Coordinated Master Control and Supervisory System

for 110KV Sub-Station using embedded system

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substation transforms voltage from high to low or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. Basically the sub-stations are getting high voltage source and step down in to certain level and fed to the domestic applications. Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network.
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Need For Automation: Electrical substations required manual switching or adjustment of equipment, and manual collection of data for load, energy consumption, and abnormal events. As the complexity of distribution networks grew, it became economically necessary to automate supervision and control of substations from a centrally attended point, to allow overall coordination in case of emergencies and to reduce operating costs. Human intelligence is incomparable to any manmade system, but one always cannot alert. Each person cannot be same expert level. Interpretation and execution time is high. Data Storage is not unique, communication is slow. To avoid the above and more scenarios, we need a automation system such as Coordinated Master Control and Supervisory System

There are so many parameters to be considered for construction and maintenance of a sub-station. As handling high voltage and current circuits necessary international standards are strictly followed for equipments and its arrangements. The control and operation is an interesting activity which involves sequence of steps or predefined order of actions. If the mal operation happened, such a huge damages will experienced for men and material. To avoid accidents and losses, there are so many systems involved in the protection, controlling and monitoring applications. But due to lack of proper coordination between various systems and less failsafe protection of the system, there are many problems can occur. To avoid or minimize the above problems we may introduce an instrumentation and supervision technology to the sub-stations, which are followed in the various process industries like thermal power stations. Our Project: Our project will support Automatic Detection & Control and Self Protection. Our project is that the each distributed controller will automatically control their parameters and all the controllers are connected to a PC. Due to this arrangement an online monitoring is possible based on the real time graph produced in the system and a provision to monitor & control remotely. Thus the system does not need any human interface over a period of time and remote control & monitoring is achieved. Various parameters to be measured in a sub-station are: 1. Current and Voltage measurement 2. Frequency and power factor measurement 3. Active Power, Reactive Power and Energy measurement

Various condition monitoring signals measured like: 1. Breaker position, Breaker accessories, isolator position 2. Single phasing circuit 3. Line clear or permission on line 4. Station Battery & Charging System

This system can do the following, 1. Coordinate with distributed control systems. 2. Automatic Voltage Correction 3. Automatic Power factor Correction 4. Automated Charging & shutdown of total SS 5. Fail safe protection 6. Communicating to local area network 7. Remote execution 8. Data logging and historian 9. Programmable Features This system consists of, 1. Power Circuit 2. Control Circuit 3. RS232 Serial Interface 4. Local Display 5. XBEE Transceiver 6. Remote Display

Power Circuit:
Power circuit mainly consists of : Power Supply Step Down Transformer Multitapping Arrangement Current Transformer Potential Transformer Circuit Breaker Loading Circuit Metering Circuit : : : : : : : : 440V 440V/220V - 5A - 1KVA 216V - 218V - 220V - 222v - 224V 100/5 - 5VA - Class 1 100 : 1 440V - 5A & 230V - 5A As required PF Measurement & Frequency Measurement

Incoming Feeder Circuit:

CT

PT

CB

440v Feeder 1 HV Incoming Feeders HV Bus Bar

CB

CT

PT

Outgoing Feeder Circuit:

440v Feeder 2 222

CT PT

CB

Online Voltage Tap Changing Unit (OLTC) Bus Bar

CT

PT

CB

220v - LV Bus Bar

220v Feeder 1
CT PT

CB

220v Feeder 2
CT PT

LV Main Isolating Bus Bar

CB

220v Feeder 3 Matrix Capacitor Bank LV Outgoing Feeders

Online Tap Changer Circuit:

PT

CB

216v Tapping
PT

1 Step Down Transformer 440/220v 5A With Multitapping 216v - 218v 220v 222v 224V

CB

218v Tapping
PT

CB

220v Tapping
PT

Online Voltage Tap Changing Unit

CB

222v Tapping
PT

CB

224v Tapping

Online Voltage Tap Changer Unit (OLTC) C T Current Transformer 100/5 P T Potential Transformer CB Circuit Breaker HV High Voltage (440v) LV Low Voltage (220v)

Power circuit will be mounted on 4*1.5ft wooden board. Control circuit will be mounted on 2*1.5ft wiring board

Control Circuit:
Control circuit mainly consists of :

Power Supply Main controller Serial Interface circuit Serial Interface IC Drive Circuit IC

: : : : :

12V PIC 16F877A RS232 MAX232CP ULN2003

Introduction about PIC 16F877A

The PIC16F877 is a well known product by Microchip. It features all the components which modern microcontrollers normally have. For its low price, wide range of application, high qual-ity and easy availability, it is an ideal solution in applications such as the control of different processes in industry, machine control devices, measurement of different values etc. Some of its main features are listed below.

Power Circuit for Microcontroller

Power circuit consists of:

220/12V Step Down Transformer Bridge Rectifier circuit LM 7805 Voltage regulator IC Capacitors as filters

Basic Features Of PIC 16F877A

RISC architecture Only 35 instructions to learn All single-cycle instructions except branches

Operating frequency 0-20 MHz Precision internal oscillator Factory calibrated Software selectable frequency range of 8MHz to 31KHz

Power supply voltage 2.0-5.5V Consumption: 220uA (2.0V, 4MHz), 11uA (2.0 V, 32 KHz) 50nA (stand-by mode)

Power-Saving Sleep Mode Brown-out Reset (BOR) with software control option 35 input/output pins High current source/sink for direct LED drive software and individually programmable pull-up resistor Interrupt-on-Change pin

8K ROM memory in FLASH technology Chip can be reprogrammed up to 100.000 times

In-Circuit Serial Programming Option Chip can be programmed even embedded in the target

256 bytes EEPROM memory Data can be written more than 1.000.000 times

368 bytes RAM memory A/D converter: 14-channels 10-bit resolution

Watch-dog timer & 3 independent timers/counters

Analogue comparator module with Two analogue comparators Fixed voltage reference (0.6V) Programmable on-chip voltage reference

PWM output steering control Enhanced USART module Supports RS-485, RS-232 and LIN2.0 Auto-Baud Detect

Pin Out Diagram

Pin Out Description

Most pins of the PIC16F877 microcontroller are multi-functional. For example, designator RA3/AN3/Vref+/C1IN+ for the fifth pin of the microcontroller indicates that it has the following functions:

RA3 Port A third digital input/output AN3 Third analog input Vref+ Positive voltage reference C1IN+ Comparator C1 positive input

Such pin functionality is very useful as it makes the microcontroller package more compact without affecting its operation. These various pin functions cannot be used simultaneously, but can be changed at any point during operation.

MEMORY

The PIC16F877 has three types of memory ROM, RAM and EEPROM. All of them will be separately discussed since each has specific functions, features and organization.

ROM MEMORY

ROM memory is used to permanently save the program being executed. This is why it is often called program memory. The PIC16F877 has 8Kb of ROM (in total of 8192 locations). Since the ROM memory is made with FLASH technology, its contents can be changed by providing a special programming voltage (13V). However, it is not necessary to explain it in detail as being automatically performed by means of a special program on the PC and a simple electronic device called the programmer.

EEPROM MEMORY

Similar to program memory, the contents of EEPROM is permanently saved, even when the power goes off. However, unlike ROM, the contents of EEPROM can be changed during the operation of the microcontroller. This is why this memory (256 locations) is perfect for permanently saving some of the results created and used during the operation.

RAM MEMORY

This is the third and the most complex part of microcontroller memory. In this case, it consists of two parts: general-purpose registers and special-function registers (SFR). All these registers are divided in four memory banks to be explained later in the chapter. Even though both groups of registers are cleared when power goes off and even though they are manufactured in the same manner and act in a similar way, their functions do not have many things in common.

Advantages of PIC 16F887A

The CPU only recognizes 35 simple instructions. Just to mention that in order to program other microcontrollers in assembly language it is necessary to know more than 200 instructions by heart. The execution time is the same for almost all instructions, and lasts for 4 clock cycles. The oscillator frequency is stabilized by a quartz crystal. The execution time of jump and branch instructions is 2 clock cycles. It means that if the microcontrollers operating speed is 20MHz, the execution time of each instruction will be 200nS, i.e. the program will execute 5 million instructions per second!

Basic Circuit For PIC16F877A:

RS - 232 Communications:

Driver circuit IC:

The ULN 2003 has 7 inputs & 7 outputs which is used to drive the relays needed to control the circuit. The output signal from the microcontroller is fed to this IC as input