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RNE Fundamentals 1- -2
Objectives
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
By the end of the course, participants will be able to: Plan a standard GSM (single band and single layer) network in urban, suburban and rural areas fulfilling defined coverage probability; Choose suitable BTS site configurations for different clutter types: Omni sites/sectorized sites, Number of TRX, Antenna height and antenna type, Feeder cable. Plan site locations: To achieve planned coverage probability Inter site distance Antenna azimuth and tilt.
Objectives [cont.]
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
Table of Contents
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
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2.8 Antenna Engineering 2.8.27 Feeders 223 2.8.28 Feeder Installation Set and Connectors 224 2.8.29 Feeder Parameters 225 2.8.30 Feeder attenuation (1) 226 2.8 Antenna Engineering 2.8.31 Radiating Cables 227 2.8.32 Components of a radiating cable system 228 2.8.33 Comparison of field strength: Radiating cable and standard antenna 229 2.8.34 Example of a radiating cable in a tunnel 230 2.8.35 Microwave antennas, feeders and accessories 231 2.8.36 Parabolic antenna 232 2.8.37 High performance antenna 233 2.8.38 Horn antennas 234 2.8.39 Specific Microwave Antenna Parameters (1) 235 2.8.40 Specific Microwave Antenna Parameters (2) 236 2.8.41 Data sheet 15 GHz 237 2.8.42 Radiation pattern envelope 238 2.8.43 Feeders (1) 239 2.8.44 Feeders (2) 240 2.8.45 Feeders (3) 241 2.8.46 Feeders (4) 242 Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel 2.8.47 Feeders (5) 243 2.8.48 Antenna feeder systems (1) 244 2.8.49 Antenna feeder systems (2) 245 2.8.50 Antenna feeder systems (3) 246 2.9 Alcatel BSS 247 2.9.1 Architecture of BTS - Evolium Evolution A9100 248 2.9.2 EVOLIUMTM A9100 Base Station (1) 249 2.9.3 EVOLIUMTM A9100 Base Station (2) 250 2.9.4 EVOLIUMTM A9100 Base Station (3) 251 2.9.5 EVOLIUMTM BTS Features 252 2.9.7 Generic Configurations for A9100 G4/5 BTS 258 2.9.8 Non multi-band configurations 259 2.9.9 Multi-band configurations 260 2.9.10 Extended cell configurations 261 2.9.11 Standard configurations 262 2.9.12 TRX Types 263 2.9.12 TRX Types 264 2.9.13 BTS Output Power 265 2.9.14 Feature Power Balancing 266 2.9.15 Cell Split Feature 267 2.9.19 Cell Split Example: High Power Configuration 268 2.9.22 Indoor BTS Rack Layout 269 2.9.23 Outdoor MBO1 Evolution and MBO2 Evolution cabinets 270 2.9.24 Micro BTS types 271 2.9.25 Technical Data 272 2.9.26 BSC capacities in terms of boards 273 2.9.27 Capacity and dimensioning for E1 links 274 2.9.28 Abis and atermux allocation on LIU boards 275
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RNE Fundamentals 1 - - 13
RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
14
1 Introduction
1 Intruduction
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16
Project supported by
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan) CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institut T1 Standards Committee T1 Telecommunication (US) TTA Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea) TTC Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)
The Organizational Partners shall determine the general policy and strategy of 3GPP and perform the following tasks:
Approval and maintenance of the 3GPP scope Maintenance the Partnership Project Description Taking decisions on the creation or cessation of Technical Specification Groups, and approving their scope and terms of reference Approval of Organizational Partner funding requirements Allocation of human and financial resources provided by the Organizational Partners to the Project Co-ordination Group
Source: www.3gpp.org
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TSG ORGANIZATION
Project Co-ordination Group (PCG)
TSG GERAN
GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
TSG RAN
Radio Access Networks
TSG SA
Services & System Aspects
TSG CT
Core Network & Terminals
GERAN WG1
Radio Aspects
RAN WG1
Radio Layer 1 specification
SA WG1
Services
GERAN WG2
Protocol Aspects
SA WG2
Architecture
GERAN WG3
Terminal Testing
RAN WG3
UTRAN O&M requirements
SA WG3
Security
RAN WG4
Radio &Protocol Aspects
SA WG4
Codec SA WG5
Telecom Management
Source: www.3gpp.org
18
For the latest specification status information please go to the 3GPP Specifications database: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/Databases/Spec_Status/ The latest versions of specifications can be found on ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/
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TR 01.04 Abbreviations and acronyms TS 03.22 Functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode and group receive mode TR 03.30 Radio Network Planning Aspects TS 04.04 Layer 1 - General Requirements TS 04.06 Mobile Station - Base Stations System (MS - BSS) Interface Data Link (DL) Layer Specification TS 04.08 Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification TS 05.05 Radio Transmission and Reception TS 05.08 Radio Subsystem Link Control TS 08.06 Signalling Transport Mechanism Specification for the Base Station System - Mobile Services Switching Centre (BSS-MSC) Interface TS 08.08 Mobile-services Switching Centre - Base Station system (MSCBSS) Interface Layer 3 Specification
1 Intruduction
20
21
MS
GSM CircuitCircuit-switching:
Um (Radio) Abis
MSC MSC
MS - BTS
LapDm
(GSM specific)
BTS BSC
BTS BSC
BTS - BSC BSC - MSC MSCMSC-VLR (SM(SM-G)MSCG)MSC-HLR HLRHLR-VLR (SM(SM-G)MSCG)MSC-MSC MSCMSC-EIR VLRVLR-VLR HLRHLR-AuC MSCMSC-GCR
LapD
(ISDN type)
A B C D E F G H I PSTN ISDN
E B G
VLR VLR
C D
HLR
F H
AuC EIR
GCR
PSTN / ISDN
AuC
AuC Authentication Center BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller BSS Base Station System EIR Equipment Identity Register HLR Home Location Register ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network MS Mobile Station OMC-R Operation and Maintenance Centre Radio PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network VLR Visitor Location Register GCR Group Call Register -The general architecture of GSM is maintained. In addition, a network function is required which is used for registration of the broadcast call attributes, the Group Call Register.
22
MS
BSS with PCU
MS - BTS
LAPDm
(GSM specific)
SGSN
SGSN
MSC
Gb
BSS - SGSN SGSNSGSN-SGSN SGSN-GGSN SGSN SGSNSGSN-HLR GGSNGGSN-HLR SGSNSGSN-EIR SGSNSGSN-MSC/VLR GGSNGGSN-Data Network
Gn
GGSN
Gs Gn Gn Gr Gc
HLR EIR
Gf
Gr Gc Gf Gs Gi
Data Network
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
Note: according to GSM 03.60, the PCU function (Packet Control Unit) may be implemented on the BTS, the BSC or the SGSN site. MFS Multi BSS Fast Packet Server A935 PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node VLR Visitor Location Register
1.2.3 OMC-R
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
23
GPRS CN
GGSN
GPRS Core Network (CN): Alcatel 1000 GPRS Packet Control Unit (PCU) function for several BSS: Alcatel 9135 MFS TC Transcoder
24
Terminal Equipment
Mobile Station MS
Operation and Maintenance Center OMC Multi-BSS Fast Packet Server (GPRS) MFS Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSN
1.2.5 RF Spectrum
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
25
System GSM 450 GSM 480 GSM 850 GSM 900 E-GSM DCS 1800 (GSM) PCS 1900 (GSM)
Total Bandwidth Uplink frequency band /MHz 2x7.5MHz 450.4-457.6 2x7.2MHz 2x25MHz 2x25MHz 2x35MHz 2x75MHz 2x60MHz 478.8-486 824-849 890-915 880-915 1710-1785 1850-1910
Downlink frequency band /MHz 460.4-467.6 488.8-496 869-894 935-960 925-960 1805-1880 1930-1990
Carrier Spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
AMPS : UK TACS : UK DECT: Cordless CDMA: System of next Generation TETRA: Digital communication System for Commercial use Frequency Ranges depends on country.
1 Intruduction
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27
1.3.2 FDMA
@@SECTIONTITLE - @@MODULETITLE @@SECTION - @@MODULE - 25
Used for standard analog cellular mobile systems (AMPS, TACS, NMT etc.) Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the RF spectrum Permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to use the channel 100% of the time.
@@PRODUCT - @@COURSENAME
1.3.3 TDMA
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
29
Multiple users share RF carrier on a time slot basis Carriers are sub-divided into timeslots Information flow is not continuous for an user, it is sent and received in "bursts"
30
Multiple access spread spectrum technique Each user is assigned a sequence code during a call No time division; all users use the entire carrier
What is CDMA ? One of the most important concepts to any cellular telephone system is that of "multiple access", meaning that multiple, simultaneous users can be supported. In other words, a large number of users share a common pool of radio channels and any user can gain access to any channel (each user is not always assigned to the same channel). A channel can be thought of as merely a portion of the limited radio resource which is temporary allocated for a specific purpose, such as someone's phone call. A multiple access method is a definition of how the radio spectrum is divided into channels and how channels are allocated to the many users of the system.
31
Analogue transmission of speech One TCH/Channel Only FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Different Systems
AMPS (Countries: USA) TACS (UK, I, A, E, ...) NMT (SF, S, DK, N, ...) ...
NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone System. Allianz von Nordischen Systembetreibern. AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System TACS: Total Access Communications System UK United Kingdom I Italy A Austria E Spain SF Finnland S Schweden DK Denmark N Norwegen
Analogue cellular mobile telephone system Predominant cellular system operating in the US Original system: 666 channels (624 voice and 42 control channels) EAMPS - Extended AMPS Current system: 832 channels (790 voice, 42 control); has replaced AMPS as the US standard NAMPS - Narrowband AMPS New system that has three times more voice channels than EAMPS with no loss of signal quality Backward compatible: if the infrastructure is designed properly, older phones work on the newer systems
33
Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power Transmission HO Roaming
FDMA 825 - 890 MHz 30 kHz 666 (832) 1 0.6 - 4 W Voice, (data) possible possible
34
Extended AMPS Uplink Channel number 991 1023 1 AMPS 666 667 799
Frequency of Channel 824.040 825.030 844.980 845.010 (MHz) 845.010 Downlink Channel number Frequency of Channel (MHz)
991 1023 1
890.010
Analogue cellular mobile telephone system The UK TACS system was based on the US AMPS system TACS - Original UK system that has either 600 or 1000 channels (558 or 958 voice channels, 42 control channels) RF frequency band: 890 - 960 Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960 Channel spacing: 25 KHz
36
Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power Transmission HO Roaming
FDMA 890 - 960 MHz 25 kHz 1000 1 0.6 - 10 W Voice , (data) possible possible
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38
1329
2047
11
23
44
34 32 4 3 Organisatio nB
60 0
1000
872 917
890 935
905 (950 )
915 (960 )
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Easy adaptation to digital networks Digital signaling serves for flexible adaptation to operational needs Possibility to realize a wide spectrum of non-voice services Digital transmission allows for high cellular implementation flexibility Digital signal processing gain results in high interference immunity Privacy of radio transmission ensured by digital voice coding and encryption Cost and performance trends of modern microelectronics are in favour of a digital solution
40
Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (average/max) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HO Roaming
TDMA/FDMA 890 - 960 MHz 200 kHz 124 8 2 W/ 8 W 10 ... 40 W - 102 dBm - 104 dBm Voice, data possible possible
42
Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (average/max) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HO
TDMA/FDMA 1880 - 1900 MHz 1.728 MHz 10 12 (duplex) 10 mW/250 mW 250 mW -83 dBm -83 dBm Voice, data possible
Frequency Range with 10 carriers, 1728 KHz channel spacing 10 carrier 24 timeslots 120 Duplex channels cell radius 200-300 meter no Equalizer HO und Macro Diversity Optional
Spread spectrum technology (Code Division Multiple Access) Several users occupy continuously one CDMA channel (bandwidth: 1.25 MHz) The CDMA channel can be re-used in every cell Each user is addressed by
A specific code and Selected by correlation processing
Vocoder allows variable data rates Soft handover Open and closed loop power control Multiple forms of diversity Data, fax and short message services possible
Vocoder: 8Kbps oder 13 Kbps. Multiple Forms of diversity: w Frequency diversity (Spektrum 1.25 MHz) w Spatial diversity (2 different receiving Antennas) w Path diversity (Usage of Multi-path propagation) w Time diversity (Interleaving, error correction codes.)
45
Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Channels per 1250 kHz Mobile Power (average/max) Transmission HO ("Soft handoff") Roaming
CDMA 869-894 / 824-849 or 1900 MHz 1250 kHz 64 1-6.3 W / 6.3 W Voice, data possible possible
Standard for a frequency efficient european digital trunked radio communication system (defined in 1990) Possibility of connections with simultaneous transmission of voice and data Encryption at two levels:
Basic level which uses the air interface encryption End-to-end encryption (specifically intended for public safety users)
47
Public safety
Police (State, Custom, Military, Traffic) Fire brigades Ambulance service ...
For use in: w Police, ambulance and fire Services w Security Services w Military w Transport Services w Closed User Groups (CUGs) w Factory site services
Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (3 Classes) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HO Roaming
TDMA/FDMA 380 - 400 MHz 25 or 12.5 KHz not yet specified 4 1, 3, 10 W 0.6 - 25 W -103 dBm -106 dBm Voice, data, images, short message possible possible
49
Third generation mobile communication system Combining existing mobile services (GSM, CDMA etc.) and fixed telecommunications services More capacity and bandwidth More services (Speech, Video, Audio, Multimedia etc.) Worldwide roaming "High" subscriber capacity
http://www.vtt.fi/tte/nh/UMTS/
1 Intruduction
50
51
The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the customer prescribes the requirements mainly Coverage
Definition of coverage probability
Percentage of measurements above level threshold
Traffic
Definition of Erlang per square kilometer Definition of number of TRX in a cell Mixture of circuit switched and packed switched traffic
QoS
Call success rate RxQual, voice quality, throughput rates, ping time
52
The preliminary design lays the foundation to create the Bill of Quantity (BoQ)
List of needed network elements
Coverage Plots
Expected receiving level
53
This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the on site part of the RNP process takes place. This ramp up phase includes:
Geo data procurement if required Setting up general rules of the project Define and agree on reporting scheme to be used
Coordination of information exchange between the different teams which are involved in the project
Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project Definition of required manpower and budget Selection of project database (MatrixX)
54
Area surveys
As well check of correctness of geo data
Selection of number of sectors/TRX per site together with project management and customer Get real design acceptance from customer based on coverage prediction and predefined design level thresholds
55
Site candidate acceptance and Several site candidates shall be the result ranking
out of the site location search If the reported site is accepted as candidate, then it is ranked according to its quality in terms of
Radio transmission
-High visibility on covered area -No obstacles in the near field of the antennas -No interference from other systems/antennas
Installation costs
-Installation possibilities -Power supply -Wind and heat
Maintenance costs
-Accessibility -Rental rates for object -Durability of object
56
BTS/Node B location Power and feeder cable mount Transmission equipment installation Final Line Of Site (LOS) confirmation for microwave link planning
E.g. red balloon of around half a meter diameter marks target location
If the site is not acceptable or the owner disagrees with all suggested solutions
The site will be rejected Site acquisition team has to organize a new date with the next site from the ranking list
57
After installation of equipment the basic parameter settings are used for
Commissioning
Functional test of BTS and VSWR check
Cell design CAE data to be defined for all cells are for example:
CI/LAC/BSIC Frequencies Neighborhood/cell handover relationship Transmit power Cell type (macro, micro, umbrella, )
Call tests
RNEs define cell design data Operations field service generates the basic software using the cell design CAE data
58
COF
A9155 PRC Generator Module
ACIE
Conversion
OMC 2
59
The network is launched step by step during the TOC A single step takes typically two or three weeks
Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even years
60
RNE performs drive measurement to compare the real coverage with the predicted coverage of the cells. If coverage holes or areas of high interference are detected
Adjust the antenna tilt and orientation
Verification of cell design CAE data To fulfill heavy acceptance test requirements, it is absolutely essential to perform such a drive measurement. Basic site and area optimization reduces the probability to have unforeseen mysterious network behavior afterwards.
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62
Basic optimization
All optimization tasks are still site related Alignment of antenna system Adding new sites in case of too large coverage holes Parameter optimization
No traffic yet -> not all parameters can be optimized
63
Acceptance drive test Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract Presentation of KPI to the customer Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptance targets in the contract The customer accepts
the whole network only parts of it step by step
64
Network is in commercial operation Network optimization can be performed Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by using A9156 RNO and A9185 NPA End of optimization depends on contract and mutual agreement between Alcatel and customer
Usually, Alcatel is only involved during the first optimization activities directly after opening the network commercially
RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
65
2 Coverage Planning
2 Coverage Planning
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2.1.1 Why are geographical data needed for Radio Network Planning ?
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
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Propagation models depend on geographical data Geographical information for site acquisition
Latitude (East/West) / Longitude (North/South) Rectangular coordinates (e.g. UTM coordinates)
68
Latitude
x, y Longitude
69
The Earth is a very complex shape To map the geography of the earth, a reference model (-> Geodetic Datum) is needed The model needs to be simple so that it is easy to use It needs to include a Coordinate system which allows the positions of objects to be uniquely identified It needs to be readily associated with the physical world so that its use is intuitive
70
Ellipsoid
e.g. WGS84, International 1924
Geodetic Datum
e.g. WGS84, ED50
Map Projection
e.g. Transverse Mercator (UTM), Lambert Conformal Conic
Geocoordinate System
e.g. UTM
71
Definition: A mathematical surface (an ellipse rotated around the earth's polar axis) which provides a convenient model of the size and shape of the earth. The ellipsoid is chosen to best meet the needs of a particular map datum system design. Reference ellipsoids are usually defined by semi-major (equatorial radius) and flattening (the relationship between equatorial and polar radii).
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73
Attention: Referencing geodetic coordinates to the wrong map datum can result in position errors of hundreds of meters
Info: In most cases the shift, rotation and scale factor of a Map Datum is relative to the satellite map datum WGS84.
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
74
Cylindrical
e.g. UTM, Gauss-Krueger
Conical
e.g.Lambert Conformal Conic
Planar/Azimuthal
Info: In 90% of the cases we will have a cylindrical projection in 10% of the cases a conical projection
75
To simplify the use of maps a Cartesian Coordinates is used To avoid negative values a
False Easting value and a False Northing value is added
Also a scaling factor is used to minimize the projection error over the whole area
X = Easting Y = Northing
76
Most needed Geodetic Datum in the world today (Satellite Datum) It is the reference frame used by the U.S. Department of Defense is defined by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) The Global Positioning System (GPS) system is based on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). Optimal adaption to the surface of the earth
77
Projection cylinder is rotated 90 degrees from the polar axis (transverse) Geometric basis for the UTM and the Gauss-Krueger Map Projection Conformal Map projection
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Middle-Meridian
79
60 zones, each 6o (60 6o = 360o ) 3o around each center meridian Beginning at 180o longitude (measured eastward from Greenwich)
80
False Easting: 500 000 m (Middle-meridian x = 500 000 m) False Northing: Northern Hemisphere: 0 m Southern Hemisphere: 10 000 000 m Scaling Factor: 0,9996 (used to minimize the projection error over the whole area)
81
UTM-Zones
-6
-3
9 15 21 27 33 39 Middle-Meridian
2.1.16 UTM-System
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
82
UTM-System
False origin on the central meridian of the zone has an easting of 500,000 meters. All eastings have a positive values for the zone Eastings range from 100,000 to 900,000 meters The 6 Degree zone ranges from 166,667 to 833,333 m, leaving about a 0.5 overlap at each end of the zone (valid only at the equator) This allows for overlaps and matching between zones
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84
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Maps an ellipsoid onto a cone whose central axis coincides with the polar axis
Cone touches the ellipsoid => One standard parallel (1SP) (e.g. NTF-System in France)
Cutting edges of cone and ellipsoid => Two standard parallels (2SP) (e.g. Lambert-Projection in Austria)
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DEM (Digital Elevation Model)/ Topography Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter Satellite Photos / Orthoimages Scanned Maps Background data (streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) Buildings Traffic data
87
Satellite imagery
Geospatial data
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
88
Coordinate system Map Projection (incl. Geodetic Datum) Location of the map (Area ) Scale:
macrocell planning 1:50000 - 1:100000 microcell planning 1:500 -1:5000
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Raster data
DEM /Topography Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter Traffic density
Vector data
Background data (streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) Buildings
(x1,y1) (xn,yn)
90
Pixel-oriented data Stored as row and column Each Pixel stored in one or two byte Each Pixel contents information (e.g. morphoclass, colour of a scanned map, elevation of a DEM)
2.1.25 Vectordata
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
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Vector mainly used are: airport, coastline, highway, main roads, secondary roads, railway, rivers/lakes Each vector contents
Info about kind of vector (x1,y1) (e.g. street, coastline) A series of several points Each point has a corresponded x / y -value (e.g. in UTM System or as Long/Lat) Info about Map projection and used Geodetic Datum
(xn,yn )
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Raster dataset that shows terrain features such as hills and valleys Each element (or pixel) in the DEM image represents the terrain elevation at that location Resolution in most cases: 20 m for urban areas 50-100 m for other areas DEM are typically generated from topographic maps, stereo satellite images, or stereo aerial photographs
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Land usage classification according to the impact on wave propagation In most cases: 7...14 morpho classes Resolution in most cases: 20 m for cities 50100m other areas for radio network planning
The clutter files describe the land cover (dense urban, buildings, residential, forest, open, villages....). Ground is represented by a grid map where each bin is characterised by a code corresponding to a main type of cover (a clutter class). The clutter maps are 8 bits/pixel (256 classes)-raster maps, they show an image with a colour assigned to each clutter class (by default, grey shading). Clutter file provides clutter code per bin. Bin size is defined by pixel size (P stated in metre). Pixel size must be the same in both directions. Abscissa and ordinate axes are respectively oriented in right and down directions. First point given in the file corresponds to the upper-left corner of the image. This point refers to the northwest point georeferenced by A9155
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Besides the topo database the basic input for radio network planning Each propagation area has different obstacles like buildings, forest etc. Obstacles which have similar effects on propagation conditions are classified in morphoclasses Each morphoclass has a corresponding value for the correction gain The resolution of the morpho databases should be adapted to the propagation model Morpho correction factor for predictions:
0 dB (skyscapers") 30 dB (water")
Morphodatabases (Landuse/Clutter) are a special kind of geodatabases. The morphodatabase is beside the topodatabase the basic input for radio network planning. Each morphoclass has a corresponding value of propagation loss. Together with a topographical database it is possible to predict the radio wave propagation. Each propagation area has different obstacles like buildings, forest etc. Those obstacles, which have similar effects on propagation conditions are classified in morphoclasses. This resolution of the morphodatabases should be adapted to the empirical propagation model for macrocellular radio network planning and the necessary planning resolution. In most cases the resolution of the rasterdatabases for morphostructure is around 50 ...100 m. With those values an optimum between calculation time and the necessary resolution of the prediction is reached in most radio network planning projects. For microcellular radio network planning a buildingdatabase is needed with a higher resolution. Each morphoclass is corresponding with a morpho-correction factor. The propagation loss is between 30 dB ("skyscrapers") ... and around 0 dB ("open area") The morphocorrection factors are achieved by calibration measurements
2.1.29 Morphoclasses
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
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Code 0 1
MorphoDescription structure not classified e.g. edge of a database skyscrapers / very high buildings ( >40m), very high density of buildings, buildings no vegetation on ground level e.g. cities like NewYork, Tokio etc. dense urban 4 or more storeys, areas within urban perimeters, inner city, very little vegetation, high density of buildings, most buildings are standing close together, small pedestrian zones and streets incl. medium 3 or 4 storeys, areas within urban perimeters, most buildings urban / mean are standing close together, less vegetation, middle density urban of buildings, small pedestrian zones and streets included lower urban / 2 or 3 storeys, middle density of buildings, suburban some vegetation, terraced houses with gardens residential 1-2 storeys, low density of buildings with gardens e.g. farmhouses, detached houses
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Code 7
Morphostructure forest
agriculture / rural
high vegetation, plants: 1... 3 m, high density of plants, e.g. crop fields, fruit plantation
low tree low vegetation, low height of plants, density / parks low density of plants, some kinds of parks, botanical garden water sea, rivers, all kind of fresh- and saltwater
10
11
open area
12 13
(optional) (optional)
no buildings, no vegetation e.g. desert, beach, part of an airport, big streets etc. huge parking areas, large defined by networkplanner if necessary defined by networkplanner if necessary
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All kinds of information data like streets, borders, coastlines etc. Necessary for orientation in plots of calculation results The background data are not needed for the calculation of the fieldstrength, power etc.
These data represent either polygons (regions...), or lines (roads, coastlines...) or points (towns...).
2.1.32 Orthophoto
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
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These geographic data regroup the road maps and the satellite images ; they are only used for display and provide information about the geographic environment. A9155 supports scanned image files with TIFF (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel), BIL (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel), PlaNET (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel), BMP (1-24-bits/pixel) and Erdas Imagine (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel) formats.
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Mainly used as background data Not used for calculation but for localisation Has to be geocoded to put it into a GIS (Geographic Information System) e.g. a Radio Network Planning Tool
2.1.34 Buildings
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
100
Vectordata
Outlines of
single buildings building blocks
101
Microcell radio network planning is mainly used in urban environment The prediction of mircowave propagation is calculated with a ray-tracing/launching model A lot of calculation steps are needed Optimum building database required (data reduction) to minimize the pre-calculation time
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Advantageous in the interference calculation, thus for frequency assignment and in the calculation of average figures in network analysis Raster database of traffic density values (in Erlangs) of the whole planning area Resolution: 20...100 m
103
Example Stuttgart (Example 1) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans:
Input: Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic Output: Easting: 513629 m Northing: 5400099 m Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984 Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North) Values, which will calculated by program Preset of this values necessary
104
Example Stuttgart (Example 1) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) GEOTRANS (Geographic Translator) is an application program which allows you to convert geographic coordinates easily among a wide variety of coordinate systems, map projections, and datums.
Source: http://164.214.2.59/GandG/geotrans/
105
106
Attention: For flat coordinates (e.g. UTM) as well as for geographic coordinates (Long/Lat) a reference called Geodetic Datum is necessary.
107
Example Stuttgart (Example 3 ) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) Input: text-file with the values (list) of the longitude and latitude of different points (How to create the inputfile see on page 3c) Output: Datum: WGE: World Geodetic System 1984 Preset of this Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) values necessary Zone: 32
108
109
Latitude Longitude
deg min sec deg min sec
Optional: different error-infos, U T M H em E as N depending on the input-data -Zo isph ting ( orthing ne ere x) (y) default: Unk=unknown
110
111
Map Collection
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html
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113
Antennas Power divider Cables (jumper) Feeder cables Connectors Clamps Lightning protection Wall glands Planning
Plugs 7/16 Sockets 7/16
Tx
Antennas
Rxdiv
Mounting clamp Jumper cable Feeder installation clamps
Rx
Mechanical antenna support structure Jumper cable Earthing kit
114
50 is the impedance of the cable 377 is the impedance of the air Antennas adapt the different impedances They convert guided waves, into free-space waves (Hertzian waves) and/or vice versa
Z =50
Z =377
It happens that the coulomb field and the induction field fall off much more rapidly than the radiation field with increasing distance from the antenna. At distances greater than a few wavelengths from the antenna, in what is called the antenna's far field, the electric field is essentially pure radiation. Closer to the antenna, we have the near field, which is a mixture of the radiation, induction and coulomb fields.
The coulomb field at an instant in time around a half-wave resonant dipole A half-cycle later, the polarity, and all the arrows, will be reversed. The spacing between the field lines indicates field strength.
115
The antenna parameters which are of interest for the radio network engineering are the following: w Antenna directivity, efficiency, gain w Polarization, near field and far field
Specification due to certain wave polarization (linear/elliptic, cross-polarization)
w Front-to-back ratio
Important for interference considerations
In electrodynamics, polarization (also spelled polarisation) is the property of electromagnetic waves, such as light, that describes the direction of their transverse electric field. More generally, the polarization of a transverse wave describes the direction of oscillation in the plane perpendicular to the direction of travel. Longitudinal waves such as sound waves do not exhibit polarization, because for these waves the direction of oscillation is along the direction of travel.
Linear
Circular
3FL 11820 ACAA WBZZA Edition 3 Section 1 - Module - Page 115
Elliptical
116
horizontal
0 dB -3 dB
vertical
0 dB -3 dB
-10 dB
-10 dB
sidelobe
HPBW
The antenna radiation pattern also named antenna diagram, describes the relative strength of the radiated field in various directions from the antenna, at a constant distance. The radiation pattern is a reception pattern as well, since it also describes the receiving properties of the antenna. The radiation pattern is threedimensional, but usually as shown in Figure 4, the measured radiation patterns are a two dimensional slice of the three-dimensional pattern, in the horizontal or vertical planes. This pattern depends on the antenna geometry and the current distribution in its elements. It is possible to compose, with a certain degree of freedom, arbitrary antenna diagrams by arranging antenna elements, e.g. dipoles, in groups, e.g. in a grid arrangement. As shown in Figure, each antenna pattern consists of a couple of beams or lobes. One distinguishes the main beam, pointing in the direction where the maximum power is radiated, and the side lobes, which are local maxima in the antenna diagram. The side lobes must sometimes be treated with special care, as they could radiate too much power towards unplanned directions of the cell. This may lead to unexpected interference with other cells! The antenna has directions where it isn't nearly radiating. These directions are called null directions. They may cause coverage problems. Based on the radiation pattern, the radio mobiles antennas are categorized in the following types: Omni-directional antennas that provides a 360 degree horizontal radiation pattern. Omni antennas are typically used when continuous coverage around the site is needed and the offered traffic is low. Directional antennas that provide a stronger radiation pattern in a specific direction by focusing the radiation energy. For instance the radiation pattern shown in Figure, belongs to a directive antenna. The sector or panel antennas are directional antennas and they are built based on the array antennas principle. Array antennas consist of a number of dipole antennas arranged in a geometrical manner to create a directional receiving or transmission pattern. The panel antennas are used on sectorized sites in order to focus the coverage on special area of interest.
2.2.1.5 EIRP
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
117
V1 V2 = V1
Gain = 11dBi
Pt = 45 dBm
radiated power
Known the antenna gain and the power fed into antenna, an important link budget parameter, the Effective Isotropic Radiated (EIRP) can be calculated. The EIRP represents the total power radiated by the antenna Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
EIRP = Pin + G
EIRP Pin G
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (in main beam direction) in [dBm]; power fed into the antenna, [dBm]; antenna gain, [dBi];
118
For the link between base station and mobile station, mostly linear antennas are used:
Monopole antennas
MS antennas, car roof antennas
Dipole antennas
Used for array antennas at base stations for increasing the directivity of RX and TX antennas
119
120
Many dipoles are arranged in a grid layout Nearly arbitrary antenna patterns may be designed
Feeding of the dipoles with weighted and phase-shifted signals Coupling of all dipole elements
121
w Dipole arrangement
Weighted and phase shifted signals
Typical flat panel antenna
Dipole element
122
Advantages
Continuous coverage around the site Simple antenna mounting Ideal for homogeneous terrain
Drawbacks
No mechanical tilt possible Clearance of antenna required
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124
Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 17.1 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 6.5 Electrical downtilt: 6
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 Weight in kg: 16.6
Horizontal Pattern
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Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 16.5 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 9 Electrical downtilt: 6
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1890 x 306 x 120 Weight in kg: 16.6
Vertical Pattern
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Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 15.9 Polarization: +/-45 HPBW: 90 VBW: 7 Electrical downtilt: 6
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 Weight in kg: 15.5
Vertical Pattern
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Highway Antenna
RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz AP906516-T0 Series
Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 17.5 Polarization: Vertical HBW: 65 VBW: 8.5 Electrical downtilt: 0
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977 x 265 x 130 Weight in kg: 10.9
Vertical Pattern
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Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 16.0 Polarization: Vertical HBW: 65 VBW: 8.5 Electrical downtilt: 0
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977 x 265 x 130 Weight in kg: 9.5
Vertical Pattern
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Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 17.5 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 7 Electrical downtilt: 6
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern
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Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 17.5 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 7 Electrical downtilt: 2
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern
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Highway Antenna
RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz APX186516-T2 Series
Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 18.3 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 4.5 Electrical downtilt: 2
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1855 x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 8.6
Vertical Pattern
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Highway Antenna
RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz AP186516-T2 Series
Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 17.0 Polarization: Vertical HBW: 65 VBW: 7.5 Electrical downtilt: 2
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 4.7
Horizontal Pattern
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
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Highway Antenna
RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz AP189016-T2 Series
Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 17.0 Polarization: Vertical HBW: 90 VBW: 5.5 Electrical downtilt: 2
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1855 x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 6.0
Vertical Pattern
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
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135
Feeder Cable
7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable LCF78-50J Standard LCF78-50JFN Flame Retardant
Installation temperature >-25C
Mechanical specification
Cable weight kg\m: 0.53 Minimum bending radius
Single bend in mm: 120 Repeated bends in mm: 250
136
Feeder Cable
1-1/4" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable LCF114-50J Standard LCF114-50JFN Flame Retardant
Installation temperature >-25C
Mechanical specification
Cable weight kg\m: 0.86 Minimum bending radius
Single bend in mm: 200 Repeated bends in mm: 380
137
Feeder Cable
1-5/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable LCF158-50J Standard LCF158-50JFN Flame Retardant
Installation temperature >-25C
Mechanical specification
Cable weight kg\m: 1.26 Minimum bending radius
Single bend in mm: 200 Repeated bends in mm: 508
138
Connectors
7/16 DIN male/female N male/female Right angle
Mechanical specification
Minimum bending radius
Repeated bends in mm: 125
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140
Diffraction
at small obstacles over round earth
Attenuation
Rain attenuation Gas absorption
Fading
2.3.1.1 Reflection
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
141
Rh Rv h
horizontal reflection factor vertical reflection factor angle of incidence permittivity conductivity surface roughness
Pr
P0
2.3.1.2 Refraction
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
142
radio path
k = 2/3
k=1 k = 4/3
k=
true earth
2.3.1.3 Diffraction
RNE Fundamentals 1 - - 143
Occurs at objects which sizes are in the order of the wavelength Radio waves are bent or curved around objects
Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss
2.3.1.4 Fading
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
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145
146
-30
-40
-50
Fading hole
-60
-70 10.6 13.2 15.9 18.5 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.0 31.6 34.2 36.8 39.4 42.1 44.7 47.3 49.9 0.1 2.8 5.4 8.0
Distance [m]
Raylaight/Rician Fading: Fast Fading. Rayleight : Statistical behaviour of Fast Fading signals for NON LOS-Signals. Lognormal Fading
147
2 Coverage Planning
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149
The simplest form of wave propagation is the free-space propagation The according path loss can be calculated with the following formula Path Loss in Free Space Propagation
L free space loss d distance between transmitter and receiver antenna f operating frequency
Lfreespace
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The free space loss formula can only be applied if the direct line-of-sight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver is not obstructed This is the case, if a specific region around the LOS is cleared from any obstacles The region is called Fresnel ellipsoid
151
d1 d2 r= d1 + d2
Fresnel zone Transmitter LOS
The Fresnel ellipsoid is the set of all points around the LOS where the total length of the connecting lines to the transmitter and the receiver is longer than the LOS length by exactly half a wavelength It can be shown that this region is carrying the main power flow from transmitter to receiver
Receiver
LOS + /2
152
BTS
h0 line of sight
MS
d2
h0 = height of obstacle over line of sight d1, d2 = distance of obstacle from BTS and MS
Knife edge diffraction In case of an obstruction of the LOS path, the free-space formula with an additional correction term can be used if the obstacle is small compared to the distance from transmitter to receiver. Based on the assumption that this obstacle can be replaced by an ideal conducting half-plane which extends to infinity in the direction perpendicular to the propagation path and which is of infinitesimal thickness (knife-edge), this situation refers to a field theory problem which can be solved in a deterministic way. In the case that this knife-edge obstacle type enters the Fresnel region, diffraction occurs (similar to the diffraction known from optics) and introduces some additional diffraction loss compared to the free-space propagation. The diffraction loss can be described by
Ldiff = F (v)
where v =
h0 d + d2 2 = h0 1 r d1 d 2
with h0 the height of the obstacle above the LOS. v is a parameter which represents the number of cleared Fresnel ellipsoids. The function F(v) is shown in . One can see that the diffraction loss is 6dB if the obstacle is just touching the LOS.
153
h0
V=0:1=0
LOS
h0 LOS r
d1
d2
The function F(v) is shown on the top . One can see that the diffraction loss is 6dB if the obstacle is just touching the LOS. For v>1, some oscillation is noted, which appears due to the fact that the obstacle moves over several Fresnel regions where the phase of the transmitted signal is alternating between +180 and -180 phase shift. In reality, the conductivity of the obstacles material is not ideal, and the oscillations appears smoothed to an average value.
154
155
156
d
L ~ d2
157
Topography
Effective antenna height Knife edge diffraction
single obstacles multiple obstacles
Surface shape/Morpho-structure
Correction factors for Hata-Okumura formula
158
Open area
Urban area
Open area
Fieldstrength
159
Path loss (Lu) is calculated (in dB) as follows: Lu= A1 + A2 log(f) + A3 log(hBTS) + (B1 + B2log(hBTS)) log d The parameters A1, A2, A3, B1 and B2 can be user-defined. Default values are proposed in the table below:
Parameters Okumura-Hata f< 1500 MHz Cost-Hata F>1500 MHz
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
Hata formula empirically describes the path loss as a function of frequency, receiver-transmitter distance and antenna heights for an urban environment. This formula is valid for flat, urban environments and 1.5 metre mobile antenna height.
160
As described above, the Hata formula is valid for urban environment and a receiver antenna height of 1.5m. For other environments and mobile antenna heights, corrective formulas must be applied.
Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) for large city and urban environments Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) -2log (f/28) -5.4 for suburban area Lmodel1=Lu -a(hMS) - 4.78log (f)+ 18.33 log(f) 40.94 for rural area a(hMS) is a correction factor to take into account a receiver antenna height different from 1.5m.
Environments Rural/Small city Large city A(hMS) (1.1log(f) 0.7)hMS (1.56log(f) -0.8) 3.2log (11.75hMS) 4.97
Note: When receiver antenna height equals 1.5m, a(hMS) is close to 0 dB regardless of frequency.
161
LossHata = 69.55 + 26.16 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS) - a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorpho
a (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) - 0.8)
Morpho/surface shape-Correction factor 0 dB: Skyscrapers->27 dB: open area Frequency (150 - 1000 MHz) Height of BTS (30 - 200 m) Height of Mobile (1 - 10m) Distance between BTS and MS (1 - 20 km) Power law exponent shown colored
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
162
LossHata = 46.3 + 33.9 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS) - a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorpho
a (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) -0.8)
Formula is valid for frequency range: 1500...2000 MHz Hatas model is extended for GSM 1800
Modification of original formula to the new frequency range
For cells with small ranges the COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model is more precisely
163
Lmodel = K1 + K 2 log(d ) + K 3 log(HTxeff ) + K 4 Diffraction loss + K 5 log(d ) log(HTxeff ) + K 6 (H Rxeff ) + K clutter f (clutter )
With: K1: constant offset (dB). K2: multiplying factor for log(d). d: distance between the receiver and the transmitter (m). K3: multiplying factor for log(HTxeff). HTxeff: effective height of the transmitter antenna (m). K4: multiplying factor for diffraction calculation. K4 has to be a positive number. Diffraction loss: loss due to diffraction over an obstructed path (dB). K5: multiplying factor for log(HTxeff)log(d). K6: multiplying factor for . : effective mobile antenna height (m). Kclutter: multiplying factor for f(clutter). f(clutter): average of weighted losses due to clutter.
164
165
Scenario
Height BTS = 40m Height MS = 1.5m D (BTS to MS) = 2000m
Morpho correction factors: -Skyscraper: 0dB; -Open area: 27dB 1. Calculate free space loss for A.) f=900MHz: 97.6dB B.) f=1800MHz: 103.6dB 2. Calculate the path loss for f = 900MHz A.) Morpho class skyscraper: 135dB B.) Morpho class open area: 108dB 3. Calculate the path loss for f = 1800MHz A.) Morpho class skyscraper: 144.8dB B.) Morpho class open area: 117.8dB
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167
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRPBTS = 59.5 dBm BTS Antenna Gain GantBS = 16.5 dBi
Minimum Received Power PRX,min,MS = -102 dBm MS Antenna Gain GantMS = 2 dBi
Feeder Cable Loss Lcable = 3 dB Output Power at antenna connector 46.0 dBm ALCATEL EvoliumTM
Exercice:
Calculate the MAPL for this Example: MAPL=
Add. Losses: Anx = Anc = ANy = 1.8 dB 5.1 dB 3.5 dB ---------Give the result for different using : 1. With Combiner 2. Without combiner
168
Minimum Received Power PRX,min,BTS = -124.5 dBm BTS Antenna Gain GantBS = 16.5 dBi
Feeder Cable Loss Lcable = 3 dB Receiving sensitivity at ant. conn. -111 dBm ALCATEL EvoliumTM
Max. allowed uplink propagation loss: With antenna diversity gain of 3dB: With TMA compensating cable loss:
Lprop,max = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS = 157.5 dB Lprop,max,AD = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS + GAD = 160.5 dB Lprop,max,AD,TMA = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS + GAD + GTMA = 163.5 dB
AD
= Antenna Diversity
~3dB Gain
Exercice:
Calculate the MAPL for these Examples: MAPL(AD)= MAPL(AD+TMA) =
1- -
169
The GSM link budget components are described as follows: TX Output Power RX Sensitivity Antenna Gain Antenna Diversity Gain UL/DL: measured in dBm, represent the BTS and the MS output power. UL/DL: measured in dBm, express the BTS and MS receiver sensitivity. DL only: the BTS antenna gain, measured in dBi. The MS antenna gain is normally assumed to be 0dBi. UL only: the gain measured in dB that is caused by the diversity reception of the radio signal in uplink. Information concerning the antenna diversity gain used for link budget calculation is given in; UL only: the Tower Mounted Amplifiers contribution in UL. It is expressed in dB. DL only: the loss caused in DL path due to internal TMA filters and duplexers. It is a TMA catalog parameter and it is expressed in dB. UL/DL: the loss due to the usage of external components such external diplexers, splitters, etc. It is measured in dB, and can be deduced from respective data sheets. UL/DL: the loss due to feeder cable, measured in dB. UL/DL: the loss due to the usage of jumpers and connectors, measured in dB.
RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
170
DL only: the polarization mismatch loss and represents a signal loss due to different polarization at the transmitting and receiving end, e.g. the usage of BTS cross polarized antenna at 45. It is not applicable for MS. As a rule of thumb, 0 dB is considered for slant polarization loss in case of cross-polar antenna usage within the urban and sub-urban areas. Contrary, 1.5 to 3 dB is recommended in case of rural and open areas. For deeper aspects please.
UL/DL: the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, measured in dBm. UL/DL: the minimum power, measured in dB, required to maintain a certain level of service, at the receiver antenna. The calculation method inside the link budget is described in page 169 UL/DL: Maximum allowable path loss. The weaker value is considered within the network design process. Explanation on computation is shown in page 169 UL/DL: called also log-normal margin, measured in dB, added to the path loss calculation in order to increase the coverage probability at the cell border to a certain value. UL/DL: a margin measured in dB, added to the link budget in order to compensate the signal degradation due to interference. A value of 3 dB is typical considered. More information on interference margin can be found in GSM rec. 03.30. All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel UL/DL: a margin measured in dB, included to reflect the loss especially experienced if handheld mobiles are used. It is occurring due to partial field absorption in the human body. Typical values are 3 dB and 4 dB. Further details are specified in GSM rec. 03.30. UL/DL: the penetration margin is measured in dB and is given on the service class basis. Consequently, the penetration margin can be an in-car or an indoor margin: In-car margin measured in dB, added due to MS usage in a car. Typically a loss of 6 to 8 dB is assumed. Indoor margin measured in dB, added due to MS usage in indoor environment at ground floor level. Usually, indoor is referred to the first wall and no statement is given for deep indoor coverage. Its range varies from 10 to 18 dB. Deep indoor margin measured in dB, included due to MS usage deep inside the buildings. Its range varies from 13 to 28 dB.
MAPL
Interference Margin
Penetration Margin
171
TX Internal Power Comb+Filter Loss, Tol. Output Power Cable,Connectors Loss Body/Indoor Loss Antenna Gain EIRP
RX Rec. Sensitivity Body/Indoor Loss Cables, Connectors Loss Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Interferer Margin Lognormal Margin 50% 90,9% Degradation (no FH) Antenna Pre-Ampl. Isotr. Rec. Power:
Uplink -104,0 3,0 11,0 3,0 3,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 -104,0 dBm dB dBi dB dB dB dB dB dBm
Downlink -102,0 4,0 2,0 2,0 3,0 8,0 0,0 -87,0 dBm dB dB dBi dB dB dB dBm
Max. Pathloss
133,0
dB
133,0
dB
172
TX Internal Power Comb+Filter Loss Output Power Cable+Conn Loss Body/Indoor Loss Antenna Gain EIRP RX Rec. Sensitivity Body/Indoor Loss Cables, Con. Loss Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Interferer Margin Lognormal Margin Isotr. Rec. Power Max. Pathloss
Uplink 33 dBm - 0 dBm 33 dBm - 2 dB - 4 dB + 2 dBi 29.0 dBm Uplink - 109 dBm + + + 3 dB 11 dBi 3 dBi 3 dB 8 dB
Downlink 45.4 dBm - 5.3 dBm 40.1 dBm - 3 dBm + 11 dBi 48.1 dBm Downlink - 102 dBm + 4 dB + 2 dB - 2 dBi + 3 dB + 8 dB - 87 dBm 135.1 dB
- 109 dB 138 dB
173
Loss type Indoor loss Incar loss Body loss Interferer margin Lognormal margin
Reason Electrical properties of wall material Brass influencing radio waves Absorption of radio waves by the human body Both signal-to-noise ratio and C/I low Receiving the minimum field strength with a higher probability
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175
Penetration Loss Multiple Refraction Multiple Reflection Exact modeling of indoor environment not possible Practical solution: empirical model!
176
Additional attenuation in dB
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84
90
177
Incident wave
Lindoor = 3 ... 15 dB
Incident wave
Lindoor = 13 ... 25 dB
178
Measured attenuation versus time for a test person walking around in an anechoic chamber
179
Calculation model
180
Indirect measured field strength penetrated into the head (horizontal cut)
181
In GSM, the defined minimum carrier-to-interferer ration (C/I) threshold of 9 dB is only valid if the received server signal is not too weak. In the case that e.g. the defined system threshold for the BTS of -111dBm is approached, a higher value of C/I is required in order to maintain the speech quality. According to GSM, this is done by taking into account a correction of 3 dB.
182
GSM uses a frame correction system, which works with checksum coding and convolutional codes. Under defined conditions, this frame correction works successfully and copes even with fast fading types as Rayleigh or Rician fading. For lower mobile speed or stationary use, the fading has a bigger influence on the bit error rate and hence the speech quality is reduced. In such a case, a degradation margin must be applied. The margin depends on the mobile speed and the usage of slow frequency hopping, which can improve the situation for slow mobiles again.
183
This designates the optional usage of a second receiver antenna. The second antenna is placed in a way, which provides some decorrelation of the received signals. In a suitable combiner, the signals are processed in order to achieve a sum signal with a smaller fading variation range. Depending on the receiver type, the signal correlation, and the antenna orientation, a diversity gain from 26 dB is possible.
184
Lognormal margin is also called fading margin Due to fading effects, the minimum isotropic power is only received with a certain probability
Signal statistics, lognormal distribution with median power value Fmed and standard deviation (sigma)
Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order to provide a good call success rate. A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The following normalised table can be applied to find fading margins for different values of . The fading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of k (in the table) with the standard deviation: Lognormal/Fading Margin = k.
-0.5
1.3
1.65
2.33
Coverage Probability
0%
30%
50%
84%
90%
95%
97.7 %
99%
100 %
185
10 0m
100 m
BS
186
PDF
0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0
Fthreshold Fmedian
probability density function (pdf) Folie large Scale (slow) Fading: The lognormal distribution, described by a mean fieldstrength Fmed and a standard deviation s, is shown in the diagram. A coverage probability Pcov can be calculated, which defines the chance that a certain fieldstrength threshold Fthr is reached or exceeded by the calculated (or predicted) mean fieldstrength level Fmed. The variation of the probability in dependence on Fmed is shown in the diagram. The required difference between Fmed and Fthr in order to achieve a required probability is called the fading margin. Without any margin, the probability is 50% (Fmedian), which is not a sufficient value in order to provide a good call success rate. A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. This can be reached by applying a factor s (Fthreshold). (Additional System margin). -> Next Chapter
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188
For what Radius R is the average coverage probability in the cell area 95% ?
Frec,med (r) = EIRP - LossHata (r) Loss Hata = f(hBS, hMS, f, r) + Kmor Pcov(r)= P(Frec (r) > Frec,thr) 2 Pcov (r) dr ! = 0.95 <Pcov(R)> = 0 R
R
F rec
Frec,med (r)
F rec, thr
189
Pcov 0,95
(r)
1
0,5
0 R
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals
r
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190
Clutter type
Area Coverage Probability
100%
95%
90%
155 150
85%
Skyscrapers Dense urban Medium urban Lower urban Residential Industrial zone Forest Agricultural Low tree density Water Open area
Pcov
80%
75%
Calculation conditions:
70% 0,0 1,5 3,0 4,5 6,0 7,5 9,0 10,5
d [km]
The lognormal distribution, described by a mean fieldstrength Fmed and a standard deviation s, is shown in in the left diagram. A coverage probability Pcov can be calculated, which defines the chance that a certain fieldstrength threshold Fthr is reached or exceeded by the calculated (or predicted) mean fieldstrength level Fmed. This probability is represented by the area enclosed by the graph of the probability density function and the vertical line at F=Fthr in the left diagram. The variation of the probability in dependence on Fmed is shown in the right diagram. The required difference between Fmed and Fthr in order to achieve a required probability is called the fading margin. Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order to provide a good call success rate. A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The following normalized table can be applied to find fading margins for different values of s. The fading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of k (in the table) with the standard deviation (Fading Margin = k s).
k Coverage Probability
- 0%
-0.5 30%
0 50%
1 84%
1.3 90%
1.65 95%
2 97.7%
2.33 99%
+ 100%
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TX and RX
1 BTS Omnidirectional antenna for both TX and RX Coverage Range R0 Coverage Area A0
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
TX
R0 A0
192
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
R0
RDiv
A0 ADiv
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
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sector omni
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3 BTS Directional antennas (18 dBi) Antenna diversity (3 dB) Max. coverage range Rsec,div = 1.95 R0 Coverage area Asec,div = 3 A0
RXDIV
TX
R0 Rsec,div
Asec,div
195
3 BTS Directional antennas (18 dBi) Antenna diversity (3 dB) Antenna preamplifier (3dB) Max. coverage range Rsec,div,pre = 2.22 R0 Coverage area Asec,div,pre = 3.9 A0 General:
Asec = g A0 g: Area gain factor
TX RXDIV
R0 Rsec,div,pre
Asec,div,pre
2 Coverage Planning
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197
Application
Large area coverage Umbrella cell for micro cell layer
Advantages
Continuous coverage around the site Simple antenna mounting Ideal for homogeneous terrain
Drawbacks
No mechanical tilt possible Clearance of antenna required Densification of network difficult
198
Drawbacks
More frequencies needed per site compared to omni sites More hardware needed Lower coverage area per sector
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200
Downtilting of the Antenna main beam related to the horizontal line Goals:
Reduction of overshoot Removal of insular coverage Lowering the interference Coverage improvement of the near area (indoor coverage) Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones)
201
Advantages
Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and side lobes remain in their position relative to the main beam Cost effective (single antenna type may be used) Fast adjustments possible
Drawbacks
Side lobes are less tilted Accurate adjustment is difficult Problems for sites with difficult access
202
=0
Advantages
Drawbacks
=t Same tilt for both downtilt angle main and side lobes =2t Antenna mounting is more simple no =3t adjustment errors = delay time
Introduction of additional antenna types necessary New antenna installation at the site if downtilting is introduced Long antenna optimization phase Adjustment of electrical tilt mostly not possible
203
Choose sector antennas with high electrical downtilt (6...8) and apply mechanical uptilt installation for optimum coverage range in main beam direction
204
205
Using sectorized sites with antennas of 65 horizontal half power beam width
The sidelobe is approximately reduced by 10dB. This is a reduction of cell range to 50%.
X A B X
R2
0.5* R2
206
Tilt 2 Site A
Tilt 2 Site B
ai n
be
am
e Sid
lob
Cell range R2
0.5* R2
207
The upper limit of the vertical half power beam width is directed towards the ground at maximum cell range
Upper 3dB point of the vertical antenna pattern
Aim
Reduction of interference
Optimization
Coverage Optimization in isolated cases using less downtilt Interference Reduction in isolated cases using more downtilt
208
The main beam is directed towards the ground at maximum cell range
Tilt 1 Tilt 1
Site C
Ma in
Site D
bea m Ma eam in b
Cell range R1
209
Rx/Tx
Application of Duplexer
Consists of a TX/RX Filter and a combiner one antenna can be saved
Duplex Filter
Diversity
Space diversity Polarization diversity
Tx Rx To BTS
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210
Bracons
Tx
Rxdiv
Rx
Pole
Rxdiv
Rx
Tx
Sector Antenna
Pole
Tower mounting for omni antennas Tower mounting for directional antennas
211
212
Diversity gain
Required antenna separation for space diversity
213
10 5
214
-101
n*200kHz
fuse
fint
f[MHz]
215
dH
Isolation [dB]
GSM1800 GSM900
I =22+20log(d/)-(G +G ) [dB] H H T R
12 12 ,4 12 ,8 13 ,2 13 ,6
Separation [m]
14 14 ,4 14 ,8 15 ,2
1, 7
2, 7
3, 7
4, 7
5, 7
6, 7
7, 7
8, 7
9, 7 10 ,4 10 ,8 11 ,2 11 ,6
216
dv
Isolation [dB]
Mast
50 40 30 20
GSM1800 GSM900
dm
I =28+40log(d /) [dB] V V
10 0 0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,7
0,8
0,9
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dH RXA
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Power dividers connect several antennas to one feeder cable For combination of individual antenna patterns for a requested configuration
Quasi-omni configuration Bidirectional configuration (road coverage)
Quasi-Omni Configuration
219
w Power divider
s Also called "power splitter" or "junction box" s Passive device (works in both (transmit and receive) direction)
Pin 2 3 dB Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 4 Pin 4 Pin 4
4.5 dB
6 dB
Pin
Pin
Pin
220
Radial Arrangement
of 6 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 gain = 16.5 dBi, mast radius = 0.425 m, mounting radius = 0.575 m
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222
of 4 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 65 , gain = 12.5 dBi, mast radius = 1 m, mounting radius = 1.615 m
2.8.27 Feeders
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
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Technical summary Inner conductor: Copper wire Dielectric: Low density foam PE
Dielectric
Jacket
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225
Type
Weight (m)
Single bending LCF 1/2 LCF 7/8 LCF 1 5/8 70 mm 120 mm 300 mm
Repeated bending 210 mm 360 mm 900 mm 16 mm 28 mm 49.7 mm 0.35 kg 0.62 kg 1.5 kg 0.6 m 0.8 m 1.2 m
GSM 900
Type LCF 1/2 LCF 7/8 LCF 1_5/8 Attenuation /100 m [dB] 6.6 4.0 2.6 Recommended max length [m] 45 75 115
GSM 1800
Attenuation /100 m [dB] 10.3 6.0 4.0 Recommended max length [m] 30 50 75
GSM 1900
Attenuation /100 m [dB] 10.6 6.3 4.2 Recommended max length [m] 28 47 71
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227
w Provide coverage in Tunnels, buildings, along side tracks or lines w Principle: Radiate a weak but constant electromagnetic wave w Suitable for coverage over longer distances (Repeater) w Fieldstrength distribution more constant as with antennas
Repeater
F F
Thr
F F
Thr
Terminating Load
228
Radiating cable
Termination load
Jumper cabel
Earthing kit
229
[dBm]
with
w Used antenna types s parabolic antenna s high performance antenna s horn lens antenna s horn antenna
Parabolic dish, illuminated by a feed horn at its focus Available sizes: 1 (0.3 m) up to 16 (4.8 m) Sizes over 4 seldom used due to installation restrictions Single plane polarized feed vertical (V) or horizontal (H) Also: dual polarized feeder (DP), with separate V and H connections (lower gain) Front-to-back ratios of 45 dB not high enough for back-to-back configuration on the same frequency Antenna patterns are absolutely necessary for interference calculations
Parabolic dish, illuminated by a feed horn at its focus. Available in a wide variety of sizes [1 (0.3 m), 2 (0.6 m), 4 (1.2 m), 6 (1.8 m), 8 (2.4 m), 10 (3.0 m) and sometimes up to 16 (4.8 m) in most frequency bands. Sizes over 4 are seldom used due to the installation restrictions on private buildings Mostly with single plane polarised feed, which can be either vertical (V) or horizontal (H) Dual polarized feeds (DP), with separate V and H connections possible DP`s usually have lower gain than single polarized antennas Front-to-back ratios of about 45 dB are not high enough to use these antennas back-to-back on the same frequency (interference calculations) Antenna patterns are absolutely necessary for interference calculations
Similar to common parabolic antenna, except for attached cylindrical shield Improvement of front-to-back ratio and wide angle radiation discrimination Available in same sizes as parabolic, single or dual polarized Substantially bigger, heavier, and more expensive than parabolic antennas Allow back-to-back transmission at the same frequency in both directions (refer to interference calculation)
Similar to the common parabolic antenna, except for an attached cylindrical shield Improvement of the front-to-back ratio, and wide angle radiation discrimination Available in the same sizes as parabolic ones, either single or double polarised Substantially bigger, heavier, and more expensive than the ordinary parabolics Allow back-to-back transmision at the same frequency in both directions (refer to interference calculation)
Horn lens antenna For very high frequencies > 25 GHz Replacement for small parabolic antennas (1) Same electrical data, but easier to install due to size and weight Horn reflector antenna Large parabola, energy from the feed horn is reflected at right angle (90) Gain like 10 parabolic antenna (60 dBi), but higher front-to-back ratios > 70 dB
sBig and heavy, requires a complex installation procedure sOnly used on high capacity microwave backbones (e.g. MSC-MSC interconnections)
Horn lens antenna Only available for very high frequencies (above 25 Ghz) Replacement for small parabolic antennas (1) Electrical data nearly the same, but easier to install due to their size and weight Horn reflector antenna Consists of a very large parabola, mounted at such an angle that the energy from the feed horn is reflected at right angle (90) Gain in the region of a 10 parabolic antenna (60 dBi), but it has much higher front-to-back ratios ( 70 dB or more) Very big, heavy and requires a complex installation procedure Only used on high capacity microwave backbones (example: MSC-MSC interconnections).
235
Inter-port isolation
isolation between the two ports of dual polarised antennas; typical value: better than 35 dB
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237
(GHz) (m) (ft) (deg) (dBi) (dBi) (dBi) (dB) (dB) (dB) (kg) (deg)
14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35 PA 2 - 144 PA 4 - 144 PA 6 - 144 0.6 1.2 1.8 2 4 6 2.3 36.2 36.5 36.7 42 28 26 19 +/- 5 1.2 42.3 42.5 42.8 48 30 26 43 +/- 5 0.8 45.8 46.0 46.3 52 30 28 73 +/- 5
(GHz) (m ) (ft) (deg) (dBi) (dBi) (dBi) (dB) (dB) (dB) (kg) (deg)
14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35 DA2 - 144 DA4 - 144 DA6 - 144 0.6 1.2 1.8 2 4 6 2.3 36.2 36.5 36.7 65 28 26 28 +/- 12 1.2 42.3 42.5 42.8 68 30 26 55 +/- 12 0.8 45.8 46.0 46.3 68 30 26 130 +/- 12
Half-power beamwidth Gain low band Gain mid band Gain high band Front-to-back ratio Cross polar discrimination Return loss W eight W indload Elevation adjustment
Half-power beamwidth Gain low band Gain m id band Gain high band Front-to-back ratio Cross polar discrimination Return loss W eight W indload Elevation adjustment
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Coaxial cables or waveguides (according to frequency) Most important characteristic: loss and return loss Coaxial cables
Used between 10 MHz and 3 GHz Dielectric material: foam or air Parameters of common coaxial cables:
type
LCF 1/2 CU2Y LCF 7/8 CU2Y LCF 1 5/8 CU2Y
dielectric
foam foam foam
diameter (mm)
16.0 28.0 49.7
loss (dB/100m)
10,9 / 2 GHz 13.8 / 3 GHz 6.5 / 2 GHz 8.5 / 3 GHz 4.4 / 2 GHz 5.6 / 3 GHz
Depending on the frequency coaxial cables and waveguides are used for the transmission of RF energy between radio systems and antennas. The most important characteristic of feeders is their loss, but also their impedance (return loss).
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Waveguides
Used for frequency bands above 2.5 GHz Three basic types available: circular, elliptical and rectangular
loss /100 m
2.0 4.0 5.8 10.0 28.0
Frequency
4 GHz 6GHz 8GHz 11 GHz 23 GHz
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type
WR 229 WR159 WR112 WR 90 WR 75
loss /100 m
2.8 4.5 8.5 11.7 15.0
Frequency
4 GHz 6GHz 8GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz
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type
PDR140 PDR180 PDR220
loss / m
0.5 1 2
Frequency
15GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
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Negligible wave guide cost and easy installation System gain is a function of antenna and reflector size, distance and frequency Used above 4 GHz , because reflector size is prohibitive for lower frequencies
2 Coverage Planning
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Air interface
3 levels
Antenna network stage
ANC or ANB (note) )1)
TRX level
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
BCF level
Note 1 : ANB module is limited to 2 TRX in No TX Div mode and to 1 TRX in TX Div mode.
s Antenna coupling level The general functions performed at this level are: - Duplexing transmit and receive paths onto common antennas; - Feeding the received signals from the antenna to the receiver front end, where the signals are amplified and distributed to the different receivers (Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) and power splitter functions); - Providing filtering for the transmit and the receive paths; - Combining, if necessary, output signals of different transmitters and connecting them to the antenna(s); - Supervising antennas VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio). -Powering and supervising TMA through the feeder. s The Antenna Network Combiner (ANC) module - one duplexer allowing a single antenna to be used for the transmission and reception of both downlink and uplink channels- hence minimizing the number of antenna - a frequency selective VSWR meter to monitor antenna feeder and antenna - one LNA amplifying the receive RF signal, and giving good VSWR values, noise compression and good reliability - two splitter levels distributing the received signal to four separate outputs so that each output receives the signal from its dedicated antenna and from the second one (diversity) - one Wide Band Combiner (WBC), concentrating two transmitter outputs into one, only for configurations with more than two TRX - insertion of 12V DC current in the feeder in order to provide power to TMAs when TMAs are used; there is thus no need for separate Power Distribution Unit (PDU) nor Bias-Tee (Feeder Lightning protections, that come with the ANC in case of outdoor BTSs, are themselves of a new type, compatible with this DC power feeding) (This function is only available with the new Evolution version of this module; it can be disabled, even if TMAs are used, in case those TMAs have their own PDUs).
249
By-pass function
WBC
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
WBC
TX RXn RXd
RXd RXn TX
TRX 1
TRX 2
s The No-combining mode for configuration up to 2 TRX if TX Diversity is not used, or up to one TRX if TX Diversity is used (two TRX ports must then be connected to the two Antenna Connector ports of a same Twin TRX module); in these cases, the Wide Band Combiner is not needed, and therefore bypassed
250
The Antenna network Combiner (ANc)- Combining mode & No TX Div mode Antenna A Antenna B
TXA - RXA - RXdivB TXB- RXB - RXdivA
W BC
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
W BC
RXdRXn TX TRX 3
s The Combining mode for configuration from 3 up to 4 TRX if TX Diversity is not used, or up to 2 TRX if TX Diversity is used (two TRX ports must then be connected to the two Antenna Connector ports of a same Twin TRX module); in these cases, the Wide Band combiner is not bypassed, as shown in the figure
251
wThe Twin Wide Band Combiner stage (ANY) combines up to four transmitters into two outputs, and distributes the two received signals up to four receivers. This module includes twice the same structure, each structure containing: one wide band combiner (WBC), concentrating two transmitter outputs into one two splitters, each one distributing the received signal to two separate outputs providing diversity and non-diversity path
WBC
Splitter Splitter
Splitter Splitter
WBC
TX
RX
RXdiv
TX
RX
RXdiv
Rxdiv RX
TX
Rxdiv RX
TX
TRX 1
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
The BTS range supports A5/1 and A5/2 ciphering algorithms; A5/0 = no ciphering is always supported. The TRX are hardware ready for A5/3.
253
RX Sensitivity:
-111 dBm certified (GSM|ETSI| request: -104 dBm) Synthesized Frequency Hopping as general solution
Standard RF hopping mode Pseudo baseband RF hopping mode
(*) Note that for the Twin TRX, the TX output powers above are in capacity mode, i.e. each of the functional TRX achieves these output powers. In coverage mode, i.e. with Tx Diversity, a significant extra gain has to be considered (see "TX Diversity" chapter) thanks to on-air combining and diversity. The diagram below shows that 4RX Diversity requires two Antenna Network modules per sector, thereby needing either 4 vertical-polarized or 2 cross-polarized antennas.
TX1 RX1 RX2 0 TX 2 RX3 RX4
TW IN
T RX
T R X
TRX TRX
1- -
254
1 TWIN module = 2 functional TRX 1 Housing = 2 functional TRX = 16 radio timeslots Same Radio Performances as EDGE + TRX Medium Power TRX
TRX 1
2
Tx Tx:: Rx Rx:: GSM GSM 900 900 ::45 45W WGMSK GMSK//30 30W W8PSK 8PSK GSM 1800 : 35 W GMSK / 30 W 8PSK GSM 1800 : 35 W GMSK / 30 W 8PSK Sensitivity Sensitivity< <-114 -114dBm dBm
(-114 (-114to to-117 -117dBm dBmwith with22Rx Rxdiversity diversityenvironment environmentdependent) dependent)
Saving Savingper perTRX TRX(vs. (vs.TRX TRXEDGE+): EDGE+): --17 % in GSM 900 17 % in GSM 900 --35 35% %in inGSM GSM1800 1800
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals
255
Higher Sensitivity
Tx Tx:: Rx Rx::
GSM GSM900 900::113 113to to175 175W W(*) (*)GMSK GMSK GSM 1800 : 88 to 136 W (*) GMSK GSM 1800 : 88 to 136 W (*) GMSK Equ. Equ.sensitivity sensitivity= =-117.4 -117.4to to--121 121dBm dBm(*) (*)(4RX (4RXdiv) div) (*) (*) environment environmentdependent) dependent)
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256
w 2 RX Diversity
The TRX module supports enhanced diversity combining in all frequency bands, which is based on several algorithms: A beam-forming algorithm to improve the received signal by steering a beam in the direction of the mobile. This is one way of doing smart antennas, An algorithm to reduce interference: this mitigates the influence of interferers by steering a null beam in the direction of the main interferer (the phase difference between the two antennas for the strongest interfering signal is estimated and then this interfering signal is strongly attenuated by summing the signals with an inversed phase).
strong interferer User
257
w 4 RX Diversity
s 4 RX diversity is supported by the Twin TRX module in coverage mode only. It uses exactly the same
algorithms as for 2Rx diversity, i.e. beam-forming techniques are implemented. The table below provides the typical gains achieved thanks to 4RX enhanced Diversity and the equivalent Rx sensitivity that can be considered for link budget calculations.
s 4 RX diversity also provides significant benefits for GPRS/EDGE since it allows achieving higher
258
The configurations for indoor (MBI) and outdoor (MBO) cabinet are presented in the next slides larger configurations with more than one cabinet can be derived from the tables configurations are valid for EDGE capable TRX (Evolution step 2) availability of multiband configurations other than GSM 900 / GSM 1800 must be checked with product management (authorization required) Notation:
BBU - Battery Backup Unit BATS - Small Battery Backup LBBU - Large Battery Backup Unit
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
A N C
A N Y
A N Y
A N C
S U M
Available space for either: Mounting Frame for 19" equipment (6U) Battery
A N C
Available space for either: Mounting Frame for 19" equipment (6U) Battery
A N C
A//DC conversion
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
Stand
1- -
259
AC other 8 4 2 2
DC
AC BU90
AC BU5 8 8 4 4
AC Other 8 8 6 4
DC
AC
DC
8 6 4 2
8 8 4 4
8 8 8 6
4 2 1*
6 3 2
8 6 4 2**
1 2 3
3 3 3
8 3
10 4
12 6
16 8 4
16 10 6
16 10 6
16 12 8
12 6
16 12 8
Standard TX div & 2 RX div Standard TX div & 2 RX div Standard TX div & 2 RX div
1 2 3
1 1 1
4 2 1
4 2 2
4 2 2
4 4 2
4 4 2
4 4 2
4 4 2
2 1
2 1 1
4 2 2
4 4 2
Low loss TX div & 4 RX div Low loss TX div & 4 RX div Low loss TX div & 4 RX div
1 2 3
1 1 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
sNote 1: "AC other" is referring to the Indoor AC configurations without integrated battery, i.e. either with no battery, or with batteries in an external cabinet. sNote 2: Frequency bands: new modules are available initially in GSM 900 and GSM 1800 frequency band; they will be available in a second step in GSM 850 and GSM 1900, on market request. sNote 3: As described in chapter "Standard configurations" above, "Standard" is referring to configurations with 1 Antenna Network per sector, and are thus limited to 8 TRXs per sector. Configurations with more than 8 TRXs per sector need two Antenna Networks per sector; such configurations are called "Low-loss" and described in a separate section of the table. sNote 4: With MBI5, more than 18 TRX per cabinet is only possible with DC cabinets (and using TWIN modules) and more precisely with functional variant 3BK 25965 ABxx of these cabinets, that has become since end 2006 the standard delivery; MBI5 with functional variant 3BK 25965 AAxx, are limited to 18 TRX (using TWIN modules); functional variant of a cabinet can be checked either on site (on printed Barcode label, or available through Line Maintenance Terminal), or from the OMC-R where it is part of the Remote Inventory data.
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Sectors
Max TRX per sector (band 1/ band 2) MBO1 Evolution MBO2 Evolution
Notes
Frequency
(3)
MBI3
MBI5 (Note 4)
CBO
bands
AC othe r
DC
AC
AC
DC
AC
DC
BU5 Other 8/8 4/4 2/2 8/8 4/4 2/2 12/12 6/6 4/4 2/2 4/2 6/6 2/2 12/12 6/6 4/4 900/1800 900/1800 900/1800
(2)
1 2 3
2/2
2/2 6/6
(2)
(2)
sNote 1: "AC other" is referring to the Indoor AC configurations without integrated battery, i.e. either with no battery, or with batteries in an external cabinet. sNote 2: Frequency bands: new modules are available initially in GSM 900 and GSM 1800 frequency band; they will be available in a second step in GSM 850 and GSM 1900, on market request. sNote 3: Count of sectors is made with hypothese of multiband cell, i.e. that each sector contains one cell in band1 and one cell in band2, these two cells being paired as a single "multiband cell", counted as one sector. In multiband "without multiband cell", a same configurations would be counted as having twice the number of sectors. The table above thus describes at the same time - possible configurations for multiband "with multiband cell" - those configurations for multiband "without multiband cell" that have the same number of sectors in each band sNote 4: With MBI5, more than 18 TRX per cabinet is only possible with DC cabinets (and using Twin TRX modules) and more precisely with functional variant 3BK 25965 ABxx of these cabinets, that has become since end 2006 the standard delivery; MBI5 with functional variant 3BK 25965 AAxx, are limited to 18 TRX (using Twin TRX modules); functional variant of a cabinet can be checked either on site (on printed Barcode label, or available through Line Maintenance Terminal), or from the OMC-R where it is part of the Remote Inventory data.
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of TRX Outer
of TRX Outer
Type of cabinet
Frequency band
1 1
1 1
8 4
8 4
900 900
262
w The interface with the antenna system is through one single Antenna network combining (ANC) module in each sector (and then through 2 feeders and two antennas or one dual-polarized antenna).
Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna
Combining ANC
Combining ANC
Combining ANC
TRX 1 TRX 2
TRX 1
TRX 4
1 up to2TRX/ sector
3 up to 4TRX/ sector
5 up to 6TRX/ sector
5 up to 8RX/sector
w The number of sectors and TRXs depends on the cabinet type, with a maximum of 6 sectors and 24 TRXs in a Indoor MBI5 ("AB" functional variant) or an Outdoor MBO2 evolution cabinet.
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
263
Example of TRE boards with their frequency band and power characteristics
NAME BAND POWER W TRAL TRAG TRAGE TAGH TAGHE TRAD TRADE TRAP TRDH TADH TADHE TGT09 TGT18 850 900 900 900 900 1800 1800 1900 1800 1800 1800 900 1800 MP MP MP HP HP MP MP MP HP HP HP 45W 45W 45W 60W 60W 35W 35W 45W 60W 60W 60W 45W 35W GMSK dBm 46,5 46,5 46,5 47,7 47,8 45,4 45,4 46,5 47,7 47,7 46,8 46,5 45,4 25W 30W 30W 30W 44,0 44,8 44,8 44,8 W 15W 15W 30W 25W 30W 12W 30W 25W 8PSK dBm 41,8 41,8 44,8 44,0 41,8 40,8 44,8 40,0
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying 8PSK 8 phase shift keying TGT Twin GSM Tranceiver Different Transceivers are used depending on the band : 900, 1800, 1900 (in America) and 850MHz (this new band has been introduced in the Release 1999 of the 3GPP Standard). The list above is not exhaustive. A new Tx Rx hardware module gives the possibility to have per Hardware module transmission receiption function. In this case the module is called Twin TRX For example In the MBI5 rack, the number of hardware module is 12 maximum, but if all are Twin TRX the maximum number of Transmitter functions will be 24. (TRE G5) The new Twin TRX (TGT) gives also the possibility to provide TX diversity
Configuration 1 ANC without bridges 1 ANC 1 ANC + 1 ANY 1 ANX 1 ANX / 1 ANY 1 ANX + 2 ANY delta ANY
Transmission loss (dB) 1.8 5.1 8.6 1.8 5.3 8.8 3.5
Module ANC ANC no bridge ANX ANY Radio cables TRE-AN AN-AN AN-Antenna
265
What is monitored during validation is the BTS output power at antenna connector The individual losses for duplexer, combiner and internal cabling are not systematically measured for detailed info consult the BTS product description
266
From G4 (now G5) BTS it is allowed to use TRXs of different power within the same sector, or to use of different combining path for TRX belonging to the same sector. Reason: the G4 BTS is able to detect unbalanced losses/powers within a sector and automatically compensate it for GMSK modulation. Consequence: All TRX connected to one ANc are automatically adjusted to the GMSK output power of the weakest TRX (required for BCCH recovery)
267
Principle
Cell Split allows to provide one logical cell with one common BCCH over several BTS cabinets. The cabinets must be synchronized
Benefits
Same number of TRX in fewer racks No need to touch/modify the configuration of existing BTS (cabling) Take full benefit of 24 TRX per cabinet
Configuration built with several cabinets and the cell split over two BTSs feature It is possible to optimize the number of cabinets needed for a site configuration (indoor or outdoor, single band or multi-band) built with more than one cabinet, thanks to a feature called cell split over two BTSs. In that case, the TRXs of one sector can be split over two A9100 BTS cabinets. Various configurations are possible, the only constraint being that following conditions are fulfilled: Maximal number of TRX per cell is 16. Maximal number of cabinets between which a given cell is shared is 2. Cabinets between which a cell is shared are clock synchronised in a master / slave configuration Note : when used in mono band configurations, cell split feature may allow to reduce the number of cabinets with regards to the solution with one cabinet per sector; but at the expense of a more complex antenna system (two ANC, hence 4 feeders per sector instead of 2 feeders, as for "low-loss" configurations); this has to be considered before selecting such a solution.
268
The following figure gives an example of standard multi-band with multi-band cell 3x8/3x8 in 2 MBI5 cabinets :
ANC
ANC
ANC
ANY
TRX 4
ANY
TRX 5 TRX 8 TRX 1
ANY
TRX 4
ANY
TRX 5 TRX 8 TRX 1
ANY
TRX 4
ANY
TRX 5 TRX 8
ANC
ANC
ANC
ANY
ANY
TRX 5 TRX 8 TRX 1
ANY
TRX 4
ANY
TRX 5 TRX 8 TRX 1
ANY
TRX 4
ANY
TRX 5 TRX 8
TRX 1
TRX 4
For a MBI5, in a 3 sector configuration, max. 3 HP TRX /sector are allowed (thermal reasons). The only wayto have 3x6 in MBI5 is with the cell split feature.
269
IND mini: 4carrier, 1 Duplexer (Anx), 1 Combiner (Any), SUM (CPU, Link to BSC) IND Medi: 12carrier, 3 Duplexer (Anx), 3 Combiner (Any), SUM (CPU, Link to BSC)
270
External Dimensions Depth (floor level) Depth (roof level) Height without plintht Height with plinth Width
74 cm 80 cm 146 cm 161 cm 94 cm
Available space for either: Mounting Frame for 19" equipment (6U) Battery
MBO1 Evolution
MBO2 Evolution
Radio subrack
Radio subrack
Radio subrack
Radio subrack
Available space for either: Mounting Frame for 19" equipment (6U) Battery
Radio subrack
Radio subrack
A//DC conversion
wThe Multi-standard Outdoor BaseStation cabinets MBO1 Evolution and MBO2 Evolution offer operators important flexibility with: s An easy extension on-site from the Outdoor MBO1 Evolution BTS (up to 12 TRXs capacity) to the Outdoor MBO2 Evolution BTS (up to 24 TRXs capacity)
271
272
Frequency band
Tx output power (at antenna connector) Rx sensitivity Radio FH Temperature range (max.) Max. power consumption Size (volume) Weight
A910 A9110 (2 TRX) (2 TRX) GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900 1900 Up to 4.5 W 7W -107 dBm Yes 55 C 130 W 54 litres 39.6 kg (incl. connection box) -110 dBm yes 55 C 145 W 54 litres 32.5
273
The quantity of TPGSM, OMCP, SSW and MUX boards have to be considered as 1 activ + 1 stand-by for redundancy function in the shelf. LIU Line Interface Unit 16x 2Mbit/Board
274
200 TRX 400 TRX 600 TRX 150 200 112 96 10 6 255 264 128 96 20 12 1800 24 255 264 224 176 30 18 2600 36
Number of Erlangs
275
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
LIU 6 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
LIU 7 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
LIU 8 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
600 TRX 400 TRX 200 TRX LIU 9 LIU 10 LIU 11 LIU 12 LIU 13 LIU 14 LIU 15 LIU 16 129 145 161 41 31 21 2 1 130 145 162 42 32 22 4 3 131 147 163 43 33 23 6 5 132 148 164 44 34 24 8 7 133 149 165 45 35 25 10 9 134 150 166 46 36 26 12 11 135 151 167 47 37 27 14 13 136 152 168 48 38 28 16 15 137 153 169 x 39 29 18 17 138 154 170 x 40 30 20 19 139 155 171 x 24 18 12 11 140 156 172 x 23 17 10 9 141 157 173 28 22 16 8 7 142 158 174 27 21 15 6 5 143 159 175 26 20 14 4 3 144 160 176 25 19 13 2 1
Ater Ports
400
400
200
Abis ports (max 176) Atermux CS (max 48) Ater mux PS (max 28)
200
LIU boards are fitted in the LIU shelf depending on the BSC configuration (Capacity + connectivity), but only 2 HW configurations for the LIU shelf are considered: one with 8 LIU boards, one with 16 LIU boards, Assignment to each LIU boards either to Abis or Ater, On the Ater LIU, 10 TP are generic (can be assigned either to PS, full CS or a mixed of the 2), and the 6 others are dedicated to PS. In case of 200 TRX configuration, Alcatel decided to split the traffic up to 2 LIU boards (even if one LIU board should be efficient) in order to not impact all the traffic in case of one LIU board failure. The maximum of available LIU boards are used for Abis, to offer maximum flexibility to the clients. The port numbered 9, 10, 11 and 12 on the LIU 12 are not used.
2 Coverage Planning
276
277
2.10.1.1 Diversity
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
278
Purpose
Improvement in fading probability statistics leads to a better total signal level or better total S/N ratio
Demands
correlation between different signal branches should be low
Combining methods
Selection Diversity Maximum Ratio Combining Equal Gain Combining
Principle
Combining signals with same information from different signal branches
Purpose The purpose of using diversity is to reduce short-term fading effects, such that an acceptable level of performance (receiver sensitivity) can be achieved, without having to increase the transmitted power or the bandwidth. Principle The principle relies on the combination of two or more signals, containing the same information, which are at least partially de-correlated. If two signals of the same level are completely de-correlated, the probability that both signals experience the same depth of fade is very low. Therefore the signal reliability is increased.
279
Principle
selection of the highest baseband signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) or of the strongest signal (S+N)
Fieldstrength [dBm]
-80
a lower correlation between signal levels of different branches improves the total signal level
0.1
0.2
Time [sec]
The algorithm for the selective diversity combining technique is based on the principle of selecting the best signal among all of the signals received from different branches, at the receiving end.
280
-90
-100 Antenna 2
Antenna 1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Time [sec]
281
The theoretical diversity gain doesnt improve linear with the number of branches
282
Principle
cophase signal branches sum up signals
Coherent addition of signals and incoherent addition of noises Theoretical diversity gain
11dB for two-branch diversity at the 99% reliability level
In comparison with MRC, in this technique the branch weights are all set to unity but the signal from each branch are co-phased to provide equal gain combining diversity. The possibility of producing an acceptable signal from a number of unacceptable inputs is still retained, and performance is only marginally inferior to maximal ratio combining an superior to selection diversity.
283
284
Principle
weight signals proportionally to their S/N ratios cophase signal branches sum up the weighted signals
In this method the signals from all the branches are weighted according to their individual S/N and then summed. Here the individual signals must be co-phased before being summed ( unlike selection diversity ) which generally requires an individual receiver and phasing circuit for each antenna . Maximal ratio combining produces an output SNR equal to the sum of the individual SNRs. Thus, it has the advantage of producing an output with an acceptable SNR even when none of the individual signals are themselves acceptable. This technique gives the best statistical reduction of fading of any known diversity combiner. Modern DSPs and digital receivers are now making this optimal form of diversity practical.
285
286
The maximum ratio combining, which is used in the ALCATEL BTS, gives the best statistical reduction of any known linear diversity combiner.
287
Principle:
2 algorithms
Beam forming algorithm (available also for MRC) Interference reduction algorithm (new)
best efficiency when the useful signal and the interfering signals come from different directions.
s The TRX module supports enhanced diversity combining in all frequency bands, which is based on several algorithms:
A beam-forming algorithm to improve the received signal by steering a beam in the direction of the mobile. This is one way of doing smart antennas, An algorithm to reduce interference: this mitigates the influence of interferers by steering a null beam in the direction of the main interferer (the phase difference between the two antennas for the strongest interfering signal is estimated and then this interfering signal is strongly attenuated by summing the signals with an inversed phase).
s Maximum efficiency of enhanced diversity combining is achieved when the useful/desired signal and the interfering signals emanate from different directions. In interference-limited environments, beam-forming algorithms will provide a much greater diversity gain compared to traditional maximum ratio combining.
The above mentioned algorithms are working together in a way to combat spatial interferer signals while keeping optimal sensitivity perfomance for undisturbed but week reception.
288
wDiversity gain coming from the fact that the signals received on both antennas are decorrelated (this requires using Xpol antennas or largely spaced antennas) wArray-Gain or Beamforming gain : coming from the fact, that co-phased signals are added (stronger combined signal power) for this direction wNull Steering / Interference Reduction (with a spatial interferer) coming from a algorithm which reduces the interference (the figures below assume a standard interference margin is considered for the link budget)
Environment
6 dB 5 dB 3.5 dB
2.10.1.12 Tx Diversity
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
289
Basic Idea: Transmit twice the same signal from two antennas No combining losses (on air combining) 3dB gain Possible Issue: Coherence between signal can lead to destructive effects This effect depends on the environment a short delay is introduced between two antennas (2 symbols)
Environment Dense Urban (TU3) Sub Urban (TU50) Rural (RA100) Total TX diversity gain 5.9 dB 4.6 dB 4 dB Equivalent TX output power (GMSK) GSM900: 52.4dBm (175W) GSM1800: 51.3dBm (136W) GSM900: 51.1dBm (129W) GSM1800: 50dBm (100W) GSM900: 50.5dBm (113W) GSM1800: 49.4dBm (88W)
BTS
MS
0011000101001
s TX Diversity works with all types of Mobile stations since it is fully transparent to the receiver; this feature takes advantage of the MS equalizer which can already handle multiple paths with different times of arrival. s Consequently, the equivalent TX output power is very high, up to 6dB above the nominal TX output power, which improves the coverage and reduces the number of sites needed to cover a given area, provided the link budget remains balanced or downlink-limited s The table provides the typical gains achieved thanks to TX Diversity and the equivalent TX output power that can be considered for link budget calculations. Note that such gains are environment-dependent since they are highly related to the level of de-correlation between paths. s In 8-PSK, the TX diversity gain is highly dependent on the coding scheme, the environment and the level of Carrier to Interference+Noise Ratio. No significant gains are expected.
2.10.1.12 Tx Diversity
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
290
Diversity Gain:
On top of the output power increase TxDiv artificially increases the number of multi-paths The higher the de-correlation between paths, the higher the gain Other features: a) high power TRX or b) Transmit Coherent Combining do not benefit from this effect
Time
Example:
2 paths (blue and red) They show independent amplitude (fast) fading Probability to fall in a hole is reduced Fading holes of a channel are often compensated by the other channel
Additional gain
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
2.10.1.12 Tx Diversity
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
291
Delay Trade-Off
Higher delay between antennas implies
Less destructive effect, more de-correlated paths and so higher diversity gain: Higher Gains Higher channel delay spread: More Self-interference 0011000101001
2.10.1.12 Tx Diversity
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
292
Summary of the Transmit Diversity effects 3dB increase of the signal strength Additional up to 2.9dB diversity gain for un-correlated fast fading:
Diversity gains are maximum in dense urban because there are a lot of scatterers Diversity gains are reduced in rural because we have Line of Sight propagation
Power increase
3dB
Diversity gain
2.9dB
TU50
3dB
1.6dB
RA100
3dB
1dB
293
dH TXB dv TXA
+45
-45
+45
-45
RXA RXB
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals
TXA TXB
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
TXB
294
dH = 20 15 GSM900 = 6m GSM1800 = 3m
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals
295
The larger the separation the higher the diversity gain Prefer horizontal separation (more effective) d The higher the antenna the higher the required h separation, rule: d > h/10 Highest diversity gain from the "broadside Select orientation of diversity setup according to orientation of cell / traffic
296
General rule: consider diversity gain with 3dB in the link budget
297
RXA RXB
Big Advantage: Only one panel antenna is required to profit from diversity gain using this configuration
298
EV EH
Diversity Gain G = f( , )
EX1
Ex2 or Eh
EX2
Ex1 or Ev
Time [sec]
299
Features
only one TX per antenna combining signals "on air" and not in a combiner 3dB combiner loss can be saved to increase coverage
TX1
TX2
The idea of air combining is to combine transmitted signals in the air and not with an internal combiner, in order to save combining losses. Thus the maximum achievable coverage range will be increased. Air combining can be realized with
two sector or omni antennas one cross polar antenna transmitting different carriers on +/-45 .
300
1 TRX or
2 TRX
V DUPL TX RXA
TX1 RX1 TX2 RX2 RX2D RX1D Air combining Recommended for Evolium BTS
301
302
One antenna system: TX / RX decoupling cannot be achieved by spatial separation Decoupling between both polarization branches needs to be sufficiently high to avoid
blocking problems intermodulation problems
303
Receiving Application
same diversity gain for cross polarized and hor/ver antennas in urban and suburban area polarization diversity gain equal to space diversity gain (2.5 - 6dB) negligible polarization diversity gain in rural areas (not recommended) accordingly consider polarization diversity gain with 3dB in the link budget
304
3dB
2dB
305
Rural Areas
installation space not limited apply Space Diversity (higher gain)
Diversity Gain
consider diversity gain in link budget with 3dB
306
307
repeater
308
A repeater is a bi-directional amplifier. It receives the downlink signal from the BTS, amplifies it and transmits the signal to the mobile. In the uplink direction, the signal of the mobile is received, amplified and transmitted to the BTS.
309
Personal repeaters
low gain broad band indoor coverage improvement for certain rooms
311
feeding by
directional antennas leaky feeder cables
long tunnels
Radiating cable Repeater
Tunnel
312
Remote units
313
314
315
s Repeater gain limited by antenna isolation: GRepeater < IDonor, Repeater - M Pin M (Margin) ~ 12 dB gain 78 dB Pout
Pback = Pin - 12 dB
isolation 90 dB
I = G Amplifier + M arg in
316
A Non-linear system
produces higher-order intermodulation products as soon as output power reaches the saturation point
Parameter
1 dB compression point 3rd order intercept point (ICP3) Intermodulation reduction (IMR) Amplifier back-off
GSM900/GSM1800 requirements
IM products -36 dBm or IM distance > 70 dBc whichever is higher
Each amplifier has a limited linear operation range. In the linear range the input power is amplified by the amplification factor v. But this is only valid until a certain maximum input power. As soon as you feed the amplifier with too high input power the input signal will less and less amplified. The point were the degradation from the specified amplification is 1dB is called the one dB compression point. Lower amplification is one effect when you operate an amplifier in the non linear region, another effect which can cause even worse problems is the intermodulation. Especially the 3rd order intermodulation product (2f1+f2) is very significant. The amplifier produces interfering signals based on available frequencies (f1 and f2). dbc = is the power of one signal referenced to a carrier signal
317
Different gains may be needed in Up- and Downlink if the sensitivity of the repeater is worse than the sensitivity of the BTS
318
High Power TRXs: solution for coverage improvement HP must be used together with TMA: due to unbalanced Link Budget A9100 BTS supports
High Power TRX Medium Power TRX type is chosen by:
environment conditions required data throughput (GPRS/EDGE)
TX power of EVOLIUM Evolution step 2 TRX :
Frequency band GSM 900 HP GSM 1800 HP TX output power, GMSK 60 W = 47.8 dBm 60 W = 47.8 dBm TX output power, 8-PSK (EDGE) 25 W = 44.0 dBm 25 W = 44.0 dBm
319
ANc
No-combining Combining
ANc
No-combining
ANc
Combining No-combining Combining
ANc
No-combining Combining
ANc
No-combining
320
T R A HP
T R A MP
T R E
T R E
RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
321
322
323
subscriber 1 2 3 4 automatic switch line to PSTN sub 3 sub 4 time observation period, e.g. main busy hour (MBH) "offered" traffic = # of calls arriving in MBH mean holding time = 1/ [Erlang] sub 1 sub 2
Parameters: : : 1/: arrival rate [1/h] release rate [1/h] mean holding time [sec]
324
Offered Traffic ()
Handled Traffic, Traffic Capacity: T Blocking Probability, Grade of Service (GoS): pblock = R / System load: = T / n, i.e. T < n
325
T=
326
350 call/hour 3 LU/call TCH duration : 85 sec SDCCH duration : 4,5 sec
w ERLANG COMPUTATION
TCH = (350 * 85)/3600 = 8,26 ERLANG SDCCH = [ (350 + 350*3) * 4,5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 ERLANG
327
ERLANG B LAW
w Relationship between
328
329
How to calculate the traffic capacity T? Basics: Markov Chain (queue statistics)
p0
p1
2
p2
3
pi
n
pn
no call establishe d
i channels occupied
330
Nr. of channels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 35 40 45 50
Blocking Probability Erlang B 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.001 0.046 0.194 0.439 0.762 1.146 1.579 2.051 2.557 3.092 3.651 4.231 4.831 5.446 6.077 6.721 7.378 8.046 8.724 9.411 10.108 10.812 11.524 12.243 12.969 16.684 20.517 24.444 28.447 32.512 0.002 0.065 0.249 0.535 0.900 1.325 1.798 2.311 2.855 3.427 4.022 4.637 5.270 5.919 6.582 7.258 7.946 8.644 9.351 10.068 10.793 11.525 12.265 13.011 13.763 17.606 21.559 25.599 29.708 33.876 0.005 0.105 0.349 0.701 1.132 1.622 2.157 2.730 3.333 3.961 4.610 5.279 5.964 6.663 7.376 8.099 8.834 9.578 10.331 11.092 11.860 12.635 13.416 14.204 14.997 19.034 23.169 27.382 31.656 35.982
1% 0.010 0.153 0.455 0.869 1.361 1.909 2.501 3.128 3.783 4.461 5.160 5.876 6.607 7.352 8.108 8.875 9.652 10.437 11.230 12.031 12.838 13.651 14.470 15.295 16.125 20.337 24.638 29.007 33.432 37.901
2% 0.020 0.223 0.602 1.092 1.657 2.276 2.935 3.627 4.345 5.084 5.842 6.615 7.402 8.200 9.010 9.828 10.656 11.491 12.333 13.182 14.036 14.896 15.761 16.631 17.505 21.932 26.435 30.997 35.607 40.255
3% 0.031 0.282 0.715 1.259 1.875 2.543 3.250 3.987 4.748 5.529 6.328 7.141 7.967 8.803 9.650 10.505 11.368 12.238 13.115 13.997 14.885 15.778 16.675 17.577 18.483 23.062 27.711 32.412 37.155 41.933
4% 0.042 0.333 0.812 1.399 2.057 2.765 3.509 4.283 5.080 5.895 6.727 7.573 8.430 9.298 10.174 11.059 11.952 12.850 13.755 14.665 15.581 16.500 17.425 18.353 19.284 23.990 28.758 33.575 38.430 43.316
5% 0.053 0.381 0.899 1.525 2.218 2.960 3.738 4.543 5.370 6.216 7.076 7.950 8.835 9.730 10.633 11.544 12.461 13.385 14.315 15.249 16.189 17.132 18.080 19.031 19.985 24.802 29.677 34.596 39.550 44.533
10% 0.111 0.595 1.271 2.045 2.881 3.758 4.666 5.597 6.546 7.511 8.487 9.474 10.470 11.473 12.484 13.500 14.522 15.548 16.579 17.613 18.651 19.692 20.737 21.784 22.833 28.113 33.434 38.787 44.165 49.562
15% 0.176 0.796 1.602 2.501 3.454 4.445 5.461 6.498 7.551 8.616 9.691 10.776 11.867 12.965 14.068 15.176 16.289 17.405 18.525 19.647 20.773 21.901 23.031 24.164 25.298 30.995 36.723 42.475 48.245 54.029
20% 0.250 1.000 1.930 2.945 4.010 5.109 6.230 7.369 8.522 9.685 10.857 12.036 13.222 14.413 15.608 16.807 18.010 19.216 20.424 21.635 22.848 24.064 25.281 26.499 27.720 33.840 39.985 46.147 52.322 58.508
50% 1.000 2.732 4.591 6.501 8.437 10.389 12.351 14.320 16.294 18.273 20.254 22.238 24.224 26.212 28.201 30.191 32.182 34.173 36.166 38.159 40.153 42.147 44.142 46.137 48.132 58.113 68.099 78.088 88.079 98.072
331
TCH 7 14 22 29 37 44 52 59
Speech Traffic (Erlang 1% 2% 2.501 2.935 7.352 8.2 13.651 14.896 19.487 21.039 26.379 28.254 32.543 34.682 39.7 42.124 46.039 48.7
Signalling Traffic (Erlang B) 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.439 0.535 0.701 2.051 2.311 2.73 2.051 2.311 2.73 6.721 7.258 8.099 6.721 7.258 8.099 12.243 13.011 14.204 12.243 13.011 14.204 18.205 19.176 20.678
332
333
The roll out of a network is dedicated to provide coverage Network design changes rapidly Planning method must be flexible and fast (group method) Manual frequency planning possible
334
With the growing amount of subscribers, the need for more installed capacity is rising Possible Solutions:
Installing more TRXs on the existing BTS Implementing additional sites
Discussion!
335
More frequencies per site needed Tighter reuse necessary decreasing quality
Trunking efficiency 1TRX 2TRX 3TRX 4TRX 5TRX 6TRX 7TRX . 2.7 Erl. 8.2 Erl 14.9 Erl 21.0 Erl 28.3 Erl 34.7 Erl 42.1 Erl +2.7 Erl +5.3 Erl (+1 Signalling TS) +6.7 Erl +6.1 Erl (+1 Signalling TS) +7.3 Erl +6.4 Erl (+1 Signalling TS) +7.4 Erl
336
337
338
Interdependence of
Cell size Cluster size Re-use distance Interference level Network Quality
interferer region
339
2 7 6 R D 1
3 4 5 7 6 2 1 5 3 4
340
1 4 7 10 11 5
2 6 8 12
3 D 9
341
342
343
6
Coverage Hole
Network Border
Island
344
345
GSM 900
DL: 935-960 MHz UL: 890-915 MHz 200 kHz channel spacing 124 channels ARFCN 1 - 124
E-GSM
DL: 925-935 MHz UL: 880-890 MHz 200 kHz channel spacing Additional 50 channels ARFCN 0, 975 - 1023 200 kHz channel spacing 124 channels
GSM 850
DL: 869-894 MHz ARFCN: 128 - 251 UL: 824-849 MHz
GSM 1800
DL: 1805-1880 MHz UL: 1710-1785 MHz 200 kHz channel spacing 374 channels ARFCN 512 - 885
346
Bandwidth is an expensive resource Best usage necessary Efficient planning necessary to contain good QoS when the traffic in the network is increasing
smaller reuse Multiple reuse pattern (MRP) usage implementation of concentric cells / microcells/dual band implementation of Frequency Hopping Baseband Synthezised
347
As the GSM spectrum is limited, frequencies have to be reused to provide enough capacity The more often a frequency is reused within a certain amount of cells, the smaller the frequency reuse Aim: Minimizing the frequency reuse for providing more capacity REUSE CLUSTER: Area including cells which do not reuse the same frequency (or frequency group)
348
RCS =
B # TRX / cell
ARCS =
B # TRX / cell
349
The ARCS is giving the average reuse of the network when using the whole bandwidth and all TRXs per cell E.g: if we want to have the reuse of all non hopping TCH TRXs, we have to use the dedicated bandwidth and the average number of non hopping TCH TRXs per cell to get the ARCS of this layer type. Each cell has only one BCCH. Therefore the BCCH reuse is an RCS and not an ARCS!
350
Sectorized sites 4 sites per reuse cluster 3 cells per site REUSE Cluster Size: 4X3 =12
1 3 1 3 7 9 8 2 4 6 10 12 11 5 7 9 8 2 4 6 10 12 11 5
351
Sectorized sites 3 sites per reuse cluster 3 cells per site REUSE Cluster Size 3X3 = 9
1 3 7 9 8 2 4 6 1 3 7 9 8 2 4 6 5 5
352
cell A
reus ed ist an ce
D = f R 3 RCS
1 f = 2 3 omnidirectional cells three - sectorized cells
interferer region cell B
In theory reuse distance and reuse shouldnt be dependent. In reality, when the cells are not well designed: bigger cell overlapp =>higher frequency reuse, smaller reuse distance
353
D = distance between cell sites with the same frequencies R = service radius of a cell B = number of frequencies in total bandwidth RCS = reuse cluster size, i.e. one cell uses B/RCS frequencies In hexagonal cell geometry: D/R = f omni cells: f=1; sector cells: f=2/3 3 RCS
Examples (omni): RCS = 7: D/R = 4.6 RCS = 9: D/R = 5.2 RCS =12: D/R = 6.0
site A
C/I
site B
distance
354
BCCH RCS
TCH Reuse: Depending on BW and Number of installed TRXs per cell Example:
B= 26 4TRXs per cell
interferer region
TCH RCS
TCH RCS =
26 7 BCCH 1Guard =6 3
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
BCCH reuse is always RCS, because we dont need to use an average (always one BCCH per cell). Omni cells To calculate the TCH reuse in the example, the BCCH RCS is subtracted from the bandwidth B and the average number of TCH TRX per cell is 4 minus 1 BCCH = 3
355
356
Discussion
357
358
Topography
Hilly terrain Usage of natural obstacles to define sharp cell borders tighter frequency reuse possible Flat terrain Achieveable reuse much more dependent on the accurate cell design
Morphology
Water City low attenuation high attenuation high reuse distance low reuse distance
3.5.4 Conclusion
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
359
In cellular mobile networks, the frequency reuse pattern has a direct influence on the interference and hence the network quality Regular hexagonal patterns allow the deduction of engineering formulas In real networks, cell sizes and shapes are irregular due to
Variation in traffic density Topography Land usage
Engineering formulas allow the assessment of the network quality and worstcase considerations, but the real situation must be proved!
360
361
362
C/I restrictions
9dB for co-channel interference -9 dB for adjacent channel interference
P rec Prec, A
Received Power
Prec, B
C/ I
dista nce
C/I is the difference between the two received power lines when shifting the two transmitters towards each other, the area where the C/I is > 9dB shrinks At a certain distance of the two transmitters, the C/I can never fulfil the GSM criteria -> minimum site distance. It has to be kept in mind, that of course other cells will be inbetween two cells transmitting at the same frequency!
363
Interference probability
C/Imed is the calculated carrier to interference ratio at a certain location (pixel)
Probability density function [%]
5,0% 4,0% 3,0% 2,0% 1,0% 0,0% C/Ithr C/Imed C/I [dB] Margin
100% 3.6 Interference Probability 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 C/I - C/Ithr[dB]
The marked area left of C/Ithr is the area of interference. Although the received level is above the threshold, there is a certain probability to get interference because of the standard deviation of the received signal.
364
Pint = P ( C/I < C/I thr) P int 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0
365
20
25
ARCS
366
367
BCCH frequency is on air all the time If there is no traffic/signaling on TS 1 to 7 dummy bursts are transmitted PC (Power Control) and DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) are not allowed Important for measurements of the mobile
The BCCH frequency must be transmitted with full power all the time! Otherwise the measurements of the neighborcell levels would be useless.
368
PC and DTX are reducing the overall interference in the network. As a TCH is not transmitting anything when not in use, the interference level is strongly related to the traffic on the interfereing cells.
369
370
For different types of carriers, different interference potential is expected As the BCCH carrier has the highest interferer potential because of being on air all the time and the BCCH channel itself is accepting only low interference, the REUSE on the BCCH layer is higher then on other layers TCH layers can be planned with a smaller REUSE Inner zones of concentric cells are able to deal with the smallest reuse in non hopping networks
371
BCCH layer
When applying different reuses in the different cell layers, of course separated bands are necessary!
372
Intra site minimum channel spacing 2 Intra cell minimum channel spacing 2 (ETSI recommends 3, but with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2)
constrains:
Uplink power control enabled Intra cell interference handover enabled
fA1,fA2,fA3,...
Frequencies fAx,fBx,fCx, must have at least 2 channels spacing Frequencies fx1,fx2,fx3, must have at least 3 channels spacing
fC
,f C3 2 f ,C 1
,...
fB
1 ,f B2 ,
fB
3 ,.
..
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
The Intra cell minimum channel spacing of 3 is given by the combiner in the BTS, to avaoid IM problems Important remark: the whole training is compliant to the co-cell constraint of 3 channels ; this is more restrictive than the BTS capability of filtering the channels on frequency n*200 kHz Acc to A.Krause: for Evolium BTS standard equipped with WBC the co-cell constraint can be only 2 channels. (A channel spacing of 2 was tested @Vodacom in 1999 but the result was not better than with channel spacing of 3.)
3.9 Intermodulation
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
373
3.9 Intermodulation
374
IM Products GSM900
In a GSM 900 system intermodulation products of 3rd and 5th order can cause interference
2 * f1,t f2,t = f2,r / 2 * f2,t f1,t = f1,r 3 * f1,t 2 * f2,t = f2,r / 3 * f2,t 2 * f1,t = f1,r
Frequency planning must avoid fulfilling these equations Both frequencies must be on the same duplexer To avoid intra band IM inside GSM900 the following frequency separations shall be avoided:
75/112/113 channels
IM5
IM3
Info from techn. dept: If a WBC has to be used because of the number of TRXs, the output power is not high enough to cause problems. -> No intermodulation problems .
3.9 Intermodulation
375
IM Products GSM1800
In a GSM 1800 system, only intermodulation products of 3rd order can cause measurable interference 2 * f1,t f2,t = f2,r / 2 * f2,t f1,t = f1,r Frequency separations to be avoided
237/238 channels
3.9 Intermodulation
1- -
376
restriction no 112/113 (IM3) and 75 (IM5) no 237/238 (IM3) no IM5 quality degradation measurable no no no 112/113 (IM3) and 75 (IM5) no no no dud2(high Power) -> no dupd -> 237/238
OUTSIDE Problem: Dual Band Colocated BTSs G3 900 G2/G3 1800 G2 900 w/o dupl G2 900 with dupl G2/G3 1800 G2/G3 1800
Problem only for non hopping and BCCH carriers f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r) no f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r)
Caution: SFH doesnt bring additional benefits when hopping over more than 4 frequencies
3.9 Intermodulation
377
Cells, which are not declared as neighbor cells but are located in the neighborhood may use adjacent frequencies if it is not avoidable, but no co channel frequencies Cells which are declared as neighbors, thus have HO relationships, must not use co or adjacent frequencies
If an adjacent frequency is used, the HO will be risky and at least audible by the user
3.9 Intermodulation
378
At the OMC-R for each cell a list of neighbor cells is defined Maximum number of neighbors: 32 The list of neighbors and their frequencies is transmitted to the mobile to be able to perform measurements on these frequencies In case of a HO cause, the HO will be performed towards the best neighbor
379
380
No fixed method Free frequency assignment possible, but very time consuming for larger networks For easy and fast frequency planning: use group assignment Example: 18 channels, 2TRX per cell ARCS 9
381
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3 A4 B4 A5
GSM restrictions are automatically fulfilled, if on one site only groups A* or only B* are used
382
A1 A2 B4 B2 A1 A2 A3 A4 A2 A2 A3 B1 A4 B1 B2 A5 A1 B3
A2
A5
B2 B4
B1
A3
383
A1 A2 B2 B1 B1 B4 B2 A5 A1 B3 A4 A3
A2
A5
A3 A2
B2
B4 A1 A2
B1
A4
A3
A2
384
Any subdivision of the frequency band is reducing the spectrum efficiency! Separations should be avoided if possible! As the BCCH has to be very clean, it is nevertheless recommended to use a separated band and select a bigger reuse
The focus in the discussion is not the fx band splitting by fx management authorities.
385
If a frequency plan is implemented, using all available frequencies in the most efficient way, it is very difficult to implement new sites in the future! New sites would make a complete re-planning of the surrounding area or the whole frequency plan necessary To avoid replanning every time when introducing new sites, it is recommended to keep some Joker frequencies free These Joker frequencies can be used for new sites (especially BCCH TRXs) unless it is impossible to implement new sites without changing a big part of the frequency plan
386
If only a few frequencies have to be changed, the changes can be done at the OMC-R
Disadvantage: Every cell has to be modified separately Downtime of the cell approx. 5 minutes
387
388
Together with the frequencies the Base Transceiver Station Identity Code (BSIC) has to be planned The BSIC is to distinguish between cells using the same BCCH frequency BSIC = NCC (3bits) + BCC (3bits)
NCC Network (PLMN) Colour Code BCC - Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Colour Code
BSIC planning is supported by the A9155 (Alcatel Radio Network Planning Tool)
389
The same combination BCCH/BSIC must not be used on cell influencing on each other (having a mutual interference <>0) BSIC allocation rules:
Avoid using same BCCH/BSIC combination of:
neighbours cells second order neighbour cells (the neighbours of neighbour cell (OMC limitation))
C
Neighbour Cell BCCH:24
A
Serving Cell BCCH:10 BSIC: any
390
Bad BSIC planning can cause SDCCH congestion cause by the spurious RACH problem, also known as Ghost RACH This problem occurs, when a mobile sends an HO access burst to a TRX of cell A using the same frequency as a nearby cell B uses on the BCCH Both cells using the same BSIC and Training Sequence Code TSQC, the HO access burst is understood by the cell B as a RACH for call setup Therefore on cell B SDCCHs are allocated everytime a HO access burst is sent from the mobile to the cell A
If in cell B the BCCH and TRX 2 exchange their frequencies (BCCH gets the fx of TRX2 and TRX2 gets the fx of BCCH): no problem with spurious RACH
Cell B F1 F2 BSIC=1
Cell C
Cell A F5 F1 BSIC=1
3.11.4 Summary
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
391
For optimal usage of your frequency spectrum a good cell design is essential Use larger reuse for BCCH frequencies Use spectrum splitting only when necessary
392
393
394
Frequency hopping
Base band hopping Synthesized frequency hopping
395
396
Adding of cells at existing site locations Adding new cell = adding new BCCH Dual band
Adding cells using another frequency band
Cell splitting
Reduction of cell size Change of one omni cell into several cells/sector cells
397
Indoor coverage
Adding micro cells indoor coverage Adding macro cells indoor coverage
RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
398
4 Radio Interface
4 Radio Interface
399
400
Frequency (FDMA) Carrier Frequencies (ARFCN) Cell Allocation (CA) Mobile Allocation (MA)
401
FDMA and TDMA with 8 time slots per carrier RF frequency band
(E)GSM: GSM1800: (880) 890 ... 915 MHz Uplink (MS BS) (925) 935 ... 960 MHz Downlink (BS MS) 1710 ... 1785 MHz Uplink 1805 ... 1880 MHz Downlink
890 + 0.2 n 890 + 0.2 n 890 + 0.2 (n -1024) 1710.2 + 0.2 (n - 512)
(E)GSM: Fupper (n) = Flower (n) + 45 MHz DCS: Fupper (n) = Flower (n) + 95 MHz
402
Channel types
Traffic Channels (TCH)
Full rate Half rate
Spectrum limitations
Operator
P t
Good spectrum efficiency Good transmission quality
404
stealing bit and FACCH speech input speech coding error protection
interleaving
encryption
modulation
radio channel
error correction
de-interleaving
decryption
demodulation
4 Radio Interface
405
406
20 ms of coded speech
78 class 2 bits
robust to bit errors
407
Class 1b
132 bits
Class 2
78 bits
Fire Code
184 4 0 4
Cyclic code
Tail bits
5 0
132
408
57 bits Block n (456 bits) Block n-1 (456 bits) 0123 4 5 6 7 0123 4 5 6 7
2 x 57 bits
.... 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits .
.... .
Addition of stealing flags
.... 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits .
.... .
Mapping onto bursts
.... .
burst n-3
burst n
.... .
1 time slot
4.2.4 Encryption
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
409
Network
Algorithm A3
Ki Random number generator
Authenticatio n yes/no + SRES (32 bit) RAND (128 bit) RAND RAND
Mobile station
Algorithm A3
Ki
AuC IMSI Ki
SIM Card
Algorithm A8
Kc (64 bit)
Algorithm A8
Kc
Algorithm A5
original data + encrypte d data encrypte d data
Algorithm A5
+ original data
410
A burst contains one data "portion" of one timeslot TDMA frame: time between two bursts with same timeslot number The burst also consists of:
Guard period (GP): allows for transition and settling times Tail bits: allow for small shifts in time delay (synchronisation) Stealing flags: to indicate FACCH (control channel) data Training sequence: for equalization purposes
GP 3 tail bits
Normal Burst
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
Data
57 bits
Training Sequence
1 26 bits 1
Data
57 bits 3 GP tail bits
4.2.4 Synchronisation
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
411
0 1 2 3 1 2 0 1 2
TT TT
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
TT
3
RACH
1 2
non-synchronized
synchronized
Transmitted bursts need a travelling time (TT) to the receiver For network access, the MS sends a (non-synchronized) shortened RACH burst The BSS measures the TT and generates a timing advance value TA which is transmitted to the MS
4.2.5 Modulation
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
412
90
to RF modulator
sin
413
Radio propagation is characterised by dispersive multipath caused by reflection and scattering Moving MS causes Doppler spectrum Definition of propagation models in the time domain to allow channel simulations
TUxx (Typical Urban) RAxx (Rural Area) HTxx (Hilly Terrain) xx = speed in km/h
4.2.7 Equalizing
RNE Fundamentals 1- -
414
Filter parameters determined out of the training sequence Filter parameters change from burst to burst
415
BER = total bit error rate Consideration of class 1 or 2 bits e.g. RBER1b, RBER2
416
BER
>0.01 <0.005 <0.0025 <0.0003 <0.0001
Quality
no communication bad marginal good excellent
Thresholds:
C/I: Ec/No: BTS (GSM900): HH (GSM900): BTS (GSM1800): HH (GSM1800): 9 dB 8 dB -104 dBm -102 dBm -104 dBm -100 dBm
HH - handheld
417
Variation of BER1 over C/I Parameter: Ec/N0 How to find a quality figure?
BER1
BER1 for marginal speech quality: 0.25% required C/I 9 dB for TU50 environment but: signal must not be close to noise floor!
TU50
C/I [dB]
418
Problem: specific fading pattern for each used frequency Fast MS cope with the situation (due to signal processing) Slow MS suffer from fading holes Solution: change the fading pattern by frequency hopping
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
10.6
13.2
15.9
18.5
21.1
23.7
26.3
29.0
31.6
34.2
36.8
39.4
42.1
44.7
47.3
Fading holes
Distance [m]
49.9
0.1
2.8
5.4
8.0
419
Variation of BER1 over Ec/N0 TU environment, flat fading, v = 0 km/h (worst case) Parameter: number of hopping frequencies Compensation with 4 hopping frequencies possible
BER
Ec/N0 [dB]
420
Transport layer 4 Network layer 3 Data link layer 2 Physical layer 1 End system Transportation system
04.07/08 08.58/4.0 8 04.05/06 08.56 04.04 08.54
End system
Definition in GSM recommendations: layers 1 to 3 Notion of "Physical" channels and "Logical" channels
421
Normal Burst
For regular transmission
Contains 142 zeros (0) pure sine wave Allows synchronisation of the mobile's local oscillator Consists of an enlarged unique training sequence code (TSC) Contains the actual FN time synchronisation
Access Burst
Shortened burst (unique TSC and enlarged guard period) Timeslot overlapping avoided at BTS when MS accesses network "Filler" for unused BCCH timeslots BCCH permanently on air Similar to normal burst (defined mixed bits for data, no stealing flag)
Dummy Burst
422
Normal burst
TB 3 57 data bits 1 26 bit training 1 sequence 57 data bits TB GP 3 8.25
Synchronisation burst
TB 3 39 data bits 64 bit training sequence 39 data bits TB GP 3 8.25
Access burst
TB 41 bit synchronisation 8 sequence 36 data bits TB 3 enlarged GP 68.25 bit
423
Traffic channel
Control channel
424
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
425
0 12 3 4 5 6 70 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4
.......
.......
time
one TDMA frame = 4.616 ms
.......
Information packages are always related to the same timeslot number! Bursts are transmitted and received every TDMA frame duration (4.616 ms)
1- combined BCCH
downlink
FCCH SCH FCCH SCH S DCCH3 S DCCH3
426
TCH
up/ downlink 0
TCH TCH TCH TCH
SDCCH
downlink 0
SDCCH0 SDCCH0 SACCH5 S ACCH1
uplink
R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH
uplink
uplink
BCCH
BCCH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH TCH TCH SDCCH1 SDCCH1 SACCH6 S ACCH2 TCH
Control channels
Follows a 51-cycle Duration: 235.4 msec Consists mostly of four consecutive blocks Synchronisation with FCCH and SCH
10
R ACH CCCH R ACH R ACH R ACH FCCH SCH R ACH R ACH R ACH CCCH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH CCCH R ACH R ACH CCCH CCCH R ACH R ACH FCCH SCH FCCH SCH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH SDCCH0 R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH CCCH R ACH R ACH SDCCH1 S DCCH1 R ACH R ACH FCCH SCH FCCH SCH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH SDCCH2 R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH CCCH R ACH R ACH SDCCH3 S DCCH3 S DCCH0 S DCCH0 S DCCH2 R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH S DCCH0 R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH CCCH CCCH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH FCCH SCH FCCH SCH S ACCH1 S ACCH3 CCCH CCCH S ACCH0 S ACCH2
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH 12 SACCH TCH TCH TCH TCH S DCCH0 TCH SDCCH4 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH SDCCH5 SDCCH5 SDCCH4 S DCCH0 SDCCH3 SDCCH3
10
SDCCH2
SDCCH2
SACCH7
S ACCH3
20
FCCH SCH
20
S DCCH1 S DCCH1
CCCH
25 0
SDCCH6 TCH TCH TCH SDCCH6
S DCCH2
S DCCH2
Traffic channels
Follows a 26-cycle Duration: 120 msec
30
S DCCH3 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH SACCH0 TCH TCH TCH S DCCH5 TCH 12 SACCH TCH FCCH SCH FCCH SCH S DCCH1 R ACH CCCH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH CCCH R ACH S DCCH2 R ACH S DCCH2 TCH TCH SACCH1 SACCH3 TCH SACCH0 SACCH0 SACCH2 R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH S DCCH1 TCH TCH S DCCH7 TCH SACCH3 TCH TCH SACCH7 TCH TCH TCH SACCH1 SACCH5 SACCH4 S DCCH4 FCCH SCH R ACH R ACH R ACH R ACH CCCH
S DCCH3
30
SDCCH7
SDCCH7
S DCCH4
S DCCH5
40
FCCH SCH
40
S DCCH6 SACCH2 SACCH6 S DCCH6
S DCCH7
S ACCH4
50
R ACH
50
25
427
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
TB 3
57 data bits
57 data bits
TB 3
GP 8.2 5
428
AMR AMSS AN ARCS ARFCN AS AS ASMA ASMB AuC BC BCU BCLA BCR BCU BCCH BCF BG
Advanced Multi Rate (TC) Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Services Antenna Network (BTS) Average Reuse Cluster Size Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Access Switch (BSC) Alarm Surveillance (O&M) A-ter Submultiplexer A A-ter Submultiplexer B Authentication Center Broadcast Broadcast Unit BSC Clock A Broadcast Register Broadcast Unit Broadcast Common Control Channel (GSM TS) Base station Control Function (BTS) Border Gate (GPRS)
BIE BIEC BIUA BPA BSC BSIC BSS BSSGP BTS CAE CAL CBC CBCH CBE CCCH CCU
Base Station Interface Equipment Base Station Interface Equipment (BSC) Base Station Interface Unit A Back Panel Assembly Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Identity Code Base Station (sub)System Base Station System GPRS Protocol (GPRS) Base Transceiver Station Customer Application Engineering Current Alarm List (O&M) Cell Broadcast Center Cell Broadcast Channel (GSM TS) Cell Broadcast Entity Common Control Channel (GSM TS) Channel Coding Unit
429
CDMA CE CEK C/I CLK CLSI CMA CMDA CMFA CPR CRC CS CS CU DCE DCN DL
Code Division Multiple Access Control Element (BSC) Control Element Kernel Carrier to Interferer ratio Clock Custom Large Scale Integrated circuit Configuration Management Application (O&M) Common Memory Disk A Common Memory Flash A Common Processor (Type: CPRA, CPRC) Cyclic Redundancy Check Circuit Switching (Telecom) Coding Scheme (GPRS): CS-1, CS-2, CS-3, CS-4 Carrier Unit (BTS) Data Circuit Terminating Equipment Data Communication Network DownLink
DLS DMA DRFU DRX DSE DSN DTX DTC DTE EDGE EI EML EPROM ETSI FPE FR
Data Load Segment Direct Memory Access Dual Rate Frame Unit Discontinuous Reception (GSM TS) Digital Switching Element Digital Switching Network Discontinuous Transmission (GSM TS) Digital Trunk Controller (Type: DTCA, DTCC) Data Terminal Equipment Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Extension interface Element Management Level Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory European Telecom Standard Institute Functional and Protective Earth Full Rate (GSM TS)
430
FR FRDN FU FW GCR GGSN GMLC GMM GMSC GPRS GPU GS-1 GS-2 GSL GSM GSM TS HAL HDSL HDLC
Frame Relay (Telecom) Frame Relay Data Network (Telecom) Frame Unit (BTS) Firmware Group Call Register Gateway GPRS Support Node (GPRS) Gateway Mobile Location Center GPRS Mobility Management (GPRS) Gateway Mobile Switching Center General Packet Radio Service GPRS Packet Unit Group Switch of stage 1 (BSC) Group Switch of stage 2 (BSC) GPRS Signalling Link Global System for Mobile Communications GSM Technical Specification Historical Alarm List (O&M) High rate Digital Subscriber Line High Level Datalink Control
HLR HMI HO HR HW IDR ILCS IMT IND IP ISDN IT LA LAC LAN LED LEO LCS
Home Location Register Human Machine Interface HandOver Half Rate Hardware Internal Directed Retry ISDN Link Controller Installation and Maintenance Terminal (MFS) Indoor (BTS) Internet Protocol Integrated Services Data Network Intelligent Terminal Location Area (GSM TS) Location Area Code (GSM TS) Local Area Network Light Emitting Diode Low Earth Orbit (Satellite) Location Services
431
PCH PCM PCU PDCH PDN PDU PLL PLMN PMA PMC
Paging CHannel (GSM TS) Pulse Coded Modulation Packet Control Unit (GPRS) Packet Data CHannel Packet Data Network (Telecom) Protocol Data Unit (generic terminology) Phase Locked Loop Public Land Mobile Network Prompt Maintenance Alarm (O&M) Permanent Measurement Campaign (O&M) Packet Paging CHannel (GPRS) Packet Random Access CHannel (GPRS) Received Power Provisioning Radio Configuration (O&M) Packet Switching Data Network (Telecom)
PSTN PTP-CNLS QoS RA RACH RAM RCP RLC RLP RML RNO RNP RSL
Public Switching Telephone Network (Telecom) Point To Point CoNnectionLeSs data transfer (GPRS) Quality of Service Radio Access Random Access CHannel (GSM TS) Random Access Memory Radio Control Point Radio Link Control (GPRS) Radio Link Protocol (GSM TS) Radio Management Level Radio Network Optimisation Radio Network Planning Radio Signalling Link
432
Radio Time Slot Received Level Received Quality Slow Associated Control Channel (GSM TS) Subrack assembly unit (BSC) Supervised Configuration (O&M) Serial Communication Controller Service Control Point Signalling Connection Control Part Small Computer Systems Interface Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (GSM TS) Service Data Unit (generic terminology) Serving GPRS Support Node (GPRS) SCSI Interface Extension A
SM SMLC SMP SMS SMS-CB SM-GMSC SRAM SRS SS7 SSD SSP SW SWEL TBF TAF
Submultiplexer Serving Mobile Location Center Service Management Point Short Message Service Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast Short Message Gateway Mobile Switching Center Static RAM SubRate Switch Signalling System ITU-T N7 (ex CCITT) Solid State Disk Service Switching Point Software Switch Element Temporary Block Flow (GPRS) Terminal Adaptor Function
433
TC TC TCC TCH TCIL TCSM TCU TDMA TFO TFTS TLD TMN TRAC TRAU TRCU TRE TRS TRU
Transcoder Terminating Call Trunk Controller Chip Traffic CHannel (GSM TS) TransCoder Internal Link TransCoder / SubMultiplexer equipment TRX Control Unit (Type: TCUA, TCUC) Time Division Multiple Access Tandem Free Operation (TC) Terrestrial Flight Telecom Systems Top Level Design Telecommunication Management Network Trunk Access Circuit Transcoder and Rate Adapter Unit Transcoder Unit Transceiver Equipment Technical Requirement Specification Top Rack Unit
TRX TS TS TSS TSCA TSU TU UL UMTS USSD VBS VGCS VLR VPLMN VSWR WAN WAP WBC
Transceiver Time Slot Technical Specification (GSM TS) Time Space Switch Transmission Sub-System Controller A (BSC) Terminal Sub Unit (BSC) Terminal Unit (BSC) UpLink Universal Mobile Transmission System Unstructured Supplementary Services Data Voice Broadcast Service Voice Group Code Service Visitor Location Register Visited PLMN Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (BTS) Wide Area Network Wireless Application Protocol Wide Band Combiner
RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
434
End of Module