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Maine Government Finance Officers Association Single Stream Recycling & Pay Per Bag Initiatives

MAINE STATE PLANNING OFFICE WASTE MANAGEMENT & RECYCLING PROGRAM F b February 26th 2010

Who we are -Waste Management and Recycling Program6 staff located in the State Planning Office Program reconfigured in 1995 after the abolishment of the Maine Waste Management Agency What do we do Program manager planning and oversight of the state owned landfill in Old Town 2p people p - recycling y g education and p promotion - includes waste reduction, reuse, composting, and recycling 1 person - data collection management and analysis 1 person (me) technical and financial assistance - analysis & planning 1 support staff

What we can do for you


Data management g and analysis y 320 reporting entities Ask public and private entities to fill out a comprehensive annual report on their solid waste and recycling activities and programs Collect and analyze as much information as we can from as many sources as we can identify id tif Produce reports based on any of the data that we collect Information back to 1993
Several PAYT reports and related files at http://www.maine.gov/spo/recycle/publications.htm- scroll down to PAYT

For Example Pay as You Throw Year: 2008 Report: PAYT Information Town Population # Abbot 630 Arundel 3571 B h Bath 9266 Belfast 6381 /.. Towns In Region 1 1 1 1 Mun Bag Price $0.50 $1.10 $1 $1.25 2 $2.50

Or a towns data over time


Abbot, Maine Total Municipal Year 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 MSW 217.00 177.00 215.00 220.00 251.00 237.0 200.0 211.3 208.4 229.9 234.5 269.2 269.7 239.6 204.7 192.9 Municipal Recycling 30.66 24.80 32.41 31.99 31.33 27.2 31.7 24.8 29.0 23.7 28.3 36.6 27.3 29.9 34.1 15.9 Bulky Waste 37.7 28.3 41.4 72.6 55.3 49.6 52.9 87.7 59.3 76.5 68.6 62.6 17.1 Bulky Recycling 20.00 33.00 127.00 108.92 128.00 38.0 34.0 11.9 0.0 42.8 48.0 0.0 Total Recycled 50.66 57.84 159.41 140.91 159.33 65.2 65.7 36.7 29.0 66.5 76.3 36.6 27.3 29.9 34.1 33.0 Rec & MSW 305.00 263.00 375.00 361.00 542.00 375.1 321.5 297.7 290.3 384.1 370.1 382.3 365.6 269.5 238.8 288.5 Base Recy Rate % 16.60 21.90 42.50 39.00 35.20 17.4 20.4 12.3 10.0 17.3 20.6 9.6 7.5 11.1 14.3 11.4 Adj. Recy Rate % 21.60 32.90 54.50 50.00 46.20 28.4 31.4 23.3 21.0 28.3 31.6 20.6 18.5 22.1 25.3 22.4 $35,000 $31,123 $40,553 $39,925 $40,839 $45,189 $ $45,959 $45,179 $44,081 Municipal Expenses

" Pay as You Throw" Throw


Overview of PAYT brief explanation history hi t and d prevalence l i in M Maine, i nationally benefits and potential problems

History in Maine
20 y years of Maine PAYT 1989 Falmouth, first Maine town to adopt PAYT(one or two towns charging for trash before that date) 2009- 150 Maine municipalities have a PAYT program From Portland pop.64.249 to North Haven pop.381 From Island Falls to South Berwick 2006 EPA report - 7,095 Communities nationwide

HOW IT WORKS

Economic Incentive leads to behavioral changes


Cable (pay for channels) Electricity (pay per kwh) Water (pay per gallon)

Fairness System
Trash (pay per bag)

Trash becomes a utility

When Do Communities Turn To PAYT?


Rising Disposal Costs Increasing MSW Tonnages Failing Recycling Program Municipal p Landfill Reaching g Capacity p y Waste budget is out of control Relieve Tax Burden

PAYT Implementation Plan


1. 2 2. 3. 4 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Decide PAYT method (bags or tags) and fees (how much per bag) Draft the PAYT ordinance Conduct Public Awareness program Hold Public hearings Adopt p the PAYT ordinance Purchase bags/stickers Arrange for sales/distribution sites Notify taxpayers of new method Notify waste removal contractors Implement PAYT program

Most recent SPO study of PAYT


Summer - 2009

Questions asked of 57 PAYT Programs


What were your towns motivations for switching to a PAYT system? What were your towns primary concerns and/or obstacles in switching to a PAYT program? How did your town determine its bag fee figure? Where do the towns PAYT fee revenues go? What does the revenue cover? The ability of the program to defray/defer costs And the ability abilit of the program to help increase rec recycling cling rates

Questions asked of PAYT Programs Q g


Resident reception of a PAYT system do you feel that your towns program has been successful?

Data Trend Tabulations

Trends in PAYT Town Case Study Data


Sharp to gradual decrease in MSW Tonnage overtime Sharp to gradual increase in Recycling Tonnage overtime Decline in Recycling Tonnage and increase in MSW Tonnage 3-10 years after implementing a PAYT program

Continual plateau in data beginning 5-10 years after i l implementing i a PAYT program

Motivations for Switching to PAYT

Primary Motivations for Adopting a PAYT Program


1) Other reasons not listed = 9 Programs 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ) 7) Landfill and/or Dump Closure = 20 Programs Need for Revenue to Cover Costs = 18 Programs Individual Responsibility = 11 Programs Increase Recycling Rates = 6 Programs Making g People p More Aware of Recycling y g = 4 Programs g Pay for Other Services = 1 Program

Primary y Concerns & Problems Following g PAYT Implementation

Primary Concerns & Problems Following PAYT Implementation


1) 2) 3) 4) 5) No concerns or Problems = 29 Programs Illegal Trash Dumping = 13 Programs Resident Adoption = 10 Programs Other Concerns not Listed = 10 Programs Educating Residents = 3

What PAYT Revenue is Used for & Where PAYT Revenue is Held

What is PAYT Revenue Used for & Where PAYT Revenue is Held
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Directly to Transfer Station = 21Programs General Fund = 16 Programs General Fund Matched to Transfer Station = 14 Programs Disposal Costs + Tipping Fee = 10 Programs Directly to Private Hauler = 2 Programs Disposal Costs = 2 Programs

Methods for Calculating PAYT Bag Fee Figures

Methods for Calculating PAYT Fee Figure


1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Arbitrary (lost to history ?) = 27 Programs All Operational Costs / # Bags = 16 Programs Other Methods Not Mentioned = 12 Programs Tipping Fee + Hauling Fee / # Bags = 7 Programs Tonnage / # Bags = 2 Programs

6) Tonnage/ Bag Weight = 2 Programs

Success in PAYT Program


81.25% of the towns within the study saw success in resident adoption of the PAYT program, in covering MSW disposal expenses and in increasing Recycling Rates expenses, 12.5% of the towns within the study saw success in resident adoption of the program and in increasing recycling rates but did not see success in covering MSW disposal expenses.

Percentage Breakdown of PAYT Programmatic Success


68.42% saw a decline in their MSW after implementing p g a PAYT program p g 75.44% saw an increase in their Recycling after implementing a PAYT program 59.65% saw success for 3 to 7 years in their MSW and Recycling Tonnages 73.68% saw an increase in MSW and d decrease d in Recycling l Tonnages after f 3 to 7 years of the PAYT program began. 73.68% 73 68% also saw sa both Tonnages plateau after 5 to 10 years ears of running a PAYT program.

Recommendations Based on Findings: Towns implementing a PAYT program should consider increases in their bag fees every 3 to 5 years to maintain success and keep ideas of personal responsibility and recycling in peoples minds, in order to avoid residents growing apathetic to the disincentive (the PAYT callus)

single stream zero sort single sort t co-mingled i l d


Overview of single stream recycling what is it? history and prevalence in Maine Maine, nationally industry trend b benefits, fit costs, t logistics l i ti of fi implementation l t ti providers offering this service in Maine, location of SS processing and other SS transfer/drop off facilities

Single g stream-What is it?


Single Stream- all recycled materials are collected and combined in a single container, truck, compactor or trailer to be transported to a g centralized facility y for separation p and p processing g for market large Way to reduce the cost of the collection and aggregation of recycled materials In Maine it has been accompanied by expanding the number and types of items that can be recycledMore convenience for residents and commercial sources and thus in theory increasing the number of participants in a recycling program- more people recycling more stuff While collection costs decrease, processing costs increase significantly, necessitating high volumes of materials and large scale facilities.

No more of this

Or this

Replaced by this

and this

And this

And curbside sort is replaced p

By this

Still relatively new to Maine


Kick off for ecomaine p program g June 2007 Approximately 70 Maine municipalities 2 entities marketing the service Ecomaine Portland municipal corporation 21 owner communities communities- several associate and contracting communities as well 3.8 million dollar renovation in 2007 from dual stream to single sort sort single Offers receiving/processing /marketing services waste disposal services as well

(FCR) Casella Waste Systems Private company 2 processing facilities in Auburn MA and Charlestown MA Main recycling transfer facility in West Bath Recently opened a new collection and transfer facility for zero sort recycling materials in Hampden ME. Can offer containers, containers compactors compactors, tr trucking, cking curbside collection as well as processing and marketing of recyclables Also full service waste management company

Both entities are actively y marketing g their services Single g stream - a very y different approach pp to the way materials recovery has been managed in Maine for the last twenty years. local l l source separated d collection ll i and d di dispersed d regional processing, = access, access convenience convenience, reasonable costs costs, guarantee quality control, product movement to market = relatively stable pricing and revenue in the sometimes fluctuating commodities market.

National industry trend g scale centralized p processing g in Large conjunction with dense collection systems
In Maine -wide variability in contract offering and proposals, community by community In 2007 early 2008 contracts offered tied to markets Up U market k t revenue sharing h i Down market cost sharing Most current contract offerings are fixed price sometimes in conjunction with other types of services

Municipal Policies that can effect single stream program performance


Number of Materials Accepted at Transfer Station or thru curbside collection Curbside Curbside collection Waste Ban Policy Waste Ordinance PAYT Program Mandatory Recycling Recycling R li Committee C itt

Why make the switch ?


Pi Primary Motivations M ti ti & Perceived P i d Benefits B fit :

1. 2. 3 3. 4. 5 5. 6. 7.

Systems changechange ecomaine Desire for change Cost cutting Ease for residents C ll ti efficiency Collection ffi i No longer responsible for marketing Security of long term arrangement for recycling

The positives for single stream


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The implementation p of single g stream in conjunction j with other recycling incentives The use of compaction equipment for the collection and transportation of recycled materials Using the introduction of single stream as an opportunity to re-energize recycling education and promotion Community attitudes Positive g geographic/demographic g g factors Acceptance of cost/benefit of single stream Seamless change in the eyes of the public

Negatives for single stream


1. 2. 3. 4 4. Strength g of existing gp programs g History of stable revenues Negative geographic/demographic factors C Cost projection j i i issues with i h switching i hi costs, hauling costs, and the current economic condition 5. Misuse of unattended remote location recycling facilities 6 Lack of other recycling incentives 6. incentives7. If your present recycling program is not working-single g g stream alone is not magic g bullet

The Need for a Disincentive Program & Alternative Recycling Programs


Municipal p recycling y gp programs, g , as well as the two processing facilities interviewed, see Single Stream programs as a gateway program, which helps to usher in additional recycling programs such as Curbside Collection and PAYT programs, which are most productive and effective.

Qualifications
Only y 2 full years y of data- no conclusions on effects on recycling rates and MSW generation rates Most programs saw recycling rates increase, but others saw increases in MSW generation Cant separate effects of single stream from PAYT and curbside, expanded materials accepted, other variables including global economy Recession seeing a slight decline in overall recycling tonnages but the decline is in the commercial collection Municipal tonnage numbers up significantly (20%) in 2008 from 07. .

Monmouth example no other discernible changes other than single sort

2006 255 tons recycled of common items 2007 switches to single stream thru ecomaine 2008 355 tons recycled 2009 338 tons recycled

Sam Morris 287-8054 1-800-662-4545 Sam.morris@maine.gov @ g www.Recyclemaine.com www.Mainerecycles.com www Mainerecycles com SHS 38 Augusta, ME 04333-0038

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