Preface

The report contains three main chapters including the Introduction to the training establishment, training experiences and conclusion. The details of each chapter are included under several topics and subtopics appropriately.

The chapter gives a comprehensive explanation about Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority, including the history, the objectives and functions, organisational structure and a SWOT analysis of the establishment.

The training experiences are described in the second chapter. This is categorised into the two divisions that were covered during the course of the training, the Renewable energy division and the Energy Management division. Under those categories details are given on the projects that I was involved in sub-categories.

The last chapter summaries the whole report, together with my overall experiences and analysis on the personal development because of the training. I have also included my personal opinions about the training and the suggestions to improve further.

In writing this report, I have tried my level best to include all the relevant information to provide a clear understanding and assessment of my industrial training period. Other material necessary to further clarify the given data has been attached as annexes to this.

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Acknowledgement I would like to express my very great appreciation to Dr .A.G.T.Sugathapala for his valuable and constructive supervision during the training period at Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority. I would like to offer my special thanks to Mr. H.K.Wickramasinghe, Mr. R.Padmasiri and Mr. J.Athula for their guidance and support in the Renewable energy division and Energy Management division. I am particularly grateful for the assistance given by, Ms. Dilhani, Ms. Nimashi, Mr. Ekanayake, Mr. Jude, Ms. Ushani, and Mr. Nalin during the training and on completion of the projects. I would also like to extend my thanks to the technical officers Mr. Dayan, Mr. Padmadeva and Mr. Sanjeeva for their support in enlightening the knowledge of the technical details of the projects and instruments. Finally I would like to specially thank all the staff of Sustainable Energy Authority for making this training memorable.

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1.

Table of Contents Introduction to the Training Establishment ........................................................................ 5 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sri Lanka Sustainable Authority ...................................................................................... 5 Vision and Mission........................................................................................................... 5 Organisational Objective .................................................................................................. 5 Renewable Energy Division .............................................................................. 6 Energy Management Division ............................................................................. 7

1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4

Organisational Structure ................................................................................................. 10

1.5 SWOT Analysis.................................................................................................................. 11 2. Training Experiences...................................................................................................... 12

2.1 Renewable energy ............................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 3. Biofuel ............................................................................................................... 12 Energy Audits .................................................................................................... 31 Energy Audit at the Talawakelle Tea Research Institute ................................... 33 Energy Services ................................................................................................. 40 Lanka Soy factory .............................................................................................. 41 Building code ..................................................................................................... 42 Other Training .................................................................................................... 44

Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 45

3.1 Overall training experience ................................................................................................. 45 3.2 Positive and negative exposure ........................................................................................... 45 3.3 Personal Weaknesses and improvements ............................................................................ 46 3.4 Training Personal at SEA .................................................................................................... 46 3.5 Suggestions to improve the training experience at SEA ..................................................... 46 3.6 Training division of UoM ................................................................................................... 47

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Organizational hierarchy of the SLSEA Figure 2.1 Petroleum Product Import demand Figure 2.2 Categorisation of Biofuel Figure 2.3 Energy flow diagram 2009 Figure 2.4 - Part of energy flow diagram Figure 2.5 Part of energy flow diagram Figure 2.6 - Part of energy flow diagram Figure 2.7 Part of energy flow diagram Figure 2.8 The weir Figure 2.9 Forebay tank Figure 2.10 Penstock Figure 2.11 Inside of the power house Figure 2.12 Power and flow rate curve Figure 2.13 Machine efficiency curve Figure 2.14 Flow measurement Figure 2.15 Turbine and Generator Figure 2.16 Garbage dump Figure 2.17 Inlet of the digester Figure 2.18 Digester with manholes Figure 2.19 Waste to Energy Figure 2.20 TRI main Figure 2.21 PQ logger calibration Figure 2.22 Tissue culture lab Figure 2.23 Pilot Lab Figure 2.24 - Air mixing chamber Figure 2.25 - Spot measurement Figure 2.26 TRI energy balance Figure 2.27 Poor insulation Figure 2.28 Poor insulation

Table 2.1 - Power and efficiency of Mini-hydro plant

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1. Introduction to the Training Establishment

1.1 Sri Lanka Sustainable Authority Sri Lanka Sustainable Authority was established on 1st October 2007, enacting the Sri Lanka Sustainable Authority act no. 35 of 2007 of the parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The establishment was to have an institution with higher power to drive the country towards a new level of Sustainable energy generation and usage. This is done by the rise of renewable energy sector and improvement of energy efficiency within the country. 1.2 Vision and Mission Vision An energy secure Sri Lanka Mission To guide the nation in all its efforts to develop indigenous energy resources and conserve energy resources through exploration, facilitation, research & development and knowledge management in the journey of national development, paving the way for Sri Lanka to gain energy security by protecting natural, human and economic wealth by embracing best sustainability practices.

1.3 Organisational Objective Under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Power and Energy SEA proceeds in two routes to secure the energy for the future, for energy conservation and new energy identification. The renewable energy division is functions for the purpose of increasing the indigenous energy in the non- conventional ways. The energy management division drives to improve the energy efficiency in the electrical appliances that are used daily and the conservation of energy and best use of it without wastage. The activities of the divisions are elaborated further.

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1.3.1 Renewable Energy Division Renewable energy is the energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat which naturally replenish. These indigenous energy sources can be processed to provide the country with their energy and electricity requirements. Sri Lanka is located in the equatorial belt; this offers a continuous supply of solar irradiation. The tropical temperatures and location of the island in the Indian Ocean have resulted in a distinct wind regime. The island receives rain from two monsoonal wind regimes. With all these bioclimatic conditions of the tropics there is a yield of high plant density. The above states the five main renewable energy resources warranted by the geo-climatic conditions in the island, hydro, solar, wind, biomass and geo-thermal. The above resources are classified as conventional and New Renewable Energy (NRE) technologies. Conventional technologies are those that have been in practice for a very long time spanning through the history of power generation. The large hydro power is one such technology which is still in practice to provide for 35% (4018 GWh as of 2011) of the total power generation of the country. The NRE technologies are the new schemes of power generation using the natural resources. This is one of the main aims of this division to explore the opportunities arising in these technologies and put them into sustainable practice. They also grant permits for the private contractors who are pursuing in the field of power generation through renewable energy resources. The scrutiny of renewable resources available for viable power generation are given below, Hydro SEA engagements for the small hydro projects are for below 10MW capacity. The developable hydro power potential is analysed and necessary feasibility studies are conducted to achieve the generation target. Solar there are three solar projects commissioned to provide the grid with nearly 1.36 MW. Hambanthota solar park contains the Korean and the Japanese solar plants, the measuring station located here collects solar energy resource data adding knowledge to the development. Wind using the naturally available wind flows, electricity is generated. There are wind farms consisting of wind turbines at a large scale. An 80m wind mast was commissioned in

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Nadukuda, the tallest ever in the country; this is expected to provide a reliable long term database on wind resources. Biomass this is the form of electricity generation using fuel wood, which is well suited for our tropical country. The stake of SEA is in executing a detailed assessment on the resource potential. Consult stakeholders and perform ground verification for the whole island, advice on the suitably selecting biomass based power generation. This could be a probable substitute for the fossil fuel based generation. Geo-thermal a water analysis of ten hot springs and a volumetric assessment of the geothermal resources of the country has been carried out. Further developments are to follow in the future. The division operates to carry out the renewable energy development in the country increasing its stake in power generation by 10% by 2015 and extend this goal to reach 20% by 2020.

1.3.2 Energy Management Division The division has an overall objective of managing the energy usage, as the name implies to ensure that the country has a proper energy management program to enhance the economic activity without burdening the energy sector. SEA through the Sri Lankan government has an agreement the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to promote energy efficiency improvement in the country. These targets the energy management programme under the following four functional areas, 1. Regulatory Interventions This sub-section of the EM is further classified into the following, a) Energy Labelling This is the energy labelling process in alliance with the Sri Lanka standards institute. This process ensures the improvement of energy efficiency. This is an important aspect when considering the efficiency levels of electrical appliances. The regulatory methods in labelling will be a common platform, explaining the no.of units consumed depending on the hours used, this makes it easier for the users to choose the appliance required.

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At present the service of energy labelling is done only for the CFL bulbs and it is to be extended in the future to provide the energy labelling for linear fluorescent lamps, ballasts and ceiling fans. b) Building Code The code of practice for energy efficient buildings is a guideline for incorporating the energy efficiency measures into the large-scale building at the design stage. Such a measure is has an energy saving potential of about 20%. The building code was introduced by SEA in the year 2008 and updated version is to be released in the near future.

2. Energy Efficiency services The energy services companies (ESCOs) are registered with SEA under the categories of Energy Audit services and Energy efficiency service. This is for the better coordination of energy efficiency services. Further the energy efficiency services targets the following sectors, a) Tea industry The coordination of the energy services to the tea factories are conducted through the Tea Research Institute. There are more than 100 tea factories actively participating in the activities. This is one of the major stakeholders in the industrial sector of the country, implementing such programmes effectively reduces the burden on the national energy system while enhancing the sector competitiveness. b) Hotel sector The energy conservation programme is implemented under the Greening Sri Lanka Hotels project. The main target is to reduce energy and water consumption by 20% and waste reduction by 30%. The scope of the project is to cater at least 360 hotels, mainly focusing on small and medium enterprise sector. This project is carried out under the Switch Asia programme.

c) National water supply & distribution system This board is the single largest electricity consumer in the country, the energy efficiency of the place has been improved by the implementation of the energy services. Nearly 15% of the energy saving potential was achieved.

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3. Awareness programs in energy conservation The general public should be made aware of the practices in energy conservation in addition to the industrial sectors. So to make certain this purpose is achieved there are various activities conducted. Seminars and workshops with the distribution of printed and electronic media are used to spread the message around. The Vidulka energy exhibition is a national level exposure to publicise the benefits of energy conservation and efficient use of energy. Also there are special programs targeting the school children and teachers. For the industrial sector the national energy efficiency award is used as recognition for the companies with improved activities in terms of energy. This is a part of the Vidulka energy week.

4. Funding schemes for the development of energy efficiency This scheme in partnership with several local banks ensures technical and financial guarantees for the energy efficiency improvement projects.

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1.4 Organisational Structure

Chairman

Director General
Deputy Director General (Strategy)
Director (Knowledge Management) Director (Energy Management)

Deputy Director General (Operations)

Director (Economic Affairs) Director (Renewable Energy)

Head ( Outreach/ Capacity Development)

Finance and Management

4 Staff members including Executives

8 Staff members including Executives

4 staff members including Executives 36 Staff memebers including Executives 15 Staff members including Executives

Figure 1.1 Organisational Hierarchy of SEA

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1.5 SWOT Analysis STRATEGIC ANALYSIS

INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

Strengths

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threats

Strengths The legislation provides them sufficient power achieve their goal of securing energy. The direct association with the Ministry of power and energy eases their implementation process. Dedicated senior staff. Engineering experts, well-read about the energy sector. Resource availability in-terms of expensive instruments and information. Excellent envision of the future through research and development.

Opportunities There are various aids from international institutions and banks. Collaborations with the foreign countries in transfer of technological knowledge. Availability of renewable resources in the country due the geographic and climatic conditions. The improvements in the energy sector both locally and globally. Energy appetite of the general public towards energy conservation. Developers with technical and financial resources.

Weaknesses Lack of knowledge about energy sector among the non-technical staff Embedded culture followed as most of the government institutions. Lack of co-ordination among the staff. Designation or duties among the management staff should be more precise to increase their efficiency.

Threats

Lack of technological proficiency compared to the global standards. Lack of continuous funding. Highly dependent on international help for certain areas of renewable resource development. Changes in the climatic conditions.

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2. Training Experiences

The training at Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SLSEA) consisted of two phases. The first three months of the training were in the Renewable Energy division and the rest were in the Energy Management. Since the work place was a research based institution most of the work experience was research related. A detailed description of the projects involved in the training are listed in the order of their importance. 2.1 Renewable energy 2.1.1 Biofuel Energy crisis is a problem faced by the world today. Economy and technologies today largely depend on non-renewable resources. Predicted estimates for the utilisation rate of energy resources shows that coal deposits will deplete within the next 150-200 years and the petroleum deposits in the next few decades. Beside this, the damage being caused to the environment by these fuels is a matter of great concern all over the world. The time has come to take an interest, identify and develop alternative sources of energy, which could be sustainable and could generate clean energy. There are lots of alternates to provide for the electricity and other energy needs. But our dependence on petroleum for transportation threatens the energy security. The new development in the automotive industry is shifting its production towards vehicles independent of petroleum fuels, but there should a necessary solution for those that are already present. Biofuel is used as one of the key substitutes by many developed countries. This will benefit Sri Lanka, a developing nation in many ways. The petroleum imports of the country impacts the economy as the spending on this is very high. The petroleum products are being used in various industries, but the usage is very high in the transport sector. According to fig 01 the petroleum products import demand (2062 thousand metric tons) in 2010 is highest in the transportation sector representing 57% percentage from the total demand. The petroleum products demand increment percentage from the previous year is 11.5%.

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367.42578 (10.2%) 89.581 (2.4%)

Petrolium Products Import demand (Thousand Metric tonnes) for the year 2010
Transport Power generation Industrial and Estate sector 2062.645 (57.4%) Household+Co mmercial+LPG Users

1070.043 (29.8%)

Figure 2.1 The demand for petroleum increases day by day, to overcome this crisis, immediate steps should be taken to provide sustainable solutions using the indigenous resources for survival in a long run. The thorough analysis shows that biofuel will the most feasible option to diminish the energy crisis in the transport sector. This will improve the economy as the imports can be reduced and the technological standard of the country can be developed.

Key Learning For the sustainable development of biofuel in Sri Lanka a wider knowledge in the area was required. There are several types of biofuel including ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, bio-crude, methane and biogas. Out of the above ethanol and biodiesel are the most relevant components to the transport sector.

The initial stage of the learning was to know the potential raw materials that could be used in the production. Bio-ethanol and biodiesel are respective substitutes for petrol and diesel respectively. The raw material identification and production processes for each of the above should be done separately.

Bio- ethanol Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from various plant materials. This contains the same chemical compound found in alcoholic beverages (C2H5OH). This means that there is wide
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base of raw material available for the production of the ethanol. It could be simply said that the ethanol production for biofuel could be increased by channeling the raw material from the alcohol production.

The raw material base for the ethanol widely ranges in any sucrose containing feedstock, starchy materials to lignocellulose biomass. The commonly used feedstock is the corn grain (starch) in United States and sugar cane (sucrose) in Brazil, the two main subscribers of biofuel for a considerably longer period. In addition to those, feedstock could be from other starches and sucrose such as cassava, sweet sorghum, potatoes, wheat, brewery waste, molasses and many other agricultural products and food wastes. Ethanol could be also made from cellulosic feedstocks such as grass, wood, crop residues, or old newspapers are more challenging than the usual starch and sugars.

These raw materials must first be broken down into their component sugars for subsequent fermentation to ethanol through a biochemical conversion process. The bio-ethanol will be ready for usage once its distilled, after the conversion. The feedstock containing the cellulosic biomass has an uncertain future due to technological barriers, even though it seems promising.

Bio- diesel This is a clean burning fuel and an ideal alternative for the diesel. This like ethanol is completely producible using renewable resources. Biodiesel is made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol. The simple combination process indicates that the source materials required for biodiesel are in two categories, which are readily accessible.

The lipid type of the source material has three generations. The first generation was the edible crops such as coconut, palm oil, etc. The non-edible crops like jatropha, neem, rubber, pongamia were the second generation. And finally algae based feedstock was the latest development. This similar to the cellulosic biomass, has a high potential but the usage is quite narrow as it is mostly in experimental level. The other category is the primary alcohol methanol is used usually.

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The process of biodiesel production by chemically combining primary alcohol with the lipid and the bio-diesel is formed using the trans-esterification process.

Project involvement My involvement in the biofuel project was to literature review on the biofuels to assist the implementation of biofuel for the transportation sector. Using the key knowledge gathered on ethanol and biodiesel, explored the possible technologies that could be used to produce it in the country. The plantation modes that could be used to have continuous supply of source material, the availability of agricultural land, etc. the analysis on the sectors that will get affected due this development. The review on the previous trials and researches in this area, reasons for failure of such trial projects.

Implementation phase The problem in the implementation process is in getting the proper approval. There are several guidelines to be followed and satisfying all the officials is an impossible task. The initial steps of implementation under taken by SEA, was to prepare a roadmap for biofuel with the help of the experts in the field. There were also plans to test the biofuel blends and impose a standard for the quality.

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2.1.2 Gramashakthi - improved energy services to the under-served rural communities The goal of the ministry of power and energy is to provide 100% electricity to the whole country. The rural communities in some part of the country are still out of the radar of electricity. The gramashakthi program is a part of this plan of giving electricity to everyone. To achieve this target a survey was conducted in partnership with the department of public administration to identify the state of spread of electricity on a divisional basis. The content of the survey identified the possible renewable resources in each of the divisions. The survey was responded by 11,018 GN divisions, nearly 80% of the country. The data was entered in to the access database by Practical action and analysed by SEA. Project involvement I was given the opportunity to analyse the data, by the deputy director general Mr.Harsha Wickramasinghe under the guidance of Ms.Nimashi Fernando, to a give an analysis report for the distribution among the ministry and related authorities. The data was evaluated to discover the potential renewable resource for each division that is not electrified. The results of the analysis were categorized into three main sections as options for Biomass, Biofuel and other possible alternatives. Biomass is the plant matter (firewood) effectively used to generate electricity. There are special plants namely Kiricedia, Ippil ippil that could be used as raw materials. The most common agro-residue paddy husk can also be used as an input in the process of generation. The analysis identifies the places in the island where the availability of the fuel-woods and paddy husk are high, on a divisional basis. Biofuel was categorised into biogas and Fossil-fuel substitutes for further study.
Biofuel Fossil-fuel substitute Biodiesel

Biogas

Bioethanol

Figure 2.2

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The high availability of plantation and animal waste can grant the option of producing biogas. This is one of the multi usage outcomes; either the biogas can be used itself for household purposes such as cooking or it can be converted into electricity for usage. The option of biogas is the one best solution in managing waste for a tropical country in small scales, when considering high moisture content in the plant and animal waste. Biofuel is an emerging renewable energy to alternate the fossil fuels. For a new entrant it is vital to obtain the potential options of raw materials for a continuous flow in the process. The analysis classifies hay under agro-residues which is one of the potential raw materials for bio ethanol production. And the investigation on the availability of non-agricultural lands could be verified using further investigation for the possibility of raw material plantation for ethanol and biodiesel. The final section briefly analyses the penetration of kerosene lamps, other renewable methods that are presently in use such as the solar cells, community wind, mini-hydro units, charging batteries, generators, etc. Further the rainfall and wind flow data were linked with GIS to map the variation on a divisional basis to have reference for the future. The analysis of the survey data provided invaluable information that could be used in the improvement of energy services.

Key Learning The involvement in this project improved the proficiency in Microsoft Access. This is a simple database which contained the survey information. The analysis of the information was performed by creating relationships between the factors related to electricity. The queries section is a useful tool in making these relationships. This could filter only the relevant details and form a new table without making any changes to the old one. Query not only filters data from one table, it could also filter data from two different tables and link them as per requirement using a common ID.

For the mapping of the analysed data the GIS codes were required to detail into the divisional level. The GIS codes were only available in excel, to link with the survey database the excel file was imported to access. Both the tables were linked using a query but the attempt was not
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successful as the division name was the only common identity. When the common ID is not numerical the linking us usually not successful as the spelling may vary for the same name. The above problem was to be overcome by manually entering the GIS code into the survey database by a group of management assistants.

When the divisional codes are given with the relevant data and a categorizing range it could be plotted on the Sri Lankan map using GIS. Refer annex 4, this shows the electrification range in the country plotted using the survey data.

2.1.3 Energy balance This contains a comprehensive presentation of energy information pertaining to Sri Lanka. The energy balance report is organised in a logical order where energy is analysed from the source up to end use. Performance of different sub sectors such as biomass, electricity and petroleum are analysed under supply, distribution and demand separately. This structure of presentation is intended to provide an improved overall picture of the energy sector.

Project involvement An energy flow diagram is a simple flow representation of the energy balance of the country. This expresses the flow of the petroleum, biomass, hydro, wind, coal and off-grid nonconventional resources. These are the energy resources that are commonly used in our country. I was in charge of the preparation of the energy flow diagram for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011, under the guidance of Mr.Harsha Wickramasinghe. Initially the diagram was drawn using AutoCAD; the shape of the 2008 flow diagram was used accommodating the values of 2009. As shown in the figure 2.3 the thickness of each resource line represents the amount in tonnes of energy.

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Figure 2.3

This diagram was further analysed compared to the energy flow diagrams of countries like US, UK and Sweden. The following alterations were made to the preliminary drawing. The sharp edges of the diagram were given a curvature The losses of the resources were discontinued half-way as shown in figure 2.4

Figure 2.4 The electricity generation was displayed in a more ordered manner.

Figure 2.5
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Figure 2.6

Additional block was included to represent the electricity generation from off grid non- conventional resources.

The non-energy uses were newly added. The case of the letters was changed from upper case to sentence case. The diagram for 2010 was only adjustments of the values and additional flow line showing the direct export of petroleum as the shape of lines in the diagram represented the same proportion.

The electricity generation from coal was the further addition to the year 2011.

Problems encountered and methods used to improve The diagram was initially attempted to be drawn using the flow models in excel but it was rejected as it lacked the aesthetic aspects. The sankey diagrams could not be used as the required software was not available. So to overcome the diagram platform AutoCAD was used. It is flexible as we could plan our diagram in the way we want it.

One of the issues of using AutoCAD was that, once the diagram is drawn to a certain measurements it cannot be adjusted by varying the measurements as other software. The whole diagram has to be drawn from scratch to change the lines representing the values of the resources. So when diagram had to be changed from 2009 to 2010 only the numerical values were change instead of changing the whole diagram.

The lines representing the losses were initially shown as in figure 2.3 leading to the end of the horizontally, then it was changed to end vertically down instead of finishing with the other outflow resources. Again this changed after comparisons with diagrams from other countries and several discussions into the discontinued representation.

The arrows gave a crowed look to the diagram, but it could not be removed as there was a clarity issues closer to the electricity generation blocks as in the figure 2.5. So to find the best solution for both the problems the blocks representing the electricity generation were changed several times, until arriving at the final electricity generation block as in figure 2.6.

Adjustments on some parts of the diagrams were not viable without impairing the aesthetic look of the diagram, such as the vertical lines the petroleum branch shown in figure 2.7. They

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were adjusted to look more like a curvature than vertical lines but as it did not suit well the changes were not incurred.

Figure 2.7

Due the importance of the diagram it was thoroughly analysed several times, even concentrating finely on the minute details. As the deputy director general was in-charge of this work it was a difficult task get appointments for the discussion.

2.1.4 Small-hydro power plants The small or mini hydro power sector is one of the successful industries in the generation of electricity. This is typically characterized by hydro power projects with capacities less than 10MW. The economically feasible small hydro potential in the country is estimated to be 400MW, the target which is nearly achieved. During the course of my training I was involved in two different mini-hydro projects. The Indurana project was demonstration by Mr.Padmadeva, to learn the parts of the plant and its activities. The Daraneyagala plant was for an impact assessment on the plant under the supervision of Mr.Fernando the senior engineer.

Indurana mini-hydro project This situated in the Indurana Village in the Ruwanwella in Kegalle district. It has an installed capacity of 64 kW and is expected to add 0.22 GWh annually to the national grid. The expected cost of the project is 25million LKR from the GOSL. The construction of the plant has been completed and it is expected to commence the commercial operations within 2012.

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The Weir

Forebay tank

Figure 2.8 Penstock

Figure 2.9 Inside the Power house

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

The head of the plant is 27.5 m net; it uses a reaction turbine with about 500 rpm speed. It has an e-flow gate that is present to ensure that the flow of the river is not obstructed by the weir. This is a run-of-the-river flow type that release water back into the stream, after power generation. The plant is to be used to demonstrate the technology to the academic community within the country as well as the South Asian region and the general public while placing a special emphasis on the plant operation and management. This also promotes an environmental friendly energy generation options.

Impact assessment on post installation of min-hydro projects The post evaluation of mini hydro power projects was to ensure whether they are achieving the expected out comes. Therefore this project focuses to evaluate the technical feasibility of post installed mini hydro power projects.

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The first field visit under this project was made to the Ellapita Ella mini-hydro power plant in Daraneyagala. The plant capacity was 540kW; it has a Turgo turbine with two nozzle input, with a head of 70m, which comes from a forebay tank. The plant has an electronic flow control which uses the sensors at the forebay to notify the control panel on the water level. The control panel accordingly adjusts the valve opening to the turbine.

For the impact assessment the ultrasonic flow meter was used to measure the flow rate of the plant and different operating power conditions. Using the flow rate the hydraulic power was calculated and the overall efficiency in lead. Power (kW) 100 200 300 400 500 600 Flow (m3/h) 827 1497 2167 2867 3710 4830 Table 2.1 Using plot of the operating power and the flow rate, the operating head of the plant was calculated. Hydraulic Power (kW) 158 285 413 547 708 921 Overall Efficiency 63.4 70.1 72.6 73.2 70.7 65.1

Power vs Flow rate

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 Power (kW) y = 0.1265x + 14.795 R = 0.9889

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Flow rate (m3/h)

Figure 2.12

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Power = height (h) * density () * gravitational acceleration (g) * flow rate (Q) Gradient = hg = 0.1265* 3600*106 (from the graph) h = 455.4 * 103 / 103 * 9.81= 46.42 m The operating head of the power plant is less than the actual head of 70m, due to the head losses during the flow through the penstock. Machine efficiency vs. Power
74.0 72.0 Overall efficiency % 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Power (kW) Maximum efficiency

Figure 2.13 The graph used analyse the variation of the machine efficiency with the change of power. When the power was varied from 100kW to 600kW during the testing the efficiency increased up to a maximum of 72.3% and dropped. From the graph the maximum efficiency of the plant could be obtained at the power of 380kW approximately. The recommendation was given to operate the plant between 200kW and 520kW to achieve efficiency above 70%. I was involved in the impact assessment project of Ellapita Ella from the field visit and till the end of the analysis, also prepared a presentation on the technical feasibility study of Ellapita Ella mini-hydro plant.

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Figure 2.14 -The flow measurement

Figure 2.15 - Turbine and generator

2.1.5 Biogas production as a solid waste management solution Fruit and vegetable wastes are generated in large quantities around the world. Due to its high biodegradability, it creates problems for the environment and society. The most difficult aspect of this biodegradable waste is the bad smell in and around dumping sites. Therefore the most burning issue faced by the world today is the management of wastes from all sources, which endangers the existence of human life. Rapid growth of population and urbanisation had aggravated this problem further.

Figure 2.16

JathikaPola was also a place where this problem has assumed serious proportions. It generates about 1 tonne of fruit and vegetable waste per day. Main fruit wastes were papaya, banana, mango and pineapple. Vegetable waste includes tomato, cabbage, beans, carrot, etc. Dumping was used as the only solution for the removal of waste. The biodegradability of these wastes was around 70-80 %. Therefore it has a good potential to produce biogas from
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this resources which can generate energy and organic fertilizer which also act as a soil conditioner. Anaerobic digestion technology was the best solution for the waste problem with high moisture content. Hence it was decided that biodegradable waste could be utilized for anaerobic digestion which gives triple benefits for environment, energy and soil conditioning.

Key Learning Anaerobic digestion - could be seen as a process where a series of chemical conversions, catalysed by microorganisms, mainly bacteria (but also in some cases protozoa) results in the production of biogas, a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), etc. from organic molecules in the absence of oxygen. Advantages of Anaerobic Digestion There are direct benefits of anaerobic digestion than normal composting The energy release from Anaerobic Digestion technology, was around 75-100 kWh of electricity generated per tonne of MSW digestion. Odour reduction by nearly 90% No emission of CO2 and methane to the environment Less land requirement Higher nutrient rich compost production Liquid fertilizer production with essential micro nutrient and hormones for plant growth Less manpower requirement Possible of Sewage sludge treatment which cannot be done by normal composting Reduced demand for fossil fuel

The anaerobic digestion plant built at the Narahenpita, Jathika pola showed encouraging results and gave around 6.5 m3 of biogas per day per daily input of 100 kg of fruit wastes for the digester capacity of 7 m3. The liquid fertilizer was utilised for the fertilization of Manioc

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and cabbage. The 6.5 m3 of biogas produced was utilised to dehydrate around 50 kg of fresh fruits per day. The above results were produced during the first trial run of the project. Project Involvement The involvement in the biogas project was to visit and study the demonstration plant in Narahenpita and participate in the leakage testing on the digester. The plant contains a section for the access to the waste that could be directly fed into the chopper machine which chops the waste by shearing into smaller pieces and this is then fed in to the inlet of the digester. The digester is a long tunnel with man holes for cleaning purposes.

Figure 2.17 - Inlet of the digester

Figure 2.18 - Digester with man-holes

The leakage testing was to ensure that the digester is sealed completely and the gases will not escape in to the environment as it could be harmful with the gases like ammonia. The testing began by filling the digester with water and then two manometers were connected through each of the man-holes to get a view of the pressure inside. The initial pressures on both the manometers were noted. This was left that way for an hour to ensure the pressure doesnt vary during that time. The constant pressure ensured that there were no leakages in the digester. After the completion of the leakage test the water was removed from the digester and the sample of the compost produced was collected for further testing. The plant is currently not in operation due to some unavoidable reasons and the failure of the chopping machine. This is to be modified by the NERD centre in the near future. Once the plant operates it is to provide biogas for the restaurant nearby and electricity to power up a few lamps there.

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2.1.6 Waste to energy Waste generation is an unavoidable part in the daily operations of the country. The growing population, affluence and rapid urbanization makes the waste generation grow at an increased pace. The lack of safe and effective waste disposal options deplete the waste disposal capacity of the urban provinces. The practices like dumping are not effective or sustainable long run. They deteriorate the environment and health of the community.

The need for an effective waste disposal system arises in such situations. The effectiveness of the disposal system is ensured by waste minimization in order to ensure that ultimate landfill life is extended, low land use, environmental safety, should not create any health hazard, sustainable concepts with useful and saleable products, socially acceptable in terms of spurring local economy, must be visually appealing in order to preserve and enhance the value of real estate in the neighbourhood.

There are various alternative options for the disposal management. Landfilling These are the ultimate disposal option for waste. Landfills must be used only for inert and stable residues that cannot be processed further. Disposing mixed waste with bio-degradable components and non-bio degradable components like plastics will result in destruction of air, soil and water quality. This does not minimize the waste.

Waste to Energy Waste to energy is the process of creating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the waste source.
Waste to Energy Technology

Thermochemical Process
Anerobic digestion

Bio chemical process

Fermentation using enzymes

Combustion

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Hydrolysis

Figure 2.19
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Thermochemical process is the system that does not rely on the segregation and accepts the waste as delivered. It is capable of converting the waste in to usable energy. The main energy output is electricity which is the need of the hour in our emerging economy. This system minimizes the approximately 90 % waste by volume and 70% by weight. Also it only diverts a very small percentage of the incoming waste by weight.

This alternative was the recommended option in most projects compared to the others, based on the criteria for the effective disposal system. The stake of SEA in the waste to energy sector is to provide energy permits for the projects that have the feasibility of the sustainable electricity generation.

Project involvement My involvement with the waste to energy projects began with the study of the EIA reports submitted by the energy firms who are pursuing on generating electricity from municipal solid waste. The following projects have got the provisional approval on the waste to energy, Gohagoda dumpsite project Meethotamulla dumpsite project Kaduwalla dumpsite project Pothuvilkumbura Kolonnawa dumpsite project

These projects focus on collecting the solid waste from the relevant municipal authorities and produce energy by burning them. Most of the projects are providing 10MW to the national grid. The main analysis was to check the waste collection systems to identify the waste sources, i.e. the local authority administration areas that comprise of the source of the MSW for the plant. And prepared a mass balance in the following manner, using the waste management data collected from the western province.

The Colombo Municipal council collects approximately 600-800 tonnes/day of waste. Meethotamulla and Pothuvilkumbura claims to use the waste source from CMC. Meethotamulla: - 700 tonnes/day Pothuvilkumbura Kolonnawa: - 500 tonnes/day
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There is a conflict between kolonnawa and meethotumulla sites amounting to the waste supply. This was discussed with the respective project managers and the CMC. And it was clarified that CMC has shortlisted 5 proposals for supply of MSW and given 2 bidders the opportunity to get authorisation from relevant authorities. And finally Meethotamulla project was given the authorisation and energy permit for the implementation of the project. The Kaduwela project collected its waste from several municipal councils 400 tonnes/day min (580 tonnes/day max). The figure in annexure ensures that the contracts are between different municipal councils which are quiet far apart the possibility is that the quantities are not duplicated. But it is still under discussion as the minimum quantity of waste per day is not satisfied by their referred supply - 337tonnes/day. Key Learning The environmental impact assessment report This is prepared to assess the possible positive and negative impacts that a proposed project may have on the environment. The objectives of the EIA is to measure and describe the existing state of the environment potential impact of the project activities on human life and the local environment plan to manage the impact of the project and if possible ensure that the project has a positive impact on the environment plan to continuously monitor the ongoing impact of the project on the environment

The report assesses the impact during the operational and construction phase separately and proposes appropriate mitigations to overcome those impacts.

The scope of the EIA is defined to ensure that all the required environmental topics that should be assessed are included with the methods to be used and the geographical scope. It is critical that the scope is defined well, if it is defined too narrow critical area of uncertainty or adverse impact may emerge in the future. This will make the decision making process harder to make the adjustments. Similarly if the scope is too loosely defined, effort, time, and expense will be incurred un-necessarily.

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2.2 Energy Management Division 2.2.1 Energy Audits This is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the outputs. The main objective will be to identify the least cost effective opportunities for energy saving and provide suggestions to make it more effective. These should be processes while prioritizing human comfort, health and safety.

Generally there are two types of audits conducted depending on the need of the receiving end. 1. Walkthrough audit This is also known as the preliminary audit where a basic run through analysis is performed on the audit site. The energy consumption data and the data related to the onsite operations are gathered. Also quick spot measurements are taken using the handheld instruments. Using the collected data and observations a report with recommendations are given comparing it with the relevant best practices.

2. Detailed audit As opposed to the walkthrough audit this is performed in a complete manner. A detailed audit is executed in 3 stages. Initial stage being the data collection, the device and process data are collected on all the energy consuming components. This could be used to identify the major consumers. To complete a detailed study of operations extended site visits are undertaken. Data loggers and recorders are used for monitoring power and energy consumption. In the second stage the collected data is analysed. The energy consumption data is matched with the specifications. This will lead to the energy performance indicators and the targets. The analysis phase also contains the review of the energy conservation practices that are already in place. Finally the comprehensive report is prepared to help the client understand the energy consumption quantities and pattern. The report will mainly include the following, Implementation plan Cost saving Priority list Monitoring

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Review

To ensure the energy saving is in practice. The instrument bank at the SEA has an extensive range of highly sophisticated digital meters for both electrical and thermal systems. These are required to complete a detailed energy audit. The Digital power meter - are used to log the complete data consumption of the unit it is connected. These could be used both as standalone powered using battery and by

connecting it to the power line. The loggers give an

extensive data of power, voltage, current, power factor, etc. for all three phases connected. Dent is a common type of power meter used.

Infra-red thermometer analyser - is used to find the temperature of the equipment without making any physical contact with them.

Temperature logger similar to the power logger, is used to record the temperature data for a continuous period of time. This battery powered instrument is fixed to measurable equipment after completing the setting for the recording time and the gap interval.

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The lux meter is used to measure the brightness. It specifically measures the intensity of the light that seen as brightness to a human eye. This gives a measure so compare the lamps used in the buildings.

The ultrasonic flow meter is used to measure the velocity of the liquid or gas, using the ultra sound principle. This instrument is used is analysis related to pumps and testing of the mini-hydro plants.

2.2.2 Energy Audit at the Talawakelle Tea Research Institute The Tea Research Institute (TRI) is the national body in Sri Lanka for generating and disseminating new technologies related to tea cultivation and processing. The present location of the institute is at St. Coombs Estate in Talawakelle. Project involvement The first energy audit, during the stay in EM was at TRI. This was a detailed energy audit to improve the energy usage at the institute. To perform a detailed audit it is important to make a clear plan on the procedures that need to be followed. The following were the preliminary plan for the audit, Data collection using the power loggers Testing and measurements on the pump houses Survey on the main building and quarters Factory details on withering, furnace, dryer and blowing

The audit was scheduled for three days for the complete data collection and analysis of the place. On the first day the dent loggers and power quality loggers were fixed to the main panel, factory and technology division, main buildings including the labs, junior staff and ladies hostel, senior staff, pilot labs and pump houses. The loggers were fixed for 24 hours with a demand interval of 15 min.

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The dent loggers need to be calibrated before connecting the clamp sensors to the power lines. The ELOG software is used to calibrate the dent. The Kyoritsu power quality loggers are calibrated after clamping the sensors. The demand interval, start and end time could be set using the setting for demand measurements.

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21 - PQ logger calibration

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On the same day the thermo logger was also calibrated to be fixed to the dryer to record the temperature data. This too similar to the power loggers need calibration on the unit of the temperature measurement, the recording interval with the start and the end time.

The second day of the audit began with the survey. The survey forms that contained the details for the energy consumption, the working period, specific details, remarks, etc. there were separate forms for lighting, electrical appliances, computers, air conditioners, fans and lab equipment. The audit team was separated in to two so as to cover the whole administration buildings and the labs at TRI.

The survey was simply observe the room entered, took note of the lamps that are being used, details on the usage duration, computer details of LCD or CRT, any other electrical appliances used the common ones were electric kettle in most of the office rooms. There were labs which were using boilers that a very few in number. On completion of the survey in the office buildings and labs it was further extended to the workshops and pilot lab. Even though operation of the workshops and labs are driven by the research in hand, the consumption during the research period is comparatively significant due to the machinery and equipment used. The pilot lab and the workshop were some of the places where there were several lamp used.

Figure 2.22 - Tissue culture lab

Figure 2.23 - pilot lab

After the completion of the survey there was a tour about the factory of St. Coombs. The factory manager explained on the procedure from the beginning of plucking the tea to getting the tea power, ready for sale. There were several operations involved, withering, crushing, drying, grading the tea were some of the important portions of the operation.

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On completion of the second day all the data collected were filed and the areas to be covered the next day was noted. The discussion after the completion of audit gives a proper idea of the areas that have been covered and those that have to be tackled.

The final day of the audit consisted of testing of the pump houses. There were six pump houses that were there, out of which 4 of them were assessed for further analysis and validation. In each of the pump houses the rated values of the motor, such as the power rating, voltage, pump size, rated flow rate, rated rpm, suction head, etc. were noted. In addition to the rated values spot measurements were also taken inside each of the pump houses.

For the flow rate measurements, the suction line of the pump was cleaned and the diameter & thickness of the pipe was measured. Using this, ultrasonic flow meter was calibrated. The flow meter was used to obtain the measurements of the velocity of the flow and the flow rate. The following pressure reading were also recorded, Pressure in the delivery side Pressure in the suction side Dynamic pressure Static pressure

After the completion of the pump house analysis, the furnace and blower chamber was analysed. The spot measurements of power data were taken by varying the valve opening to the air inflow for the motor coupled to the blower of the furnace and on the motor to propel the smoke out of the furnace. The anemometer was used to measure the air flow in the furnace chamber. The dimensions of the air mixing chamber were also taken. The infra-red thermometer was used to take the outer surface temperature reading around the furnace chamber.

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Figure 2.24 - The air mixing chamber

Figure 2.25 - spot measurements in the furnace room

And finally the household survey was conducted, in the C type houses. The domestic appliance usage data were collected. The no.of lights present the total usage time per day, commonly used electrical appliances, such as the television, geysers, washing machine, rice cookers, etc. This completed the data collection phase of the energy audit.

The analysis began with the entering of all the data in to single excel workbook, for the ease of reference. The analysis and the reporting were completed together. The draft of the report was submitted to the director of energy management Mr.Padmasiri at the end of the training period. The analysis contained the following areas.

The energy balance The logger data were used in the preparation of the energy balance for TRI. The data collected using the loggers were extended to a month and the energy consumption was prepared into a pi-chart separately allocating the total consumption in to units as in figure 2.26.

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Technology Division Street 2% Administraion Ligthing Other 1% 2% Workshops 5% 0% SPND Lab 6% Bio Chemistry Lab 15%

TRI ENERGY BALANCE

Cameliya Hostal 2%

Junior Staff1 14%

Junior Staff2 9%

Factory 24%

Quarters 12%

Senior Staff 8%

Figure 2.26: Energy balance of TRI

Recommendations on lighting The lighting practice of the administration buildings vary according to the amount of natural lighting available. According to the results of the survey conducted, most of the offices use natural light as much as possible. But the weather conditions for natural lighting are generally unfavourable. There are places where the lights are switched on continuously. The survey results show that there are approximately 24 such instances. These include the corridors and office rooms which light up for nearly 14hours at night to avoid the nuisance of small animals, and the labs that light 24hours for research purposes. The T8 fluorescent lamps are being used at present, for the efficient use of energy this could be changed in to the T5 fluorescent lamps with electronic ballast which could save half of the energy consumed by the current lamps while giving the same brightness required for the office operations.

There were also recommendations to avoid gang switches in places such as corridors and hallways, roof light to get the complete benefit of the natural lighting in good weather conditions.
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The furnace chamber The furnace room includes the section where there is a tunnel like place for the mixing of the air and heat from the furnace to provide air at elevated temperatures, this also contains the blower. The chamber is covered externally using an insulated material to avoid the escape of heat. The annexure includes the diagrams marked with the temperatures in each sections of the furnace. From the analysis of the temperature measurements on the diagrams it could be concluded that the temperatures are high in the sections where the insulation has been removed. The figures below show the lack of proper insulation.

Figure 2.27 & 2.28 poorly insulated furnace and blower chamber

This wastage of heat flow could be avoided by providing proper insulation in the future. This in-turn will reduce the amount of firewood used for heating.

Pumps Using the data collected in the pumps the efficiency of the pump house and the specific energy of consumption was calculated. The efficiency of the pump was the ratio between the input power which was measured and the output power that calculated using the, suction head, flow rate and velocity of the flow. The specific energy of the pump was the ratio between the input power and the flow rate. Comparing these two measurements the least effective motor can be identified and by analyzing it further the performance of the pump could be improved.

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Learning outcomes There were many new things learnt by part of the energy audit at TRI. Some of the important areas are as follows, The calibration and usage of power loggers The handling of the Infra-red thermometer analyzer, thermo-loggers and anemometers. Handheld spot measurements for power. Complete calculation for the efficiency of the pump house. The variations lighting conditions and ballasts.

2.2.3 Energy Services The energy management division provides facilitation services through sophisticated measuring equipment. This service was provided to the Piramal glass factory in Horana, and the Canadian embassy in Kollpity.

The Piramal Glass factory This is a firm with the Indian collaboration. The prime objective of the firm is manufacturing bottle. This is done in 5 lines, out of which two of them are used for export purposes. The types of bottles include the jam bottles, fizzy drink bottle, beer bottle, etc.

The factory required an energy consumption data for an internal analysis on their electricity consumption. To satisfy their requirement the power loggers were fixed to both transformer lines 1 and 2. In addition to that loggers were also connected to the printing line, cold end and furnace to measure the power. For each transformer loggers were separately logged to measure harmonics and power. The loggers were set for 24 hours at a demand interval of 15 min. The next day the loggers were removed and the data was transferred to the computer through the memory card. The complete recorded data was submitted to the Piramal factory for their further analysis.

Canadian Embassy Similar to the glass factory, here too the power loggers were fixed to thirteen different lines to record the power data. It was fixed for 3days continuously with a demand interval of 15 min. The recorded data was given to a private audit firm who doing the analysis for the embassy.
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2.2.4 Lanka Soy factory Lanka soy factory is the part of the group companies of the Ceylon Biscuits limited, operating under the name of Convenience Foods (Lanka) PLC. They manufacture and market textured vegetable protein foods in Sri Lanka. Its products include soya meat and other food products. The company was formerly known as Soy Foods (Lanka) PLC) and changed its name to Convenience Foods (Lanka) PLC later.

The energy audit was at Lanka Soy factory where the production of Soy food was undertaken. This was situated at Ratmalana. The audit was complete adhering to all the aspects, detailed data collection including survey, analysis and reporting.

Project involvement During the final week of training visited the Lanka Soy factory in Ratmalana. The factory had two portions, consisting of the old section where the soya meat was being produced and the new section for chocolate production. The audit was planned to be done on the soya product section of the factory. The following steps were taken for the complete data collection. Power data collection using the loggers. They were connected to the main line, curry section, extruder line, compressors 1 & 2 and boilers. The loggers were set to record for 24 hours with a demand interval of 15 min. Survey was conducted to collect data on lighting, electrical appliances, computers and air conditioners, used in the factory and office building. Spot measurements on some machines.

After completing the data collection, the survey data was entered into an excel workbook and submitted for further analysis to Mr. Ekanayake, engineer in-charge of the Lanka soy energy audit.

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2.2.5 Building code In the sustainable energy development of the country it is important to improve the energy performance of the buildings. This is enforced by the SEA under the Clause 36 (g) of the Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority Act No. 35 of 2007. The code of practice for energy efficient buildings in Sri Lanka comprises of modules developed by experts in the relevant areas of expertise. This code was developed in 2008 for the first time by consulting extensive stakeholders for different views of the concerned factions. The application of this code of practice in the past has led to reduced energy consumption and reduced electricity demand in the country. This also supports a cleaner environment through the reduction of wastes. The code of practice was not revised further after the first edition. The EM division decided to revise the code to include additional improvements in different sections considered. This was implemented by comparing the latest building codes from India, Hong Kong, and ASHRAE with the Sri Lankan code (2008) and making the changes for perfection.

Project involvement and key learning The project requirement was to compare the building codes of the other countries with ours and make the changes accordingly. Before the beginning of the comparison there are some basic guidelines to be understood. Purpose of having a code is to introduce energy efficient design and/or retrofits to all types of buildings in the design, construction or maintenance phase, to minimize energy consumption without compromising the buildings function, and/or the comfort and health of occupants. This also sets criteria and minimum standards for energy efficiency in design and/or retrofits in commercial buildings and provides criteria for determining compliance. Scope of the code of practice covers the following building elements: a) Building envelop b) Ventilation & Air conditioning c) Lighting d) Electrical power and distribution e) Service Water Heating All commercial buildings, industrial facilities and large scale housing developments having one or more of the following features are subject to the regulation of the code.
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a) b) c) d)

Four or more stories Floor area of 500 m2 or more Electrical power demand of 100 kVA or more Air-conditioning cooling capacity of 350 kW (output) or more

I was involved in the comparison of the building element Lighting 1. Area controls A manual control should be in place for larger spaces of area. Single control point is not sufficient for a very large area, so comparing the Indian and Hong Kong space limit for control point is to be decided.

2. Automatic lighting controls, photoelectric sensors & timer controls Automatic controls should be imposed for interior lighting are greater than 500 m2. Occupancy sensors could be used in office areas less than 30 m2. The timer controls could be used on a scheduled basis, for specifically programmed times. Or it could be used with the occupancy sensor, to turn off lights 30 min after the occupancy sensor is triggered.

3. Maximum permissible power for brightness Maximum power was defined using the building area method. The indicated power value in the 2008 code was less compared to the other countries. This could be updated.

4. Lamp types. The usage of CFL lamps are promoted for domestic usage and T5 fluorescence lamps for the office buildings instead of the T8.

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2.2.6 Other Training There was few additional learning experiences were gathered in addition to the above mentioned. They are both renewable energy and energy management divisions. Familiarization of the activities at the lighting lab in the regional lighting centre (RCL) Participation in the energy managers workshop and seminar on energy data collection through survey. Illustration on the project approval committee procedures and their importance Guest lecture on Developing renewable energy sector by Dr. Michael Knaus from Germany. Participation in the Vidulka energy exhibition and the symposium. Also designed a floor planning layout for the stalls, at Vidulka.

The training period was concluded on the 26th of October 2012.

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3. Conclusion

3.1 Overall training experience The training experience at Sri Lanka Sustainable Authority was complete and satisfactory. It covered both renewable energy section and the energy management section. Under the renewable energy division I gained vast knowledge in New renewable energy, where nonconventional methods are employed to reap the benefits. My involvement in the Biofuel, Gramashakthi, Waste to energy projects contributed to various beneficial learning outcomes. Project management Research on technologies and resource availability Database analysis and relationship & trend formation Meeting coordination Improved skill on using AutoCAD Adhering to government guidelines Team working capacity

Similarly the training in the energy management division also gave a lot of incite on the above key learning in addition to the knowledge on performing an energy audit, awareness of energy conservation, and importance of improving the energy efficiency.

3.2 Positive and negative exposure The training included both positive and negative exposure in participation of the projects. The field visits to the mini-hydro plants, biogas plant, TRI, Lanka Soy factory, Piramal Glass factory, etc. were very resourceful and worthy experience that was made possible by being part of SEA. There was nothing important to be mentioned as a negative exposure. Due to the insufficient space in the office building there were no allocated area for the trainings in beginning, later the Regional lighting centre was used. This made the communication with the staff of SEA difficult as it was in a separate block.

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3.3 Personal Weaknesses and improvements The personal weaknesses identified during the course of the training were mainly my lack of enthusiasm to go on field visits to far places alone. In the initial stages of the training I lost the opportunity of visiting the Hambantota solar and wind plant as I was not aware of the accommodation. Later such problem was overcome directly discussing the details with the director in-charge. I joined the team for energy audit that was at Thalawakala. The lack of efficiency was shown in completion of the projects until the deadline was closer, was another problem recognized. Even though I started working on the project it was always in the initial stages until the dead line was closer. The deadline increased my working speed to complete it on time. To overcome this problem, continuous discussion with the project in charge was followed to complete the project on a timely manner without hurrying at the last moment. 3.4 Training Personal at SEA The person in charge of training at SEA was Dr. A.G.T.Sugathapala, who was a former lecturer in our department. He was very enthusiastic on giving us the best training experience throughout. He constantly guided us throughout the training, discussed on the projects I was involved and provided feedbacks for further improvement. Mr. H.K.Wickramasinghe, the deputy director general of SEA also was keen on making our training worthwhile. He gave us projects that were both useful for us and of benefit to the authority. Director of Energy Management, Mr. R.Padmasiri and Director of Renewable Energy Mr. J.Athula were also very helpful and provided extra support make this training successful. 3.5 Suggestions to improve the training experience at SEA In the future, a mentor could be appointed for each trainee so that they could discuss about their needs and issues related to the respective person. During our training the directors of each division were in charge of us even though they were helpful in many ways it was a difficult task getting an appointment with them as they the top level of management. Also as the first batch of trainees to the place, we did not have any constructive work as soon as we began working. This was improved when the rotation occurred on completion of the three months.
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3.6 Training of UoM The training division at the university was very supportive in finding a suitable place for the training experience. A periodical visit from the university would have been more beneficial to the trainees to discuss the issues related to training. I would also like to suggest that splitting the training into two phases as the electrical engineering department, will benefit us more on getting in the exposure in both energy and manufacturing sector.

The overall training at SEA was complete and satisfactory.

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Reference Sustainable energy authority website Quarterly report 2012 EIA report for Mass scale waste to Energy project, Kaduwela. Biofuel report by SAARC Colombo Municipal council waste management data Energy balance 2008 Wikipedia Energy Management guide (version 1) Tea research institute website Code of practice for energy efficient buildings in Sri Lanka 2008

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Abbreviations CMC Colombo Municipal Council MSW Municipal Solid Waste MC - Municipal Council GN Grama Niladari ID Identity SEA Sustainable Energy Authority EM Energy Management RE Renewable Energy TRI Tea research institute MHP Mini-hydro plant

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Annex 1 - Energy Flow diagram 2009

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Annex 2 - Energy Flow diagram 2010

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Annex 3 Kaduwela Waste to energy project MSW supply CMC Colombo municipal council {A} Jayawardanepura kotte municipal council {B} 100 tonnes/day Kaduwela MC {C} 65 tonnes/day Kottikawatta urban council {D} 40 tonnes/day Maharagama urban council {E} 50 tonnes/day Homagama pradesiasaba {F} 25 tonnes/day Biyagama pradesia saba {G} 36 tonnes/day Seethwakapura urban council {H} 15 tonnes/day Seethawaka pradesia saba 6 tonnes/day

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Annex 4 - Gramashakthi Electrification pattern of the country

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Annex 5 The temperature at the outer surface of the furnace and blower

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