JournalofGlobalResearchinElectronicsandCommunication

Volume1,No.1,NovemberDecember2012
AvailableOnlineat:www.jgrec.info

JGREC2012,AllRightsReserved 44
R E S E AR C H P AP E R
Parameter Amelioration of L- band Feeler using Negative Media
1
Bimal Garg,
2
Ranjeet Pratap Singh Bhadoriya
1,2
Department of electronics, MITS, Gwalior- 05
bimalgarg@yahoo.com, r.pratap7872@gmail.com
Abstract- The research in this paper presents a rectangularmicrostrip antenna that is going to be operating in L-band (1GHz 2GHz). The
proposed design of Rectangular patch antenna will be of light weight, flexible, slim and compact size comparingto the current antenna used in L-
band [3]. This paper also contained the detailed steps of procedure involved in the designing of this rectangular microstrip antenna at 1.95GHz
frequency. Later in this designing process authors improvise this antenna using the pentagonal shaped metamaterial structure which was imposed
above the rectangular patch antenna which improves the antenna properties in many aspects. CST-MWS software used to compute the return
loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern, and efficiency of the antenna.

Keywords- Metamaterial, Permittivity, Rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA), Return loss, Bandwidth.
I . I NTRODUCTI ON
The Microstrip patch antennas are in good demand due
to their attractive features likecompact size, light weight,low
cost and conformability. Thesemicrostripantennas can be
used in many applications whether it is commercial or
military areas. This is a comparatively new phenomenon of
antenna engineering. In this research initially a
microstripantenna with a microstrip feed has been designed
and then it simulated. Later on after the simulation the
results of RMPA was analyzed and a layer of pentagonal
shaped metamaterial structure has been implemented on the
patch antenna with the separation of a substrate [5], [6].
The improvised format with the metamaterial gives the
improvement in the result as they were in former case. The
analysis of L band microstrip patch antenna is done for 1.95
GHz frequency and theoverall designing has been done in
CST-MWS software. CST-MWS is the leading edge tool for
the fast and accurate simulation of high frequency
devices.Metamaterial is a hypothetical concept which has
metallic structures exhibiting unique properties not existing
naturally. They are also called backward wave
materials,double negative materials, or left-handed
materials(LHM) because it has the negative permittivity and
permeability.In this paper the authors present a rectangular
patch antenna system, on which a metamaterialpentagonal
structure is introducedas the cover of the antenna [4].

Figure:1MicrostripRectangular Patch Antenna
I I . ANTENNA PARAMETERS
An antenna is transducer, an impedance matching
device, a radiator and a sensor of electromagnetic waves. In
order to be able to design a good antenna, it's crucial to
consider some of the basic and most important parameters
[2], [9] that characterize all antenna design.

a. Gain: The gain of an antenna is the radiation intensity
in a given direction divided by the radiation intensity
of isotropic antenna.
b. Directivity: Directivity is defined as the ratio of the
maximum radiation intensity to the average radiation
intensity. If an antenna is lossless, then the gain and
directivity (in particular direction) will be the same.
c. Antenna Efficiency: The antenna efficiency is defined
as the ratio of total radiated power of the antenna to the
input power.
d. Return Loss: Return loss is a convenient way to
characterize the input and output signal sources.
Return loss can be defined in dB
I I I . DESI GN AND ANALYSI S OF ANTENNA
In RMPA design procedure, initially the desired resonant
frequency has been selected, later the thickness and
dielectric constant of the substrate are identified. In this
RMPA design, FR4 lossy is used with dielectric constant
(
r
=4.4) and dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. This substrate
has 1.6 mm height. After that for specified operating
frequency f
0
= 1.95 GHz and selected substrate the length
and width for the patch was calculated by using these
formulas [1], [2].
Formula used for calculating width:-
w =
1
2]
r
0
s
0
_
2
s
r
+ 1
=
C
2]
r
_
2
s
r
+ 1
------ (1)
Where,
c = free space velocity of light,

r
= Dielectric constant of substrate,
The actual length of the Patch (L)
L
=
L
eff
- 2L ------ (2)
Where,
Leff=
C
2]
r
s
c]]
------(3)
Calculation of Length Extension
L
h
= u.412
(s
c]]
+0.3)[
w
h
+0.264
(s
c]]
-0.258)[
w
h
+0.8
------ (4)
Effective dielectric constant was calculated from:
e
c]]
=
s
r
+1
2
+
s
r
-1
2
_
1
_1+
12h
w
_------ (5)
The units of h must be in mm. and f
r
in GHz.
The results which was used in the designing of the
rectangular microstrip patch antenna are tabulated below-
Ranjeet Pratap Singh Bhadoriya et al, Journal of Global Research in Electronics and Communication, 1 (1) Nov-Dec 2012, 44-47
JGREC2012,AllRightsReserved 45
Table-1: Parameter specification required in the RMPA designing-
Dimensions Unit
Dielectric Constant (r) 4.3 -
Loss Tangent (tan ) 0.02 -
Thickness (h) 1.6 mm
Operating Frequency 2.31 GHz
Length (L) 29.779 mm
Width (W) 38.393 mm
Cut Width 5.0 mm
Cut Depth 10.0 mm
Path Length 29.196 mm
Width Of Feed 3.009 mm

A. Geometry of Proposed Antenna:
The above shownparameters are analysed and implied in
designing ofmicrostrip patch antenna in computer
simulation technology software (CST-MWS).After antenna
designing CST, simulation is done. And all the above
specified parameters like return loss, bandwidth directivity
and efficiency etc. are achieved

Figure.2: Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna
a. R.L. and Bandwidth of RMPA: This designed antenna
has shown -11 dB return loss at 1.95 GHz frequency
and obtained bandwidth is 15.5 MHz which is shown
in figure 3. At the 1.958 GHz resonant frequency
antenna radiate maximum power.

Figure.3:- variation between return loss and frequency
B. Radiation Pattern:
The radiation pattern of an antenna is generally its most
basic requirement because it determines the distribution of
radiated energy in space. Once the operating frequency is
known, the radiation pattern is the first property of an
antenna that is specified [8]. The Radiation Pattern of the
RMPA operating at 1.95GHz is shown in figure 4, which
shows directivity of 5.193dBi and total efficiency of
63.41%.


Figure.4: Smith chart
a. After metamaterial cover implantation: Metamaterial
cover was incorporated over the antenna surface at the
height of 1.638 from patch [7] proposed metamaterial
structure is shown in fig 5.

Figure.5: Proposed metamaterial structure at the height of 3.276 mm from
the ground surface.
b. Return Loss and bandwidth: Results after
metamaterial incorporation has shown -31.81 dB return
loss at 1.92 GHz resonant frequency and obtained
bandwidth is 37.837 MHz which is shown in figure 6.

Figure.6:- variation between return loss and frequency
C. Radiation Pattern:
The Radiation Pattern of the antenna after metamaterial
cover introduction operating at 1.95GHz is shown in figure
7, which shows directivity of 6.135 dBi and total efficiency
of 86.4%.

Ranjeet Pratap Singh Bhadoriya et al, Journal of Global Research in Electronics and Communication, 1 (1) Nov-Dec 2012, 44-47
JGREC2012,AllRightsReserved 46

Figure.7: Simulated result after metamaterial cover introduction
a. Proving of metamaterial: After simulation result post
metamaterial introduction, it was necessary to prove
that the proposed structure used to enhance the
parameter of antenna is Meta. For that purpose
Nicolson Ross Weir (NRW) approach [10] was used.
In NRW approach structure was confined between two
waveguide ports on Y-axis. And boundary condition
was defined, Y as perfect electric boundary (PEB) and
Z as perfect magnetic boundary (PEB). After
simulation S11 and S21 parameter were exported to
Microsoft excel to calculate permittivity and
permeability [12].
The graph of the calculated result is shown in figures
below.

Figure 8: Frequency versus permeability graph shows negative permeability
at resonant frequency.

Figure 8: Frequency versus permittivity graph shows negative permittivity
at resonant frequency.


D. Comparison of parameters before and after
metamaterial introduction:
Table: 1
S. No. Parameter RMPA
alone
After metamaterial
introduction
1 Return Loss -11 dB -31.8 dB
2 Bandwidth 15.5 MHz 37.8 MHz
3 Directivity 5.193 dBi 6.135 dBi
4 Efficiency 63.4 % 86.4 %
I V. CONCLUSI ON
After the whole analysis the characteristics of proposed
antenna enhanced at many parameters. In the resonant
frequency a little change occurs (it was good as size of
antenna being reduced) [11] but the return loss decreased
after the metamaterial introduction. The bandwidthincreased
from 15.5 MHz to 37.8 MHz i. e. 140%. The main
achievement is to increase the bandwidth as well as
efficiency, which also modified to 86.4 % from 63.4% with
increased directivity. Negative values of permittivity and
permeability, which prove that the proposed structure is
metamaterial shown in figure 8 and 9 [13].
V. REFERENCES
[1]. Constantine A.Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.
[2]. David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd
Edition,John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
[3]. W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and
design,John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Ed., New York, 1998.
[4]. V.G. Veselago The electrodynamics of substances
withsimultaneously negative value and Sov.
Phys.Uspekekhy.10 (4), 509-514,1968.
[5]. J.B. Pendry, A.J. Holden, D.J. Robbins, W.J.
Stewart,magnetism from conductors and enhanced
nonlinearphenomena IEEE Trans. Micro Tech. vol.47
no.11, pp.2075-2081, Nov.1999.
[6]. J.B. Pendry, Negative refraction males a prefect lens,
PhysRev Lett, 85 , 3966396,2000
[7]. R. O. Ouedraogo and E. J. Rothwell, Metamaterial-
inspired patch antennaminiaturization technique, in IEEE
Int. Symp. Antennas andPropagation and URSI Radio
Science Meeting Dig., 2010, pp. 14.
[8]. Samanjahani, jalilrashed-mohassel, Mahmoud sahabadi,
"Miniaturization of circular patch antennas using MNG
metamaterial IEEE antennas and wireless propagation
letters, vol. 9, 2010.
[9]. K. L. Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip
AntennasHoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2002.
[10]. P K Singhal, BimalGarg, NitinAgrawal A High Gain
Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Different C
Patterns Metamaterial Design In L-Band, published in
Advanced Computational Technique in Electromagnetics
Volume 2012, Article ID acte-00115, 5 pages, ISPACS.
[11]. R. O. O. and E. J. Rothwell, A. R. Diaz, K.Fuchi, Andrew
Temme Miniaturization of patch antennas using
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JGREC2012,AllRightsReserved 47
metamaterial inspired technique IEEE transactions on
antennas and propagation, vol. 60, no. 5, may 2012.
[12]. F. Bilotti, A. Alu, and L. Vegni, Design of miniaturized
metamaterialpatch antennas with negative loading, IEEE
Trans. AntennasPropag., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 16401647,
Jun. 2008.
[13]. P.K. Singhal, BimalGarg Design and Characterization of
Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Split Ring
Shaped Metamaterial Structure published in IJECE, Vol.2,
No.5, October 2012, pp. 655~662.