Induction Machines 1

Induction Motor Stator-2 pole

concentrated winding
Induction Machines 2
Induction motor stator- Distributed
4 pole lap winding
Ref: Electrical Machine Design by A.K. Sawhney
& A. Chakrabarti
Induction Machines 3
1 Cycle
Amp
time
t
0

t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
01
t
12

Currents in different phases of AC Machine
Induction Machines 4
Axis of phase a
a

-90 -40 10 60 110 160 210 260
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
F
a

Space angle () in degrees
t
0

t
01
t
12
t
2
a
MMF Due to a phase current
Induction Machines 5
a F
c

-93 10 113 216
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
a

b
c
a
a

b
c
a
a

b
c
a
a

b
c
F
b

F
a F
F
b

F
c

F
F
a
F
F
b

F
c

F
c

F
b

F
Space angle (u) in degrees
F
F
a F
c

F
b

t = t
0
= t
4

t = t
1
t = t
2
t = t
3
t = t
0
= t
4

RMF(Rotating Magnetic Field)
Induction Machines 6
Mathematical expression for RMF
; sec / 2
); ( #
2
3
; )
2
cos( ) , (
rad in voltage applied of frequency f
book the with consistent be to s pole of P
I N
F
t
P
F t F
or
m s
m
m
= =
=
=
=
t e
e
u
u
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
3
2
2
cos
3
2
cos
3
2
2
cos
3
2
cos )
2
cos( ) cos( ) , (
t
u
t
e
t
u
t
e u e u
P
t I N
P
t I N
P
t I N t F
m s
m s m s
Speed of RMF (synchronous speed)
The RMF will become constant if
0
2
= t
P
e
u
That can happen if the rate of change of
. sec / .
2
1
rad
P dt
d e u
e = =
u is
This is called the synchronous speed.
rpm
P
f
P
f
P dt
d
n
120
2 *
60 * 2 * 2
2 *
60 * 2
2
60
1
= = = =
t
t
t
e
t
u
In rpm,
7 Induction Machines
Induction Machines 8
Mathematical expression and speed of
RMF with space and time harmonics
e e
e
u
u
nP
h
h
n
t h
nP
F t F
nh
mnh
2
by given is speed RMF the general In
6. slide in described procedure the following sign out the find can One
negative are they etc. 5,11,17 For
positive are they etc. 1,7,13, For
. harmonics on dependent is RMF the of rotation of speed The
... ,5,7,6,11. harmonics1 time of order
.... 1,5,7,6,11 harmonics space of order
; )
2
cos( ) , (
=
=
=
=
Induction Machines 9
RMF- How it looks for different poles
Induction Machines 10
# of poles versus synchronous speed in
rpm for a machine excited with 60 Hz
n
1
Induction Machines 11
Induction Motor
Most popular motor today in the low and medium horsepower range

Very robust in construction

Speed easily controllable using V/f or Field Oriented Controllers

Have replaced DC Motors in areas where traditional DC Motors
cannot be used such as mining or explosive environments

Of two types depending on motor construction: Squirrel Cage
or Slip Ring

Only Disadvantage: Most of them run with a lagging power factor

Induction Machines 12
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Induction Machines 13
Slip Ring Rotor
The rotor contains windings similar to stator.

The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings that
are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static.
Induction Machines 14
Torque Production in an Induction Motor
In a conventional DC machine field is stationary and the
current carrying conductors rotate.
We can obtain similar results if we make field structure
rotating and current carrying conductor stationary.
In an induction motor the conventional 3-phase winding
sets up the rotating magnetic field(RMF) and the rotor
carries the current carrying conductors.
An EMF and hence current is induced in the rotor due to
the speed difference between the RMF and the rotor,
similar to that in a DC motor.
This current produces a torque such that the speed
difference between the RMF and rotor is reduced.
Induction Machines 15
Slip in Induction Motor
However, this speed difference cannot become zero because that
would stop generation of the torque producing current itself.

The parameter slip s is a measure of this relative speed difference
1
1
1
1
e
e e
m m
n
n n
s

=

=
where n
1
,e
1
are the speeds of the RMF in RPM and rad/sec
respectively
n
m
,e
m
are the speeds of the motor in RPM and rad/sec respectively

The angular slip frequency and the slip frequency at which voltage
is induced in the rotor is given by
sf f , s
slip slip
= e = e
Induction Machines 16
Induction Motor Example 1
A 100 hp, 8 pole, 60 Hz, 3 phase induction motor runs at 891 rpm
under full load. Determine the i) synchronous speed in rpm, ii) slip, iii)
slip frequency at full load. Also, iv) estimate speed if load torque becomes
half of full load torque, given the fact that torque is proportional to
slip in the region between breakdown torque or zero torque.

Solution:
i) Synchronous speed=
1
=
120

=
120 . 60
8
= 900
rpm.

ii) Slip = =

1
=
900891
900
=
9
900
= 0.01

iii) Slip frequency = . = 0.01 .60 = 0.6 Hz.
Example I: Solution
Induction Machines 17

T
S, n
m
T
start
T
max
}
Toruqe is proportional to
slip between maximum
(break down) torque and zero torque
T
full load
iv) Following the figure above

and

/2 =
/2
where FL implies full load and K is the constant of proportionality.

/2
=

/2

2
= 0.005
speed at half load torque= 1
2

= 1

= 1 0.005900 = 895.5 rpm.

Induction Machines 18
Rotor Equivalent Circuit
R
2
sE
2
jsX
2
I
2
E
2
jX
2
R
2
/s I
2
The equation for the circuit on the left is
sE
2
=I
2
(R
2
+jsX
2
)

Dividing both sides by s we can obtain
E
2
=I
2
(R
2
/s+jX
2
)
Induction Machines 19
Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit
Note: P
rot
includes the iron losses along with the rotational losses. The sum of the
iron and rotational losses and hence P
rot
is constant over the normal operating range at rated
frequency of operation. This is because as the speed increases the rotational losses increase, but
the rotor iron losses decrease as the slip frequency is lower. The converse is true when speed
decreases.

V1
I1
R1
jX
1
jX
2
'
R2

((1-s)/s)R2
jX
m
I2

I
m
P
in
=3|V
1
||I
1
|cos| P
ag
P
1
=3|I
1
|
2
R
1
Stator copper
loss
P
dev
=
3|I
2
'
|
2
{(1-s)/s}R
2
'
P
out
P
2
=3|I
2
'
|
2
R
2
'
Rotor copper
loss
P
rot
Rotational loss
Power Relationships
s s P P P
s s P P
P P P
dev ag
dev
dev ag
=
=
+ =
1 : : 1 : :
1 : :
2
2
2
20 Induction Machines
Induction Motor Example 2
A, 3 phase, 15 hp, 460V, 4 pole, 60 Hz,1728 rpm IM delivers full
output power to a load connected to its shaft. Windage and friction
losses amount to 750W. Determine i) gross output(mechanical)
power, ii) Air-gap power and iii) Rotor copper loss.
Solution:
(i) Full load shaft power,

= 15 hp = 15 * 746 =11190 W.

Gross ouput power =

= Shaft power + windage and friction loss = 11190+ 750 = 11940 W.

(ii) Synchronous speed=
1
=
120

=
120 60
4
= 1800 rpm.

Slip = =

1
=
18001728
1800
=
72
1800
= 0.04

1
=
11940
1 0.04
= 12437.5 W

(iii) Rotor copper loss =
2
=

= 0.04 12437.5 = 497.5 W.

OR

2
=

= 12437.5 11940 W =497.5 W.

21 Induction Machines
Induction Motor Example 3
Induction Machines 22
A 30 hp, 4 pole, 440V,60 Hz delta connected induction motor
has a rotational loss of 900W at1764 rpm. Find the pf, line
current, output power, air-gap power, copper loss, output torque,
efficiency at 1764 rpm. R
1
=1.2 ohms,
R
2
'=0.6 ohms X
1
=2 ohms, X
2
'=0.8 ohms , X
m
=50 ohms.

Solutions:

V
1
=440<0
0
V
I
1
R
1
=1.2
jX
1
=j2 jX
2

=j0.8
R
2

=0.6
((1-s)/s)R
2

=29.4
jX
m
= j50
I
2

I
m
Induction Motor Example 3 (contd..)
Induction Machines 23
Synchronous speed=

=
120

=
120 . 60
4
= 1800 rpm.

Slip = =

=
18001764
1800
=
36
1800
= 0.02.

=
10.02
0.02
. 0.6 = 29.4 .

From the above figure

1
=
1
+
1
+

.
1

+
2

+
2

+
1

+
2

+
2

=22.75+j 15.51 =27.5334.29
0



1
=

1
=
4400
0
27.5334.29
0
=15.9834.29
0
A

= = cos34.29 = 0.83 lag.

Line current =3
1
= 27.68 A.
Induction Motor Example 3 (contd..)
Induction Machines 24
Input power =

= 3
1

1
= 3. 440. 15.98 . 0.83 = 17.43 kW.

1
(
1
+
1
)

+
2

=
4400
0
15.9834.29
0
.(1.2+2)
(30+0.8)
= 13.55 3.73
0
A

Output power =

2
= 3
2

2
1

900 = 16193.74 900 = 15293.74 W

Copper loss =
1
+
2
= 3
1
2

1
+ 3
2

= 3 15.98
2
1.2 +3 13.55
2
0.6 = 919.30 +
330.48 = 1249.78 W

Output Torque =

=
15293.74
2
1764
60
= 82.79 .

% Efficiency = =

. 100 =
15293.74
17430
. 100 = 87.74 %

2
=17430-3 15.98
2
1.2 =17430-919.30=16510.7 W.
Three Phase Table
Induction Machines 25
Relationships of balanced three phase circuits



Star Delta
Voltage (V)

= 3

Current (A)

= 3

Active Power (P) (W)
3

cos
=3

cos
3

cos
=3

cos
Reactive Power (Q)
(VAR)
3

sin
=3

sin
3

sin
=3

sin
Apparent Power(VA)
3

=3

=3

Note:

= Line-Line Voltage,

= Line Current,

= Phase
voltage,

= Phase Current, cos = Power Factor, = Power Factor

Angle.