Light Reveals Cosmic Stories

TheCosmicMessenger TheCosmicMessenger The Cosmic Messenger The Cosmic Messenger
BasicPropertiesof Light & Matter BasicPropertiesof Light & Matter Basic Properties of Light & Matter Basic Properties of Light & Matter
Learning from Light Learning from Light g g g g
Types of Telescopes Types of Telescopes
EE8086 EE8086 Astronomy: Stars, Galaxies & Cosmology Astronomy: Stars, Galaxies & Cosmology p.3-1
Further Reading: Further Reading: The Essential Cosmic Perspective, Chapters 5 The Essential Cosmic Perspective, Chapters 5
Light: The Cosmic Messenger Light: The Cosmic Messenger
A i t b k t k f Ancient observers keep track of
time & seasons, navigate &
t d th h b l ki t study the heavens by looking at
light fromthenight sky.
Early observers could only
discern the most basic features
of the light they saw, such as
colour & brightness.
Over the past several hundred years, we have discovered that
light carriesfar moreinformation. light carriesfar moreinformation.
Today, light of distant objects areanalyzed to learn what they
are made of how hot they are how fast they are moving & are made of, how hot they are, how fast they are moving &
muchmore.
i i i f i j
Light bringsstoriesof distant objectstoEarth.
What is Light? What is Light?
Nature of light remained a
mysteryuntil recentlyinhuman y y y
history.
Isaac Newton discovered that Isaac Newton discovered that
white light is made up of a
t f l i 1660 spectrumof coloursin1660s.
prior to that, many thought the
colourscamefromtheprism
Light isalsoknownaselectromagneticradiation. Light isalsoknownaselectromagneticradiation.
visiblelight isonlyatinypart of thecomplete
light spectrum light spectrum
thereisalsolight that our eyescannot cannot see see
Nature of Light Nature of Light
WWave
Nature
Particle
Nature
Light is form of energy transport consisting of
electromagneticwavestravelingat thespeedof light. eect o ag et cwavest ave gat t espeedo g t.
nomassisexchanged& nomediumisrequired
Li h h d l & i l i l Light hasadual nature: wave wave& particle particle.
demonstrated by physics experiments over the past hundred
yearsor so
Wave Nature of Light Wave Nature of Light
Wave is a disturbance that transmit
energy through space& timewithout
carryingmaterial alongwithit.
Light is anelectromagnetic
wave. wave.
can affect both charged charged
particles particles& magnet magnet
pp gg
Wave Nature of Light, contd Wave Nature of Light, contd
Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength
Higher frequency Lower frequency
Light travel through empty space at the same speed of
c=310
8
m/s.
Speedof light isdefinedby: c=f Speedof light isdefinedby: c=f
f frequencyof light (Hz) & wavelengthof light (m)
f f q y f g ( ) g f g ( )
Particle Nature of Light Particle Nature of Light
i h l h i l i Light alsohaveparticleproperties.
We can think of light as consisting of many individual We can think of light as consisting of many individual
packetsof energycalledphotons.
h h t l t l t th d f li ht eachphotonalsotravel at thespeedof light
a photon has no electric charge or mass but possesses
tt & momentum momentum& energy energy
Energyof each photon is gy p
proportional to frequency
of light ( E f ) of light ( E f ).
thehigher thefrequency(the
shorter the wavelength) the shorter the wavelength), the
higher thephotonenergy
f
c = f
Electromagnetic Spectrum: The Many Forms of Light Electromagnetic Spectrum: The Many Forms of Light
What is Matter? What is Matter?
We are interested in the matter of planets, stars &
galaxies. g
obviouslynot practical tostudytheseobjectsbygoingtothem
i h i h h i f i Light can interact interact with these matter & information
about themarecarriedacrosstheuniverse.
needto understandthenatureof matter beforeyoucandecode
theinformationreceivedinlight
Matter aremadeupof atoms.
more than 100 different types of atoms, known as chemical
elements(periodic periodictable table)
atoms are in turn made up of particles called protons (+ (+ve ve
charge) charge), neutrons(no (nocharge) charge) & electrons((--ve vecharge) charge)
Structure of a Typical Atom Structure of a Typical Atom
Properties of atom depend
mainlyontheelectrical mainly on the electrical
charge in the nucleus.
A drop of
water has
10
23
atoms.
10 atoms.
Atomic Terminology Atomic Terminology
Each different chemical element contains different proton
number inthenucleus.
calledtheatomic atomicnumber number
proton+neutron= =atomic atomicmass massnumber number
Atomsof anelement withdifferent
neutronnumber arecalledisotopes
neutronnumber arecalledisotopes.
Light Light--Matter I nteractions Matter I nteractions
i hi hli h i i h Four Four ways waysinwhichlight caninteract withmatter:
Emission Emission
matter releasesenergyaslight
Absorption
matter takesenergyfromlight
Transmission
tt ll li ht t th hit matter allowslight topassthroughit
Reflection
light bounceoff matter toanother direction
M t i l th t Materialsthat
transmit light aresaidtobetransparent transparent
absorblight arecalledopaque opaque
Thermal Radiation Thermal Radiation
Thermal
R di ti Radiation
Spectra
Nearly all large or dense objects emit thermal
radiation, includingstars, planets& evenyou.
thermal radiationisalsoknownasablackbodyradiation y
Anobjectsthermal radiationspectrumdependsononly
i t t
oneproperty: itstemperature.
Laws of Thermal Radiation Laws of Thermal Radiation
The thermal radiation of an object is described by two
laws: laws:
Stefan Stefan- -Boltzmann BoltzmannLaw Law Ahotter objectssurfaceemits
l h ll l h h more light per square meter at all wavelengths. The total
energy radiated per unit surface area varies as the fourth
f h b ( T
4
) power of theobjectstemperature( T
4
).
Wiens Wiens Law Law Hotter objects emit photons with a higher
average energy i e shorter average wavelength Peak average energy, i.e. shorter average wavelength. Peak
wavelength of thermal radiation spectrumis inversely related
totheobjectstemperature( 1/T) totheobjectstemperature( 1/T).
Stefan Stefan- -Boltzmann Law Boltzmann Law
Two stars of the
sametemperature
Thelargestar
same temperature
The large star
will emit 4
times the total
energy of the
smaller star.
Small star is half the
size of the large star
Surface area of
sphere=4tr
2
g
sphere 4tr
A hotter objects surface emits more light per square
meter at all wavelengths The total energy radiated meter at all wavelengths. The total energy radiated
per unit surfacearea varies as thefourthpower of the
objectstemperature( T
4
)
object stemperature( T
4
).
Wiens Law Wiens Law

Hotter objects emit photons with a higher average
energy, i.e. shorter average wavelength. Peak gy, g g
wavelength of thermal radiation spectrumis inversely
relatedtotheobjectstemperature( 1/T)
relatedtotheobject stemperature( 1/T).
Which star is
hotter?
Types of Light Spectra Types of Light Spectra
Energy Levels in Atoms Energy Levels in Atoms
Electron energies are
quantized& canonlytake quantized & can only take
on certain discrete values
Electronsinanatomcanonlyhaveparticular amount of
energy& not othersinbetween.
lowest energylevel iscalledthegroundstate
higher energylevelsareknownasexcitedstates
Energy Level Transitions Energy Level Transitions
Electron gaining enough energy to
reach ionization level escapefrom
theatomcompletely Atoms
Electron energy
is measured in
eV (normalized
the atom completely. Atoms
becomes charged & are called ions.
eV (normalized
unit for energy, J )
Hydrogen
atom
Origin of Emission & Absorption Lines Origin of Emission & Absorption Lines

The spectral lines are due to the unique set of discrete
energylevelsfor eachtypeof atom, ionor molecule.
unique spectral fingerprint can be use to identify the
q p f g p fy
chemicalsincelestial objects
Spectral Lines of Different Elements Spectral Lines of Different Elements

Compares with spectral lines of
known elements to infer the
composition of an celestial object.
S l Solar
Spectrum
Doppler Effect Doppler Effect
Li ht Li ht S d S d Light Light Sound Sound
Doppler effect refers to the hh ii ff of a a e Doppler effect refers to thechange changein in frequency frequency of awave
for anobserver movingrelativetothesourceof thewave.
f hif i i l h l i l i
amount of shift isproportional totherelativevelocity
How do we tell the Speed of a Distant Object? How do we tell the Speed of a Distant Object?
v c
A
Radial velocity:
v c
=

0
Radial velocity:
Doppler Shift & Line of Sight Doppler Shift & Line of Sight
Radial
velocity
Tangential
velocity
Measuring Rotational Velocity Measuring Rotational Velocity
The Doppler effect broadens the widths of the spectral lines of rotating
objects. One side of a rotating object is moving toward us creating a
bl hif hil h h id i i f i d hif
blueshift, whiletheother sideisrotatingawayfromus, creatingaredshift.
Collecting Light with Telescopes Collecting Light with Telescopes
Wecanonly seealittleamount of light whenwelook at the
skywithour nakedeyes.
Telescopes areessentially giant eyes
that can collect far more light that can collect far more light,
allowing us to see much much fainter fainter
objects objectsinmuch muchgreater greater detail detail objects objectsinmuch muchgreater greater detail detail.
specify in terms of light light- -collecting collecting
area area& angular angular resolution resolution
scientific instruments can be scientific instruments can be
connected to analyzethelight (visible
or invisible) theycollect ) y
G lil ' T l
Galileo's Telescope
Bigger is Better Bigger is Better
Types of Telescope Types of Telescope
T l i t b i d i Telescopescomeintwobasicdesigns:
Refracting telescope uses lenses
tocollect & focuslight tocollect & focuslight
Reflecting telescope uses curved
mirrors to collect & focus light
(used exclusively in professional
astronomytoday)
Refracting Telescopes Refracting Telescopes
A large convex lens
concentrates light from a
distant object to the focus.
Eyepieceisashort focus Eyepiece is a short focus
lens that enables the eye
to view a magnified
version of the image
produced.
Yerkes1mrefractingtelescope:
University of Chicago, US
Yerkes 1 m refracting telescope:
largest refractor in the world
Reflecting Telescopes Reflecting Telescopes
The primary mirror reflects light to a
Gemini North telescope:
secondary mirror before focusing it to a
hole in the primary mirror. The image is
viewedwithaeyepieceafter thehole
p
8 m diameter primary mirror
viewed with a eyepiece after the hole.
Alternative Design of Reflecting Telescopes Alternative Design of Reflecting Telescopes
Other Reflecting Telescopes Other Reflecting Telescopes
The most powerful telescope on the
summit on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, is
thetwinKeckobservatory which the twin Keck observatory, which
has 10 m diameter mirror made up
of 36 hexagonal segments that
effectively work as a single piece of
reflective glass.
The telescopes can operate
together to form a single
astronomical interferometer astronomical interferometer,
which can probe structures with
higher resolution higher resolution by means of
interferometry.
Telescopes Across the Spectrum Telescopes Across the Spectrum
Arecibo radio telescope, the p ,
largest single telescope in
the world, stretches 305 m
across a natural valley in
Puerto Rico.
Telescopes for other other wavelengths wavelengths of light allowus to learn
far moreabout our universethanwithvisiblelight alone far moreabout our universethanwithvisiblelight alone.
telescopesfor nonvisiblelight requireadifferent design
L l h di l h b Long wavelength radio wave telescopes have to be very
largetoachievereasonableangular resolution.
resolutionisproportional towavelength
Other Radio Telescopes Other Radio Telescopes
Very Large Array (VLA) Very Large Array (VLA) in New in New
Mexicolinks Mexicolinks27radiodishes 27radiodisheslaid laid Mexico links Mexico links 27 radio dishes 27 radio dishes laid laid
out in out in YY shape for interferometric shape for interferometric
observation. Angular resolution observation. Angular resolution observation. Angular resolution observation. Angular resolution
is equivalent to a single telescope is equivalent to a single telescope
with a diameter of 40 km. with a diameter of 40 km. ff
I nterferometry
Two(or more) radiodishes
observethesameobject.
Their signals are made to
interferewitheachother interferewitheachother.
An image is reconstructed
withtheangular resolution
onewould get fromadish
the size of the distance
betweenthem.
light-collecting area is still
onlythesumof theareasof y f f
theindividual dishes
Atmospheric Absorption Atmospheric Absorption
G d b d l Ground-based telescopes at
wavelengths outside the transmission
windows are completely useless!
Observatories in the Sky Observatories in the Sky
Satellites belonging to the NASAs Great Observatory
Programfor theobservation of distant planets, galaxies &
h bj
other outer-spaceobjects.
Space Space--Based Telescopes ( Based Telescopes (--ray) ray)
ComptonGammaRayObservatory: detects -ray. ComptonGammaRayObservatory: detects ray.
Launchedin1991.
D lib t l d bit d& f ll i t th P ifi O i 2000
Deliberatelyde-orbited& fell intothePacificOceanin2000.
Space Space--Based Telescopes (X Based Telescopes (X- -ray) ray)
/
v
a
r
d
.
e
d
u
/
d
r
a
.
h
a
r
v
p
:
/
/
c
h
a
n
h
t
t
p
Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar
ChandraX-RayObservatory: detectsX-ray
(1910 1995)
ChandraX-RayObservatory: detectsX-ray.
Launchedin1999.
Space Space--Based Telescopes (UV, Visible, NI R) Based Telescopes (UV, Visible, NI R)
i
t
e
.
o
r
g
/
/
/
h
u
b
b
l
e
s
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
d bbl Edwin Hubble
(1889-1953)
HubbleSpaceTelescope: detectsUV, visible, NIR.
L h di 1990 Launchedin1990.
TobereplacebyJ ames J amesWebb WebbSpace SpaceTelescope Telescope,
d b l h di 2013
duetobelaunchedin2013.
J ames Webb Space Telescope J ames Webb Space Telescope
J amesWebb J ames Webb
(1906-1992)
Instrumentshavewavelengthcoveragefrom0.6to28m.
Primarilylookat theuniverseintheinfrared infrared.
y
Space Space--Based Telescopes (I R) Based Telescopes (I R)
Spitzer Space Telescope:
detectsIR from3~180m.
Launchedin2003.
Lyman Spitzer
(1914-1997)
Messier 81, a spiral galaxy
, p g y
12m mlight-years away.
Why do we put Telescopes in Space? Why do we put Telescopes in Space?
telescope cover light
enters
solar
panels
secondary
mirror
primary
mirror
Despite the relatively small
size of Hubble Space
Telescopes primary mirror
scientific
instruments
(2.4 m diameter), it
performs much better than
l di d larger diameter ground-
based telescopes at visible
l th Wh ?
wavelengths. Why?
Atmospheric Effects on Visible Light Atmospheric Effects on Visible Light
B i ht f th d ti k li it i ibl li ht b ti Brightnessof thedaytimesky limitsvisible-light observation
tothenight.
bad badweather weather canalsomakeit impossibletoobserveat night bad badweather weather canalsomakeit impossibletoobserveat night
no such problemwith radio telescopes, which can observe both
day& night day& night
Scattering of man-made lights by the atmosphere makes the
i h k b i h
night skybrighter light pollution.
Atmospheric Effects on Visible Light, contd Atmospheric Effects on Visible Light, contd
Air turbulenceintheatmospheredistortslight Air turbulenceintheatmospheredistortslight.
bendslight inconstantlyshiftingpatterns
i kli f
causestwinklingof stars
Advanced Telescopic Observation Advanced Telescopic Observation
The observatory can shine a laser into
the sky to create an artificial star (a
point of light inEarthsatmosphere) it point of light in Earths atmosphere) it
can monitor for atmospheric distortions.
Adaptive optics technology can eliminate blurring caused Adaptive optics technology can eliminate blurring caused
byatmosphere.
constantly deforms mirror in telescope to compensate rapidly constantly deforms mirror in telescope to compensate rapidly
changingatmosphericdistortion
requiredamount of mirror deformationobtainedfrommonitoring
requiredamount of mirror deformationobtainedfrommonitoring
abright star or artificial star createdbylaser

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TheCosmicMessenger TheCosmicMessenger The Cosmic Messenger The Cosmic Messenger

Wiens Law Wiens Law

Spectral Lines of Different Elements Spectral Lines of Different Elements

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