History of Hydraulic Engineering-1 Pohl PDF

TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT DRESDEN
Fakultt Bauingenieurwesen
R. Pohl
Lesson
History of Hydraulic Engineering
Fall term 2004
Institut fr Wasserbau und Technische Hydromechanik
Dresden University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering
Course
Rehabilitation Engineering
Lesson

R. Pohl Fall term 2004
History of Hydraulic Engineering ...............................................2

Navigation.............................................................................................2 Development of Canal Cross Section in Middle Europe .......................3 Canal aqueducts...................................................................................6 Inclined planes......................................................................................6 Ship lifts ................................................................................................9 Locks ....................................................................................................9 Water Power .......................................................................................14 Dams ..................................................................................................16 References .........................................................................................20
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 2

Hydraulic Engineering
Water Supply Flood Protection Water Power Navigation Irrigation Drainage waste water environment
dams reservoirs pumps pipelines groundwater purification
dams dikes, levees flood plains retaining basins
dams weirs reservoirs penstocks headrace channels turbines pumps
rivers weirs canals locks ports
dams weirs drains ditches pipelines
sewers treatment disposal
rivers groundwater hydraul. habitats
The following contens refers to the green marked boxes.
Navigation
Navigation canals in New York State, USA, 1868
page 3
Development of Canal Cross Section in Middle Europe
page 4
Last Quarter of the 19 Century, beginning 20th century Boom in Waterway Construction in Germany Extensive Industrialization after 1850 Growth of Population in Germany (1852: 36 Mio., 1895: 52 Mio.) Railway Network Navigation Canal Network between 1863 and 1917 twenty seven large Navigation Projects in Germany including e.g.
1880 1884 1884 1886 1877 1896 1906 1906 - 1887 1886 1895 1899 1900 1916 1915 Ems-Jade-Canal Neckar Canalization Main Canalization downstream of Frankfurt Kaiser-Wilhelm-Canal Dortmund-Ems-Canal Elbe-Trave-Canal Ems-Weser-Canal (Mittellandkanal) Development of Oder-Weichsel-Waterway
th
Rhine and Oder were linked (1938)
Ship Lift Niederfinow Between 1990 and 2004 : one large Navigation Project in Germany Transport Project German Unity 17 Waterway Cross Magdeburg
page 5
German Inland Waterways 1939
German Federal Waterways 1993
page 6
Canal aqueducts
Ancient non-navigable aqueducts for water supply: Niniveh, Assyria 700 BC, Acqua Marcia, Rome 144 BC, Segovia, Spain 10 AD, Pont du Gard, Nimes, France 14 AD 1462-1470 navigable canal aqueduct Adda-Milan, Italy 1779 cast iron canal bridge over river Severn, UK 1847 Delaware Hudson canal aqueduct, USA 1914 reinforced concrete aqueduct Minden, Germany 2000 Elbe crossing canal aqueduct Magdeburg, Germany (Project 17 German Unity)
Inclined planes
Ancient primitive portages to bypass ships around river rapids or to connect two navigable waters Later: gentle gradient slipways. Boats were draged through shallow water an aprons of stonework 12th century AD slipway in the Netherlands15th century AD rope hauled short inclines to convey boats in wheeled cradles: 1437 Lizzafusina on river Brenta, Italy (near Venice) 18th century double and counterbalanced long inclines e.g. in Ireland 19th century railway canal links, powered inclines
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Beginning of Ship Lift Constructions Barge Ramp
Barge Ramp: the Cart of Zasofina (Lizzafosina) by Vittorio Zonca (Padova 1607)
Roll Bridge Barge Ramp 18th Century
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Barge Ramp 19th Century: Dry Ship Lift Top: crossing the apex, Bottom: with lock chamber at the upper end
Barge Ramp in Morris Canal 19th century (between Hudson and Delaware) Non-lock type platform barge lift
Sketch: Wet Ship Lift (left parallel, right transversal to slipway)
page 9
Ship liftsEnd of 18th century AD

and England 1788 1830 19th/20th century
development of boat lifts independently in Germany
1st boatlift on Churprinz Canal for small 2.5 ton-Boats at Halsbrcke in Saxony, Germany Grand Western Canal in England: 7 counterbalanced twin-chamber lifts (operated until 1867) hydraulically operated lifts
Cross section of the vertical ship lift Niederfinow, Germany
Locks
Fundamental to the ability of any navigation to rise or fall was the use of lock-gates to hold one reach of water at a higher level than an adjoining section 1st century BC Single (or "flash") lock-gates in use (Chien-Lu Dam and canals near Nanyang, in the valley of the Euphrates, or the port of Sidon) for irrigation and sluicing purposes
late 12th century AD In Europe, the lock was developed initially to overcome two specific problems: - a desire to allow boats to enter a drainage and navigable water system which was protected by dykes (single lifting gate portcullis type), - the need to increase the depth of water available for the navigation of rivers (weirs with removable wooden boards ).
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boats sailing up or down the river on the "flash" of water released when the boards were removed. earliest single-gate locks in Europe: Netherlands at Nieuwpoort, in Italy on the river Mincio at Governolo, Stecknitz Canal in Germany (1398) was the first summit canal in Europe, a progression made possible by the use of single locks. 10th century AD 1373 China: the chamber lock radically reduced water usage. in Europe at Vreeswijk (Netherlands), where the canal from Utrecht entered the river Lek, in more upland canal schemes 15th-century in Italy building of a lock in Milan (1420) A Chinese text of mentions a staircase of locks. In Europe they were first used in France, when the Canal du Briare (France) opened in 1642
1072 AD
late 15th century AD The mitre stem gate was probably introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate, earliest drawings are by Leonardo da Vinci and date from the late 15th century 1754 The earliest known (but unsuccessful) shaft lock was built on the line of the uncompleted trans-Sweden canal at Trollhttan
Improvements in lock design have continued throughout this century, with different types of gate design appearing. These have included gates which lift and rotate, increasing headroom under the raised gate, gates which slide to one side, gates which lower either sliding vertically or are hinged at the bottom, and sector and segment gates which are curved and thus distribute stresses more evenly. Gates are also now used for emptying and filling locks, doing away with the necessity for sluices and paddle gear.
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Beginning of Navigation Lock Construction
Box lock
Italian mussel lock (river Brent)
italian ship lock 1673
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Locks in the 18th century
Begin of construction of shaft locks and stairs of locks for higher reach level differences
Bingley staircase of locks today
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Locks Today - Modern Shaft Lock with Recuperation Basins
Locks Today - Modern Staircase of Locks: Welland canal, Ontariao Canada
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Water Power
Ship mill on the Danube river at Regensburg, 1493 AD
Grinding mill with undershot water wheel, 1673
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Simple water wheels were the predominant hydropower machines during several centuries, driving mills for grinding and sawing 19th century Turbines from 1900 after invention of long distance electricity transmission with alternating current also large dams for hydropower from 1930 pumping storage (for balance between base load and peak demand)
Sir Adam Beck hydropower station, Niagara, Ontario, Canada
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Dams
3000 1000 BC 1000 BC 300 BC 300 AD embankment dams impound reservoirs mostly for irrigation water, dams partial without (sufficient) spillway dams with spillways, intakes ancient Roman dams for drinking and spa water supply in southern Europe, dams often combined structures: upstream masonry, downstream embankment fill, water transport via aqueducts and covered canals prime of masonry and concrete dam construction e.g. in mediaeval Spain reservoirs for mining water supply in Germany (Freiberg), embankment dams with steep slopes new era of masonry dams, drinking water supply for the quickly growing cities e.g. in Germany and France requires large reservoirs after invention of electricity transmission with alternating current also large dams for hydropower concrete dams of several types (gravity, arch, multiple arch, vault) very high (major) dams, Concrete dams H > 250 m: e.g. Grande Dixence, Vajont; rockfill dams: e.g. Nurek different techniques for concrete dams: climbing formwork, roller compacted concrete (rcc) multipurpose reservoirs (water supply, flood protection, hydropower )
14th 16th century 15th 18th century 1870 - 1940
from 1900 from 1920 from 1950 20th century 20th century
Sadd el Kafara, Egypt 2500 BC
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Marib Yemen, 900 BC
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Ancient Roman water supply canal bridge (aqueducts) Pont du Gard, Southern France
Beginning of modern dam construction, e.g. Bouzey, France water supply for a navigation canal
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Gravity dam construction at the beginning 20th century: Mhne dam, Germany water supply for the Ruhr region, hydropower, flood protection
Major dams: 1960 Vajont, Italy 266 m high vault dam, 1963 Vajont disaster: sliding slope displaced storage water, dam withstood risks in civil engineering
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References
Arthur Ernest Morgan: Dams and Other Disasters : A Century of the Army Corps of Engineers in Civil Works.- Paperback (March 1972) Porter Sargent Pub; ISBN: 0875580947 Eric B. Kollgaard, Wallace L. Chadwick (Editor): Development of Dam Engineering in the United States Alan W. Cooper: The men who breached the dams : 617 Squadron "the Dambusters" Uhlemann, H.-J. : Die Geschichte der Schiffshebewerke.- DSV-Verlag, Busse Seewald, ISBN 3-88412-291-6 The International Canal Monuments List - Part IIa - Individual Structures.htm Kirschmer, O.: Zerstrung und Schutz von Talsperren und Dmmen. In: Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Vol. 67(20), 1949, S. 277-281 und Vol. 67(21), 1949, S. 300-303 Lanser, O.: berblick ber die Talsperrenkatastrophen der Vergangenheit. In: sterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, 12(1960)8/9, S. 142 ff Schnitter, N.: Alte Talsperren in Spanien. In: Wasser- und Energiewirtschaft, 1973, S. 176-187 Schnitter, N. J.: Dam Failures Due to Overtopping. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Dam Safety Evaluation, Grindewald (Schweiz), 1993, Vol. 1, S. 13-19 Singh, V. P.: Dam Breach Modeling Technology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996 Thomas, H. H.: Engineering of large Dams.- J. Wiley & Sons 1976, chapter 3, S. 35ff Vogel, A.: Die Geschichte gemauerter Talsperren II. In: sterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, 34(1982)1/2, S. 27 ff Gnther Garbrecht: Historische Talsperren.- Vol. 1 + 2, Wittwer Verl. 1991, ISBN: 3879191581 Nicholas J. Schnitter :A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids.- Ashgate Publishing (March 1, 1994), Hardcover: 282 pages, ISBN: 9054101490
From Book News, Inc. Schnitter, a dam designer with a historical curiosity, describes the structures built by the ancient civilizations of Asia, Europe, and the New World, of the Romans, the Moslem world, medieval dams, and the evolution of the modern dam. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
John Nichols: St. Francis Dam Disaster (Images of America).Civil Engineering Guidelines for Planning and Designing Hydroelectric Developments: Planning Design of Dams and Related Features and Environmental.Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (September 1, 1989), Paperback, ISBN: 0872627268 The International Canal Monuments List - Part IIa - Individual Structures.htm

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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT DRESDEN

History of Hydraulic Engineering

Fall term 2004

Institut fr Wasserbau und Technische Hydromechanik

Dresden University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering

History of Hydraulic Engineering

History of Hydraulic Engineering ...............................................2

History of Hydraulic Engineering

dams reservoirs pumps pipelines groundwater purification

dams dikes, levees flood plains retaining basins

dams weirs reservoirs penstocks headrace channels turbines pumps

rivers weirs canals locks ports

dams weirs drains ditches pipelines

sewers treatment disposal

rivers groundwater hydraul. habitats

The following contens refers to the green marked boxes.

Navigation canals in New York State, USA, 1868

Development of Canal Cross Section in Middle Europe

Rhine and Oder were linked (1938)

German Inland Waterways 1939

German Federal Waterways 1993

Beginning of Ship Lift Constructions Barge Ramp

Roll Bridge Barge Ramp 18th Century

Sketch: Wet Ship Lift (left parallel, right transversal to slipway)

Ship liftsEnd of 18th century AD

development of boat lifts independently in Germany

Cross section of the vertical ship lift Niederfinow, Germany

Beginning of Navigation Lock Construction

Italian mussel lock (river Brent)

italian ship lock 1673

Locks in the 18th century

Bingley staircase of locks today

Locks Today - Modern Shaft Lock with Recuperation Basins

Locks Today - Modern Staircase of Locks: Welland canal, Ontariao Canada

Ship mill on the Danube river at Regensburg, 1493 AD

Grinding mill with undershot water wheel, 1673

Sir Adam Beck hydropower station, Niagara, Ontario, Canada

14th 16th century 15th 18th century 1870 - 1940

Sadd el Kafara, Egypt 2500 BC

Marib Yemen, 900 BC

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