What is Protocol?

In information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange at the application program level. In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must recognize and observe. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard. On the Internet, there are the TCP/IP protocols, consisting of:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level Additional protocols that include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each with defined sets of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the Internet

There are many other Internet protocols, such as the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). What is Router?

In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination.

What is OSI Model?

OSI Layer Diagram:

7) Application Layer: The application layer provider different services to the application. Example of services provided by this layer are file transfer, electronic messaging e-mail, virtual terminal access and network management. 6) Presentation Layer : The Presentation layer is responsible for protocol conversion, date encryption/decryption, Expanding graphics command and the date compression. This layer makes the communications between two host possible. 5) Session Layer : This layer is responsible for establishing the process-to-process communication between the host in the network. This layer is responsible for establishing and ending the sessions across the network. The interactive login is an example of services provided by this layer in which the connective are re-connected in care of any interruption. 4) Transport Layer : This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivers of messages between the networked hosts. It first divides the streams of data into chunks or packets before transmission and then the receiving computer re-assembles the packets. It also guarantee error free data delivery without loss or duplications. 3) Network Layer : This layer is responsible for translating the logical network address and names into their physical address ( MAC address). This layer is also responsible for addressing, determining routes for sending and managing network problems such as packet switching, data congestion and routines.

2) Data Link Layer : Data link layer is responsible for controlling the error between adjacent nodes and transfer the frames to other computer via physical layer. Data link layer is used by hubs and switches for their operation. 1) Physical Layer : Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting row bit stream over the physical cable. The physical layer defines the hardware items such as cables, cards, voltages etc. How to remember the layer of OSI model? The easiest way to remember the different layers of OSI Model is to use the mnemonic "All people seem To need Data Processing":
Layer Mnemo nic 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Name

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

All People Seem To Need Data Processin g

What is DNS Server?

A DNS server is any computer registered to join the Domain Name System. A DNS server runs special-purpose networking software, features a public IP address, and contains a database of network names and addresses for other Internet hosts. What is DNS? The DNS translates Internet domain and host names to IP addresses. DNS automatically converts the names we type in our Web browser address bar to the IP addresses of Web servers hosting those sites. What is DHCP?

DHCP allows a computer to join an IP-based network without having a preconfigured IP address. DHCP is a protocol that assigns unique IP addresses to devices, then releases and renews these addresses as devices leave and re-join the network. What is Forward & Reverse lookup in DNS?
Fwd Lookup Rev Lookup resolves a Hostname to its IP address resolves a IP Address to its Hostname

What is difference between IP address and IP protocol ? IP address for to communicate with any other systems with in the network or inter networks and to find the systems in large networks.ip protocol for to enable the ip addressing for to communicating systems or resources.THE COMPUTERS not understand any languages only it understands by using only port numbers.these port numbers allocated for each every protocol. what is difference bw outlook and outlook express ? Outlook express: 1. outlook express dbx files. 2. outlook express not using there in excharge server 3. calender task supports no Outlook: 1. outlook pst files 2. outlook using the excharge server 3. calender task supports What is switch? switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model What are the advantages and disadvantages of modem? Slow speed when compared to hub Limited no of systems can be connected max-8 or 12 modem convert the digital signal to analog signal. the means of the modem is modulation+demodulation disadvantage: modem is not understood the intermediate proocess. and it does not know about the own distination path. In modulation ,characteristics of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the message signal. Whereas in demodulation, the message signal is extracted from the carrier signal. What is Firewall? A firewall is a secure and trusted machine that sits between a private network and a public network. Firewall provides a permission or destroys for a packet to enter inside our network from private network . What is BIOS?(Basic Input Output System) BIOS is an abbreviation for Basic Input Output System. When you turn on your computer, the BIOS, which is a piece of software, checks all of the components on your computer, starts the operating system, and support the

transfer of data among hardware devices. It allows the computers hardware and operating system to communicate with additional devices, such as printers, mice and scanners.