing a two channel acoustic induction proximi ty fuze, functional mine devices and a power supply, are attached to a torpedo power plant. According to the 2nd version, a two channel acoustic magnetic proximity fuze module, containing functional mine devices and a power supply, is fitted in the warhead of a 533 mm or 650 mm torpedo. The conversion of pro duction torpedoes into SMDM mines according to both versions can be accomplished directly in naval armouries and armament depots. The SMDM mine has one great advantage: once the mine settles on the bottom, it is hardly detectable to both the mine hunting sonars of hostile submarines and surface ships and special mine hunting sub mersible vehicles. The low detectability of mine SMDM and the principle of operation of its proximi ty fuze enable the mine to take a hostile ship by surprise and thereby prevent the ship from taking coun termeasures and conducting eva sive maneuvers. The mine SMDM is an efficient naval weapon for use in
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world ocean coastwise areas, which are inaccessible to conventional mine carriers. Some performance characteristics of this mine are given in Table 1. As well as other perfor mance characteristics, which are no less important, experts rate the sub marine carrier speed at up to 20 knots (in case of underwater mine laying), note the three stages of operational protection (based on independent principles of opera tion), a minimum mine laying depth of 4 to 8 m and a maximum mine laying depth of 100 to 150 m. The operational life of the mine is up to one year for the 1st version and up to 6 months for the 2nd version. An approximate foreign equivalent for the SMDM mine is US self pro pelling bottom torpedo mine SLMM Mk. 67, which was adopted by the US Navy in 1978. It was developed on the basis of torpedo Mk. 37. This mine is inferior to domestic mine SMDM in laying depth (1.5 times) and explosive mass (3 and 5.5 times for 533 mm and 650 mm SMDM torpedoes, respectively). A prominent place in the mine arsenal of our navy is occupied by special anti submarine mine system PMK 1, which is essentially a com bination of a moored mine and rock et. Here is brief description of the
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7. Self propelling sea bottom mine SMDM: 1 mine module 2 transportation module
8. Diagram showing a KPM mine secured for sea on rail tracks 1 chain guy 2 mine 9. Anti submarine mine system PMK 1 1 casing 2 rocket 3 instrumentation module 4 depth setting module
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principle of operation of system PMK 1: using its proximity acoustic equipment, system PMK 1 detects a submarine regardless of its noise level and speed and then hits it with a rocket, equipped with a combined actuation device, containing a prox imity time fuze and a contact fuze. The high traveling speed of the rocket and short attack time (no more than 7 s) prevent the under water target from taking counter measures and rocket evasive maneuvers. Anti submarine mine system PMK 1 is a highly efficient weapon for fighting both existing
10. Laying a KPM mine from a surface ship: 1 mine delivered to stern mine chute 2 mine dropped into water 3 mine surfaces due to positive buoyancy 4 mine is on surface, weight touches the bottom 5 anchor is on bottom, mine is at preset depth 6 technical sugar has dis solved, mine is set to "armed"
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and prospective submarines of any potential enemy. Below are given a number of principal performance characteris tics that are not listed in Table 1. The carrier versatility of system PMK 1 is guaranteed by the avail ability of mine rail tracks and stern chutes on surface ships and 533 mm torpedo launchers on sub marines. During the laying of system PMK 1, the speed of a surface ship should be within 4 15 knots and that of a submarine within 4 8 knots. The depth of laying of system PMK 1 should be no less than 200
m and no more than 400 m. System PMK 1 has three stages of opera tional protection (based on indepen dent principles of operation). The site operational life of the system is up to one year. A foreign equivalent for Russian anti submarine mine system PMK 1 is the US moored homing torpedo mine CAPTOR Mk. 60 of 1960. However, it is inferior to system PMK 1 in warhead explosive mass (approximately 7 times), while the anti submarine torpedo Mk. 46 used is less efficient than the under water rocket used in system PMK 1. The ship beach defense mine KPM is also offered for export. This contact mine is an efficient weapon in the defense of shallow coastline areas against hostile landing craft. These mines, which are relatively small in terms of mass and dimen sional characteristics, are laid by surface ships equipped with mine rails and chutes in a coastal zone with depths ranging from 5 to 20 m at a submerged depth of 0.5 to 2 m. Mine KPM is a moored electro contact mine. This mine is equipped with a light explosive charge. It is automatically set to a predetermined depth by the plummet method. The mine assembly weighs 35010 kg, the mine case, 855 kg and the mine anchor, 2655 kg. The design of mine KPM permits the use of an existing mine chain sea securing system, which is used in the domes tic small moored mine YAM. For bet ter survivability and sweeping resis tance, mine KPM is equipped with a mooring chain. (
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EXCLUSIVES
TABLE 1 Type of mine MDM 1 MDM 2 DM 1 UDM 2 SMDM (ver. 1) SMDM (ver. 2) UDME Diameter or width (mm) 533 790 (packed w/o bogie) 533 650 533 650 630 (unpacked) 790 (packed) 970 (height w/bogie) 1,400 (total height: 745) 533 Length (mm) 2,860 2,300 2,860 2,850 7,900 11,000 2,200 (unpacked) 2,300 (packed) 700 7,830 Total mass (kg) 1,120 1,413 960 1,500 1,980 5,500 1,413 Explosive mass (kg) 960 950 746 800 480 800 645
KPM PMK 1
365 1,850
48 300
TABLE 2 Type of mine AIRCRAFT Mass (kg) aying depth, Overall min./max. dimensions (mm) (m) Length Diameter 15/35 525 1,580 450 15/50* 1,370 2,785 650 125 15/60* 1,500 3,055 630 300
AIRCRAFT SHIP SHIP Mass (kg) aying depth, Explosive Overall min./max. mass, dimensions (mm) (m) Length Diameter TNT (kg) 8/35 1,525 800** 635*** 300 12/50* 2,300 690** 1,420 950 125 8/60* 2,400 630 1,470 1,350 300
MDM 3 MDM 4 MDM 5 NOTE.
* against surface ships in numerator and against submarines in denominator; ** packed; *** w/bogie.
TABLE 3 Principal performance characteristics of mines Carriers MDM 1 Surface ships (SS), submarines (S) SS, S, vessels
Types of mines MDM 2 DM 1 Surface ships, air Surface ships, sub marines craft SS, S SS, S UDM 2 UDME Surface ships, air Surface ships craft SS, S SS, S
Sea targets Carrier mine laying speed (knots) 4 15 (SS), 4 10 (SS) 4 8 (S), 1,000 km/h, max. (aircraft) Mine laying depth (m): minimum: from SS 12 12 from S 20 maximum: 120 against SS and S in sur face condition 35 (max.) against S in submerged condition 125 (S)
50 (SS) 120 (S)
8 300 (SS, S)
12 50 (SS, S) 125 (S)
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AC006
ARMY
I
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t's hard to imagine infantry on the modern battlefield without fire support of artillery: mor tars, guns, and howitzers. Each artillery system is assigned specific tasks to destroy various targets. Mortars are the most effective means to annihi late the enemy personnel stationed behind natural or artificial covers.
Antitank guns are designed to hit moving armored targets. Russia's designers, headed by Yuri Kalachnikov and scientific manager Avenir Novozhilov, were the first to develop a unique artillery system, the 2S9, which looks like a hybrid between a mor tar and howitzer. It was christened "Nona S". Since 1981 the self propelled gun "Nona S" mounted on the chassis of the full tracked armored
Sergey Samoylyuk
We should emphasize the versatility and flexibility of tactical employment of the "Nona SVK". For example, when hitting an armored target by direct fire the gun is transformed into mortar in a matter of seconds. This amazing capacity to act both as mortar and howitzer ensures reliable support for mechanical infantry subunits in all types of combat. According to military specialists, the firepower of subunits equipped with the 2S23 self propelled gun is 1.7 times higher than the firepower of the same subunits equipped with 2S12 towed mortars.
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"NONA"
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THE THREE FACES OF
personnel carrier, the BTR D, started to come into service with airborne troops. On many occasion it saved Russian paratroopers in Afghanistan. Its quasi vertically raised barrel permitted the execu tion of combat tasks in mountain ous terrain, which could not have been performed by howitzers or guns. Drawing on combat experi ence in Afghanistan, a towed 120 mm gun 2B16, designated "Nona K", was developed and adopted in 1986. The "Nona K" is fitted with a lifting jack to provide its stability during firing. Unlike the self pro pelled guns, the "Nona K" barrel has a recoil brake, which absorbs 30% of the recoil energy. According to the table of organiza tion, the 120 mm gun 2B16 is towed by the GAZ 66 truck, which can be substituted by a smaller UAZ 469. Designers, headed by Yuri Kalachnikov, created another gun, namely, a self propelled gun for ground forces developed on the basis of 2S9. This gun was desig nated "Nona SVK". This version of the 120 mm self propelled gun, the 2S23, began to come into ser vice in 1990. "Nona SVK" is intended to perform a variety of combat mis sions. It is capable to destroy and neutralize enemy fire means and manpower, both in open terrain and in light shelters, as well as artillery and mortar batteries, vari ous armored targets, missile launchers and command posts. The 2S23 gun can be fired under various climatic conditions at tem peratures ranging from +50 to 50 C. The self propelled gun "Nona SVK" is mounted on the chassis of an amphibious armored personnel carrier, the BTR 80. It is powered by a 192 kW high speed liquid cooled diesel engine (260 hp). This four axle, full drive vehicle is
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for fords or wait for preparation of bridges. "Nona SVK" is capable of crossing water obstacles from the move. Its powerful hydrojets ensure a maximum speed in water of up to 9 km/h. The main part of "Nona SVK" is its 2A60 gun, which consists of a rifled barrel with breechblock, a cradle with safety guard made of aluminum magnesium alloy, a
Then the breechblock is closed. The pneumatic equipment per forms another very important func tion during the firing, namely at the moment of the breechblock's opening, the cylinder with the frame is recoiled and part of the compressed air is discharged into the barrel chamber. Consequently, within one or two seconds the bar rel chamber is blown through by a
1. Self propelled gun "Nona SVK" 2. "Nona SVK" advances to fir ing position 3,4. The gun prepares for fire 5. "Nona SVK" is armed with a 120 mm gun 2A60
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capable of negotiating trenches two meters wide and vertical walls, half a meter high. Its boat shape hull is welded from armored steel plates. The vehicle has an individ ual lever type torsion suspension with double action telescopic shock absorbers. Its fuel endurance on highways is 600 km. It can stay afloat for 12 hours in water with a normal mode of engine operation. It can reach a maximum speed on highways of up to 80 km/h. In combat, when the time fac tor is vital, the crew of this self propelled gun doesn't need to look
counterrecoil system and elevation mechanism. The breechblock is of a combined, semi automatic type with wedge locking mechanism and powder gases obturator. A salient feature of the breech block locking mechanism is a cylinder with the frame, which per forms the role of the follower. This design reduces demand on the loader's muscles to ram the pro jectile into the powder chamber. Here we are virtually dealing with a robotized manipulator. "Nona SVK" is rigged with powerful pneumatic equipment. The "mechanical arm" of the fol lower is actuated by the loader, when he presses the button on the follower's console. The electro pneumatic valve is actuated and compressed air is discharged into the cylinder's cavity, thereby push ing it forward and feeding the pro jectile into the powder chamber.
powerful air current which dis charges the powder gases outside which acts as substitute for the loader's arm. This is a great asset, when the gun is being fired at large or critical angles of elevation, when the barrel is practically aimed at the zenith. The hydraulic recoil brake with spring compensator is used to slow down the recoil parts at firing. The pneumatic recupera tor with hydraulic locks returns the recoil parts to their initial position after firing and retains them at any elevation of the gun. The combus tion products of the propelling charge fail to penetrate the fighting compartment, and the crew can operate in clean environment. The self propelled gun is also equipped with NBC filtering unit for opera tion on the contaminated terrain. The ammunition allowance of the self propelled gun comprises various artillery rounds, including
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high explosive and hollow charge projectiles as well as high explo sive, illuminating, smoke screen and incendiary shells. The com pact arrangement of the equip ment allows one to stow in the middle part of the fighting com partment 30 rounds and two metallic cases with additional pow der sections. The gun is designed to fire high explosive projectiles with grooves. Unlike mortar shells they are flight stabilized. In terms of their fire effect on targets, they resemble the 152 mm howitzer projectiles and supersede in fire power all modern foreign 120 mm howitzer projectiles. The gun is also capable of firing high explo sive shells, including foreign shells similar to those for the French made mortar PT 61.
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It should be noted here that all the ammunition is developed by designers headed by Anatoli Obukhov at the state research and production enterprise "Bazalt". What are the combat charac teristics of the 120 mm gun 2A60? The maximum range of fire with a HE projectile exceeds 8.7 km, and a HE shell 7.1 km. The muzzle velocity of the HE projectile is 367 m/s, the HE shell 560 m/s. The gun boasts minimum fire range capacity of 1 km 720 m for projec tiles and 400 m for shells. It also guarantees a high rate of aimed fire, equalling 8 10 rounds per minute when the gun fires com plete artillery rounds from indirect laying positions. The self propelled gun is fitted with an all welded armored turret. A gun port is located in its frontal armor. The upper right part of the turret comprises the loader's hatch with proper rigging. On the left side there is a commander's cupo la with vision devices TNPO 115. The 7.62 mm machine gun
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PKT is mounted on the comman der's cupola ring. Its rate of fire equals 500 600 rounds/min. The ammunition allowance equals 5,000 cartridges. This machine gun is connected via lever with the TKN 3A sight. Consequently preci sion fire is delivered by remote control from the cupola. The self propelled gun also has additional weapons, including four AKS 47 assault rifles, two portable "Igla 1" AA systems, fifteen F 1 hand grenades and twenty 30 mm flares (red and green). The 902V smoke screen system with six 3D6 charges mounted on both external sides of the turret. Thanks to this system, the self propelled gun can operate concealed on open terrain. This considerably enhances the tactical characteristics of this com bat vehicle. The fighting compart ment includes the inner space of the turret and middle part of the hull of the vehicle. It houses the working stations for a commander, gunner, and loader. The gun's 2A60 ammunition sighting and
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6. "Nona SVK" is assembled on the chassis of BTR D armored personnel carrier 7. "Nona SVK" delivers fire
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8. The 2B16 "Nona K" towed gun during tests 9. "Nona SVK" is ready to fire
vision devices, pneumatic and electrical equipments are also fit ted inside the turret. We should emphasize the ver satility and flexibility of tactical employment of the "Nona SVK". For example, when hitting an armored target by direct fire the gun is transformed into mortar in a matter of seconds. This amazing capacity to act both as mortar and
howitzer ensures reliable support for mechanical infantry subunits in all types of combat. According to military specialists, the firepower of subunits equipped with the 2S23 self propelled gun is 1.7 times higher than the firepower of the same subunits equipped with 2S12 towed mortars . The self propelled gun has a mechanism to lift projectiles
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Combat crew, men Range of fire: with 3VOF49 HE rifled projectile, km with 843B HE shell, km Maximum rate of fire, rounds/min Overall weight of SP gun, kg SP gun length, mm SP width, mm Height to turret roof, mm
4 8.7 7.1 10 14,500 7,400 2,900 2,495
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PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF PROPELLED GUN "NONA SVK"
(shells) from the ground. This fac tor enhances its combat efficiency. In the traveling position, this appli ance is harnessed to the gun near its exterior side door. The armored hull of the self propelled gun houses units, devices, mechanisms and other parts. Some of them are incorpo rated in automatic and automated systems, while others perform independent functions. Ergonomics and engineering psy chology recommendations were fully implemented to relieve from stress crew members who operate in confinement and make them perform reliably their duties for a long time with ease and accuracy. "Nona SVK" is equipped with a communications system, including intercom, wire and radio communi cations means. The on board elec tric power generator, driven by the power take off shaft of the vehi cle's diesel engine, considerably enhances the self sustainability of this gun. The generator supplies the vehicle's equipment and vari ous parts with electric power. The crew of the 120 mm self propelled gun 2S23 is manned with a commander, gunner, loader and driver. To conclude, we'd like to note that the development of this unique combat vehicle has led to the reduction of the considerable number of artillery systems previ ously employed by airborne and ground forces assigned to wide range of combat missions in vari ous types of combat activity. It should be stressed that until now the rest of the military world has been short of such a gun, despite active attempts to develop a coun terpart. Since 1991 the "Nona SVK" had been displayed at vari ous international exhibitions, attracting the interest of many developers. (
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n early 1991, the Western press ("Jane's Defence Weekly", 1991, vol. 16, No. 3, p. 88) reported that a US Marines' Harrier II aircraft on a mission in the Persian Gulf was sup posedly shot down by a missile fired from a Soviet made SA 16 Gimlet portable surface to air missile system. Adopted by the Soviet Army in 1981 this weapon, with the Russian name "Igla 1" (Needle 1), was indeed supplied to a number of countries in Africa and the Middle East. The need for portable surface to air (SA) missile systems to pro vide AA cover for fighting troops became evident after the subse quent changes in air tactics. These changes were, in turn, corollary to two interrelated fac tors. Firstly, the advent of air defense missile systems dramati cally increased the combat capa bilities of air defences during the destruction of intruder aircraft at
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Aleksei Vadimov
Combat launches of the "Igla" missiles may be performed from pre pared and unprepared grounds and from various objects. The system allows one to fire missile ripples from a turret, may be carried on com bat and transport vehicles and used as part of helicopter armament.
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medium and high altitudes. Secondly, in a bid to safeguard the aircraft against ground fire, the designers provided the flight navigation equipment, sighting complexes and other aircraft sys tems with capabilities allowing them to approach and attack tar gets with bombs and missiles, while standing off the effective range of SA missiles, i. e., flying at low (150 600 m) and extremely low (25 150 m) altitudes. The air forces of various coun tries did more than merely try out such air attack techniques, they successfully employed them in local wars. These tactics were extensively used by the coalition forces to bomb the Iraqi troops during the "Desert Storm" opera tion. The specifics of modern tac tics, employed by combat air planes and helicopters, stem from the arduous task of fighting low flying targets, engendered by the difficulties of their detection and identification, coordination of the fire of air defences, and the absence of sufficiently mobile and effective means of destruction. To deal with such targets, the time for counteraction needs to be minimized, while the high angular velocity of the targets makes the aiming and launching of missiles or firing of guns a far more com plicated matter. The FIM 43A "Redeye" portable surface to air missile system, adopted by the US Army in 1967 was the first one designed to counter low flying targets. In 1968, the specialists of a machin ery design bureau in Kolomna (a town near Moscow) developed a similar system, "Strela 2" (Arrow 2). Since then the design bureau has become Russia's leading organization, developing new SA missile systems. It produced all the later versions of the weapon, 1
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1. An operator with Igla AD portable missile system 2. Firing from a trench 3. The Igla in traveling position 4. A launching tube container 5. Homing missile of Igla AD mis sile system 6. The Igla missile warhead
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"Strela 2M" and "Strela 3". Each one markedly surpassed its prede cessor in combat effectiveness. The latter has existing foreign counterparts, such as the American "Redeye" and British "Blowpipe". The designers were guided by the following principles from the very beginning of their work on the SA missile systems: the detection of air targets, aiming and shooting are per formed by the gunner (the "detect and fire" principle); the use of a self homing sys tem is a must (the "fire and for get" principle); the permanent combat
readiness guaranteed by transfer to combat mode within seconds; the weight of the weapon in combat position must not exceed 20 kg; direct target hit; the configuration of the sys tem: a self homing missile with a warhead capable of destroying modem aircraft, a launching transporting container, a launch ing mechanism, a ground power supply to energize the equipment during the pre launch period. The same principles were used as the basis for the last gen eration SA missile systems devel oped in Kolomna. There are two of them: "Igla 1" (SA 16 Gimlet),
which entered service in 1981 and, finally, the latest model, "Igla" (SA 18). Their advent was necessitated by the fact that extra armor and backing up of the vital
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accomplished by the "Igla" identi fication friend or foe (IFF) radar interrogator, built into the launch ing mechanism. What is more, the unit's commander may be warned beforehand about the air situation in the action area. This is achieved via a special portable electronic plotter. The plotter receives the digital information from the con trol posts (location, direction of movement and nationality of the target) and automatically presents it on a situation display. The plot ter can track up to four targets at a time and enables the comman der to determine which one pre sents the maximum threat for the guarded installation at a given time. Significant changes have been introduced in the design of the missile proper. Improved motors and a far more stream lined shape of the missile's body allowed it to engage targets, which move at transonic speeds, increased its range and killing zone. Upon impact with the target, the remainder of the propellant in the missile powerplant is detonated by the explosion of the warhead charge, thereby materially increasing the destructive effect of the missile on the flying target. The "Igla" system, adopted in 1983, shares maximum unification with the "Igla 1" and has a unified powerplant, warhead, launching mechanism, power supply, train
functions have largely added to the survivability of new models of aircraft and helicopters. The war heads of earlier generation mis siles could not shoot down them even on direct hit. The new com bat outfit of "Igla 1" has allowed it to surpass "Strela 2M" more than six times in combat effectiveness. The work of the operator has been appreciably simplified owing to the employment of equipment, which automatically directs the missile towards the lead point at the initial leg of its flight path, thereby obviating the need for introducing elevation and lead angles. In addition, a programma ble shift of the missile hit point grouping's center assures that the most vulnerable sections of the target are hit. This virtually guar antees its destruction on impact. The identification of targets and cancellation of missile launch in the face of a friendly target are
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ing facilities and mobile test sta tion. At the same time the "Igla" uses a new optical homing head, with a target indication logic unit, which enabled it to fight the enemy aircraft through infra red (IR) jamming (thermal decoys). In addition the range of fire for approaching jet propelled targets was increased considerably by markedly improving the sensitivity of the head. The tests revealed that the "Igla" system can successfully counteract modern targets, when the latter use various types of heat interference with a dispensing rate of up to 0.3 s and radiation power exceeding that of the target itself. Consequently, the probability of hitting a "Phantom" type aircraft, amounting to 0.48 on the collision course and 0.33 on the pursuit course can only be reduced by 30%, by employing thermal inter ferences. Compared to the "Strela 2" system, the probability
7. Ready for firing 8. The AD missile system carried

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on a wheeled vehicle 9. An electronic board showing the air situation in the radius of 12.5 km 10. Near the target 11. Target is destroyed
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of target engagement is more than eight times as high. The system has no limitations for use in areas of local fires, as well as for joint use with antiair craft guns. Its combat and opera tional characteristics are fully pre served in landing operations, involving standard landing facili ties, such as carrier vehicles (in special packages), paradropped platforms of various types and parachute bags. Combat launches of the "Igla" missiles may be performed from prepared and unprepared grounds and from various objects. The sys tem allows one to fire missile rip ples from a turret, may be carried on combat and transport vehicles and used as part of helicopter armament. The missile is safe, when riddled with bullets or dropped from a height of up to 5 m. It preserves its full combat and operational characteristics, when carried over long distances by wheeled and tracked vehicles (5,000 and 3,000 km, respective ly), and over unlimited distances by air, water and rail. No climatic limitations exist for its storage and operation. Despite the very simple opera tion and maintenance of the mis sile system, provision is made for a set of training facilities, as the effectiveness of the weapon in fighting modern aircraft, flying at extremely low altitudes, largely
COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL DATA ON "IGLA" AND "STINGER" SURFACE TO AIR MISSILES "Igla" Target altitude, m "Stinger" 3,500 maximum 3,500 10 minimum 30 400 Maximum target speed, m/s 340 0.38 0.58 1 0.3 0.5 One round kill probability Time to transfer from carrying to 3 combat position, s, not over 30 10.6 Missile launching weight, kg 10 1,150 Weight of warhead, g 1,000 5,200 Maximum target killing range, m 4,500 Weight of missile system in combat 18.4 position, kg 18.8 depends on the level of compe tence, training and psychological preparedness of the operators. The system is provided with field simulators, trainers and full size and weight mock ups. Experience proves that eighty electronic launches at a simulated air target and one training launch via the ejection motor are normal stan dards for the preparation of a qualified operator. After the preparation, the operator forms good habits in determining the target motion parameters and missile launch zone boundaries, learns the algorithm of combat operation and receives the required psychological toughen ing. To perform the scheduled ser vices and other forms of mainte nance on the system, mobile test stations are used as well as the test equipment of the arsenals. This equipment has been created on an entirely new basis, using up to date components including integrated circuits and micro processors. The parameters required to evaluate the condition of the system are monitored auto matically, in accordance with a program entered in the microcom puter. The results of the monitor ing are presented on an alpha numeric display by lighting one of the labels, "GO" or "NO GO". The capacity of one mobile test station allows one to test 150 missiles per shift. As is clear from the aforemen tioned, the "Igla" portable sur face to air missile system carries out quite a number of advanced technical solutions, including the use of detonation capable fuel of the powerplant, gas dynamic force to turn the missile at the ini tial leg of its flight, target indica tion against the thermal interfer ence, the displacement of the missile hit points to the most vul nerable sections of the target, the "deepened" destruction of the warhead, together with the remaining fuel and other solu tions. As a result, according to its main characteristics, killing zone and target speed, the "Igla" sur face to air missile is in no way inferior to, and, no doubt, sur passes in kill probability the latest foreign analog, the American Stinger RMP surface to air mis sile. (
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vehicle costs $1 million. It may sound expensive. However, a good weapon does not come cheap. It suffices to say that in some characteristics our weapon has no equal. The works are staffed by a young and energetic labor force. We successfully settle business matters in new market conditions and are ready to discuss any sales proposals, ideas on person nel training, the repair, operation and maintenance of combat vehi cles at any point of the earth. We can also issue a license for the manufacture, industrial technolo gy or sale of individual compo nents. We are interested in both sales and partners to exchange know how and new technical information." Developed by the Kolomna Machinery Design Bureau, the "Shturm S" system compares favorably with similar foreign made weapon systems (for exam ple, American TOW and French HOT) and will set the trends of development for antitank weapons until the end of the 1990s. It has a modular design. This feature provides for its accommodation on any types of infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks and helicopters of Russian and foreign makes. It boasts a semi automatic missile guidance system, where commands are transmitted by a radio link. The technical concepts embedded in its design are still being devel oped by foreign firms. Most simi lar Western antitank missiles pos sess control systems, based on the wire transmission of com mands. Therefore, their opera tional range and flight speed are limited (they do not exceed 4,000 m and 200 m/s, respectively). According to a report by the "Defense Review" magazine, an 1
1. "Shturm S" antitank missile system

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n July 1992 at Russia's International Trading Center foreign specialists became acquainted for the first time with the 9P149 "Shturm S" self propelled antitank missile system, manufactured by the Volsk mechanical works. They particularly appreciated its ability to effectively destroy tanks, fast armored vehicles,
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small size ground installations (fortified emplacements) and low flying low speed air targets. Vitali Sakhnenko, Director of the Volsk mechanical works claimed in an interview: "By virtue of its technical characteristics, the Shturm S antitank weapon is unique. For the first time we are offering this modern weapon for export and hope to find an appropriate buyer. The "Shturm S" combat
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Developed by the Kolomna Machinery Design Bureau, the "Shturm S" system compares favorably with similar foreign made weapon systems (for example, American TOW and French HOT) and will set the trends of development for antitank weapons until the end of the 1990s. It has a modular design. This feature provides for its accommodation on any types of infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks and helicopters of Russian and foreign makes.
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Sergei Vedenev
IS UNEQUALLED
"SHTURM S" ANTITANK WEAPON SYSTEM
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order for a radio command trans mission system was placed on a competitive basis by the firm "Martin Marietta", the developer and manufacturer of the TOW antitank guided weapon to sever al electronic firms no earlier than 1990. The "Shturm S" system uses a 9M114 multi function missile (the basic load comprises 12 missiles) with a one piece cumu lative warhead. The missile has a canard configuration with folding front fins and a half round wing. When the missile is not in use, the wing is retained against the missile's cylindrical body. The missile employs a solid propel lant two mode sustainer motor, accelerating it to high flight speed (up to 530 m/s). The war head can pierce an armor plate 560 to 600 mm thick. The missile is fitted with a booster, which ejects it from its glass plastic transporting launching container. Owing to its design the missile goes into spin after ejection from the container. In addition, the container can be used to store the missile for up to 10 years. The "Shturm S" may also employ the 9M114F missile with HE warhead. It provides for the annihilation of enemy manpower and destruction of fortified emplacements and other engi neer constructions, including those located in the mountainous terrain. To counter tanks with explosive reactive armor (ERA), the designers developed a new highly competitive missile with a tandem warhead. According to the designers, the modified mis sile has an increased operating range and is capable of defeating tanks protected with ERA by piercing the armor equivalent to 800 mm homogenous armor. The missile uses a semi auto matic radio command guidance system with an IR tracking beam. It boasts high jamming immunity as it employs during the guidance process two codes and five spot frequencies. It is worth noting that the missile flying at a super sonic speed cannot be effectively jammed by any existing technical means. To control the fire, special programs have been devised, which enable the missile to fly along an above the line of sight trajectory during the initial phase and, on coming within 500 to 700 m of the target, descend and hit the target. This enables the oper
2. Negotiating a water barrier
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ator to keep the target in sight at all times, irrespective of weather conditions and the operation of the motors. At the maximum fir ing range the accuracy provided by the ATGM control system is within 0.6 angular minute. This ensures firing at any small size armored targets and even hover ing and approaching helicopters. The maximum air target killing altitude (with the launch made at sea level) is 3,000 m. In the traveling position, the launcher is retracted into the hull, which accommodates an ammu nition stowage mechanism (a special rotating drum and reduc tion gear). The drum cradles carry twelve launching containers with missiles. During firing, the launcher grips the container and transfers it to combat position. After the launch, the used container is dropped aside, and missile reloading proceeds automatically. The time, elapsing since depres sion of the fire button to the ejec tion of the missile from the trans porting launching container, amounts to one second. The equipment and basic load are mounted on a base vehicle, presented by the MT LB multi
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An ammunition stowage mecha nism with transporting launch ing containers and missiles 4.
Characteristics of "Shturm S" System Crew, men Weight of system, kg Missile load, pcs Maximum speed of targets being destroyed, km/h: lateral movement head on movement Laying angles, deg: traverse elevation Maximum speed, km/h Fuel endurance, km
2 12,300 12
9M114 antitank missile
60 80 85 to +85 15 to +5 65 50
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function light armored tractor, which is highly reputed in the Russian army. Its high thrust to weight ratio, provision of a tracked propeller, and low unit soil pressure allow efficient use of the system in various climatic conditions, including deserts, mountainous terrain and off roads. The expedient arrange ment of the launcher and other equipment enables the vehicle's crew to fire from an open posi tion, a tank cut or water surface, when the MT LB vehicle is afloat. This feature favorably compares the "Shturm S" system with simi lar wheel based systems. The low silhouette of the trac tor (its height from the ground to the roof does not exceed 1.8 m) and the low placed center of gravity permit its use on steep grades. During recent demon strations of the "Shturm S" com bat vehicle in Oman, the vehicle climbed such steep upgrades, that the English specialists pre sent were really impressed. It boasted high combat efficiency: all 24 ATGMs hit targets after the launch. The hit accuracy was ensured by the automatic equip ment, whereas the operator's task was reduced to placing the sight reticle on the target. Such a job can be done by any low qual ified specialist. As is expected of a vehicle of the nuclear age, it is equipped
3.
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5. A scheme displaying the mis sile guidance method Flight trajectory Control commands Infrared response signal 6. Killing zone in the horizontal plane 7. Killing zone in the vertical plane
Comparative Data on ATGMs Characteristic Shturm, Shturm, Shturm, ver. 1 std ver. 2 Caliber of missile, mm 130 130 130 Weight of missile, kg 33.5 31.4 40 Weight of container with missile, kg 46 49.5 57 Armor piercing capacity, mm 900 950 560 600 900 950 Weight of warhead, kg 7.4 5.3 7.4 Firing range, m: minimum 400 400 400 maximum 5,000 6,000 7,000 Flight time, s: to ranges: 3,000 m 7.7 7.5 8.3 4,000 m 10.7 10.7 11.25 5,000 m 14.5 14.5 14.5 Control system semi automatic with data transmit ted over the radio
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HOT HOT 2 136 25.4 31.9 750 950 6.0 75 4,000
TOW TOW 2 152 21.5 28.1 620 920 3.6 5.9 65 3,750
13 16.5
15 20
semi automatic with data transmitted by wire
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with a NBC protection system. It comprises a filtering ventilating unit, chemical and radiological reconnaissance device, as well as hull pressurization arrangements. The "Shturm S" antitank sys tem also boasts communications means with an operating range of up to 40 km and night vision devices. The high combat potential of
the "Shturm S" can only be implemented, when all its sys tems function trouble free and the vehicle's crew displays good teamwork. To service the system and perform scheduled checks, it is provided with special test facil ities. To train the crews and maintain their high proficiency, there are special trainers and missile mock ups. They help train the personnel in classrooms quickly and efficiently, saving operating time and ammunition.
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FIRST AMONG EQUALS

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Sergey Rubtsovsky
The Su 27 was such a success that its designers decid ed to apply its high flying and other characteristics to solve other combat missions, thereby creating modifica tions and adding to the Su 27 family.
pecialists in Russia and abroad consider the fourth genera tion fighter, the Sukhoy Su 27, one of the best combat aircraft in the world. Impressive demon stration flights, suc cessful fulfilment of training and combat missions, 27 world records (including five absolute ones) in rate of climb and level flight altitude, set by the Su 27, speak for them selves. The P.O. Sukhoy design bureau (DB) has created, within a short time, an exceptionally maneuverable multi purpose aircraft capable of ful filling combat missions in the most adverse conditions of air combat. The up to date aerodynamic layout of the airframe, powerful and economical by pass turbo jet engines, considerable fuel endurance and wide range of alti tudes and flight speeds, a complex of radio electronic equipment and advanced missile weapons all render the interceptor highly effective in fighting against air targets. Its high thrust, electrical remote control sys tem with automatic limitation of the angle of attack and ultimate G load in flight, adaptive high lift devices of the wing, weapons control system fitted with an optronic locator, hel met mounted target designator, and powerful armament enable the Su 27 to confidently engage in close maneuver air combat. The powerplant of the aircraft comprises two TRD AL 31F engines. Each of the two engines generates a
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optical locator has already had time to demonstrate its excellent combat and operational parameters. Despite its use on this aircraft for a fairly long time, it still has no foreign produc tion analogs. The locator simultane ously operates in the laser and infra red (IR) regions and is designed to seek out heat contrast maneuvering targets. The helmet mounted target designator provides target data for the lock on units of the missiles'
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speeds, including those used for taxiing. Each aircraft is provided with an airborne defense complex com prising electronic countermeasures (ECM) systems. The latter include inter alia an active jammer set "Sorbtsiya S" (its foreign counter part is the AN/ALQ 135). The weapons control system of the aircraft can employ air to air guided missiles in close and long range air combat, lock on and track targets detected by a scanning radar
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and/or optical locator in long range missile combat, lock on and track visual targets in close air combat, and identify the national status of the detected targets. The fire control radar system which incorporates a jam free coherent pulsed Doppler radar, can detect and fix moving air targets, lock on and track them, and fire guided missiles at two targets at a time in any weather conditions by day and night, both in free space and against an earth background. The capabilities of the system are amplified by an optical locator desig nated 36Sh, developed by the "Geofisika" firm. The locator oper ates in conjunction with the helmet mounted target designator. The
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2. The Su 27 combat trainer 3. Aces of "Russian Knights" (Russkiye Vityazi) group piloting Su 27 aircraft 4. Russia's merited test pilot Hero of the Soviet Union Victor Pugachov who authors the Pugachov Cobra stunt
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homing heads and generates the sector scan axis for the locator scanner. Target designation is accomplished by the pilot, who turns his head in the direction of a likely target.
1. Su 27 at the airfield of the French higher pilots school
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static thrust of 12,500 kgf with full reheat and 7,600 kgf with maximum power setting, while the fuel con sumption characteristics are consis tent with world standards. The by pass engine created by the A. Lulka design bureau offers stable opera tion, with deep air intake surge at speeds corresponding to Mach 2 in flat normal and inverted spin condi tions. The anti surge automatic in flight start, main combustor and afterburner relight capabilities ensure reliable operation of the powerplant, when the airborne weapons are employed. The aircraft is equipped with a K 36DM ejection seat which allows automatic pilot exiting over the entire range of altitudes and flight
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5. Multiple air refueling of Su 27 fighters 6. Su 30's refueling from an IL 78 tanker 7. Su 27 with weapons array 8. Attaching missiles to Su 27's pylons
The integrated display system provides the head up display with the required sighting and flight nav igation information and also supplies information from the airborne radar and optical locator to the line of sight indicator. The automatic flight control sys tem of the Su 27 stabilizes the major parameters of the flight path and attitude of the aircraft and controls the parameters in accordance with the prescribed program. The electri cal remote control system, provided with four degrees of protection, ensures reliable aerodynamic stabil ity of the aircraft and its controllabil ity about three axes. A system of limit signals is used to prevent the aircraft reaching extra critical flying conditions. The automatic flight con trol system allowed test pilot V.
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Pugachov to amaze Europe with an aerial stunt later called "the

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A total of 10 air to air guided missiles are mounted on the aircraft launchers, located at 10 points (six missiles on the wings, two under the engine pods and two are placed in tandem between the engines). The fighter can carry on its external pylons up to six medium range guided missiles, type R 27, with semi active radar (R 27R) or ther mal (R 27T) homing heads (Western designations Alamo A and Alamo B, respectively) or their 3
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Pugachov cobra" in his honour. The gun armament of the air craft is represented by a built in rapid firing 33 mm cannon, desig nated GSh 30L, with an ammunition load of 150 rounds and rate of fire of 1,500 rounds per minute. The rela tively small load is compensated by the exceptionally high fire accuracy of the cannon. Numerous tests have confirmed that the GSh 30L is capa ble of engaging targets by one volley of 3 6 shells. This accuracy is achieved by duplicating various channels in the fire control system (radar, laser, IR). An on board com puter provides a lead angle, which guarantees very good accuracy of target designation.
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such missiles, R 27AE and R 27EM (so far no Western designations are known). The R 27 versions, equipped with a radio command control sys tem, in combination with a semi active radar homing head, can be controlled in flight from the airborne radar of the fighter. Accordingly, the probability of engagement of maneuvering targets is higher than that of its American counterpart, AIM 7 Sparrow, which does not work in a similar mode. The modi fied, more powerful motors of the missile, allow the Su 27 to deliver a preventive strike at an enemy in a duel, due to a higher average speed at distances exceeding the ballistic capabilities of ordinary medium range missiles.
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Performance Characteristics of Sukhoy Su 27 Aircraft Version Wing span, m Overall length, m Height over ground, m Wing area, m2 Engine thrust: with reheat, kgf without reheat, kgf Maximum take off weight, kg Maximum payload, kg Maximum flight speed, km/h: at high altitudes near ground Maximum Mach number Service ceiling, m Maximum range, km Maximum operational G load, G Su 27 interceptor 14.7 21,935 5,932 62 2 x 12,500 2 x 7,600 30,000 6,000 2,500 1,400 2.35 18,500 4,000 9 Su 27K
ship borne fighter
14.7 21,935 5,932 62 2 x 12,500 2 x 7,600 32,000 6,500 2,300 No data 2.17 17,000 3,000 8
Su 27UB combat trainer 14.7 21,935 6,357 62 2 x 12,500 2 x 7,600 30,500 No data 2,125 No data 2.0 17,250 3,000 9
Su 27K SHIPBOARD FIGHTER
Su 27UB COMBAT TRAINER
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greater range versions R 27ER and R 27ET (Western designations Alamo C and Alamo D, respective ly), as well as the last versions of
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As well as the six air to air guid ed missiles, the external underwing pylons can carry four close combat maneuverable guided missiles, equipped with R 73 IR homing heads (Western designation AA 11 Archer) or improved versions, R 73E. The under fuselage and two under wing fittings can carry beam racks for aerial bombs and other destruction means.
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9. The ILS sight of Su 27 fighter 10. Su 30's refueling rod 11. Su 27's cockpit 12. Su 27K takes off from the deck of heavy aircraft carry ing cruiser "Admiral Kuznetsov" 13,14. Su 27s on the deck of heavy aircraft carrying cruiser
Specialists from the aircraft engineering service claim that the Su 27 is particularly handy in servic ing in shelters and on parking lots. Access to the equipment arranged in the compartment behind the cabin is provided through the nose leg well. Any engine of the aircraft can be replaced within hours and minutes rather than days. The Su 27 was such a success that its designers decided to apply its high flying and other characteris tics to solve other combat missions, thereby creating modifications and adding to the Su 27 family. The Su 27UB. This two seater combat trainer version retains the full combat capabilities of the one seater. It has been mass produced since 1986 in Irkutsk. It mainly dif fers from the basic layout model in the introduction of a two seat (tan dem) crew cabin with full duplication of the controls and a canopy. This version served as the basis for the creation of another aircraft, the Su 30, equipped with an in flight refu elling system. In 1988 one such air craft made a non stop flight along the route Moscow Komsomolsk on Amur Moscow, which is 13,400 km long, with four refuellings.
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The Su 27K. A deck landing version of the Su 27. The first flight was made by its experimental spec imen designated T 10K 1 on August 17, 1987. It has been in production since 1989. It differs from the basic layout model, as it carries an addi tional front horizontal empennage on the swelling of the wing, which markedly improves the aircraft's maneuverability. Its wings and hori zontal tail can fold to reduce the space occupied by the aircraft in the under deck hangars of the carrier ship. The effective high lift devices of the rear edge increase the lift 1.5 times during the landing and materi ally reduce the landing speed. The Su 27K's integrated flight and navigation system allows it to fly
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The fighters of the Su 27 family can escort combat formations of long range bombers along the full length of the route. So far no other fighter aircraft produced in the world can boast such flight range charac teristics, combined with exceptional maneuverability and range of speeds. (
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automatically, until it touches down on the ship's deck. To improve the take off and landing characteristics of the aircraft, the structure of its landing gear has been strength ened. The nose strut was provided with two wheels. An extendible hook was installed in the tail portion of the fuselage for better braking with the aid of arrester cables. An in flight refuelling system was introduced. Now the aircraft possesses a multi channel communications complex and an advanced ECM system. As well as the built in 30 mm cannon, the armament of the Su 27K includes a "Moskit" long range antiship supersonic guided missile and up to 10 air to air missiles.
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SUPERSONIC STRATEGIC BOMBER

AS DETERRENT FACTOR
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Nikolay Altaisky
The Chief Designer believes the TU 160 boasts unlimited combat potential, i.e. at present there is practically not a single weapon, now in service with the Air Force, what could not be employed on this aircraft. To day, the Tu 160 is geared to carrying out strategic missions, involving cruise missiles. Its bomber version can carry a maximum combat load of 45,000 kg.
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Tu 160
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he multi function and multi mode strategic bomber Tupolev Tu 160 is the most sophisti cated aircraft of its class in the world. It entered service with this country's Air Force as far back as 1985. Since then it has been a convinc ing rival, in terms of performance, to its foreign counterpart, the USAF's Rockwell B 1B strategic bomber. V. Bliznyuk, Chief Designer of the Tu 160, points out: "It would be unreasonable to resort to this type of bomber for the purposes of expansion. If used as a first strike weapon, this aircraft will leave nothing but a lifeless desert behind. As a deterrent, however, it may be referred to as a dependable guard of Russia's vast expanses". The American B 1B is mainly intended to operate at low alti tudes and subsonic speeds and conduct autonomous deep pene tration raids and subsequently land on a NATO ally airfield. By contrast, the Tu 160 has been developed with due account of Russia's geopolitical stance and
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is capable of dealing a strike both in solo and formation flight and then returning to home base. The widely advertised "stealth" from flying the B 1B at minimum alti
tudes, using information on ter rain features, supplied by the air borne radar, is queried by experts. The operation involving the search for, detection, identifi cation and aim at a target in "free hunt" conditions, even with the use of data supplied by an air borne phased array radar, can now be successfully "neutralized" by fire and electronic means available to ground air defenses. The advent of the first air craft, designated Tu 160, was preceded by the solution of a considerable number of techno logical problems. They included an automated line for welding the titanium load carrying members of the wind center section. Until
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profiles, while maintaining high performance at supersonic and subsonic speeds alike. The air craft is equipped with single piece all moving vertical and hor izontal tail surfaces. For flight evolutions, use is made of an analog computer controlled elec tric remote control system, which deflects the control surfaces. The Tu 160 is powered by four TRDDF NK 32 engines with a maximum total thrust of 100,000 kgf. The engines are housed in pods arranged under the fixed craft, along with the employment of the latest advances in nozzle and air intake designs. Even now Russian engine designers are ready to launch the production of a model of the NK 32 engine, which consumes less fuel than its predecessors. The ingenious design of the landing gear (LG) is of special interest. The main struts are retracted rearward and the dimensions of the wells in the center wing section are practical ly limited by those of a six wheel
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5,7. Performing preflight opera tions 6. Tu 160 bomber's engines 8. Attaching missiles to weapon pylons 9. The crew assesses the mis sion
then the world aircraft building industry had never used hermeti cally sealed chambers of similar sizes and equipment as unique as this devised for work under vacu um conditions. Another example is the development of suitable technology for mechanical treat ment of large size titanium and aluminum plates used to fabricate the center wing section's compo nents and extended variable thickness panels of the wing. The airframe of the Tu 160 follows a single piece scheme by gradually integrating both the wing and fuselage in one whole. The variable geometry wing allows the aircraft to fly various
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portions of the wing and provided with air intakes adjustable through the use of a vertical wedge. The engines were devel oped by the Samara design bureau headed by N. Kuznetsov and are modified versions of the NK 25, previously used on the Tupolev Tu 22M3 bombers. Many specialists claim that in terms of their consumption characteristics the engines meet international standards and have no equal in thrust. The engine design is unique, too. The engine design ers were the first in Russia to find a comprehensive solution for the task of reducing the infra red (IR) and radar "visibility" of the air
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bogie. In the American B 1B, the main LG retracts towards the air frame symmetry axis and takes up several meters of the arma ment compartment. The avionics fit of the Tu 160 comprises specialized kinds of equipment. The fire control and navigation complex of the aircraft includes astro navigation and inertial navigation systems, short range and long range radio navi gation systems, a satellite naviga tion system, an integrated bomb ing and navigation system as well as electronic countermeasures (ECM) equipment. The latter made it possible to eliminate the fire means of defensive arma
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A three view drawing of Tu 160
ment system, as it was made redundant. The survivability of a large air craft is an abstract and almost unrealizable notion. Yet the pro tection of the control system in the Tu 160 meets the most strin gent requirements. The control cables are evenly distributed over the interior lining of the fuselage and provided with quadruple
24 x X 15 24 x AGM 64 guided and free falling * Provided for the Tu 160 with a maximum take off weight and for the B 1B armed with 8 x AGM 64, 8 nuclear bombs M 61 and an additional fuel tank of 9,000 kg in the third bomb bay.
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Wing span, m Overall length, m Height above ground, m Wing sweep (minimum/maximum), deg Maximum take off weight, kg Maximum payload, kg Maximum engine thrust, kgf Maximum speed, km/h Service ceiling, m Service range, km* Maximum operational G load, G Weapons in internal compartments: Cruise missiles (number, type) Guided missiles, short range (num ber, type) Bombs
Tu 160 35.6/55.7 54.1 13.1 20/65 275,000 45,000 4 x 25,000 2,200 15,000 12,300 2.0 12 x X 55
B 1B 23.8/41.7 44.8 10.4 15/67,5 205,900 34,000 4 x 13,600 1,270 15,000 10,900
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redundancy. The system is also wheel, traditional for a large air backed up mechanically. The craft, is replaced here by the same holds true for the fuel control stick as is usual in fight ers. pipelines and electric system. According to the pilots who The information is transmitted to the fire control and navigation have flown the aircraft, the Tu 160 is convenient and easy to complex from an on board long range radar capable of operating control. It is no problem to in various modes and detecting approach flying tanker for in both land and sea targets. It is flight refueling. Last year the supplemented with an optronic Commander in Chief of the high resolution bomb sight, Russian Air Force, General which can operate at day and Colonel Aviation, P. Deinekin had an opportunity to fly the USAF B night. The level of aircraft's com puterization is also worthy to 1B. The former Chief Pilot of note. The total number of digital Long Range Aviation, who has a processors on board the Tu 160 great experience in flying heavy comes to over one hundred. The aircraft of various types and makes, reportedly said that the navigator operates eight comput Russian Tu 160 is a still better ers from his station. The Russian bomber is machine to fly. When designing the worksta equipped with an in flight refuel ing system. In its inoperative tions for the crew, a great deal of position, the refueling probe is attention was paid to the prob retracted into the nose fuselage lems of ergonomics and comfort. just in front of the pilots' cabin. For pilot recreation, the 4 m2 amenity compartment provides a The four crewmen occupy the K 36LM ejection seats, which allow sleeping birth. A water closet and automatic exiting over the entire thermal cabinet are also provid range of altitudes and airspeeds, ed. The first American to experi including zero ones. In the cab ins, the information system is ence the Tu 160 was Mr. Carlucci. In the late 80s he was presented by mechanical indica tors and monitors. The control invited, as US Defense Secretary, Comparative performance characteristics of Tu 160 and B 1B
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from the entire structure of the aircraft as from a vertical plate with an area of 3 m2 can only work within a certain frequency range. The army ground based meter band radars can easily detect air targets protected this way, including those flying at rel atively great distances or at low altitudes. The Russian Tu 160 is armed with 12 cruise missiles. Revolver type launchers are installed in the two armament compartments. Each of the launchers carries six strategic cruise missiles with an operating range of over 3,000 km. Other launcher types are also employed, including those used for firing various models of the type X 15 hypersonic aeroballis tic missile (known in the West as AS 16). The weapons control sys tem contains algorithms of employment of nuclear as well as conventional bombs, including ones whose flight path can be corrected, etc. The Chief Designer believes the Tu 160 boasts unlimited combat potential, i.e., at present there is practically not a single weapon, now in service with the Air Force, what could not be employed on this aircraft. Today, the Tu 160 is geared to carrying out strategic missions, involving cruise missiles. Its bomber ver sion can carry a maximum com bat load of 45,000 kg. The "Tu" and "Raduga" com panies now independently work, as part of the conversion pro gram, on plans to use the Tu 160 bomber as part of the "Burlak" (Barge hauler) aviation integrated system. The latter is intended to place various commercial car goes in orbit round the globe. The employment of the aviation integrated system obviates the need to create new or rent exist ing expensive launching ranges and ground based launching pads, allows for practically any orbit and launches from any where on the globe 24 hours a day, in all climatic and geograph ical conditions. The use of the integrated system reduces the specific consumption of energy required to launch an equivalent load 2 3 times, compared to the ground launch and alleviates the negative effect on the earth's ecology. The means of prepara tion of the missile and integrated system for the launching are basically autonomous and mobile. (
to visit the Air Base in Kubinka for familiarization with the new com bat equipment. According to the witnesses, the high ranking guest carelessly "landed" his head on the upper dashboard in the pilots' cabin. As soon as the delegation left, the "historic moment" in the life of the aircraft was immediate ly "immortalized" with white paint, and the panels on all the Tu 160 aircraft were nicknamed "the Carlucci boards". The designers of the Tu 160 have reduced the vulnerability of the aircraft to radar detection through a more integral layout of the plane, compared to that of the B 1B, a low level crew cabin and all moving vertical tail, which has taken up the slot between the vertical stabilizer and rudder responsible for the increase in the effective scattering area for the radio beam. The numerous, highly expen sive measures undertaken to reduce the effective area in the American analog of the Tu 160, are more impressive. However, on closer investigation it becomes clear that the unad justable S shaped air intakes and all kinds of radio absorbent coat ings producing a combined effect of deflection of the radio beam
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NAVY
MULTI PURPOSE
$
Peter Mikhailov
MILITARY PARADE
he idea of using a unified hull and power plant to develop small combatant ships and boats was conceived and shaped in our country and abroad back in the years of the Second World War. The first
1994
boats of this kind, adopted by the Soviet Navy, were basic 200 design boats: the types TM 200 and TD 200 torpedo boats and OD 200 submarine chasers, which were mass produced. In post war years a whole family of combatant boats was created in our country on the basis of the 183 and 206 design torpedo boats, 205 design missile boats and a number of other boats, perfected as regards their main
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All versions of combatant boats based on 02065 design can be oper ated in any area of the world ocean via year round air conditioning systems, employed under combat conditions on rough or fairly rough sea. The boat's equipment and stores of food and fresh water enable the personnel to work and rest comfortably without replenishment throughout the cruising endurance period.
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VIKHR BOATS
tenance. One clear example of the development of combatant boats, based on the 206 design is reflected by the emergence of export modifications (five ver sions), assigned design code 02065 VIKHR. The ALMAZ Design Bureau offers for sale the following ver sions of boats of the above design: the VIKHR III convention al displacement patrol gunboat, VIKHR V hydrofoil patrol boat, VIKHR hydrofoil missile gunboat (the analogous version adopted by the Russian Navy was assigned the code 206MR), VIKHR I large hydrofoil torpedo boat and VIKHR IV displacement type missile boat, equipped with a promising URAN E missile sys tem. These boats can be assigned the following combat missions: frontier guard (displacement type patrol gunboats and hydrofoil patrol boats), coastal patrol (dis placement type patrol gunboats, hydrofoil patrol boats and dis placement type missile boats), artillery fire against enemy torpe do boats, patrol boats and gun
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boats (displacement type patrol gunboats, hydrofoil patrol boats, large hydrofoil torpedo boats and displacement type missile boats), delivery of torpedo attacks against enemy combatant ships and auxiliary vessels in the open sea (large hydrofoil torpedo boats) and the delivery of missile attacks against enemy combatant ships and vessels (displacement type missile boats and hydrofoil missile gunboats). The success of these mis sions is facilitated by the design concepts embodied in 02065 design VIKHR (for principal per formance characteristics, refer to the table). These concepts involve the equipment of boats with the most advanced arma ments and facilities (e.g., artillery, radio, navigation, etc.) and the module and container construction of modern missile systems (on displacement type missile boats and hydrofoil mis sile gunboats), which permits the quick conversion of a patrol boat into a missile boat. All versions of combatant boats based on 02065 design can be operated in any area of the world ocean via year round air conditioning systems, employed under combat condi tions on rough or fairly rough sea. The three shaft diesel engine power plant permits continuous operation in partial mode (i.e., with only one diesel engine run
VERSIONS OF "VIKHR" BOATS
1. VIKHR III displacement type patrol boat 2. VIKHR II hydrofoil patrol boat 3. VIKHR I large hydrofoil torpedo boat . 4. Design 206MR production type hydrofoil missile boat armed with TERMIT RUBEZH strike missile system
ning), thereby substantially extending the service life of the engines. The boat hull is essen
tially a steel flush desk hull uni fied in construction and arrange ment. It has one extended main
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desk superstructure and is divid ed into nine watertight compart ments for better survivability. To reduce the mass of the hull, its superstructure is made of alu minum magnesium alloy. The boat's equipment and stores of food and fresh water enable the personnel to work and rest com fortably without replenishment throughout the cruising endurance period. The artillery armament, which is unified for all boat versions, is supplied in mod ular form. All versions of the boats use diesel as the main power plant. The displacement type patrol gunboat, hydrofoil patrol boat, large hydrofoil torpedo boat and displacement type missile boat use as main engines three diesel engines M520, TM5 rated at 4,800 hp (3,530 kW) each. The electric power system of the boats operates on 380 V 50 Hz power. It comprises one DGF2A 100/1500 diesel generator rated at 100 kW and one DGR2A 200/1500 diesel generator rated at 200 kW (all tabulated values of the speed, cruising range and main power plant capacity of the boats are based on tropical cli matic conditions: an ambient air temperature of +34 C, a relative humidity of 70% and an outside
water temperature of +32 C). All versions of the boats are equipped with type ORION remote main engine control sys tems. The hydrofoil patrol boat, large hydrofoil torpedo boat and displacement type missile boat of 206MR design (VIKHR) are fitted out with a hydrodynamic system to modify their running and sea going qualities and improve their speed. This system includes a bow hydrofoil arrangement with automatically controlled flaps and folding fins and a remotely angle controlled transom plate. The system enables the boat to move via its hydrofoils on rough seas and permits the employment of weapons at full speed. All ver sions are equipped with one 76.2 mm light automatic AK
176M gun mount with an ammu nition load of 152 unitary projec tiles and one 30 mm automatic AK 630M gun mount with an ammunition load of 2,000 car tridges. These gun mounts have maximum firing ranges of 11,000 and 5,000 m and firing rates of 120 and 4,000 5,000 rounds per minute respectively. In the auto matic AK 630M gun mount (a vertically doubled gun consisting of two six barrel units), the two barrel firing rate may be as high as 10,000 rounds per minute. The automatic AK 630M gun mount is remotely controllable by a radar control system and a standby (sighting column). The automatic gun mount can be used in ships, boats and helicopters to destroy antiship missiles, aircraft, heli copters and other air assault
5. VIKHR III displacement type patrol boat

Arrangement of weapons and technical equipment aboard the VIKHR IV displacement type missile boat
1 76.2 mm gun mount AK 176M 2 navigational radar 3 VYMPEL AME radar 4 IFF system radar 5 missile system control radar 6 external station of portable AD missile system 7 launcher of URAN E missile sys tem 8 30 mm automatic gun mount AK 630M 9 high speed main diesel engines
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VIKHR IV missile boat with URAN E missile system. Top view
means, hit small sea surface tar gets and destroy buoyant mines. It can also be used to annihilate enemy manpower and destroy beach firing emplacements. The 02065 design boasts strike and antiair missile weapons systems. The URAN E strike anti ship missile system is intended for use in the VIKHR IV displace ment type missile boat, while the VIKHR hydrofoil missile gunboat is armed with the TERMIT RUBEZH system. The export ver sion of the displacement type missile boat armed with the
URAN E system, includes two sets of this system, each com prising the KT 184 launcher and two X 35 antiship missiles. As well as strike missile weapons, each displacement type patrol gunboat, hydrofoil patrol boat or large hydrofoil tor pedo boat is equipped with a sta tion to fire IGLA 1M portable air defense missiles with an ammuni tion load of 12 missiles. Torpedoes are only installed on the large hydrofoil torpedo boats. Each boat carries four OTA 53 206ME 533.4 mm single tube
torpedo launchers, which can launch 53 56V or 53VA torpedoes and 53 65KE torpedoes (long range oxygen homing torpedoes). The latter are 7,945 mm long, with gross mass of 2,070 kg and an explosive mass of 307.6 kg. It can gain a speed of up to 45 knots at a running depth of 4 to 12 m. It employs acoustic and wake homing. The torpedo oper ating range is 19,000 m. To ensure accurate torpedo firing, a MR 102/4 complex tor pedo firing control radar and tor pedo firing data computers are used. Specifically, the firing of torpedoes 53 65KE is accom plished by the AST 102/4 system. Each displacement type patrol gunboat, hydrofoil patrol boat or large hydrofoil torpedo boat is provided with two PK 16 ship board missile launchers. Each one has an ammunition load of 16 passive jamming projectiles, as one radio electronic countermea sure. Each boat is also provided with four sets MDSh sea smoke pots for laying smoke screens.
COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL DATA ON "IGLA" AND "STINGER" SURFACE TO AIR MISSILES Principal performance char acteristics of boats displacement type patrol gunboat VIKHR III 207 251 40.15 7.6 2.8 35 36 hydrofoil patrol gunboat VIKHR II 220 265 39.5 9.6 3.1 41 42 Versions of boats large hydrofoil torpedo boat VIKHR I 230 262 39.5 9.6 3.2 41 42
hydrofoil missile boat (anal ogous version of 206MR design)
255 39.5 7.6 (13.6 w/hydrofoils) 3.2 41 42 (43 45 at To=25 C) 35 37 1,100/41 42
234 266 41.0 7.8 3.1 34 35
maximum draught Speed (knots):
cruising economical Cruising range (miles/knots)
35 36 11 12 1,700/11 12 (100% fuel) 2,500/11 12 (max. fuel) 7 10 25

1994
35 36 600 approx.
750/35 36
11 12 2,000/11 12
Sea endurance (days) Crew (men)

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7 10 25
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5 26
25
7 26 4
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Classification of versions Displacement (t): standard total Principal dimensions (m): maximum length maximum breadth
VIKHR
displacement type missile gunboat VIKHR IV
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sile system (the radar set has a navigational channel and oper ates in an active/passive mode). To maintain communications, the boats are equipped with the auto mated communication complex R 784 E. The VIKHR boats are also provided with night vision devices, searchlights and a stan dard navigation kit, including a gyro course indicator, an induc tion log, an echo sounder, an automatic position plotter, a magnetic compass, receiver indi cators and a radio direction find er. All boats are equipped with BAZA 02065 gyrostabilizers. In addition, the boats are provided with their own protection devices, such as degaussing gear to pro tect the boat against influence mines, individual anti chemical protection equipment for the per sonnel and radiological and chemical monitoring equipment. A great deal of attention has been paid in all the boats to the living conditions and other terms facilitating the performance of official duties by the personnel. The designers and manufacturers have managed to substantially improve habitability by installing air conditioning systems and cre ating appropriate interiors in the berthing and working spaces of the boats. All boats are provided with special equipment to prevent environmental pollution. In other words, the 02065 design gave birth to a family of combatant boats, which meet all modern requirements. (
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The electronic equipment is represented by a wide range of facilities geared for various pur poses. The MR 102 radar set is used for navigational purposes (based on one set per patrol boat). The VIKHR boats use the VYMPEL AME radar set to control the firing of both versions of the gun mounts (AK 176M and AK 630M). The NIKHROM RR radar set is installed on the boats to provide IFF identification. Each boat (excluding displacement type missile boats) is equipped with one set of the SPO 3 radia tion warning radar set. The dis placement type missile boats use special shipborne control sys tems, including radar sets, to detect surface targets and desig nate targets to the URAN E mis
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ur experience of recent local wars and conflicts con firmed once again that naval opera tions waged in sea theaters depend for their success on the adequacy of anti mine defense. Until now mine countermeasure ships of various subcategories, including coastal mine sweepers, remain the main form of anti mine defense. These include coastal mine sweepers of design 1265 (YAKHONT) and their export version 1265 E. What is the 1265 E design mine sweeper like? Compared to a 1265 design prototype ship, the mine sweeper has the following differ ences: provisions were made in the anti mine weaponry for the replace ment of the contact and acoustic sweeps and television mine detector with more advanced models; a new underwater sound com munication sonar was installed; all radar and communication equipment was replaced; fresh water stores were increased, a summer air condition ing system was provided and stan dard awning arrangements were installed on the ship's forecastle and stern to improve the habitability of the ship; changes were made in the ship's systems in compliance with water pollution prevention require ments; provisions were made for the tropicalization of the armament, machinery and equipment. All this necessitated a certain rearrangement of the ship's general layout. In the first tier of the super structure, the mine sweep and detector control station was reduced
THE 1265 E DESIGN
COASTAL MINE SWEEPER

$
Peter Tyurin, Captain 1st Rank
and a personnel instruction room was set up in the vacated space. On the upper deck, the office was trans ferred, consequently, the blower enclosure was expanded. In the diesel generator room, provisions were made for the installation of an extra air conditioning refrigeration machine and an additional water tank in place of the auxiliary boiler. In the bilge, a fresh water tank was installed to replace the boiler water tank. In all other respects, the 1265 E design ship is identical to the pro totype ship adopted by the Russian Navy. Let us specify some perfor mance characteristics of the 1265 E design mine sweeper. The ship has a standard displacement of 401 t and a total displacement of 430 t. The forecastle hull, which is conventional
1994 MAY C
for the mine countermeasures ships of our navy, has the following princi pal dimensions: a maximum length of 49 m, a maximum breadth of 10.2 m and a mean full load draught of about 2.5 m (i.e. a maximum draught of about 2.75 m). The mine sweeper can gain full speed of 14 knots and an economic speed of 10 knots at a normal dis placement on still water (i.e., on a calm, smooth or moderate sea) at a maximum sea depth of 20 to 25 m. The estimated cruising range at a speed of 10 knots and a maximum fuel capacity of 27.1 t is 1,500 miles. The sea endurance (for fuel, machine oil, subsistence and crew of 45 men: 5 officers, 5 chief petty offi cers and warrant officers and 35 petty officers and seamen) is 10 days. The seaworthiness of the
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1. The 1265 design mine sweeper takes part in the naval parade in Saint Petersburg 2. Design 1265 mine sweeper a proto type of export ver sion ship
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The 1265 E design mine sweepers are fitted out with the most advanced domestic equipment (mine sweeping gear, artillery armament, navigation equipment, electronic equipment, sonar detection gear and communication facilities). The main equip ment, which the 1265 E mine sweeper was designed to carry and employ, involves anti mine defense.
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Arrangement of weaponry and main technical means aboard the 1265 E design mine sweeper
mine sweeper ensures safe cruising even on a rather rough sea, with the ship remaining speedy and maneu verable during its movement at any relative bearing with respect to the direction of wind and sea. The 1265 E design mine sweep ers are fitted out with the most advanced domestic equipment (mine sweeping gear, artillery arma ment, navigation equipment, elec tronic equipment, sonar detection gear and communication facilities). The main equipment, which the 1265 E mine sweeper was designed to carry and employ, involves anti
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1994
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
components of anti mine weaponry 30 mm stern automatic gun mount AK 306 KOLONKA 219 1 fire control director navigational radar antenna NIKHROM radar antenna direction finder loop navigation house main control station pilot house mine sweeps and detector control station bow gun mount AK 306 sonar room trunk of hoist lower unit of sonar engine room diesel engine generator room.
mine defense. It comprises one type GKT 2 contact sweep set (with a sweep width of 260 to 280 m, a max imum sweep depth of 200 m and a minimum sweep depth of 10 m) towed at a speed of 9.5 to 10.5 knots depending on the sweep depth, types ST 2, AT 2 and PEMT 2 influ ence sweeps, one type IT 3 mine detector exploder (with a hunting width of 20 to 30 m, a working depth of 10 to 60 m, a towing speed of 3.5 to 6 knots, a sweep to stern dis tance of 70 m and the capability for guaranteed employment in water with a white disk transparency of at least 70 m) designed to detect and mark bottom mines and mine sweeping gear consisting of one type LVT3 2TM cable drum winch and one type BBG OT1 davit (with a load capacity of 2.5 t and a boom length of 1.37 to 4.73 m). Hunting, detection and localiza tion of moored and bottom mines is accomplished by mine hunting sonar MG 89. Its operating range is about 1,000 to 1,200 m for moored mines and 350 to 400 m for bottom mines. Localization errors are up to 1.5 for
angles and about 1.5% of the rated value for ranges. As well as the mine hunting sonar MG 89, the ship is equipped with underwater sound communica tion sonar MG 35E, used to maintain nondirectional HF/LF telephone and telegraph communications and mea sure ranges via the interrogation response method. The operating range of this sonar is 10 km for tele phone communications and 20 km for telegraph communications. It is worth noting that sonars MG 89 and MG 35E and navigational echo sounder NEL MZB operate alterna tively. To determine the current val ues of roll and pitch angles and deliv er them to the circuitry of sonar MG 89, the ship uses a special gyroscop ic stabilization system S 3M. The designers of the mine sweeper placed special emphasis on outfitting the ship with self defense equipment and providing various protection means. The 1265 E design mine sweeper is equipped with two type AK 306 30 mm auto matic six barrel gun mounts (while the 1265 design mine sweeper uses
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at a power of 1,000 hp (at a crank shaft speed of 1,550 rpm) each, which provide a propeller shaft rota tional speed of 374 rpm. However, when the main power plant is operat ed in tropical climates, its power may decrease by 10 %. Propulsion is effected by the use of two three bladed variable pitch propellers VR1265E TM5 (reversible hydraulic cylinder in boss propellers) with a diameter of 1.7 m. The electrical equipment com prises three diesel generators rated at 110 kW each and one diesel gen erator rated at 50 kW. The ship and its personnel can perform satisfactorily at an ambient air temperature of up to 34 C, rela tive humidity of up to 70% and out side water temperature of up to 30 C. It is worth noting that the design bureau and shipyards engaged in building 1265 E design mine sweepers can readily replace equip ment or install additional equipment at the customer's request. Design 1265 and 1265 E mine sweepers were conceived by the Western Design Bureau in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). The chief designer of both mine sweepers is V. Nemudrov. These ships are built in the yards of Petrozavodsk and Vladivostok. Since 1979 more than ten 1265 E design mine sweepers were exported. NATO assigned to these ships the codename "Sonya". Mine sweepers of 1265 design are the most numerous mine counter measures ships used in the Russian Navy. They enjoy the best reputation among seamen. (
only one gun mount of this type, 3,000 m away from a medium yield along with 25 mm coaxial automatic nuclear explosion site. In addition, the ship has provi double barreled anti aircraft gun 2M 3M). These gun mounts are sions to seal its circuits and use fil used to fire at small fast moving tration units. It is provided with a sys light armoured surface targets, tem of sprayers for washing exterior surfaces and means for chemical defend the ship against hostile air craft and hit buoyant sea mines. The decontamination, radiation monitor gun mounts have an ammunition ing, chemical reconnaissance and load of 3,500 projectiles and a firing individual protection. All hull struc rate of 600 to 1,000 rounds per tures made of wood (except resin minute. Fire control is effected by the bonded plywood) are protected use of two type KOLONKA 219 1 against rotting with antiseptic. All exterior surfaces of the ship's hull fire control directors. The non magnetic material used are protected against wood borers in the construction of the hull and its with polyester resin based glass plastic and glass net treated with structures is wood (with the hull cov ered with glass reinforced plastic on water repelling adhesive compound. The mine sweeper is equipped the outside). The ship is fitted out with special degaussing gear to with anchor, remote/manual control reduce the magnetic field. This gear steering, boat and mooring arrange consists of three coils (horizontal ments and general shipboard sys main, frame course and buttock tems, including a water and liquid course) and control equipment. All fire extinguishing set, a bilge pump physical field protection elements of ing system, a drainage, a fresh water system, a salt water system and a the ship conform to relevant interna ventilating and air conditioning sys tional standards. tem. The 1265 E design has provi The main power plant of the ship sions for anti nuclear, anti chemical and anti bacteriological protection. is diesel engine. It comprises two type 12ChPN 18/20 four stroke Thus, the mine sweeper affords anti nuclear protection at a distance of diesel engines (main engines) rated Types (indices) and purposes of sweeps Principal characteristics of sweeps ST 2 destruction of magnetic and induction mines Sweep current (A) Towing speed (knots) Sweep to stern distance (m) Weight of sweep (t)
200 12 300 2.24

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AT 2 destruction of acoustic channel mines 7.5 14 12 550 2.2

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PEMT 2 destruction of highly sensitive magnetic and induction mines 250 6 330 460 5.2 3
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AEROSPACE
f you really want to see a fly ing saucer, go to Podlipki, a small town near Moscow, where a division of the EKIP aviation concern is located. Its specialists have designed unique extremely economic wide body flying machines, which resemble in shape the notorious flying saucer. The project is based on state of the art technical solutions and uses vast scientific and technological backlog, accumulated by aerospace technolo gy enterprises during the develop ment of ground effect flying machines and vehicles. The experimental models of the new machine are being manufac tured as part of the conversion pro gram by the Saratov aircraft factory, one of the founders of the concern, involving the Energia Research and Production Association. Both organi
INDUSTRY
REAL FLYING
$
SAUCERS
Sergey Medvedev
$ AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Military Parade Electronintorg ltd.
1. EKIP L1 flying machine model
EKIP flying machines consist of a center section, side sections and a tail unit. The inner space of the machines is divided in two. The upper part accommodates cockpits, passenger and cargo compartments. The lower part houses air cushion equipment and water landing devices. The cock pits are equipped with precision navigational aids, automatic control systems and communica tion facilities
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AEROSPACE
INDUSTRY
Overall Arrangement of EKIP L2 Flying Machine: 1 cockpit; 2 skegs; 3 engines; 4 wings with flaps; 5 fin 2. Test flights of radio con trolled model of EKIP L1 3,4. Assembly of the EKIP L2 prototype in the workshops of the Saratov aircraft fac tory 5. EKIP L2 lands on water dur ing test flights
zations are well known producers of aerospace equipment. The Saratov factory manufactures modern super sonic vertical take off and landing air craft and passenger planes YAK 40 and YAK 42. The Energy association developed the manned orbital sta tions Salut and Mir, powerful launch vehicle Energia and reusable trans port system Energia Buran. During work on EKIP machines, the specialists tried to improve their aerodynamics, lessen the mechanical weight, reduce fuel consumption and incorporate provisions, enabling the machines to land on unprepared air fields and even on water surfaces. With this aim in mind, the machines were shaped as a thick low aspect wing, which also acts as a fuselage. This helped increase their aerody namic carrying area 3 5 times, com pared to modern passenger and transport planes of comparable load capacity. EKIP flying machines consist of a center section, side sections and a tail unit. The inner space of the machines is divided in two. The upper part accommodates cockpits, pas senger and cargo compartments. The lower part houses air cushion equipment and water landing devices. The cockpits are equipped with precision navigational aids, auto matic control systems and communi cation facilities. The side sections contain
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engines, fuel tanks, fuel feed systems and fire extinguishing equipment. The power plant is made of high bypass turbojets. Their fuel systems allow the engines to operate reliably both on traditional aviation fuel, nat ural gas and gas condensate. The flat nozzles have gas vanes used for pitch control. During acceleration and take off, stabilization and directional and roll control are provided by gas jet rudders mounted on the side tail units of the vehicle. The static and dynamic stability of the machine in free flight is maintained by fins locat ed in the body's rear part. A special plate located there separates the air and gas streams to increase the machine's stability. The unique shape of the machine and new highly effective boundary
layer control (BLC) system ensure an unseparated flow of the air stream over the rear of the machine and sig nificantly raise the lift to drag ratio. The low pressure source of the BLC system is formed by ejectors mount ed in the gas passages of turbojets. Tests have indicated that the BLC system guarantees the same flow over the machine surface as ideal liq
1994
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PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristic Total weight, t Weight of machine, t Number of passengers Weight of cargo, t Maximum speed, km/h Flying altitude, km Flying range, km Dimensions: length, m span, m height, m planform area, m2 Engine type Fuel consumption, g/pass. x km Air cushion area, m2 Specific ground pressure, kgf/cm2 Runway type: Take off run, m EKIP L2 3 9 5 24 2.5 650 5.5 6.0 2,000 11 14.4 3.1 88 AL 34 14 23.8 0.038 ground water 400 EKIP L3 1 35 15 80 10 650 8.5 10 4,500 20 31.3 6.7 400 D 436 11 75 0.05 ground water 450
Type of machine EKIP L3 2 110 40 300 35 650 8.5 10 8,600 35.6 55.5 11.8 1,250 NK 92 10 11 235 0.05 ground water 500
EKIP L4 1 300 100 1,000 100 650 8.5 10 8,600 59 91.6 19.6 3,430 NK 92 10 11 640 0.05 ground water 500
EKIP L4 2 600 200 2,000 200 650 8.5 10 8,600 82 128 27.5 6,860 NK 92 10 11 1,280 0.05 ground water 500
uid. The machines of the EKIP company cover a large aerodynamic area and net volumes. Consequently one can conve niently arrange bulky cargoes on cargo decks. The passenger version of the machine can carry up to 2,000 people and provide a high degree of comfort. The new machine does not require landing gear. The large planform area of the machine provides for the use of an air cushion for take off and landing. After taking off with the help of an air cushion and gaining sufficient speed, the machine then flies like an aircraft. The air cushion uses a chamber nozzle arrangement with rigid skegs. Air is
injected into the space under the vehicle by a reactive force, generated by the power plant. The stability of the air cush ion is ensured by the rational arrange ment of structural elements and the selection of optimal operating conditions for the front slotted nozzle and rear adjustable flap. The machines can take off and land on any airfields, including unpaved surfaces with runways as short as 500 m (in this case the ground pres sure does not exceed 0.06 kgf/sq. cm) and on water surfaces. In the vehicles designed for taking off and landing on water, the skegs of the air cushion and hull surface in the zone of the air cush ion are made from elastic materials.
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The high lift efficiency of the new flying machines was achieved by reduc ing the weight of the hull, which is man ufactured from composites. To conclude, one should point out that the experience accumulated in designing and building all body aircraft by the Russian aircraft industry, enables it to manufacture a wide variety of such machines. They can be used to carry passengers, and also as special pur pose machines for fire fighting, liquidat ing the consequences of natural disas ters, rendering medical aid to people in remote regions and bringing specialists and cargoes to virtually inaccessible areas. ( 3
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t the end of December 1993, Munich hosted the 5th International Conference on Aerospacecraft and Hypersonic Technology. Virtually all lead ing scientists and specialists of the aerospace indus try from the United States, France, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, and Russia attended the conference to dis cuss again some research results on the development of hyperson ic planes. Hopefully, by the turn of the millennium, this research will produce a technical base for the development of hypersonic cruise aircraft flying at altitudes of 40 45 km at speeds 12 14 times above the speed of sound, and aero spacecraft, which can take off from ordinary airfields, gain speed in the atmosphere and then enter low circumterrestrial orbits. Such machines need to be developed now. Existing aerospace technolo gy cannot cope with the prob lems, which can be solved by
RUSSIA IN THE FOREFRONT
OF AEROSPACE
TECHNOLOGY
$
Nikolay Novichkov
systems capable of flying at hypersonic cruising speeds and entering a reference circumter restrial orbit. Such problems include, inter alia, the provision of permanent access to outer space. The Munich conference con sidered about one hundred and fifty papers. By way of a summa ry it can be stated that no break through to hypersonic speeds has materialized and no appreciable progress has been made in this direction. Currently many coun tries have either suspended or are seriously revising projects
connected with hypersonic tech nology. The specialists are gradually reaching the conclusion that a new ideology is needed in aero space technology to effect a breakthrough to hypersonic speeds. Such an ideology has already been elaborated in Russia. However, it was not debated at the Munich confer ence. The subject was addressed in St. Petersburg where, soon after the Munich conference, the Scientific Technological Council of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Defense
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1994
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The AYAKS concept can be used as a basis for the development of next generation passenger, transport and special purpose aero space systems.
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Active thermal pro tection systems
Systems controlling aero dynamic characteristics in gas and plasma medium
Directional energy transfer systems
Magnetoplasmochemical engine
1. General view of hyper sonic aircraft (AYAKS Concept) 2. Energy Diagram of Hypersonic Aircraft (AYAKS Concept)
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Industries (Goskomoborona) held its representative meeting at the LENINETS holding company. This meeting discussed a unique national concept concerning the development of the aviation and aerospace systems AYAKS. The meeting was presided over by Viktor Glukhikh, Chairman of Goskomoborona. The AYAKS concept was for mulated by one of the enterprises of the LENINETS company the Research Organization of Hypersonic Systems, headed by Vladimir Fraishtadt. It is based on completely new principles of energy interaction between hypersonic aircraft and the sur rounding medium. A fundamental solution has been found for cool ing the airframe. The generated heat is used to boost the power
1994
rating of the power plant. Nothing of the kind has ever been pro posed in our country or abroad. In accordance with the AYAKS concept, the hypersonic aircraft is an open non insulated aerothermodynamic system. At all stages of the atmospheric flight, a part of the kinetic energy of the hypersonic air stream flowing over the aircraft is assimilated by the aircraft subsystems to increase the overall rating of the hypersonic aircraft upon conver sion to chemical and electrical energy. The AYAKS consists of two hulls placed inside the other. Aviation kerosene or a more promising fuel liquefied methane is fed to a special cat alyzer which separates the hulls. When the aircraft is flying at
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hypersonic speeds in the atmos phere, the hydrocarbon fuel undergoes thermochemical decomposition on the impact of high temperatures. This con sumes a large amount of energy and cools the reactor. The ther mochemical decomposition of the fuel releases free hydrogen, which, when mixed with the same fuel, forms a highly efficient fuel for the aircraft. Some of the air stream flow ing over the aircraft is fed to a unique magnetoplasmochemical ram jet engine with a supersonic burning rate. The engine contains a magnetogasdynamic (MGD) generator and accelerator. The former sets up a powerful mag netic field, which brakes the mainstream. The braked and preionized stream is directed to 2
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INDUSTRY
Multi Purpose Hypersonic Aircraft (meteorological and astrophysical observations, geologic prospecting, ecological monitoring, restoration of the Earth's ozone layer, assignments of the Defense Ministry) Take off weight, t Payload, t Weight of hypersonic aircraft, t Propellant weight, t Planform area, m Maximum flying speed (M = 12), m/s Maximum lift/drag ratio with M 6 Static ceiling, km Maximum flying range, km Rating of on board power source, MW Type, number of modules and thrust of combined power plant, tf: gas turbine booster engine magnetoplasmochemical engine Original fuel Propellant 200 10 85 105 571 4,000 5 36 10,000 100 4 x 25 6 x 14 kerosene + water hydrogen containing hydrocarbon mixture
Hypersonic Transport Aircraft (high speed carriage of passengers and cargoes)
Hypersonic Booster Aircraft
Aerospace Aircraft
4 x 45 4 x 25 4 x 20 kerosene + water hydrogen containing hydrocarbon mixture
the combustion chamber, which accepts hydrogen enriched fuel (kerosene or methane). The out flowing combustion products go to a nozzle, are additionally accelerated by the MGD acceler ators, expand and escape out side. Consequently, the machine flying in the atmosphere can con vert the kinetic energy of the
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mainstream in a wide spectrum of energy types, allowing the 100 MW on board power system to be used for various purposes. The AYAKS concept can be used as a basis for the develop ment of next generation passen ger, transport and special pur pose aerospace systems. The AYAKS concept and its
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main applications do not run counter to modern science data. However, the suggested program for the development of promising hypersonic flying machines can not be realized by one enterprise alone or together with other enterprises. It has to be carried out by the entire aerospace com plex. Even now hundreds of
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Take off weight, t Payload injected into orbit, t (orbit height up to 250 km, inclina tion any) Weight of hypersonic aircraft, t Propellant weight, t Weight of external fuel tanks, t Planform area, m2 Maximum flying speed (M=25) at an altitude of 100 km, m/s Type, number of modules and thrust of combined power plant, tf: gas turbine booster engine magnetoplasmochemical engine liquid rocket engine Original fuel Propellant
364 3 70 291 37 520 7,500
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Take off weight, t Weight of the second stage, t Payload injected into orbit, t (orbit height up to 250 km, inclina tion any) Weight of hypersonic aircraft, t Propellant weight, t Planform area, m2 Speed imparted to the second stage (M = 12), m/s Maximum lift/drag ratio with M 10 Type, number of modules and thrust of combined power plant, tf: gas turbine booster engine magnetoplasmochemical engine Original fuel Propellant
267 23 up to 6.3 113 132 520 4,000 5 4 x 45 4 x 25 kerosene + water hydrogen containing hydrocarbon mixture
Take off weight, t Payload, t Weight of hypersonic aircraft, t Propellant weight, t Planform area, m2 Maximum flying speed (M = 14), m/s Maximum lift/drag ratio with M 10 Static ceiling, km Maximum flying range, km Type, number of modules and thrust of combined power plant, tf: gas turbine booster engine magnetoplasmochemical engine Original fuel Propellant
390 10 130 250 703 15,000 5 36 12,000 4 x 40 4 x 39 kerosene + water hydrogen containing hydrocarbon mixture
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Accessibility zone of Neva 23 and Neva 24 aircraft L=10,000 19,000 km Accessibility zone of Neva 25 and Neva 26 aircraft L=4,800 11,000 km Flight zone of subsonic and supersonic aircraft AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Military Parade Electronintorg ltd.
3 6. Tentative performance charac teristics of hypersonic aircraft based on AYAKS concept 7. Accessibility zones and flying time of AYAKS hypersonic air craft 8. Use of systems for directional energy transfer for peaceful pur poses
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enterprises cooperate with LENINETS on the AYAKS pro gram. This project plays a special importance for Russia's national economy, as the scientific and technological results obtained during its implementation can be used in various other fields. Naturally the AYAKS concept has both advocates and oppo nents. Its uniqueness evokes a critical and cautious attitude from some leading institutes. However, the project is based on basic research findings, which con firmed theoretically and experi mentally the main ideas of the concept. Consequently, we must take the next step, i.e. launch wide scale tests of components and assemblies of the projected hypersonic aircraft, using non recoverable carrier rockets. Only tests in suborbital range corridors can provide an answer to the practicability of the unique con cept of a hypersonic aircraft elab
Maintenance of communication with satellites
Investigation of ionosphere and upper atmosphere
Ecological monitor ing and diagnostics of atmosphere Seismic monitoring
Prospecting of ore and oil and gas deposits orated in Russia. This was decid ed by the Scientific Technological Council of Goskomoborona. According to V. Glukhikh, the full scale tests will reveal a wide range of problems which will, as any complex pro ject, have to be handled by the
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AC014

rate and on a magnetoplasmo chemical engine; assessing the energy balance of a magnetoplasmochemical engine and the balance of the chemical regeneration system; analyzing the magnetoplas mochemical braking processes in the power plant; developing on board naviga tional aids, a control system and a system for directional energy transfer; creating a test rocket complex with jettisonable test modules; conducting research to deter mine the main performance char acteristics of the hypersonic air craft. Implementation of the AYAKS project will allow Russia to advance to the forefront in explo ration of the upper atmosphere and near space and implementa tion of major national economic programs. (
entire aerospace complex of the country on the basis of coopera tion. The scientific and technologi cal studies carried out under the AYAKS program in St. Petersburg and at other enterprises involved in the project have revealed that efforts must be concentrated on: developing active thermal pro tection systems and a power plant based on a modified ram jet engine with a supersonic burning
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1994
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DESIGN
BUREAUS
ussia's military developers focus much attention on the perfection of tube artillery alongside the development of anti tank (AT) rocket and missile systems. They believe that this type of armament is the most effec tive means of the struggle against tanks in various types of combat. At present, the perfection of tactical and techni cal characteristics of AT guns is carried out by increasing their armor penetration capacity with bigger caliber and higher muzzle velocity. Late in the 1980s the V.F. Petrov Design Bureau from the town of Ekaterinburg (now "Spetstechnika" company) came up with an effective, reliable and relatively cheap 125 mm anti tank smoothbore gun empowered by a standby unit during self pro pelling on the battlefield. It was nicknamed "SPRUT B" (in Russian, Octopus). This AT gun is effective in destroying both mobile and sta tionary ground armor targets from direct and indirect laying positions. The gun can be fired in all round traverse. The high muz zle velocity of its 125 mm projec tiles, which allow higher armor penetration capability, is the salient feature of the "SPRUT B" design.
"SPRUT"
TANK KILLER
$
Sergey Medvedev, Yuri Stepanov
Bearing this feature in mind we can tell this 125 mm smooth bore anti tank gun from other anti tank artillery systems with rifled barrels. The high rate of aimed fire (6
8 rounds/min) is reliably ensured by the availability of automatic systems and convenient elevating and traversing handwheels. Owing to the availability of special mechanisms these handwheels
1. "Sprut B" at firing position 2. "Sprut B" secured for travel 3. Laying the "Sprut B" on a target
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Late in the 1980s the V.F. Petrov Design Bureau from the town of Ekaterinburg (now "Spetstechnika" company) came up with an effective, reliable and relatively cheap 125 mm anti tank smooth bore gun empowered by a stand by unit during self propelling on the battlefield. It was nicknamed "SPRUT B" (in Russian, Octopus).
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case is ejected. There is a special mechanism for blowing through the tube after firing to prevent a backfire. A special thermo pro tective shield is attached to the barrel to lessen harmful atmos pheric effects on fire accuracy. The AT gun "SPRUT B" uses separate loading rounds intended for the tank gun D 81. Special equipment, type 9S53, is used to fire guided rounds ZUBK 14, which allow an accurate destruc tion of targets at a distance of some four kilometers. The "SPRUT B" is rigged with various aiming sights to ensure accurate fire. The optical direct fire sight OP4M 48A is used for direct fire during the day. The night vision sight 1PN53 1 is used for night firing. The iron sight 2Ts33 is used together with the panoramic sight PG 1M for firing from indirect laying posi tions and is also used, if the opti cal sight is out of order. The gun's counterrecoil mechanism ensures reliable breaking and recuperation of moving parts to their initial posi tion, thereby considerably reduc ing the effect of the fire on the cradle. It comprises the hydraulic recoil brake, spin type recupera
4. "Sprut B" gun on the car riage with trails separated 5. "Sprut B" gun. Rear view 6. Self propulsion of "Sprut B" along the slope
are easy to operate. This spares the gunner's time and labor over extended periods, especially when firing at moving targets. The carriage with three split trails provides for rapid and broad maneuvering by fire, owing to large angles of elevation (from 6 to +25 deg.) and traverse (360 deg.) The worm type mechanisms ensure the barrel's movement within these angles. The AT gun has a vertically arranged wedge breechblock with mechanical semi automatic con trol system. The safety mecha nism is housed in the lower part of the breechblock. It eliminates firing with partially closed breechblock. The breechblock is opened manually before the first shot, and only then becomes recoil operated. The firing pin is cocked up and a fired cartridge
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS Range of direct fire at target 2 m high with HVAP projectile, m Maximum range of fire with HE projectile, m Maximum angle of elevation, deg Maximum angle of depression, deg Maximum angle of traverse, deg Permissible number of rounds fired within one hour, rounds Rate of elevation, deg/s Rate of traverse, deg/s Maximum negotiable gradient in moving uphill or downhill in self propelled mode on dry and hard ground, deg Overall length in towed position, mm Overall height in towed position, mm Firing height, mm Tread, mm Weight in towed position, kg
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over 2,000 12,200 25 6 360 100 no less than 0.5 no less than 2
15 7,120 2,090 925 2,200 6,375 2
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tor, and pneumatic recuperator. All these mechanisms are located in the cradle's case above the barrel. The gun has the mechanical system to transfer it from combat to traveling position and back. This system comprises a hydraulic jack and hydraulic cylinders. The jack lifts up the cradle through the height to separate or pull together the trails and then lowers it down. The hydraulic cylinders lift the gun to the maxi mum ground clearance and raise and lower the wheels. "SPRUT B" is brought from combat to travel ing position and back in two ways. This can be done by a hydraulic motor driven by the power unit or by a manual pump. The gun could be placed in a combat position in 1,5 minutes and it takes two minutes to put it in traveling position. The gun may be towed by "Ural 4320" or by the multi pur pose full tracked tractor MT LB. In towed position the road clear ance equals 360 mm. The maxi mum towing speed on highways is 80 km/h. The gun features a power unit, which ensures its swift self
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projectiles. The fuel endurance is some 50 km. The suspension uses a tor sion type elastic element. Wheel tires have versatile tread. Each wheel is fitted with a brake drive of its own, which insures the gun's better maneuverability and cross country capacity. The dou ble action hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers are mounted on two power driven wheels, which considerably increase the smoothness of the gun's move ment. Electrical equipment com prises a complex of electrotech nical devices providing lighting,
DESIGN
BUREAUS
propulsion on the battlefield. This significantly increases the "SPRUT B's" maneuverability in combat. The power unit is devel oped on the basis of the engine MeMZ 967A with hydraulic drive. The power unit is located on the right side of the gun housed in special casing. The driver's seat is arranged on the left side together with the gun's controls for self propulsion. The cardan shafts transmit the torque to the transmission units. The maximum self propelled speed along dry earthen roads is equal to 10 km/h. In this case the gun can carry the ammunition load of six
firing the round and ignition of the engine, during self propul sion of the gun. Storage batteries are placed under the driver's seat. "Sprut B" is fitted with an armor shield to protect the crew and gun's mechanisms from bul lets, fragments of shells and pro jectiles. There is a slit on its left side for the panoramic sight. The gun is manned by a crew of seven. The 125 mm AT gun "SPRUT B" is unique in terms of its per formance characteristics. It is simple in design, reliable in oper ation, and easy to maintain. (
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DESIGN
BUREAUS
ALL TERRAIN ENGINEER

$
RECONNAISSANCE VEHICLE
Sergei Roschin
$
It is a full tracked armored amphibious vehicle, developed on the basis of units and assemblies of the BMP 2 infantry fighting vehicle. The on board stationary and portable instruments make it pos sible to obtain data on water barriers (to deter mine the width, depth, speed of the current, rela tive firmness of the bottom, availability of naviga tional obstacles, ice thickness), terrain passibili ty, explosion hazardous objects on the bottom and the fords, and conduct reconnaissance in areas contaminated by chemical and radioactive agents.
ilitary special ists are aware of the impor tance of such a combat sup port element as engineer reconnais sance of the terrain. The successful accomplish ment of com bat missions depends to a great extent on the completeness and accuracy of its results. The collation of requisite information on the terrain is a rather intricate process, as it pre supposes a complex approach and is very dangerous in combat conditions. In addition, combat actions may be staged in the rough terrain, with no roads but a
that this is the only reconnais sance vehicle in the world. It is a full trucked armored amphibious vehicle, developed on the basis of units and assem blies of the BMP 2 infantry fight ing vehicle. The on board station ary and portable instruments make it possible to obtain data on water barriers (to determine the width, depth, speed of the cur rent, relative firmness of the bot tom, availability of navigational obstacles, ice thickness), terrain passibility, explosion hazardous objects on the bottom and the
great number of natural obsta cles. This may further complicate the terrain reconnaissance process. Naturally, to solve this prob lem, one needs appropriate tech nical means. To attain these ends, an engineer reconnais sance vehicle (ERV) was devel oped, which reconnoiters the ter rain, routes and water barriers. The specialists are unanimous
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fords, and conduct reconnais sance in areas contaminated by chemical and radioactive agents. The ERV can be shipped by rail, sea and any other transport. The vehicle has an armor steel hull, protecting the crew from small arms fire. In terms of the arrangement of mechanisms and equipment, it is divided into three compartments (driver's, fighting and engine) and four
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1. The engineer reconnais sance vehicle. Front view 2. The engineer reconnais sance vehicle. Side view 3. Performing reconnais sance of a minefield
sections (bow, right hand and left hand sections containing fuel tanks, and stern section). The driver's and fighting compart ments are protected against nuclear attacks. The engine compartment is arranged in the hull rear and communicates with the crew through a hatch in the vertical wall, which separates these two compartments. On top the engine compartment is protected with an upper panel, provided with two maintenance hatches. To let the crew in and out, there are three hatches on the vehicle roof and an emergency hatch in the bot tom plate. The vehicle can move on water via two propellers arranged in its stern. These propellers enable its forward and backward
movement and turn on the spot, while rotating in different direc tions. To carry out visual reconnais sance and orientation on the ter rain, the vehicle mounts the fol lowing instruments: a PIR 451 periscope, AGI 1s gyro horizon, TNA 3 navigation equipment as well as TNPO 160, TNP 370 and TVN 2BM vision devices. One of the most complicated tasks, performed by the ERV vehicle, concerns reconnaissance of water barriers. For this pur pose, it is equipped with a recon naissance echo sounder, which allows an accurate determination of water barrier depth from 0.5 to 20 m, the recording of the bottom profile and the detection of obstacles hidden in the water. The echo sounder comprises an
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automatic recorder and three hydroacoustic transducers. Two of them are mounted in the bot tom of the front section of the fighting compartment, and the third, on the splash panel. The echo sounder can also be used to evaluate the relative firmness of the river bottom (by the character of recorded echo signals appear ing on electrothermic paper). The vehicle is fitted with a RShM 2 river type wide span mine detector enabling it to per form reconnaissance of mine fields. The mine detector can detect mines, whose shells or fuze components are made of ferromagnetic materials, at depths of up to 0.3 m, when the vehicle moves at a speed of 3 to 5 km/h. The ECV crew can perform 2
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BUREAUS
Self recovery of an ERV with the crew remaining inside the vehicle
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terrain reconnaissance after evacuation of the vehicle. To do this, the vehicle is equipped with special portable instruments: RBM 2M and IMP 2 mine detec tors, a PIR engineer reconnais sance periscope, DSP 30 range finger, PAB 2M aiming circle, two R 147 radio sets, PR 1 pen etrometer and an ice axe with ice measuring stick. Some special devices of the vehicle are intended to provide normal working conditions for the crew. They include a regenerator, fire extinguishing system, bilge pumping device, nuclear, bacte riological and chemical (NBC)
protection system and smoke generating system. The regenerator regenerates the air inside the crew compart ments when the vehicle negoti ates contaminated areas. It restores the chemical composi tion of the air, using the special VPV 1 agent. One charge of the regenerator enables the crew to stay in the air tight vehicle for up to four hours. The regenerator is actuated via a switch, arranged on the distribution panel, or auto matically, by a signal transmitted by the radiological and chemical reconnaissance unit. The fire extinguishing equipment of the
vehicle operates automatically. It consists of two cylinders with extinguishing compound and four fire sensors. On the outbreak of a fire the sensors become heated and actuate the igniters of squibs installed in the cylinders. Simultaneously the fire extin guishing equipment shuts down the engine and turns off the motor of the blower located in the driver's compartment. The bilge pumping device permits the vehicle to retain buoyancy, if it is holed when afloat. Its high efficiency is ensured by a bilge pump with a capacity of 80 l/min and a pump with a capacity of 1,000 l/min. The NBC protection system protects the crew and equipment from the destructive effects of
4. Performing reconnais sance of a water barrier 5. Equipping the ERV with rocket engine contain ers 6,7.
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weapons of mass destruction. It includes a filtering ventilating unit, sealing units, actuators and monitoring instruments. The sys tem operates under the effect of destructive factors of nuclear explosion. High quick response of the system is provided by sensors and reliable actuators. To set smoke screens, the vehicle mounts a reusable smoke generating equipment. Diesel fuel is used as a smoke agent, which is injected through nozzles into the flow of the engine's exhaust fumes. On coming into contact with air, the gas mixture becomes condensed, forming artificial fog. One important feature of the vehicle is its high self sustainabil ity. Its specific functions provide for its long term detachment from maintenance and repair facilities. To enable the crew to perform these operations inde pendently, the vehicle is fitted with a wide range of spares and tools. As the vehicle operates as a rule on difficult terrain and water and is often forced to enter swampy or steep shores, it may get stuck. In such cases the crew
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLE Weight, fully loaded, t Maximum speed: on highway, km/h afloat, km/h Engine power, hp Fuel endurance, km Unit soil pressure, kgf/cm2 Maximum trench crossing width, m Maximum gradient, deg Vehicle obstacle ability, m Dimensions, m: length width height Total penetration radiation reduction ratio Armament Operating range of communication means, km Permissible water roughness, points Reserve buoyancy, % Crew, men must rely on its own strengths, possibly, under enemy fire. Consequently, the vehicle should be equipped with such self recovery means, which ensure quick recovery and rule out the need for the crew to leave the vehicle. Therefore, the vehicle is fitted with additional 9M39 solid pro pellant rocket engines. This engine is selected: owing to the low weight (6.3 kg) and small 17.2 52 12 300 500 0.69 2.3 36 0.65 8.22 3.15 2.4 2.78 7.62 PKT machine gun
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20 3 14 6 dimensions (70 x 800 mm), it develops a tractive force of 312 kg. It is also mass produced. Experience in the operation of the ERV vehicle has revealed its high efficiency in the most com plicated conditions. Able to oper ate in almost all terrains and equipped with the most advanced engineer reconnaissance equip ment, this vehicle is most suited to perform the complex recon naissance of the terrain. (
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PROGRAMS
AVIABANK IN 1993:
MIKHAIL FRANTSKEVICH Chairman of the Board of the Commercial Joint Stock Bank AVIABANK
n 1993 commercial banks functioned in a deepening economic crisis, which pro foundly affected banking development: each bank had to adapt to constantly changing conditions, promptly correct its priorities, and change the operating proce dures, to extend the range of services offered to the clients. Despite the worsening crisis in the country's economy the past year witnessed further development of AVIABANK and a consolidation of its financial position. The bank's assets rose 6.6 times to 172 billion roubles by January 1, 1994, while the joint stock capital increased to 9.8 billion rou bles. Working capital on the balance sheet totalled 2.8 trillion roubles (a thirteenfold increase) and balance profit rose 25 times to over 10 billion roubles. The past year witnessed the emission, three bank share issues, amounting to 300 million, 900 million, and 3.5 billion roubles, respectively. The statutory capital of the bank amounts to 4.8 billion roubles; as in the past, most of the bank's share holders are aviation enterprises. The bank's stock has passed the listing procedure at the Moscow International Stock Exchange and Moscow Central Stock Exchange. Transactions involving the bank's shares at these exchanges have revealed that the share's market value exceeds its nominal value and is steadily rising. In 1994, AVIABANK plans to issue an additional 5 billion roubles worth of shares, while doing its best to preserve the existing structure of the bank's shareholders. In response to the wishes of its clients, the bank has issued 1,000,000 rouble bank bills, with a circulation term of seven days to one year, which has accelerated settlements between enterprises, primarily in the aircraft indus try. In 1993, the bank consistently worked on tech nical improvements of the banking transactions and introduced a "bank client" system. Work is nearing completion on the development of a new inter bank system, based on state of the art computers and software. To speed up banking transactions, the bank undertakes to carry out non cash settlements, by issuing debit cards to its clients. In March 1994, the bank will be connected to a clearing center, which will enable it to effect settlements within one business day. To ensure its steady development, AVIABANK has put in a lot of effort into expanding the network of its subsidiaries, organizations, and agencies, and
RESULTS, OBJECTIVES, PARTICIPATION IN CONVERSION PROGRAMS

invigorating their activities to attract new clients. In 1993, AVIABANK stepped up its activity to attract hard currency funds. In the third quarter of 1993, the bank was granted a General Currency Licence and widened its sphere of currency transac tions. Last year correspondent relations were estab lished with the Central Bank of Austria, DEUTSCHE BANK (Germany), CITIBANK (USA), the Foreign Trade Bank (Cyprus), Moscow International Bank, the Moscow Narodny Bank (London), Eurobank (Paris), and other foreign banks. AVIABANK has been admitted to the SWIFT international system and plans to effectively utilize this system in 1994. In 1993 the bank joined Moscow Inter Bank Currency Exchange and took part in 83% of the auctions held by the exchange. The volume of deposit and credit transac tions in foreign currency was rising. In 1994, AVIABANK plans to increase its foreign currency transactions, including futures, establish links with international investment institutions and investors, and extend correspondent relations with international banks. The bank intends to tap such reserves as fiduciary operations with foreign curren cy and operations on the international market of debentures issued by top class banks. As in the past, in 1993, the principal line of the bank's activity was lending. During 1993 the lending operations of the bank grew steadily. The volume of credits issued by the bank by January 1, 1994 was 101 billion roubles or 5.2 times greater than a year ago. More than 90% of the credits went to the bank's shareholders. As before, the largest borrowers from AVIABANK were enterprises of the aircraft industry (80% of loans), accounting for over 360 credit agree ments in the past year. Credits from AVIABANK helped the aircraft industry preserve and develop its production potential. The bank financed aircraft production at the Voronezh Aviation Production Association (APO), the Tashkent APO, at aircraft factories in Saratov, Kharkov, and other cities. Over the past year, when the Finance Ministry of the Russian Federation failed to provide on time funds to support the conversion programs, AVIA BANK used its own resources to credit some of the conversion programs. In addition, the bank extended credits to producers of consumer goods and other borrowers. AVIABANK pays considerable attention to the state conversion program in the aircraft industry. In 1993, it provided purpose oriented loans to 107 enterprises and organizations of the aircraft industry to support 203 conversion programs, including: 79 programs to promote the development of civil aviation (airplanes Tu 204M, Tu 334, Tu 204 200, Be 200, IL 96M; helicopters Mi 34, Mi 26T, Mi 38; engines IK 93, TV7 117, PS 90A, AM, D 436, and so on); 59 programs to produce consumer durables (mini tractors, refrigerators, kitchen machines, motocultivators, etc.); 20 programs to produce equipment for the light and food industries, agro industrial and forestry complexes; 15 programs to design and produce medical equipment; 9 programs to develop and produce machinery and equipment for the oil and gas industry, and other programs. The experience of using conversion credits may be usefully employed to pool efforts to realize the projects of the fuel and energy complex and the agro industrial complex, using allocations from the state budget. In the field of asset management, the bank aims to pursue a rational investment policy, focused on the expansion of medium and long term credits for investment projects and the promotion of project financing. This will enable the bank to keep and attract clients and shareholders from enterprises of the aerospace complex and other defense and high tech industries. As well as an active credit policy and operation on the stock and investment markets, the bank is doing a great deal of charity work. In 1993, large sums were donated to support education, culture, sports, and social funds. (
AVIABANK pays considerable attention to the state conversion pro gram in the aircraft industry. In 1993, it provided purpose orient ed loans to 197 enterprises and organizations of the aircraft industry to support 293 conversion programs, including 79 pro grams to promote the development of civil aviation
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PROGRAMS
revious Presidents of the French Republic, who used to attend air craft exhibitions in Paris, had never boarded foreign military airplane. This tradition was broken by Francois Mitterand in 1991, when the A 40 or "Albatross", an amphibian aircraft produced by the G. Beriev Taganrog Aviation Scientific Technical Complex (TANTK), was displayed at the Le Bourget exhibition and became a big 'hit' there. The host of the Elysee Palace could not resist the temptation to look inside the cabin and saloon of the flying boat. The world press nicknamed the A 40 "the first beauty of the ball". The "beauty" also proved to be an out standing "sportswoman", setting 126 aviation records in her class. The fame of the "Albatross" had barely subsided, when the TANTK produced a new machine, the Be 200. What led to its production ? Gennady Panatov, the General Designer and President of TANTK had this to say: "The A 40 is the basic model of the military
Be 200, ALBATROSS'
YOUNGER BROTHER
$
Alexander Mozgovoy
At present, there are finished designs of the several versions of the Be 200: fire fighting, passenger, cargo and ambulance. The aircraft can be rapidly re equipped into the required configura tion.
was used as a basis for the new general pur pose Be 200 machine 2. Instrument board of ARIA 200 integrated avionics complex 3 5. Assembly of Be 200 machines in the shops of the Irkutsk Aviation Production Association
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GENNADY PANATOV Designer General and President, G. Beriev Taganrog Aviation Scientific Technical Complex
amphibian aircraft: We made the "Albatross" to suit the needs of the Ministry of Defense. It was built to meet military requirements and was designed above all to accom plish anti submarine, patrol and search and rescue missions. Naturally, some versions of the machine may be used for purely peaceful purposes, but mainly in the seas and oceans. The Be 200 is the offspring of the conversion process. Although it resembles in design the A 40, it is far more ver satile and, if you like a better, more flexible aircraft". Every year forest fires devour nearly 70 million cubic meters of Russia's forests, equivalent to over 20% of commercial wood output. Damage is estimated at tens of billions of roubles. As far back as the late 1980s, forestry specialists researched the matter and concluded that forest fires would best be combatted by amphibian aircraft, with a perma nent base on airfields about 500 km distant from the fire bed,
capable of carrying up to 12 tons of extinguishing liquid taken from a water reservoir located 10 to 20 km away from the place of confla gration. The experience, accrued from the fire fighting configuration of the aircraft, Be 12P, created by TANTK from the naval amphibian plane, Be 12, confirmed this con clusion. The Be 12P aircraft suc cessfully fought forest fires in Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region and in the Crimea. However, the Be 12 amphibians have been in service for about 30 years now. The aircraft are rather obsolete physically and morally, and can carry a limited amount of the extinguishing liquid. "The larger the aircraft, the greater the amount of extinguish ing liquid it can carry. At the same time, it should boast a larger water reservoir for take off and landing", explains Leonid Fortinov, the TANTK's deputy head for scientific matters. "Our investigations have revealed that the A 40 could be
1. The A 40 "Albatross" amphibian aircraft. It
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2 % of internal water reser voirs. It suffices to say that the area measuring 1,500 x 2,000 km and extending from Ufa to Tomsk has only 24 airfields and 460 water reservoirs capable of "receiving" a respective class amphibian air craft. The concept of the Be 200 was based on these calculations". The Be 200 (Chief Designer Alexander Yavkin) is not merely diminished replica of the "Albatross". Naturally, both air craft share very similar aerody namic and hydrodynamic charac teristics and layout. This factor reduced significantly the scope and time of research and testing. But on the whole the Be 200 is quite a novel amphibian aircraft. Initially, it was designed in full compliance with the FAR 25 inter national regulations. At present, there are finished designs of the several versions .of the Be 200: fire fighting, passen ger, cargo and ambulance. The aircraft can be rapidly re equipped into the required config uration. The fire fighting plane can carry, when planing, up to 12 tons of water and drop, after one fuelling, nearly 360 tons of water on a fire bed. The aircraft is equipped with four pairs of water tanks (located in the middle of the aircraft). Each pair has a capacity of 3 m3. Two water intakes are located in the aft of the boat's planing step (the name the builders gave to the fuselage). The water intakes are connected by pipelines to the tanks. The tanks
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operated from 10 to 20 % (depending on local conditions) of Russia's internal water reservoirs. To put it another way, the "Albatross" hardly dif fers from land operated fire fight ing aircraft, as its employment "arm" practically coincides with the range of ordinary airfield based craft. Our analysis yielded the following result: if the dimen sions of the "Albatross" were brought to 0.7, the new amphibian craft would weigh twice as little, and could be operated from 45 50
are provided with draining tubes, which ensure a rise or fall in pres sure when the water is taken in or dropped. The Be 200 demonstrates top efficiency when delivering the extinguishing liquid to the fire area in the following conditions: 110 tons of water per hour when the distance to the water reservoir is 10 km; 60 tons per hour for a distance of 30 km, and 40 tons per hour if the distance is 50 km. Until now the world has not enjoyed such effective means to fight for est fires. The Be 200 amphibian aircraft is a high set wing monoplane with a T shaped tail unit. To guarantee its buoyancy, the boat is divided by waterproof partitions into iso lated compartments. The boat is the first in the world to be fully pressurized. Consequently, cargo can be carried at a cruising height of 8,000 m. The water tanks are arranged under the cabin's floor, thereby leaving enough room for the accommodation of 64 passen gers or cargo, including seven ABK 1.5 containers. The aircraft has an entrance door (900 x 1,700 mm) and cargo hatch door (1,760 x 1,700 mm) in the nose portion of the boat, and two emergency hatch doors (700 x 1,700 mm) in the tail portion. The tail portion also accommodates amenity rooms: a buffet, baggage com partment, wardrobe and water closet. To enhance its reliability and effectiveness, the airframe is con structed with aluminium alloys possessing high anti corrosion resistance properties. Some structural components are fabri cated from aluminum lithium alloys. The heavy duty parts use various grades of steel and titani um alloys. Composite materials are used most extensively to build the operating controls and high
AC018
CONVERSION
Various configurations of the Be 200 aircraft
PROGRAMS
A three view drawing of Be 200 aircraft
lift devices as well as the nose and tail sections of the wing and tail unit, engine nacelles, control rods, floors, fairings, water tanks, interior decoration, etc. The "Progress" design bureau located in the city of Zaporozhye (in the Ukraine) has developed, specially for the Be 200, a "marine" version of the D 436TP turbofan engine with a thrust of 7,500 kg. The engine uses materi als, which are highly resistant to corrosion. The export versions of the aircraft may employ American "Allison" turbofan engines. The Be 200 carries two engines attached to the pylons of the landing gear fairings above the wings. This prevents water from entering the engine, when the air craft is taking off or landing. The main landing gear struts are
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Take off weight, t Engine type Take off thrust, kg Cruising speed, km/h Maximum payload, t Range with 7 t payload, km Maximum flight range, km Take off distance (land/water), m Landing distance (land/water), m Seaworthiness (maximum wave height), m Crew Passenger configuration Range with 64 passengers, km Cargo configuration Range with 6 t payload, km
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36 42 D 436TP 2 x 7,500 610 700 8 1,100 4,000 900/1,000 1,050/1,100 1.2 2 3,100 3,000 3
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retracted into the fairings, which navigation system for the Be 200. The bidders included the are also used to accommodate the units and assemblies of the air Israeli firm "Elbit", the French craft systems. company "Sextant Avionique" and The Be 200 also boasts a the American corporation unique integrated flight and navi "AlliedSignal", more specifically, gation system. First of all it should its subsidiary "Bendix King". The be pointed out that the Be 200 is offers of the firms were carefully the offspring of extensive interna studied in Taganrog for one and a tional cooperation. TANTK and the half years. Finally "Bendix King" Swiss firm "Ilta trade finance S.A." was selected. The integrated set up a joint venture, "Beta Air", flight navigation and radio com which finances the project and munications system offered by sells the end product. The Italian this firm is not only up to date. It company, "Alenia" will certify the is also believed to meet the aircraft in the West, in accordance requirements of the 21st century. with FAR 25 requirements. The A similar system is now being British company, "AIM", will be developed in the USA for the promising liner "Boeing 777". It responsible for the interior deco ration of the boat. However, the will use liquid crystal indicators brightest page in an as yet thin capable of withstanding additional record of cooperation of Russian overloads during landings and defense specialists with their take offs from water. western partners has been written A joint venture, "ARIA" by the participants in the tender to (American Russian Integrated create an integrated flight and Avionics), set up by "AlliedSignal" PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF Be 200
6. Be 200 amphibian air craft (mockup)
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required to continue the flight, after the failure of the electronic indication system. A centrally positioned screen displays the operational parameters of the engines and airborne systems. The structure of the data repre sentation system is based on the "dark cabin" principle, whereby no indications are required, as long as the airborne systems are func tioning normally. The other opera tional equipment elements are arranged near the pilot seats in accordance with the distribution of their functional responsibilities. The digital integrated flight and navigation system introduces automation in the work of the crew and guarantees safety during flight evolutions of the aircraft. The Be 200 amphibian should be operated from airfields with runways 1,800 m long and internal water reservoirs and marine aqua toria with a depth of at least 2 m and waves not higher than 1.2 m. The flight tests of the first fire fighting version of the Be 200 air craft are planned for January 1995, with production scheduled to start in 1997. Its de luxe pas senger configuration, boasting rectangular portholes, may also start to be mass produced at about the same time. The passen
A scheme showing the use of Be 200 as a fire fighting plane
and the Moscow Research Institute of Aircraft Equipment, will develop the integrated system ARIA 200. The system will be installed on the first aircraft to be assembled by the Irkutsk aircraft production association. A dashboard placed before each of the two pilots will mount colour multi function electronic vertical and horizontal situation indicators. The vertical situation indicator displays pitch and roll attitudes, rates of climb and descent, pressure altitude, critical angles of attack, overloads, deci sion altitude, runway image and other information. The horizontal situation indicator provides the navigational data, cartographic images, etc. The dashboard panels also mount back up electromechanical instruments, which supply the basic flight navigation information
Aircraft Type Main purpose Configurations
A 40 Amphibian Basic
Be 42 Amphibian Search and rescue
Be 200 Amphibian Fire fighting Passenger, cargo, mail, medical aid, patrol, eco logical, etc.
Passenger, cargo, mail, patrol, eco logical, ships crew replace ment, etc. Take off weight, t 86 Maximum cruising speed, km/h 800 Load lifting capacity: passengers 105 water, t Crew 6 To be mass produced, year 1995
Be 103 Amphibian Passenger Cargo, mail, fishery recon naissance, medical aid, patrol
Be 102 Amphibian Fire fighting Passenger, rescue, patrol, eco logical, etc.
Be 112 Amphibian Passenger Cargo, mail, patrol, fire fighting, eco logical, etc.
86 800 54 9 10 1997
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36 700 68 up to 12 2 1996
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1.76 260 5 1 1995
21 510 44 up to 8 2 1999
9.5 370 18 22 up to 4.5 2 2000 4
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NEW AIRCRAFT PRODUCED BY TANTK
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ger cabin of this version will have 64 seats pitched at 750 mm. The ambulance version of the aircraft will have folding seats and stretch ers for 40 patients instead of the nose baggage compartment and normal seats. In addition, the compartment will also accommo date seats for the attending per sonnel and a medical rack. Gennady Panatov claims: "We made the Be 200 as a conversion aircraft, so we did not want to sew on shoulder straps. Nevertheless, some people abroad are already interested in its "muscles". Australia and New Zealand are considering the Be 200 as a patrol or search and rescue aircraft." The TANTK researchers told me that the flexible concept of the Be 200 would allow it to master a lot of civilian and military "trades", such as ecological patrol, recon naissance of promising fisheries, pilotage, early radar detection. The amphibian can also accom plish anti submarine missions and serve as an air mobility means. The design bureau in Taganrog, the world's only specialist in hydro aviation, continues to per fect its amphibians and is now working on the development of a new family of models. (
AC019
CONVERSION
PROGRAMS
he reductions in marine strategic armaments and removal of some missile carrying nuclear powered submarines (MN subs) from the Russian navy pro vided an opportuni ty to commandeer some nuclear sub marines in the interests of science and the national economy. Specialists from the Central Design Bureau of Marine Equipment RUBIN believe that one of the best ways of using dis armed MN subs involves their transformation into research nuclear submarines (RN subs) to conduct scientific and applied research and exploration in the Arctic Basin. This idea captured the fancy of submarine builders, oceanologists and marine geolo gists. The development of civiliza tion depends to a large extent on the utilization of biological resources of the Polar seas. However, these resources cannot be exploited rationally without precise scientific information.
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Special importance is now award ed to research into radioactive contamination and its impact on ecological systems. Without mon itoring the radiation and radio chemical situation in the Arctic basin, in particular, the regions adjacent to the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, it is impossible to study the propagation of radionu clides in water and in bottom sed iments. Such studies are necessi tated by the concern felt by the
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Russian and world public over the existence of the nuclear test site in this area and the extensive use of accident prone nuclear pow ered vessels. Radiation and radiochemical mapping, which involves various hydrophysical, hydrochemical, biological and other studies, will make it possi ble to assess the distribution of background and anomalous areas, obtain reliable data about the introduction of radioactive
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One of the best ways of using disarmed MN subs involves their transformation into research nuclear submarines (RN subs) to conduct scientific and applied research and exploration in the Arctic Basin. This idea captured the fancy of submarine builders, oceanologists and marine geologists.
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$ E . G o r i g l e d z h a n $ Chief Designer, Central Design Bureau of Marine Equipment RUBIN
SUBMARINE INTO RESEARCH SHIP
CONVERSION OF NUCLEAR
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contaminants into the Arctic Ocean and about their migration to the basin. Clearly, the traditional techni cal facilities for the Arctic explo ration, such as manned and unmanned drifting stations, sur face ships and nuclear powered icebreakers, planes and heli copters, spacecraft and space probes, are inadequate for full scale and systematic exploration to be carried out in all regions of the Arctic basin, in any season of the year and in all weather condi tions, and to reliably monitor the water medium and bottom of the Arctic seas. Diesel driven sub marines and submersible vehicles are not suitable for these purpos es either because of their low submerged endurance and insuf ficient power reserves. The whole gamut of problems in the inte grated exploration of the Arctic basin can only be tackled with nuclear submarines, which have a powerful and reliable power plant, virtually unlimited sub merged endurance, large sub mersion depth, all latitude inertial and satellite navigational aids, sophisticated radio communica tion and sonar equipment, and which, whenever necessary, can surface in the presence of ice. The most suitable submarines for conversion to RN subs are missile carrying nuclear sub marines of the Russian navy, to be disarmed under the SALT agreement. Firstly, these MN subs (such as DELTA II and DELTA III, according to NATO classification) were built in 1976 1982. By the time of their removal from combat service they will be 18 to 20 years old. It is technically feasible to extend their service life to 30 years. Therefore, they can be used as RN subs for 7 10 years after retooling. Secondly, according to their performance characteristics, these MN subs are best suited for Arctic service, particularly for sailing under ice, as they are equipped with a reliable two shaft propulsion plant, an all altitude high precision navigation system, up to date sonar and radio com munication equipment, observa tion facilities, apparatus to mea sure ice thickness and detect water clearings. Their strength characteristics provide for surfac ing in ice, whose thickness has been computed. Thirdly, these MN subs boast the best potential in terms of space to install research equip ment and accommodate the members of an expedition. After the removal of the mis sile system under Version 5B of the procedure for liquidating the missile launchers of missile car rying submarines, appended to the SALT Treaty between the USSR and the USA (without elim inating the missile compart ments), two missile compart ments will be vacated on these MN subs, covering a total volume of 2000 m3 and an area of about 600 m2. This will make it possible to install virtually any research equipment and accommodate several dozen researchers with out changing the dimensions and construction of the pressure hull or the living conditions of the crew. No multi purpose N subs offer such benefits. In 1992, RUBIN's specialists jointly considered with oceanolo gists the main lines of applied research to be carried out in the Arctic with RN subs. At the same time they carried out preliminary analysis to ascer tain the technical facilities required to conduct research along these lines. The analysis revealed that the standard radio
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electronic equipment and ship board systems of the MN sub provided the means to solve most problems in research on marine geology, geography, hydrology, hydrochemistry and biology, ecology and climatology or could be adapted for these purposes without any difficulty. The converted MN sub can easily be equipped with systems and devices for sampling sea water, a dynamic positioning sys tem for depth and course stabi lization, and devices to enable the RN sub to settle on the sea bottom. The RN sub can carry cable controlled unmanned sub mersible vehicles (robots), buoys and responder beacons, to be launched from torpedo tubes. A more difficult technical problem concerns the design of long towed seismic logger to carry out geological prospecting in its submerged state. However, experience accrued from devel oping and operating extended flexible towed antennas for our N subs gives us reason to believe that this problem can be resolved. The R & A work carried out by RUBIN (Fig.1) indicates that it is in principle possible to design drilling equipment to take samples from the bottom with the RN sub in submerged state. However, owing to the equip ment's technical novelty, it has to be subjected to extensive testbed and full scale trials, which may delay work on retooling the N subs. The designers of the RN sub believe that they must ensure operating safety in the dangerous conditions of the Arctic seas. Here they will concentrate on: provision in the RN sub of technical facilities, which guaran tee radiation safety, reliable com munication with the sea shore, support ships, airplanes and heli 2
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CONVERSION
either manufactured in Russia (such as project 1855) or US made ones, type DSRV. These vehicles can be used for rescue operations and exploration pur poses. The potential layout versions of the RN sub are shown in Fig. II. The main physical character istics of the RN sub, as deter mined by its designers, are as follows: Normal displacement approx. 10,500 t Maximum length approx. 155 m Height by superstructure deck approx. 13.5 m Height by fairwater roof approx. 17.7 m Maximum width approx. 11.7 m Average draft approx. 8.5 m.
PROGRAMS
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copters and the potential provi sion of emergency aid to the dis tressed RN sub and rescue of its crew; organizational and technical measures to conduct ice patrols along the sailing routes of the RN sub and determine the possi ble surfacing areas, obtain infor mation about possible accidents on the RN subs and carry out rescue operations. With these aims in mind, we plan to retain on the RN sub some of the torpedo armament to make artificial water clearings for establishing communication or surfacing. According to another important requirement, the RN sub should be equipped with an escape chamber for the crew and members of the expedition. It is also advisable to consid er provision of the RN sub with submersible recovery vehicles,
Naturally, these characteris tics depend on the selected retooling version. The layout of the spaces and entire submarine shall vary, depending on the composition of the research equipment, the number of researchers and the required length of the cruise. During retooling the strength of the superstructure and fairwa ter can be increased to facilitate the surfacing of the RN sub in icy zones. The feasibility studies and consultations with the potential manufacturer (ZVEZDOCHKA shipyard, Severodvinsk) have revealed that if all organizational and technical problems are resolved and reliable funding is assured, each MN sub can be converted to a nuclear research submarine very quickly (within 3 to 4 years). (
VARIANT OF CONVERSATION OFDELTA IIINUCLEAR SUBMARINE INTO RESEARCH SHIP
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AC020
HISTORY
FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS

$
Prepared by Vladimir Gazenko
The First Russian Combat Submarine "Dolphin" The first Russian submarine "Dolphin" entered service 90 years ago (by order of the Naval Ministry of June 5, 1904). On December 19, 1900, a commission headed by ship builder I. Bubnov was set up at the model testing basin to realize a submarine design. The main dimensions of the submarine, or "Destroyer No. 113" (based on surface displacement), as it was called in the documents of that time, were as follows: length, 19.6 m; maximum width, 3.59 m, mean draft, c. 3 m; surface displacement, 113 t; submerged dis placement, c. 123 t. The riveted hull was round over the entire length and made of nickel steel. The strong and light hull skins were 8 mm and 4 mm thick, respective ly. On the surface, the submarine was driven by a 300 hp gasoline engine, whereas underwater it was powered by a 120 hp electric motor. The armament comprised two external frame torpedo tubes designed by S. Dzhevetski. By order of July 9, 1901 construction of the hull was entrusted to the Baltic Plant. Submarine trials began in August 1903. On June 5, 1904 it was christened "Dolphin". On November 15, 1904 the submarine was dispatched by rail to Vladivostok. Immediately upon arrival, work was begun to assemble and debug vari ous systems. Three months later the "Dolphin" left for sea trials, and seven days later sailed in search of enemy ships. ( Yak 3 Light Frontline Fighter Fifty years ago, in May 1944, the first batches of Yak 3 production type fighters, designed by the A. Yakovlev design bureau, appeared in frontline air force units. The aircraft were equipped with VK 105PF 2 engines. In dogfights the Yak 3 displayed its overwhelming superiority over Luftwaffe air craft, confirmed by a directive of the German Air Command: "Avoid engagements with the Yak 3". The Yak 3 boasts the following performance characteristics: flying weight 2,660 kg, maximum speed 650 km/h, rate of climb to 5,000 m 4.1 min, time required to perform a 360 turn at an altitude of 1,000 m 16 to 17s, climb during the chandelle 1,250 to 1,300 m. The Yak 3 was frequently modified. Its armament and engines were changed. Eleven of the 18 modifications were mass produced. All in all, 4,848 aircraft were produced. ( High Power Multiple Rocket System BM 31 12 Fifty years ago, on June 16, 1944 the Military Council of Guarde Mortar Troops forward ed a directive to the chiefs of tactical groups of the fronts, which stated: "The Red Army has adopted M 31 UK projectiles and BM 31 12 truck mounted rocket launchers. These launch ers are assigned to a battalion, which is part of M 31 Guarde mortar brigades. The battalion comprises three batteries, equipped with 12 rocket launchers. A battalion salvo is formed by 144 projectiles with a caliber of 300 mm. The projectile weighs 91.5 kg. The maximum range of fire is 4,000 m, the minimum range of fire, 1,500 m. The battalion requires only 15 min for loading projectiles. Salvo fire is the main method of fire for destruction and suppression." Prior to the actual outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union had developed and tested BM 13 (Katyusha) multiple launch rocket systems, which had guide rails to launch sixteen 132 mm caliber projectiles. When the war began, these multiple rocket systems were mass produced. At the end of 1942, new 300 mm M 31 high explosive projectiles were created. They were produced immediately. The new projectile ensured an increase in the fire range to 4,325 m. It produced a strong high explosive effect. The M 31 UK projectile (having a better con sistency of fire) marked a major new step in updating rocket weaponry. It boasted a far nar rower dissipation ellipse than the M 31. The fire consistency in salvo firing was 6.5 times as good as the previous model. In April 1944 the first BM 31 12 rocket launchers designed in a mere 12 days by the fac tory's special design bureau headed by V. Barmin, emerged from the "Kompressor" factory. This launcher was fitted with an absolutely new grid type guide cluster system. The new sys tem inherited the high mobility of the BM 13 vehicle and high fire power of the M 31 projec tile. (
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AC021
RAILWAY ARTILLERY MOUNTS

$
Sergey Roschin
1. A 1917 version railway artillery mount
he years 1855 1856 saw the first blue prints of railway artillery mounts in Russia. However, the Ordnance Committee rejected them and the pro jected development of heavy railway artillery systems in Russia was shelved until 1917, blocked by the prevailing doctrine of light ning field war or blitzkrieg. The civil war gave a new impetus to the development of railway artillery. Naturally, neither
1994
belligerent party could produce super heavy railway artillery sys tems. To compensate, they mounted on railway platforms dozens of foreign and home made artillery systems including field, naval and fortress guns. They were far from technical ly perfect. By 1941 only two such systems survived, namely the 203 mm TM 8. These railway artillery mounts comprised 203/50 mm naval guns (heavy cruisers like "Andrei Pervozvanni" were armed with such guns). The gun had a screw type breechblock. It was loaded with separate ammunition.
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In combat position the TM 8 gun had a system of outriggers. When fired from the railway platform it boasted all round traverse. The gun fired standard HE projectiles (weight 112.2 and 139.2 kg). The appearance of second generation Russian railway artillery mounts dates back to the 1930s. In January 1927 an engineer, A.G. Dukelsky of the Leningrad Metal Producing Plant (LMZ) sug gested that 356/52 mm naval guns, taken from discarded heavy cruisers like the cruiser "Izmail", be put on the railway mounts. In May 1931 an order was issued to produce four such mounts designated TM 1 14, where 1 implied the number of the mount, and 14 meant caliber in inches. Early in 1932, design ers started developing the 305/40 mm TM 2 12 railway artillery mounts. The Marti plant No. 198 in the town of Nikolaev produced those artillery systems. In October 1936 the technical pro jects of 305/52 mm TM 3 12 rail way artillery mounts were approved. They were also pro duced at the Marti plant. 1
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The railway artillery mounts in traveling position could freely move along most railway roads of the USSR. The trips of some artillery batteries from the town of Nikolaev via Leningrad to the Far East involved routine practice. The design speed of all railway artillery mounts was adopted within 45 km/h, however, the test speed of the TM 3 12 reached 60 km /h.
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The mounts TM 1 14, TM 2 12 and TM 3 12 were similar in design. The production of 305 mm barrels was ended in Russia in 1917 and only resumed late in the 1930s. Consequently 356 mm barrels available on the cruisers of the "Izmail" type were employed for the railway artillery mounts. These barrels were pro duced in England on Russia's orders in 1915 17. The TM 2 12 mounts used 305/40 mm guns (also produced in England and stowed as spare ones on the cruisers of the "Andrei Pervozvanni" type). The TM 3 12 mounts received guns literally lifted from the bottom of the sea, to put it more precisely, from the destroyer "Empress Maria" sunk in Sebastopol. All the barrels were tied up. The high ballistic properties of naval guns suffered at the same time a drawback, namely a short service life. Thus the 305/40 mm gun would only withstand 300 shots, while the 305/52 mm and 356/52 mm guns withstood 200 and 150 shots, respectively. On firing the given number of shots, these guns were dismounted and sent to the plant "Bolshevik" or "Barricades" for the replacement of inner tubes. Usually this operation took several months. The 356/52 mm, 305/52 mm and 305/40 mm guns had hori zontal screw type breechblocks and used separate ammunition. One of the most difficult prob lems for the railway artillery mounts was presented by tra verse. For the medium caliber (up to 203 mm) guns, this problem was settled in a rather simple way; that is, the artillery system rotated at 360 on the central pivot supported by the ball race of the lower part of the carriage. The very mount rested on outrig gers, which slid out on both
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sides. However, the system didn't work for the larger caliber guns. To ensure a larger traverse, the specially produced semi circular rails or "moustaches" were used to provide for change in the mount's traverse during its move ment along these rails. It was not easy to fire at moving naval tar gets. Therefore, firing positions were built on vital sites of the Baltic Sea coastline, with con crete basements for railway artillery mounts. This basement comprised a concrete plate 16x16x3 m in size
1994 MAY C
with a built in iron framework. The steel circular race was placed around this plate to receive the rear rollers of the main beam. The railway mount drove on this con crete plate along the rails built in the concrete. Then the on the mount base (supporting cylinder) was lowered and fastened by the bolts to the iron framework of the concrete basement. The under carriages were removed from under the mount. It remained supported only by the supporting cylinder and two rear rollers. Thus the railway artillery mount
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2. 203 mm mount T 8 3. The TM 1 14 mount ready to fire 4. The TM 2 12 in traveling position 2
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was transformed into a classic coastal gun supported by a cen tral pivot. The concrete base ments were only built as part of a complex; that is, for an artillery battery. Every complex com prised two main and two alternate railway roads, three concrete basements located in a chess pattern 100 meters from each other and a concrete tower 28.6 m high for a battery post. The railway artillery mounts in traveling position could freely move along most railway roads of the USSR. The trips of some artillery batteries from the town of Nikolaev via Leningrad to the Far East involved routine practice. for rounds, three cars for electro station, one car for a battery post and one or two steam locomo tives (driving engines), designat ed "E". The TM 1 180 mm railway mount differed principally from railway mounts of 305 and 356 mm. The rotating part of the TM 1 180 with a 180 mm gun B 1 P was taken from the coastal shield gun MO 1 180, after the incor poration of some small modifica tions. To be precise, the dimen sions and thickness of the armor shield were reduced (front 38 mm, sides and roof 20 mm). The smaller caliber and increased number of outriggers (up to produced at the Marti plant in the town of Nikolaev and the gun B 1 P was produced at the plants "Bolshevik" and "Barricades". The prototype was tested in December 1934 and the following three mounts in January March 1935. The ammunition load of the TM 1 180 comprised AP, APDS, HE and a time fuzed projectile with mechanical fuze, VI 16. All projectiles had a similar weight of 97.5 kg. The explosive charge for the AP projectiles weighed 1.8 1.9 kg, for APDS 6.9 7.0 kg, and for HE about 8 kg. As a rule, the railway artillery
5. 305 mm mount T 3 12
The design speed of all railway artillery mounts was adopted within 45 km/h, however, the test speed of the TM 1 14 reached 60 km/h. We mean here locomotion drive, but there were also small engines for self propulsion at a speed of 2 2,5 km/h for TM 2 12 and TM 3 12. The batteries of TM 1 14, TM 2 12 and TM 3 12 comprised three guns each and were similar in terms of the table of organization. The battery also comprised three gun mounts, three cars projectiles, three cars
1994
eight) allowed all round traverse during firing from the rails. Practically it was an artillery mount on a central pivot firing from the rails. The first mounts were equipped with guns, which had shallow inner tubes rifling (1.35 mm). The following barrels had deeper rifling (3.6 mm). Each gun had ammunition of its own. By the outbreak of the war there was only one battery with shallow rifling (N 16). The TM 1 180 mounts were
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mounts were intended to fight the enemy navies. For example, three 356 mm, three 305 mm and eight 180 mm railway guns, together with stationary coastal batteries of 152 305 mm guns, blocked entrance into the Gulf of Finland. However, Germany's high com mand didn't even plan to use large surface warships in its war against Russia. So our batteries stationed there remained idle in the war, owing to the lack of enemy naval targets. But our batteries Nos 9 and 3
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combat "on the front with ground forces", as these mounts were designed to fire both from the rails and concrete basements, similar to those used for TM 1 l4. The TG 1 was to be employed only on the land front. Several dozens manufactur ing plants worked on the TP 1 and TG 1 mounts. The mechani cal plant from the town of Novokramatorsk assembled the mounts. The plant No. 221 "Barricades" assembled the tip ping parts. The plant "Krasni Profintern" assembled the railway undercarriages and equilibrators. The inner tubes of barrels for both systems were changeable could easily penetrate the 4.4 meter thick concrete plate, when the angle of hit was equal to 70 degrees. In all, four types of projectiles were developed for the 356 mm gun: armor piercing (AP); high explosive (HE); as well as long range and "combined" projec tiles. The AP and HE projectiles had identical weight of 750 kg and only differed in the weight of the explosive charge. The AP projec tile was rated to penetrate armor plate 440 mm thick at a distance of 11 km and 230 mm thick at 30 km, respectively. The long range projectile was a conventional HE
17 stationed on island Hanko suf fered hard times when besieged by Finns at the outbreak of the war. These batteries delivered fire on Finnish positions and the town of Tammisaari. On December 2, 1941 the Soviet army tried to demolish the batter ies, as they evacuated Hanko. The 305 mm barrels were explod ed, counterrecoil mechanisms demolished and undercarriages sunk. Nevertheless, the Finns managed to restore the 305 mm battery. They lifted the sunk under carriages, restored the counterrecoil mechanism. The Finns received similar barrels from occupied France. It tran spired that in 1920 the "Whites", retreating after defeat in the civil war, sailed the battleship "Alexander III" to Bizerta. This battleship was armed with guns similar to those on the ship called the "Empress Maria". The Finns also restored the 180 mm bat tery, but failed to put it into action. On signing the Armistice in September 1944, Finland returned both railway batteries to the USSR. Early in 1945, they became part of the railway artillery brigade. Battery No. 9 was designated No. 294 and the No. 17 No. 292. The recorded history of the new generation of railway artillery mounts starts with the Resolution of the Council of the Peoples' Commissars dated May 5, 1936, which stipulated the development of artillery systems of high and super high firepower, including railway artillery mounts. In February 1938 a tactical technical assignment was issued to develop new railway artillery mounts: the TP 1 with 356 mm gun and TG 1 with 500 mm how itzer. The TP 1 mounts were intended to fight "the enemy bat tleships and monitors" and wage
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when worn out. The double stroke screw type breechblocks opened upwardly. The railway mounts were designed similar to the TM 1 14. The railway artillery mounts TP 1 and TG 1 were supposed to be driven at a speed of 50 km/h on all normal (1,524 mm) railway roads of the USSR and be trans ferred on narrower European gauge (1,435 mm). To fire the 500 mm howitzer, two rounds of ammunition were developed: a concrete piercing projectile weighing 2,050 kg with 205 kg of explosive charge and a high explosive weighing 1,450 kg with 276 kg of explosive charge. The concrete piercing projectile
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duction fell behind schedule, as many plants could not cope with orders aimed at creating the "big fleet". By the breakout of the war, only one versatile mount and two tipping parts had been produced; that is, one for TG 1 and one for TP 1. The versatile mount was intended to test guns and differed from the combat one in its simpli fied design. The plant's tests of the TG 1 gun were carried out on the TP 1 mount at the plant in the town of Novokramatorsk, while the fire range tests were sched uled to be carried out in summer 1942 near Leningrad. Germany's invasion of June 22, 1941 brought an end to the work on the TP 1 and TG 1, which didn't come into service at all. After the war the USSR resumed its development of new powerful railway artillery mounts of 406, 305 and 180 mm caliber. The artillery mount SM 36 had a 406 mm gun, similar to those on board the battleship
6. The T 1 180 mount with outriggers extended ready to fire 7. The T 1 180 mount with out riggers extend ed. Top view 8. The TG 1 mount armed with a 500 mm howitzer 9. A projectile for TG 1 railway artillery mount
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projectile only with a reduced weight (495 kg). The convention al projectile was fired at a dis tance of 48.9 km, while the long
range projectile, at a distance of 60 km. The "combined" projectile was called during the 20th and 40th as the subcaliber projectile. The weight of the subcaliber pro jectile, together with the base, equalled 234.4 kg, while the weight of the "active round" dia. 230 mm equalled 126.8 kg. It has a 120 km range of fire. The production of 16 how itzers and 14 guns on railway mounts was planned for the end of 1942. Nevertheless, their pro
DATA ON RUSSIAN RAILWAY ARTILLERY MOUNTS (1917 1953)

Mount Designation Caliber Length of barrel, cal Barrel weight, tons Elevation, deg Traverse: on rails concrete basement Length of mount between shock absorbers SM Number of mount axles Number of undercarriages Weight of mount with gun, tons Rate of fire, rounds/min Time to emplace, min Weight of conventional projectile, kg Muzzle velocity, m/s Range of fire, km Weight of long range projectile, kg Muzzle velocity, m/s Range of fire, km
Note: * Concrete piercing projectile; ** High explosive projectile
version 1917 254 45 22.5 +35 2
TM 8 203 50 14.4 0to+35 120
TM 1 14 356 52 83.3 7 to +50 2.5 360 38.8 18 4 412 1.5 160 747.8 731.5 31.3 512.5 950 53
TM 2 12 305 40 44.25 0 to +50 2.5 360 32,5 16 4 280 1.5 55 470.9 700 25.9 314 823 30.3
TM 3 12 305 52 50.7 2 to +50 2.75 360 33.9 16 4 340 1.8 60 470.9 762.5 29.3 314 950 46
TM 1 180 180 57 17.3 0 to +50 200
TP 1 356 54.4
TG 1 500 27.7 85.1 5 to 50 +5 to 70 3
SM 36 406 51 136.7 +45
SM 41 305 62.2 101.6 +45
20.5 8 2
22.0 8 2 100 24 57 139.2 792.5 23
20.0 8 2 160 35 60 97.5 920 38.6
33.9 16 4 360.4 1.33 180 750 870 47.5 234 1,412 120
33.9 16 4 353.3 0.5 180 2,050* 490 19.6 335
25 225.2 693 20
1,108 830 45.7
467 950 53 230.5 1,300 >120
1,450** 580 1,300 23.5 100.6
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unique. They were capable of delivering fire at a range of over 100 km. Unfortunately, some people convinced N.S. Khrushchev of the futility of developing the tube artillery of large and medium cal iber. Consequently, all work on developing new coastal and rail way mounts was ended in confor mity with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 144 85 dated February 4, 1956. However, the heavy railway artillery mounts remained opera tional in the Navy. On January 1, 1984 the Navy had 11 TM 1 180 (eight on the Black Sea coast and three on the Leningrad naval base). Two TM 3 12 were deployed in Leningrad. Two mounts (TM 1 180 and TM 3 12) were anchored forever in Krasnoflotsky fort near Leningrad. (
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"The Soviet Union". The SM 36 saw its design incorporated in the first double recoil mechanism ever used in Russia's railway artillery mounts: the barrel recoiled along the cradle, while the top carriage recoiled along the lower carriage. The 305 mm railway artillery mount SM 41 was also developed with the tipping part SM 33 from naval mount of the heavy cruiser, class "Stalingrad", of 82 design. The SM 41 had a double recoil. The railway artillery system TM 2 180, 180 mm had the SM 45 tip ping part from the naval mount SM 48. The separate cartridge case loading, which is so unchar acteristic of home made railway artillery mounts, was the out standing feature of this tipping part. The ballistic characteristics of the SM 36 and SM 41 were
AC022
T O P
S E C R E T
SMALL SIZE FOLDING
SUBMACHINE GUN
FOR SPECIAL UNITS
$
Alexei Vadimov
his weapon is designated a spe cial 9 mm small size submachine gun PP 90. Even such a long title fails to describe all its capabilities and merits as a new weapon, developed by the Design Bureau of Instrument Engineering in the famous town of Tula, the capital of skilled Russian weapon makers. While developing this weapon, designers kept in mind their main assignment; that is, to arm special units of the law and order enforcement agencies with compact and powerful full auto matic light weapons uniquely suited to special missions in close quarters combat. Even the AKS 74U Kalashnikov subma chine gun with its reduced over all length cannot, despite widely acknowledged merits, fully meet
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the specific demands of special ists from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Its very powerful car tridge with steel core bullets with a high muzzle velocity is ideal for combat operations. However, if fired in confined areas it may be dangerous both for operators and casual passersby due to numerous rico chets. Furthermore, the high pene trating capacity of the sharp ended bullets doesn't compen sate for their poor stopping effect; that is, very often crimi nals pierced through with such bullets are not disabled and may offer resistance or even try to escape. But if a "client" is hit point blank by a bullet originat ing from the 9x18 mm cartridge of the Makarov pistol, he is effectively overpowered, suffer
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The newly developed PP 90 is very compact and doesn't look like a conventional weapon at all when folded. This makes the weapon very convenient to handle and practically hidden when carried.
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nal appearance, quite apart from the performance characteristics, which we will tell you about later on. The newly developed PP 90 is very compact and doesn't look like a conventional weapon at all when folded. This makes the weapon very convenient to han dle and practically hidden when carried. Consequently, the sub machine gun is designed to be folded to meet earlier mentioned requirements. When carried, it has a parallelepiped shape of 270x90x32 mm size with a small number of protruding parts. To prepare this weapon for firing you merely need to depress the projection of the latch and turn it around the axis to unfold two main assemblies: a receiver with barrel and firing mechanism and a box shape hollow butt stock. At the same time a pistol grip with an ammunition maga zine in it and trigger group are unfolded. To open fire, you need only shift the trigger safety to "off" position. Gripping the sub machine gun by the left hand,
Ready to fire 2 4. Placing the submachine gun from carrying to combat position 5. A folded PP 90 6. Unfolding the buttstock 7, 8. Right and left hand views
PERFORMANCE DATA ON PP 90 SUBMACHINE GUN Caliber, mm Cartridge Weight with empty magazine, kg Bullet muzzle velocity, m/s Dimensions in combat position, mm: length width height (with magazine) Magazine capacity, cartridges Range of aimed fire, m Consistency of fire at a range of 25 m: in short bursts (2 5 rounds) from the shoulder, R 100, mm from standing position by one hand, in prolonged bursts (30 rounds), R 100, mm Continuous firing w/o cooling, cartridges Service life, rounds Permissible number of stoppages through the fault of weapon under normal climatic conditions, %
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9 9x18 Makarov no more than 2 no less than 320 490 90 265 30 100
no more than 100
no more than 450 no less than 90 no less than 6,000
no more than 0,2 2
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ing a considerable shock. In addition, the use of an intermediate submachine gun cartridge led to the heavy and bulky AKS 74U, despite its reduced barrel and folded butt stock. Furthermore, this ham pered its hidden carriage. Consequently, it was decided to arm special units with a new sub machine gun chambered for the widely used 9x18 mm cartridge. Thus the Tula team came up with the version of a similar weapon. It has an important and dramatic feature, which deter mines its design layout and exter
you cock up the hammer by the right. It's a matter of two or three seconds after a short period of training. Since the relatively weak pis tol cartridges are used for firing, tight locking of the bolt is not required. The weapon operates on the principle of use of recoil energy of the massive bolt, which is located above the barrel to reduce the length of the PP 90. A similar design of the automatic system in the submachine guns has been used for a long time and proved rather reliable. The PP 90's layout has some specific features. For example, the firing pin strikes the primer when the cartridge is 1.3 mm short of the breech face. Besides, when the bolt moves rearward, it is being recuperated by the return spring, before it strikes stationary parts of the frame. Consequently, the design practically eliminates heavy strikes of the bolt against other parts of the weapon, there by increasing its stability and consistency of fire when bursts
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deal of attention on the problems of safe use and maintenance of the weapon. Accidental firing of the partially unfolded submachine gun is fully ruled out. The weapon is provided with two safety levers: a two position trigger safety and an automatic lever. The trigger safety locks the sear in the bolt's groove, thereby preventing its movement. The automatic lever eliminates any inadvertent cock ing of the hammer and accidental firing, if the submachine gun is dropped with the buttstock against the ground. This lever is pendulum operated, so when the strike occurs it turns and locks the bolt in the forward position. To deliver aimed fire the subma chine gun is fitted with folded front and rear sights. They are collapsed along the receiver cover when the weapon is car
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are fired. The trigger mechanism allows one to deliver only continuous fire. The following of the cartridge into the chamber is direct; it means that the next cartridge, fed from the magazine, is already placed on the follower's line. The cartridge' is fully supported by the bolt's lug when it travels for ward and the tooth of the spring loaded extractor grips the rimmed base of the cartridge case. After the fire, the powder gases exert pressure on the base of the cartridge case, which makes the bolt travel rearward. In moving rearward, the bolt still fully supports the cartridge case until it bumps against the ejector riveted to the inner side of the receiver cover. After that the car tridge case leaves the receiver. Designers focused a great
ried. The front part of the barrel is threaded to attach a silencer, if need be. To carry the subma chine gun, spare magazine and cleaning rod, the kit includes a bay, which can be carried on the belt or slinged over the shoulder. If need be, the weapon is carried without the bag. There are slits in the buttstock for the attachment of the belt. The design of the PP 90 per mits wide use of welded and stamped parts. The PP 90 can be mass produced. It is inexpensive and simple to maintain. It is assessed as a rapid draw weapon, reliable in action, boast ing high accuracy and fine con sistency of automatic fire. It suits perfectly the armaments of spe cial subunits and is widely used by them to combat organized crime. (
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PEOPLE OF MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
lthough mankind has managed to avert any global military conflicts since World War II, the entire post war period has been marked by tense confronta tion between the USA and USSR, revealed in the fierce competition between the two countries' best brains to develop new weapons. Although the dispute between different social systems has not been set tled on the battlefield, weapons forged by both American and Soviet military industrial complex es are often locked with one another in mortal combat. Bloody regional conflicts in the Near and Middle East, in Africa and South East Asia have been terrifying. At the same time they provided the most objective tests for the designers and producers of the weapon systems, be they small arms or missiles. If one tries to learn which newly developed weapons and which Soviet designer inflicted the greatest material losses on
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US equipment, supplied to global "hot spots", the name of Sergei Nepobedimy will emerge. This man is undoubtedly one of the most outstanding Russian missile designers in the entire post war history of the USSR, authoring 250 unique designs and inventions. His name, which apparently destined him to be the creator of unsurpassed speci mens of weapon (Nepobedimy means invincible), was for a long time clouded in a fog of great
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secrecy... In his autobiography he writes: "I, Nepobedimy Sergei Pavlovich, was born on September 13 of 1921 in the city of Ryazan to a working family. In 1938 I was admitted to N. Bauman Moscow Mechanical Engineering Institute (since 1943, Moscow's Bauman Highest Technical School). Between Jury 1 September 9, 1941, inclusive, I helped build the fortifications on the Soviet German front.
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Sergey Ptichkin
This man is undoubtedly one of the most outstanding Russian missile designers in the entire post war his tory of the USSR, authoring 250 unique designs and inventions. His name, which apparently destined him to be the creator of unsurpassed specimens of weapon (Nepobedimy means invincible), was for a long time clouded in a fog of great secrecy...
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problem that his DB (Design Bureau) could not solve in the most ingenuous way! When Sergei Nepobedimy joined the Kolomna DB, the DB was headed by Boris Shavyrin, well known designer of Soviet heavy mortars. A small design office developed mortars, devices for depth charge releasing, recoilless rifles, bazookas. In the mid 1950s, a number of Soviet DBs were instructed to design an anti tank guided missile (ATGM) system. It then transpired that it was much easier to develop and produce large missiles than small ones. A shortage of good compo nents ruled out the manufacture of miniature control systems. This explained why the manufactured missiles were so unwieldy and troublesome in service. In the 1950s the authorities of the USSR still adhered to the principle of proclaiming the complete superi ority of all things Soviet and frowned upon any attempts to learn from the West, even in the technical field. Consequently, the first Soviet ATGM, 'Falanga', designed by A. Nudelman, weighed tens of kilograms, was conspicuous for its complexity and low reliability. The young designer Nepobedimy decided to go his own way and managed to design a compact and relatively light weight missile system which received the name "Shmel" (bumblebee). However, the new ideas of Nepobedimy did not enjoy immediate acclaim in the DB. Fortunately, one event helped him. All ATGMs developed by various DBs were tested at a firing range in the presence of the highest leadership of the USSR. The "Shmel" recorded the best results, surpassing the prod ucts of other DBs in all parame
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In 1945 I graduated as mechanical engineer and was sent to work in the town of Kolomna. There I worked continu ally until 1989, holding the posi tions of design engineer, section head, deputy chief designer, chief designer, designer general and director general of the enter prise. In 1973 I gained doctorate, became a professor in 1977, and was elected in 1984 correspond ing member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. I won the Lenin prize, three State prizes, as well as the prizes of the USSR Council of Ministers and was awarded three orders of Lenin and the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. I was a member of the CPSU and delegate of three party con gresses. I was also elected deputy to the RSFSR Supreme Soviet..." As one can gather from the above, Sergei Nepobedimy belongs to his time and fully fits in with the generalized image of a vintage "Soviet MIC general": a tough executive and hard liner, who always obeyed current party directives, closely observing even Stalinist tenets of the Soviet com mand administrative system. This is correct. However, this is only true on a superficial level. In actual fact, S. Nepobedimy was and still remains a far more pro gressive, dynamic and resource ful designer and administrator than many of his colleagues in the defense industry ... Since the very outset of his career Sergei Nepobedimy had his own ideas on how new weapons should be made, shun ning "the mainstream" of gener ally accepted conceptions. He always trod a thorny path, which always led him to achieve real tri umphs. There was no technical
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ters. The "Shmel" was then mass produced and its inventor was appointed deputy chief designer. In the early 1960s Sergei Nepobedimy presented his famous "Malyutka" (baby) for state trials. When N. S. Khrushchev saw what this minia ture missile could do, he decid ed, with his usual resoluteness, that this would bring about the end of tanks. Sergei Nepobedimy received a high state award and soon became head of the Kolomna DB. The "Malyutka" became the most popular ATGM of the Soviet Army. It was in ser vice with the armies of Warsaw Treaty countries and was acquired by "third" countries. On acquiring the reputation of a small wonder missile developed by the Kolomna DB, the "Malyutka" still remains unsur passed in the ease of manufac ture, cheapness and combat effectiveness. Although it may seem hard to believe, the manu facturing cost of the missile was only 500 roubles. However, it could destroy with certainty tar gets costing hundreds of thou sands of dollars. During the Arab Israeli war of 1973, the "Malyutka" missiles destroyed almost the entire tank park of Israel, that is, 800 armor units. The ease of control of the missile is evidenced by the fact that some operator layers managed to strike up to 26 tanks. The prestige of Sergei Nepobedimy as a gifted designer and brilliant organizer grew rapidly. His DB was allocated large funds and began to expand its activity, receiving more and more state orders to develop the most diverse missile systems. In autumn 1967, Sergei Nepobedimy undertook a new task. This concerned the devel
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Soviet Union with a strong edge in portable AA homing missile systems. The latest design by S. Nepobedimy the AAMS "Igla" (needle) surpasses, in terms of combat effectiveness, the known "Stinger" by a factor of two, although it is much cheaper to produce. Generally speaking, the "Igla" is so unique in many aspects that it will doubtless go down in the history of Russian military equipment as an example of superb performance achieved by the most trivial methods, and as a striking example of designer genius. Of all the small size missile systems, developed by the DB headed by S. Nepobedimy, one might also mention the "Shturm" (storm) ATGM. It is the world's first anti tank missile system, where the missile flies at a super sonic speed and boasts charac teristics of high precision sys tems, i.e. the systems of the future. In the early 1970s the Soviet Army acquired a mobile opera tional tactical missile "Tochka" (point), noted for its powerful warhead and unusually high accuracy of target engagement. Indeed, this system registered point accuracy in delivering its missile to a target over a distance of up to 150 km. The "Tochka" was almost immediately followed by the famous "Oka" (OTR 23), a missile system, which currently has no counterparts in the world in terms of its characteristics. This marked the "swan song" of the Kolomna DB. A great deal has been written in the press about the "Oka" and its tragic end... For unknown rea sons, this defensive system, which boasted missile capable of hitting targets at distances of up to 450 km (not further) was included in the medium range missile class and fully destroyed in accordance with the Soviet American Treaty... Despite his authority and influence, Sergei Nepobedimy could not prevent the thoughtless destruction of the "Oka" system, which was needed to maintain Russia's defense potential. Now the OTR 23 belongs to the past... Some experts believe that after the complete failure of the "Lance 2" project (the analog of the "Oka"), the Americans simply used this method to get rid of a rival an expensive item, com petitive on the arms market... Sergei Pavlovich Nepobedimy took the ruin of his favorite child very hard and in the end resigned from the post of the designer general and director general of the Kolomna enterprise. He now holds a modest position as lead ing researcher in a Moscow insti tute. He left the high post, but remained a Designer with an uncommonly high rating in the Russian defense industry. Therefore, it is small wonder that researcher Sergei Nepobedimy rather than the MIC general was proclaimed Man of the Year in 1993! The concepts currently developed by Sergei Nepobedimy will still be acclaimed by Russia's and the world's military industrial sector for years to come. He has remained Invincible! (
opment of portable antiaircraft systems, which were until then unavailable in the Soviet Union. He elaborated a tough schedule covering all stages of work, from initial design to actual trials. All the production lines involved in the task switched to a round the clock work regime. Unique test stands and a special firing range were built, and unconventional evaluation techniques were devised. It took only two years for the DB to pass from zero point to the accomplishment of the most complicated technical task. In August 1969, the Egyptian sol diers tried the new weapon an antiaircraft missile complex (AAMS) "Strela" (arrow) for the first time in the Suez Canal area. The first ripple of the homing missiles proved successful: six out of ten Israeli airplanes, mak ing a routine low level flight, over Egypt to bomb one industrial site, were downed at once. The "Strela" AAMSs were adopted, at virtually the same time, by the Soviet Army, the armies of the Warsaw Pact, Egypt, Syria, Vietnam ... The high reliability and effectiveness of the complex is testified to the fact that despite elevated humidity and temperature of tropical South East Asia, not a single case of failure of the "Strela" system was registered. At the same time the system downed and damaged 205 US airplanes and helicopters. Large scale sales of the "Strela" system to a number of countries recouped all expenses on its development and provided the
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RESULTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AEROSPACE
Tu 204S
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he 7th Interna tional Aerospace Show ASIAN AEROSPACE 94 was held on February 22 27, 1994 in Singapore under the auspices of the Singapore government, in the international exhibition center near Changi air
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port. The show fielded 935 avia tion companies and organizations from 37 countries. In all 70 air craft were displayed on the ground and in the air. The exhibition attracted 50,000 people. Consequently, the Singapore clearly enjoys the same status as the air shows in Farnborough (Britain) and Le Bourget (France). The importance of the Singapore show on the interna tional aviation market stretches
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far beyond the Asian Pacific region. The world's leading designers and producers of avia tion equipment are well aware that any contribution to the devel opment of aviation in the region wilt strengthen their own scientif ic and production base and help resolve the difficult economic problems faced by their coun tries. Opening the show the Prime Minister of Singapore L. Lung stressed that the economic boom in many countries in the 1
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The importance of the Singapore show on the international aviation market stretches far beyond the Asian Pacific region. The world's leading designers and producers of aviation equipment are well aware that any contribution to the devel opment of aviation in the region will strengthen their own sci entific and production base and help resolve the difficult eco nomic problems faced by their countries.
SHOW IN SINGAPORE
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make their participation in the show more impressive. This held true for Canadian, French, Italian, and Israeli companies. Such actions clearly enjoyed the back ing of corresponding state agen cies and other organizations responsible for the defense of national interests. Even such countries as South Korea, Indonesia, and Australia managed to make their participation visible by rallying their companies under the national flag. The national presence of the Russian aircraft industry at this show suffered somewhat, owing to the emphasis made by Russian organizations on individual repre sentation and the advertising of joint projects carried out with Western companies. Aware of the high status accounted to the international aerospace show in Singapore and the huge potential to promote technical advances and finished products, the Russian Federation's involvement stressed a number of additional fields outside the main theme of the air show. This approach was also adopted by many foreign participants. The themes presented by the Russian Federation reflected the main lines of activity of Goskomoboronprom, above all, aviation, the central focus of the Singapore air show. This area was
V. VOSKOBOINIKOV Deputy Head, Chief Department of the Aircraft Industry, State Committee for the Defense Industry (Goskomoboronprom)
1. At Goskomoboronprom 's stands 2. Representation offices of A. N. Tupolev Aviation Scientific Technical Complex and other Russian organizations
leading role. The up to date equipment and technologies displayed at the Singapore air show can be divid ed into four main categories: aircraft; armaments; radioelectronic equipment; space systems. The air show was dominated by the demonstration of aircraft. Consequently, the 7th Aerospace Show in Singapore should be regarded primarily as an air show. One specific feature stood out: aircraft companies from vari ous countries pooled their efforts of their national industries to
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region needed to be accompa nied by an expansion of air com munications and also created favorable conditions for foreign investment to promote further development of South East Asia. The Singaporean government believes that this country must play a leading role in the overall development of aviation in this part of the world. The Singapore aerospace show reflects these tendencies and promotes its
supplemented by exhibits, d e m o n s t r a t i n g Goskomoboronprom's presence in the field of radioelectronic sys tems, armaments and ship build ing. Russia's aircraft industry was represented at the show by vari ous organizations, first and fore most, the Chief Department of Aircraft Industry. Exploiting Goskomoboronprom's displays, it promoted the activities of the Ulan Ude Aircraft Factory and the Mikoyan "MiG" Aviation Scientific Production Complex. The Russian aircraft industry was also represented by several enterprises, which set up their own exhibition stands and open air demonstration sites: Rostov Helicopter Factory; Kazan Helicopter Factory; Moscow Mil Helicopter Factory; Tupolev Aviation Scientific Technical Complex; Ilyushin Aviation Scientific Technical Complex; "Aviaexport" joint stock com pany. Russian aviation equipment was also promoted for the first time by foreign organizations (a popular practice of American air craft firms). The company "Lucky Goldstar International" displayed the Russian made helicopter Ka 32T. One of Goskomoboronprom's
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expositions was devoted to its activities in the field of radioelec tronic systems, organized with the aid of the "Fazotron" concern, "Vektor" state enterprise, and "Peleng" design bureau. It also demonstrated the activities of Goskomoboronprom in the field of ship building and armaments (more specifically, ammunition). Ship building was fronted by the organizations of Sudprom, such as the "Rubin" design bureau, "Malakhit" marine engineering bureau, "Gorodets" production association, "Sudtransrybflot" joint stock company. Exhibits for the armament display were pro vided by the "Pribor" and "Bazalt" state research and production enterprises. It should be stressed here that Goskomoboronprom's par ticipation in the Singapore aero space show was not restricted to the demonstration of its main lines of activity. It also negotiated (mostly on a commercial footing) its projects involving foreign cus tomers and partners. At the 7th International Aerospace Show in Singapore Russia stood out from the United States, by displaying mostly non military aviation equipment. It demonstrated civil aircraft of dif ferent classes and applications
mainly new models, which are highly competitive on the interna tional market. The following machines were exhibited: the IL 96M long haul airliner; the Tu 204S medium haul cargo passenger plane; the Mi 171 transport helicopter; the Ka 32T transport helicopter; the Yak 18T general purpose air craft. Russia's military aircraft were represented by the Mi 35 multi purpose helicopter and the Mi 28 combat helicopter. The demonstrations of exist ing models of Russian aircraft were supplemented by informa tion on current R&D projects pur
sued by Russian aircraft manu facturers. This information was released at press conferences and presentations and was also available in prospectuses, models and posters exhibited on Goskomoboronprom displays. The foreign specialists were particularly interested in the activities of the Tupolev Aviation Scientific Technical Complex, enquiring, inter alia, about the conversion of this Russian design bureau, known all over the world for its airliners, as well as the planes it designed for the strate gic air force. However, most of questions centered on the certifi cation of the new airliner Tu 204, its appearance on the internation al aircraft market, as well as on the progress on the new short haul passenger plane Tu 334.
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3. The An 72 aircraft of Ukrainian Israeli design displayed at the show 4. Russian helicopters on the ground 5. Mi 28 helicopter exhibited at the show
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6. IL 96M
The plans of the Mil Helicopter Factory, in particular the creation of new helicopters and sale of Russian helicopters on the international market were also sentenced. Considerable interest was displayed in the Mi 28 combat helicopter, demon strated at the show. The foreign specialists, attending the presentation of the joint Russian French MiG AT pro ject a trainer combat plane for the air force focused on the competition between two pro jects: the MiG AT and the Yak 130, another trainer combat plane, which is being designed by the Yakovlev Design Bureau, together with Italian aircraft firms. The competition between two international groups, formed with Russian organizations, was perceived at the show as evi dence that the Russian aircraft industry was adopting Western
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R&D technologies. Practical experience indicates that business agreements and commercial deals concluded at international shows do not result directly from the show and require instead a considerable amount of preliminary work and numerous contacts between the interested parties. Therefore, negotiations between the Russian delegation and representatives of foreign organizations at the Singapore show should be singled out as a special line of the delegation's activity. These negotiations were held in the offices of the Russian organizations accredited at the show, those of other foreign organizations, and during visits to the companies operating in Singapore. These negotiations involved leading specialists from Russian industrial organizations, chief department heads of
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Goskomoboronprom, representa tives of "Aviaexport", the Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Defense, and other governmental agencies. These negotiations con tributed to the establishment and development of contacts with potential partners in scientific and technological cooperation, buyers of Russian equipment and technologies, and intermediaries offering their services. The following conclusions can be drawn from the demonstration of Russian products, R&D pro jects of Goskomoboronprom and negotiations with foreign compa nies in Singapore. The show in Singapore con firmed the high status of this exhibition and demonstrated its special role for the aviation equipment and technologies mar ket in the Asian Pacific region and adjoining countries. The rapid economic growth in this 4
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ence. The air show made it clear that most foreign countries accord special attention to this issue. Even the United States, a country boasting an aerospace industry with a huge potential, allocated via the Department of Defense special funds to main tain its prestige at the show. The results of negotiations with potential or real partners in joint projects and with the buy ers of our products forced the specialists of industrial organi zations and the joint stock com pany "Aviaexport" to analyze all offers and draft appropriate con tracts and agreements. If we want to achieve positive com mercial results, this task must be carried out as quickly and efficiently as possible. The Singapore show raised once again the problem of civil aircraft certification. Clearly the promotion of our products on the international market is com mercially senseless, if the prob lem of international certification (the FAA certificate for aviation equipment, Lloyd's certificate for marine equipment) is not resolved beforehand. The new information, pub lished at the Singapore show about R&D in the field of weapon systems, clearly indicates that Western corporations continue to work on most of their old pro jects despite reduced subsidies for armaments. This applies, first and foremost, to high tech AA and anti missile systems. Priority is given to the modern ization of the existing aircraft weapon systems and to the enhanced effectiveness of com bat planes and helicopters, by complementing their weapon systems with new models of guided weapons. The Singapore air show is a good reminder: the next international aerospace show (IASS 95) will be held in Moscow and we should not delay preparations for this event. We should devote special importance to the organization of a state sponsored advertising campaign. Designers and pro ducers must pool their efforts and prepare more actively and professionally promotional materials, such as prospectus es, pamphlets, information booklets, used to advertise their products. They must give more thought to the arrangement of the stands and open air sites, where exhibits will be displayed. The foreign buyer must be able to receive the maximum amount of information required to
region and its projected devel opment for many years to come, justifies the participation of Goskomoboronprom in subse quent air shows in Singapore and also implies more active participation, based on total comprehensive preparations in all fields. The show has demonstrated once again that Russian design ers and producers of combat aircraft must take part, because their products remain highly competitive on the world market. Positive commercial results in this sphere will contribute to fur ther development of the corre sponding defense industries and help enterprises retain staff and resolve socioeconomic prob lems. A recent trend the inde pendent participation of leading Russian defense enterprises in air shows was even more pro nounced in Singapore. Although this practice is conducive to increased commercial activity of Russian organizations and the creation of an image on the international aerospace market, it is not always justified. This was confirmed once again by the Singapore show. Fragmented participation does not always strengthen the national pres
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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Dear Mr. Shashkov,
The first issue of MILITARY PARADE was read with great interest by "KURS" Central Research Institute, the Main Department of the Shipbuilding Industry of GOSKOMOBORONPROM in Russia. The significance of this magazine cannot be overestimated for the whole military industrial com plex of Russia in general, which is currently in desperate straits, or its shipbuilding industry in particular. The sharp fall in production of arms and military technology, engendered by a transition of our country to a new social and political system, has also been exacerbated by a smear campaign against everything performed in Soviet times, unleashed by many magazines and newspapers. However, it remains true that many pieces of arms and military technology developed in Russia and now perfected by the military sectors of our national economy, are not only on a par with for eign equivalents: very often they supersede them and some are unique in the world. The successful sale of our arms abroad was seriously hampered by the lack of advertising. Drawing on experience gained from the participation of Russian and foreign firms in internation al exhibitions, we are led to conclude that Western arms sellers are experts in advertising their produce and ensuring subsequent sales, compared to our efforts. The first issue of MILITARY PARADE instills considerable hope that we will at long last rid ourselves of the reputation of primitive backwater. Most of the articles printed in the first issue were interesting, topical and rich in content. We agree with the characteristics of the "Slava" class cruisers, described in the article written by Igor Dubrovin, but would like to point out that demand on the world market for large vessels is not great, to put it mildly, except for small aircraft carriers, with a displacement of 12,000 15,000 tons. We recommend that the magazine places advertising materials on versions of military items, approved for export by GOSKOMOBORONPROM, with due account of the real state of affairs of Russian enterprises in the light of their activity and everyday life. Yuri Borodin Director, "KURS" Central Research Institute
Dear Editor in Chief,

Let me congratulate you and on your behalf the editorial board and all those involved in the first issue of this excellent magazine. For all workers on military technology in Russia or others unrelated to this domain, but interested in the pro duction of state of the art weapons, the appearance of MILITARY PARADE implies an end to the insulting posi tion of engineers, laymen and grass roots taxpayers, who formerly could only judge the successes of our mil itary technology from reading NATO catalogs or looking at pictures photocopied from AVIATION WEEK. The contents of the first issue and its layout are both attractive. Let me propose some sections for consecutive issues of your magazine: classified names of developers (apart from aviation designers, the names of other developers of weapons, as a rule, remain unknown to the public at large, even when they retire); military electronics (communications, automated control systems, avionics); engineering and armaments; prospects and achievements in the rigging of the military (works of the Steel Research Institute (NIISTAL) in individual armor protection and the design of new uniforms). Forgive these recommendations, as I do not doubt the high competence of your staff, who can get along with out me, a mere civilian. L. Leschinsky Senior Scientific Associate, CHERMETAVTOMATIKA company
Dear Mr. Shashkov,

I read with interest the first issue of the military industrial complex magazine, MILITARY PARADE. I focused special attention on the article "On the Boundary of Two Media" by Sergei Borisov, owing to the highlighted problems of the enhanced speed of vessels and personal contribution of the former Chief Designer of the Central Design Bureau on Hydrofoils, R. E. Alekseev. Today this Bureau is named after him. I. Vasilevsky Chief Engineer, R. E. Alekseev Central Design Bureau on Hydrofoils.
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EUGENE V. SHASHKOV Editor in Chief
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""Cutting expenditure on the Armed Forces implies a freezing of the furtherance of reforms and structural streamlining of the Russian Army", declared Oleg Soskovets, First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation at a press conference in Moscow. It marked the first of the series of meetings of Cabinet Ministers with journalists. According to Oleg Soskovets, the Government is drafting measures to revamp the mili tary industrial complex. "The presentation of the State corporation ROSVOOROUZHENIE, which engages in the export and import of arms and military technology, was held in Moscow. According to Corporation analysts, the volume of Russian arms exports will increase this year. "It was noted at the meeting of heads of enterprises, leaders of trade unions and labor councils of military enterprises, held in Moscow, that civilian produce cur rently accounted for 80% of the total production of the military industrial complex. "First Deputy Minister of Russia's Defense, Andrei Kokoshin and General Designer of Sukhoi Aviation Design Bureau, Academician Mikhail Simonov, discussed at a meeting the development prospects of frontline aviation and the high aviation technologies. Andrei Kokoshin noted that aircraft developed at Sukhoi Bureau were character ized by a high degree of competitiveness on the world market, outdoing Western counterparts in a number of important components of electronic equipment and arma ment. "Russia displayed at the 8th International Aerospace Exhibition, held in Chile, at least 100 different pieces of aviation technology and armament. Namely, the light frontline fighters MiG 29 and MiG 29 UB, fighter inter ceptors Su 27 UBK and Su 30 MK, landing and patrol boats and the new Kalashnikov submachine guns AK 101 and AK 102 were presented at the exhibition. ""We were always on the winning side with Russian weapons", declared the Chairman of the Committee of Joint Chiefs of Staff of India, General C. Joshi, during his formal visit to Russia. India is interested in procuring from Russia T 72S tanks, hovercraft and helicopters. Admiral Felix Gromov, Commander in Chief of Russia's Navy, assured Delhi in his turn that Russia would resume deliv ery of spare parts for Russian built military technology, adopted by India's Navy. "We will honor all our commit
Compiled by Alexander Mozgovoy
ments," stressed the Admiral. "The State corporation, ROSVOOROUZHENIE, organized together with the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation and GOSKOMOBORONPROM organized a trip for the military diplomatic corps and journalists of Latin America to the town of Klimovsk near Moscow. Foreign quests paid visit to the Central Scientific Research Institute of the precision machine building industry, TSNII TOCHMASH, and familiarized themselves with state of the art pieces of small arms and special weapons. ""Mighty Russia needs a mighty Navy", declared the Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Andrei Kozyrev during his visit of the big antisubmarine ship of the Pacific Ocean Fleet "Admiral Panteleev". First Deputy of Defense Minister, Andrei Kokoshin, reiterated in unison with Kozyrev: "Russia does not plan to say good bye to the seas and oceans". Consequently, despite financial diffi culties, a massive naval building program is under way. In 1994 several big combatant ships will be made opera tional, including the nuclear cruiser "Peter the Great". At the same time a number of ships will be put on the build ing ways. "A meeting of leaders of the military industrial complex of Tatarstan was held in Kazan. It was noted that the signing of an agreement with Russia accorded enterprises of the military industrial complex an opportunity to enter the world market. "A joint meeting of Moscow's Government and the col legium of the GOSKOMOBORONPROM of the Russian Federation debated the conversion of enterprises in Moscow Region. Currently 147 billion roubles have been allocated for this purpose. "The Presidents of Russia and Kazakhstan signed an agreement to lease out the "Baikonur" space launch com plex for a 20 year period to Russia. "By the year 2000, Russia plans to build a new space launch site in the outskirts of the settlement "Svobodni 18" near Blagoveshchensk. Currently a special environ mentally sound heavy rocket "Angara 24" is being devel oped to put spacecraft into orbits. "The main department of shipbuilding of Russia's Navy signed an agreement with the joint venture "Baltiisky Shipbuilding Plant" to build a floating nuclear electric power station. This station will provide electricity for regions of the Far East, Siberia and Far North.
C JUNE
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AC001

NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY:

A NEW SYSTEM OF VALUES

AND IDEAS BEHIND THEIR REALISATION

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RUSSIAN ARMS TRADING

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Victor Samoilov, Director General of the State Company ROSVOOROUZHENIE

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RUSSIAN MILITARY EXPORT:

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"VIVARI" CONTROLS "SMERCH"

Yuri Voronov, Mikhail Svetlanov

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4. A transporter loader with ammunition load

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485 full tracked

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MDM 3 MDM 4 MDM 5 NOTE.

50 (SS) 120 (S)

12 50 (SS, S) 125 (S)

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THE THREE FACES OF

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4 8.7 7.1 10 14,500 7,400 2,900 2,495

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF PROPELLED GUN "NONA SVK"

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7. Ready for firing 8. The AD missile system carried

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1. "Shturm S" antitank missile system

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"SHTURM S" ANTITANK WEAPON SYSTEM

2. Negotiating a water barrier

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9M114 antitank missile

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HOT HOT 2 136 25.4 31.9 750 950 6.0 75 4,000

semi automatic with data transmitted by wire

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FIRST AMONG EQUALS

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1. Su 27 at the airfield of the French higher pilots school

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Pugachov to amaze Europe with an aerial stunt later called "the

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Su 27K SHIPBOARD FIGHTER

Su 27UB COMBAT TRAINER

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