Public Lighting Calculator USER REFERENCE GUIDE

1. About the Calculator 2. How to get started 3. About the Menu Options

Current Lighting Upgrade Options Compare Existing and Upgrade Cumulative Energy Savings Energy Efficient Design

4. Printing Reports
ABOUT PUBLIC LIGHTING 1. Energy Efficient Lighting 2. Public Lighting Objectives 3. Lighting Equipment 4. Operation and Maintenance 5. Environmental Issues 6. Lighting Definitions

Australian Greenhouse Office Department of the Environment and Water Resources

Version 1 - May 2007

1. About the Calculator

This Public Lighting Calculator Version 1 has been created to assist Council officers and energy managers to evaluate public lighting choices, to realise energy savings and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Calculator has been developed with the support of the Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO), within the Department of the Environment and Water Resources, in collaboration with the Northern Alliance for Greenhouse Action (Victoria) and Sustainability Victoria. The Calculator allows users to compare existing lighting for a council area with alternative lighting solutions. Essentially this involves comparing existing lighting with upgrade scenarios. Scenarios include upgrade of minor road and pedestrian area lighting - Category P, and / or upgrading of major road lighting - Category V. For Category P lighting the user has the option of modelling population upgrades to Greenstreet T5 Fluorescent lights, or high pressure sodium lights, metal halide, or compact fluorescent lights. For Category V lighting the user has the option of modelling population upgrades to High Pressure Sodium Lamps only. Users may enter existing lighting population data for a locality, and assess lighting upgrade choices in terms of lighting levels, energy use, energy costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. Technical data is provided on lighting performance for upgrade scenarios, together with hyperlinks to external information sources on the Internet. Decisions about lighting upgrades will involve negotiations with lighting providers, and more complex financial modelling, taking into account variables such as bulk maintenance schedules, operation and maintenance costs, capital costs for replacement lighting and residual capital values of existing street lighting assets. These aspects, which differ between councils, States and lighting providers, are beyond the scope of this Calculator. Expert advice should be sought in this regard. To operate this Calculator input lighting data for your local government area using the yellow highlighted text boxes, menus, and slider bars. Once data has been entered, it may be saved by saving with an appropriate file name via the Excel File menu. The active area on each worksheet in the Calculator has been set as a Print Area, and may be adjusted through the normal Excel process by selecting File, Print Area and Set Print Area. Alternatively screen dumps may be created (Function Print Screen), then pasted into a document. Before beginning to explore lighting choices it is suggested that the user is familiar with public lighting considerations.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

2. How to get started

First, download the calculator from the website and save it to your computer. Before beginning to evaluate the status of existing lighting, and energy efficient lighting upgrades, assemble information to feed into the Calculator. Information can be compiled from Council records and the network provider regarding:

Lighting population by type this may need to be verified by a physical audit Average energy costs expressed as cents per kWhr The premium cost of GreenPower

Once you have collected this information, you can begin analysis and modelling of lighting.

3. About the Menu Options

The Calculator is driven by Menu Options, the grey buttons on the right hand side of the opening worksheet as shown below.

Note that the Calculator contains macros to expand worksheet views. Excel worksheet views may be quickly restored by holding down the Ctrl key and depressing the w key. The Menu options provided from the Main Menu are as follows:

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Current Lighting Data

This is the area of the Calculator where the you should enter your raw data for analysis. The data fields to be entered by the user are highlighted in yellow.

The following basic lighting data should be entered and or checked for currency: Locality and Provider In the text box which is located immediately to the right, type in the locality, then select State/Territory and Lighting Provider from the drop down menus. Note that your Lighting Provider may differ from your energy retailer. Energy Cost Energy costs are made up of several components and may vary according to location, retailer, and tariff classification eg Peak, Shoulder etc. For the purposes of the Calculator, energy costs inclusive of network charges should be averaged to TOTAL ENERGY COST c/kWh. This information will be derived by referring to invoices from your energy retailer in respect to street lighting. To enter energy cost, use the corresponding slider. Energy Cost with GreenPower This option is available for users who wish to explore greenhouse abatement potential by opting for full or partial use of GreenPower. Enter the all inclusive cost of energy with GreenPower using the relevant slider.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Next enter the existing lighting population for your locality. Before beginning, ensure that sample lighting population data has been cleared, by depressing the Undo button, until each line item is erased. Lighting population data may be derived from invoices from your nominated lighting provider, and should be aggregated and consolidated, so that ideally there should be one total for each particular lighting type. For example 400 units - Mercury Vapour 80 watt. The total lighting population data for the locality under review should be entered as follows: Enter Existing Street Lights Using the drop down menu select the lighting type, then use the slider to select the population. Once this is correct, depress the Accept button. Check that the line item has appeared correctly. If not, depress the Undo button and reenter. Once the line item has been correctly entered, proceed to build up the lighting numbers as previously described. Check that all line items are correct. Once line items have been entered, the lines may be erased using Undo, but may not be changed. There is one exception to this rule. The number of lights for each line/lighting type may be edited, and the Calculator will automatically adjust accordingly.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Upgrade Options
This is the primary worksheet, which enables you to test your upgrade scenarios. Fields are provided in the form of buttons, drop down combo boxes and sliders, to enable you to test scenarios. The main elements of this worksheet are shown below.

Upgrade Options Use the drop down menus to select the lighting upgrade choice to be evaluated. Note that for minor road lighting (Category P) there are multiple choices, such as Fluorescent 2*14 and Metal Halide 70. For major road lighting (Category V), select upgrade or no upgrade. Selecting yes will cause existing Category V lighting to be upgraded by default to High Pressure Sodium. For example upgrade of MV400 defaults to HPS 250 watt. Energy Use the slider to select the mix of GreenPower, from 0 to 100%. Ensure that if this option is exercised that the price of GreenPower has been entered via the Current Lighting Data option which is accessed from the Main Menu. Lamp Lighting Levels This field provides information about relative lamp lighting levels for existing lighting and upgrade choices. A discretionary input field is provided for yellow light correction. If yellow light correction is adopted, the Calculator will derate the lamp lumen output of Category P high pressure sodium lamps by 25%, in line with Australian standards recommendations. Note that this recommendation is not applied to Major Road lighting (Category V). Through selecting choices as explained above, the Calculator will generate information about energy consumption, greenhouse gas abatement and relative lamp lighting levels. See comments and hints on right hand side of the worksheet.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Energy Efficient Lighting Design

This worksheet provides general information about the importance of optimising luminaire mounting heights so as to maximise pole spacing. Increasing pole spacings will reduce energy consumption and operation and maintenance costs. See notes and hint. Move the slider bar to increase or decrease pole heights and observe the resulting changes in pole spacing and energy use.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

View Pole Heights and Spacings for existing Subdivisions

This worksheet provides technical information about Category P lighting choices, including mortality characteristics, energy consumption, light output, maintenance requirements and mounting heights and pole spacings. Note that pole spacing data is given for P5 minor roads only. This is generally considered to be suitable for upgrading existing minor roads, however P4, with higher lighting levels, may be more appropriate in new subdivisions.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Results Detailed
These worksheets provide detailed information in graphical form about existing and proposed lighting populations, greenhouse emissions, and lighting costs. The buttons at the bottom of the screen may be selected to view different information.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Cumulative Energy Savings

This worksheet provides more detailed analysis of cumulative energy savings.

Generally, for a council to embark upon a lighting upgrade, which may require a lump sum capital contribution, there needs be a reasonable payback period i.e. less than seven years. Payback may be achieved through reduction in total costs for energy, and operation and maintenance. This worksheet looks at long term cumulative energy savings. To assess upgrade viability you need to examine this data in conjunction with long term operating and maintenance costs, payout value of residual capital of existing assets if any, and contribution if any to capital costs for chosen upgrade. This is beyond the scope of this Calculator. The worksheet includes spin buttons for the user to set the inflation in energy costs and the growth in street lights.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

4. Printing Reports
Reports may be printed using the standard features of Microsoft Excel. To do so, select and highlight the print area which you wish to print on the worksheet. Click the first cell of the range, and then drag to the last cell. Then select the File/Print Area/Set Print Area option and print in the usual way. When preparing reports and documents with multiple screen dumps, a better way is to copy and paste from Microsoft Excel to Microsoft Word. To do so first open your Word document, select and highlight the desired area in the Excel worksheet, copy (Ctrl C), then drop into the Word document using the Edit/Paste Special command. Select the Picture (Enhanced Metafile) option. The latter option will minimise file size of your Word document. Alternatively full screen dumps may be pasted into documents using the Print Screen function (Usually Fucntion + Print Screen) to capture the screen image, then paste into your document (Ctrl V for MicroSoft Word)

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

ABOUT PUBLIC LIGHTING

1. Energy Efficient Lighting
There are a range of energy efficient street lighting opportunities which may deliver benefits to local government authorities, ratepayers, network providers, drivers, pedestrians and the wider community. Significant reductions in greenhouse pollution may be achieved at often minimal cost and long term savings. Some of the potential benefits and opportunities are described as follows. Energy savings - may be achieved by: 1. Using more efficient lamps, such as high pressure sodium or fluorescent. For example, 400 watt mercury vapour lamps may be converted to more efficient 250 watt high pressure sodium lamps to realise energy savings of more than 35%, with corresponding reductions in greenhouse pollution. The table below outlines how much light (lumens) different types of lamps produce compared to the amount of power (watts) they require. Lamp Description Mercury Vapour (MV) Compact Fluorescent Std Fluorescent T5 Fluorescent Metal Halide (MH) High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Efficacy Lumens/Watt 35-55 70-80 40-80 80-95 85-100 70-140 100-180

2. Electrical control gear, including photoelectric (PE) cells, typically consume 10 to 20% over and above the electricity consumed by the lamp. For example an 80 watt Mercury Vapour lantern consumes 96 watts of electricity. This wastage can be reduced by 80-90% by the use of electronic control gear and new PE cell technology, for example electronic as opposed to iron core ballasts. There are however reliability issues to consider. 3. Using high quality luminaires to reduce light losses, and to ensure that the light is directed where it is required, minimising light spill and night sky illumination. 4. Energy inefficiency may be caused by the use of non standard decorative lighting, due to reduced mounting height and luminaire design. Energy requirements, per linear metre of road, may typically be 15-30% more than standard lighting. 5. Frosted lamps reduce light transmission and therefore efficiency, by about 10%. 6. Energy savings of 30% or more may be realised by designing for maximum pole spacing. Luminaires should be mounted at heights which allow for maximum spacing of poles. For minor roads, the mounting height should generally be no less than 7.0 metres.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

$ Savings may be achieved by: 1. Optimum pole spacing and mounting heights can reduce the capital costs, due to less poles and luminaires being required. Increasing the mounting height of luminaires in minor roads, from 5 metres to 7 metres can result in about a 15% increase in the pole spacings with commensurate reductions in capital costs, maintenance and energy costs. 2. Maintenance cost savings may be achieved through using lamps with longer lives. For example the life of twin arc high pressure sodium lamps (measured as the time when 50% of the population fails) is around 10 years, compared to around 4 years for mercury vapour. 3. More reliable control gear, and better sealed luminaires with ingress protection ratings (IP6x), can markedly reduce the failure rates and intervals between cleaning and replacement of parts. Improving maintained lighting levels

After installation, light levels deteriorate over time. This occurs at different rates, depending on the type of lamp selected. Mercury vapour lamps are particularly prone to depreciation in light levels (and energy efficiency), which may reduce by 50% when approaching rated life. Other lamps such as fluorescent and high pressure sodium are much less prone to lumen depreciation.

Lamp Lumen Depreciation

100 90

% of Initial Lumns

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 1 Fluorescent HPS Twin Arc 2 Australian Standard Limit

Years 3

4 HPS

Mercury Vapour Metal Halide

Poorly sealed luminaires can result in the ingress of moisture, dust and insects, causing the lenses, reflectors and lamps to become dirty and less efficient in reflecting and transmitting light. Selection of lanterns with ingress protection (IP6x rating) can overcome this problem.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Improving lighting distribution control By proper design and equipment selection, wastage of light may be reduced and more efficient use of emitted light may be achieved. For street lighting to be effective: most of the light should fall on the roadway some light should fall on the surrounding areas so that there is not excessive contrast between the footpath and the roadway itself spilling light onto adjacent properties is undesirable and in residential situations is regarded as light pollution upward lighting from street lighting luminaires should be avoided as far as possible to reduce unnecessary light pollution of the night sky and to reduce wastage Street Tree Planting When trees are present they may cause undesirable shadowing and may render street lighting ineffective. When there are areas of new planting, consideration should always be given to the potential impact of shadows from road lighting when selecting the species and position of trees. In new subdivisions lighting column positions should be established first, and only then trees planted in ways to minimise the impacts on road lighting and ongoing maintenance. Safety and security Proper design and equipment selection can make areas safer and reduce the potential of crime. This entails assessment of lighting requirements relative to the use. Considerations include:

crossings, intersections, transport interchange areas, and retail precincts, and the like, may require higher lighting levels and different lighting characteristics to local area roads. Direct glare and high light levels can make visibility more difficult Attention to uniformity and even light distribution can add to a persons sense of security and can improve detection of pedestrians by drivers colour rendition is an important factor to be considered. In areas where there are security risks white light may be more preferable than orange or yellow light

2. Public Lighting Objectives

Public lighting is the lighting of roadways and other public areas such as parks, squares and footpaths. Australian Standard 1158 categorises the various areas and road hierarchy, as well as the minimum technical parameters for each category. The Standard classifies lighting into three main areas:

Category V1 to V5 Major Road Lighting freeways, arterial road, sub-arterial roads, collector roads, etc. The objective of major road lighting is to provide a lighted environment that is conducive to the safe and comfortable movement of vehicular and pedestrian traffic at night and the discouragement of illegal acts. Category P1 to P5 Minor Road Lighting collector/distributor roads, local roads, cycle paths, etc. The objective of minor road lighting is to provide a lighted environment where the visual requirements of pedestrians are dominant, due to the low vehicular traffic flow. Category P6 to P12 Public Area Lighting town centres, town squares, pedestrian malls, footpaths in parks, carparks etc. The objective of lighting public areas is to provide an environment where the visual requirements of pedestrians are dominant.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

The objectives of supplementary floodlighting of a pedestrian crossing are to enhance pedestrian visibility by direct illumination and to provide advance warning to motorists of the presence of the crossing. Pedestrian crossing floodlighting should only be installed to supplement Category V Road Lighting. The Australian Standards are not a regulatory requirement, and Council has the discretion to increase lighting levels where appropriate.

3. Lighting Equipment
The components that make up public lighting include:

lamps luminaires including reflector, refractor and housing electrical control gear including ballasts and photoelectric (PE) cells poles and brackets light bases (foundations) underground cables or overhead conductor electricity supply

Greenstreet T5 lantern showing electronic control gear, optics and luminaire housing At this time there are six main types of lamps available for street lighting. These are:

Mercury Vapour High Pressure Sodium (single arc and twin arc) Fluorescent tube, including more efficient T5s Compact Fluorescent Metal Halide

Key considerations in selecting the most appropriate lamps for road lighting include:

lamp life - survival over time light output lumens per watt lumen depreciation over time temperature sensitivity price colour rendition

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

Lamp Life
100

Percent Surviving

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 HPS 9.0 10.

Years
Fluorescent HPS Twin Arc Mercury Vapour Metal Halide

Lamp Description Mercury Vapour (MV) Comments Inexpensive, good colour rendition, moderate life, moderate efficacy, poor lumen depreciation, reliable, immune to ambient temperature. Susceptible when voltage drops below 220 volts. High price, moderate life, good colour rendering, but lamp life and efficacy is less than HPS. Moderate price. High efficacy. Yellow light. Higher wattages have longer life. High efficiency makes it suitable for street lighting. Dual arc gives extended life. Moderate price. Very high efficacy. Large size. Orange light makes this unsuitable for pedestrian and minor road applications. Good colour rendering. Moderate to efficacy. Temperature sensitive. Good colour rendering. Good efficacy for low wattages. Good colour rendering but low to moderate lamp life and efficacy.

Metal Halide (MH) High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Std Fluorescent T5 Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent

White light may be more preferable to yellow light in some areas where colour rendition and brightness are more important, such as commercial areas, in areas with high night time pedestrian traffic. White light and yellow light should be provided appropriate to the intended use. Consideration is being given to derating the lumen output of high pressure sodium lamps by 25%, under AS 1158.3.1 for category P lighting. This should be taken into account in lighting selection and design. The T5 fluorescent and twin arc high pressure sodium are the most economically viable and energy efficient public lighting options available at this time. Lamp technology is constantly evolving. Compact fluorescent may soon be more competitive when the life of these lamps is extended. Metal halide is also promising in the longer term, as purchase costs reduce and mortality characteristics improve. It is therefore important to recognise the ongoing technology advances in context compatibility of chosen luminaires for future lamp upgrades.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

4. Operation and Maintenance

In Victoria the provision of public lighting is regulated under the Public Lighting Code 2001. The purpose of this Code is to regulate the provision of public lighting or the arrangements for such provision by specifying minimum standards and certain obligations of distributors and public lighting customers. Distributors such, as AGL and TXU, are obliged to maintain public lighting assets to enable the supply of energy for their operation. Council, being the public lighting customer, is obliged to make payment to the distributor for public lighting services provided by the distributors. Electricity used for public lighting is contestable and may be supplied by the distributor or other energy retailer at the discretion of Council. The distributors charges are based upon the maintenance and capital replacement costs of the lighting. The charge applied by the distributor for each type of light is referred to as the Operation Maintenance and Replacement Charge (OMR).

The lamp lumen depreciation and mortality characteristics as well as luminaire, ballast and PE cell choice are critical in calculating maintenance requirements, which are used by the provider to calculate OMR charges. Labour costs for installation and maintenance differ between areas depending on such matters as travel distances and safety and equipment requirements. The capital cost of installing replacement lanterns is also a factor, which the network provider takes into account in determining the OMR. It is important for Council that faults such as day burning, outages, start up drift, and damaged lights are promptly repaired so as to minimise safety risks and energy wastage. Under the Public Lighting Code, where a distributor does not repair a public light within 2 business days of a fault it must pay the first person who reported the fault a minimum of $10, providing that person is the occupier or proprietor of an immediately neighbouring premises. Otherwise the distributor must respond within 7 days of receiving a fault report.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

5. Environmental Issues
Lamp disposal is problematic due to the content of toxic heavy metals, in particular mercury. High pressure sodium lamps pose less environmental risk. For example a 50W HPS lamp contains only 0.1 mg of mercury compared to 80w mercury vapour lamps which contain about 14 mg. Modern fluorescent lamps have about 1mg of mercury compared to 30mg in older lamps. There are some companies which specialize in the recycling of lamps and recovery of heavy metals. Recycling is more preferable than landfill disposal.

Lighting Levels
Under the Australian Standards (As 1158 series), lighting levels are set for given applications according to: safety risk aesthetic factors. The required average maintained horizontal illuminance for P ratings are given as follows.

LIGHTING VALUES - Category P

20 Maintained Horizontal Illuminance (lux) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

Lighting Category

For pedestrian areas (Category P) required lighting levels are graduated P1 to P12. For vehicular areas (Category V) required lighting levels are graduated V1 to V5.

6. Lighting Definitions
Aeroscreen (Cut-Off) Lanterns Lanterns that are designed to emit no light above a horizontal line projected from the face (glass) of the lantern. Average Lamp Life Time taken until 50% of lamps has reached end of life. Some distributors use a figure of 10%. Ballast Device used with discharge lamps for stabilising the current in the discharge. Category V Lighting

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

P9 P1 0 P1 1 P1 2

Lighting designed principally for vehicular traffic, eg traffic routes, as described in AS/NZS 1158.0 and in AS/NZS 1158.0. Category P Lighting Lighting designed principally for local roads, to provide a safe and comfortable visual environment for pedestrian movement at night, as described in AS/NZS 1158.3.1 CO2-e Equivalent tonnes of carbon dioxide caused by energy production and distribution losses. Colour rendition General expression for the effect of an illuminant on the colour appearance of objects in conscious or subconscious comparison with their colour appearance under a reference illuminant. Efficacy A measure of lamp output efficiency, with units of lumen/watt. Fluorescent lamp Discharge lamp of the low-pressure mercury type in which most of the light is emitted by a layer of fluorescent material excited by the ultraviolet radiation from the discharge. Note This term is most commonly applied to low-pressure tubular fluorescent lamps, for example 'TL', 'TL'D, 'TL'E lamps. Frangible poles Poles designed to detach from a solid base at ground level upon impact of a motor vehicle. Glare Condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a reduction in the ability to see significant objects, or both, due to an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance or to extreme contrasts in space or time. Halogen lamp Gas-filled lamp containing a tungsten filament and a small proportion of halogens. High-pressure mercury (vapour) lamp Mercury vapour lamp, with or without a coating of phosphor, in which during operation the partial pressure of the vapour is of the order of 105 Pa - for example: HPL and HPL-N lamps. High-pressure sodium (vapour) lamp Sodium vapour lamp in which the partial pressure of the vapour during operation is of the order of 104 Pa - for example, SON and SON-T lamps. Horizontal illuminance The value of illuminance on a designated horizontal plane at ground level Unit lux. (lx) HPS High pressure sodium lamp Incandescent (electric) lamp Lamp in which light is produced by means of an element heated to incandescence by the passage of an electric current. Ingress Protection (IP6x) Refers to the sealing of luminaires to prevent the admittance of moisture, insects, dust and dirt. This influences the intervals between cleaning and the maintained lighting levels. Luminaires may be designed and tested to achieve IP ratings eg IP66, IP65. Lamp Is the part of a lantern, which emits light and which may require associated control equipment to operate. Lantern

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

A complete light fitting containing a lamp and designed to control the output of the light. Low-pressure sodium (vapour) lamp Sodium vapour lamp in which the pressure of the vapour during operation does not exceed 5 Pa. lumen The lumen (symbolised lm) is the International Unit of luminous flux. It is defined in terms of candela steradians (cd multiplied by sr). One lumen is the amount of light emitted in a solid angle of 1 sr, from a source that radiates to an equal extent in all directions, and whose intensity is 1 cd. Luminaire Apparatus that distributes, filters or transforms the light given by a lamp or lamps and which includes all the items necessary for fixing and protecting these lamps and for connecting them to the supply circuit. Lux The lux (symbolised lx) is the unit of illuminance in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined in terms of lumens per metre squared (lm/m2). Metal halide lamp Discharge lamp in which the major portion of the light is produced by the radiation from a mixture of a metallic vapour (for example, mercury) and the products of the dissociation of halides (for example, halides of thallium, indium or sodium) - for example: HPI-T lamps. Metal vapour lamp Discharge lamp such as the 'mercury (vapour) lamp' and the 'sodium (vapour) lamp' in which the light is mainly produced in a metallic vapour. Mortality rate The number of operating hours elapsed before a certain percentage of the lamps fail. Mounting height The distance between the reference plane and the plane of the luminaires. Photoelectric (PE) Cell A device that is normally incorporated in a lantern that automatically switches the lantern on at dusk and switches the lantern off at dawn. Public Lighting Includes lighting for all situations on public property to which to AS1158.1.1:1997 Category V lighting or equivalent, and AS1158.3.1:1999 Category P lighting or equivalent would normally apply. Reflector Device in which the phenomenon of reflection is used to alter the spatial distribution of the luminous flux from a source. Service Level Agreement A code of practice between the network provider and the customer for the provision of public lighting services. Spacing The distance between the centres of two successive luminaires in an installation, which is related to luminaire height and characteristics.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007

ENVIRONMENTAL EDGE Consulting

Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2007