Applied Mathematics, 2012, 3, 997-1000

doi:10.4236/am.2012.39147 Published Online September 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/am)

An I nstability Result to a Certain Vector Differential
Equation of the Sixth Order
Cemil Tun
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Yznc Yl University, Van, Turkey
Email: cemtunc@yahoo.com

Received August 12, 2012; revised September 12, 2012; accepted September 17, 2012
ABSTRACT
The nonlinear vector differential equation of the sixth order with constant delay is considered in this article. New crite-
ria for instability of the zero solution are established using the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional approach and the dif-
ferential inequality techniques. The result of this article improves previously known results.

Keywords: Vector; Nonlinear Differential Equation; Sixth Order; Lyapunov-Krasovskii Functional; Instability; Delay
1. I ntroduction
In 2008, E. Tun and C. Tun [1] proved a theorem on
the instability of the zero solution of the sixth order
nonlinear vector differential equation
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(6) (5) (4)
(5)
(5)
, , ,
, , , 0
X t AX t BX t
E X t X t X t X t F X t X t
G X t X t X t X t H X t
+ +
+ +
+ +

=
(1)
The objective of this article is to investigate the insta-
bility of the zero solution of the sixth order nonlinear
vector differential equation with constant delay, 0, t >
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(6) (5) (4)
(5)
(5)
, , , ,
, , , ,
0,
X t AX t BX t
E X t X t X t X t X t
F X t X t
G X t X t X t X t X t
H X t
t t
t t
t
+ +
+
+
+
+ =

(2)
by the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional approach under
assumptions A and B are constant ;
n
Xe9 n n -
symmetric matrices; E, F and G are continuous n n -
symmetric matrix functions depending, in each case, on
the arguments shown; and H
is continuous. Let
: ,
n n
H 9 9
( )
( ) 0 H = 0
H
J X
),
denote the J acobian matrix
corresponding to ( H X that is,
( ) ,
i
H
j
h
J X
x
| |
c
= |
|
c
\ .
( ) , 1,2, , i j n = ,
where ( )
1 2
, , ,
n
x x x and are the com-
ponents of X and H, respectively. We also assume that
the J acobian matrix
(
1 2
, , ,
n
h h h )
( )
H
J X
( ) ( )
(4)
(5)
1
, , ,
, , ,
ik k
k
b x
x t
x
x
t t t
''

( )
( )
, ,
, ,
t
H
t Y
t Y
J X
t


}

exists and is continuous.

It should be noted that Equation (2) is the vector ver-
sion for systems of real nonlinear differential equations
of the sixth order
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(6) (5)
1 1
(5) (5)
1 1 1
1
1
1
(5)
1 1
1
1
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, , 0, 1,2, , .
n n
i ik k
k k
n
ik k k
k
n
ik k k
k
n
ik k k
k
i n
x a x
e x x t x x t x
f x x
g x x t x t x
h x t x i n
t t t
t t
= =
=
=
=
+ +
+
' ' +
' +
+ = =

We can write Equation (2) in the system form
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
, , ,
d ,
t
S AS BU
E X X S t W F Y Z
G X X U S t Y
H X s Y s s
t t
t t
=

(3)
which is obtained from (2) by setting , X Y =

, X Z =

, X W =

(4)
X U = and .
(5)
X S = Throughout what fol-
lows ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , X t Y t S t are abbreviated as , , , , X Y S
respectively.
Consider, in the case the linear differential
equation of the sixth order:
1, = n
(4)
2
x a
(6) (5)
1 3 4 5 6
0, x ax a x a x a x a x + + + + + + = (4)
where are real constants.
1 2 6
, , , a a a
Copyright 2012 SciRes. AM
C. TUN 998
It is known from the qualitative properties of solutions
of Equation (4) that the zero solution of this equation is
unstable if and only if the associated auxiliary equation
6 5 4 3 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
0 a a a a a a + + + + + + = (5)
has at the least one root with a positive real part. The
existence of such a root depends on (though not always
all of) the coefficients
1 2 6
in Equation (5).
Basing on the relations between the roots and the coeffi-
cients of Equation (5) it can be said that if
, , , a a a
2 1
1 5 3
1
0,
4
a a a a

> >
1

or
2
4 2 6
1
,
2
a a a > 0, < (6)
then at the least one root of Equation (5) has a positive
real part for arbitrary values of and or
and respectively.
1
, a
3
a
5
a
2
, a
4
a
6
It should be noted that Equation (2) is an n-dimen-
sional generalization of Equation (4), and when we es-
tablish our assumptions, we will take into consideration
the estimates in (6). The symbol
, a
, X Y corresponding
to any pair X, Y in stands for the usual scalar prod-
n
9
uct
1
,
n
i i
i
xy
=

and ( ),
i
A are the ei- ( 1, 2, , , i = ) n
genvalues of the -matrix n n . A
It is worth mentioning that using the Lyapunov func-
tions or Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals and based on
the Krasovskii properties [2], the instability of the solu-
tions of the sixth order nonlinear scalar differential equa-
tions and the sixth order vector differential equations
without delay were discussed by Ezeilo [3], Tejumola [4],
Tiryaki [5] and Tun [6-13]. The aim of this paper is to
improve the results of ([1,3]) form the scalar and vector
differential equations without delay to the sixth order
nonlinear vector differential equation with delay, Equa-
tion (2).
2. Main Result
First, we give an algebraic result.
Lemma. Let D be a real symmetric -matrix.
Then for any
n n
n
Xe9
2 2
, ,
d d
X DX X X o s s A
where
d
o and
d
are the least and greatest eigenval-
ues of respectively (Bellman |14|).
A
, D
Let be given, and let 0 r > | | ( )
,0 ,
n
C C r = 9 with
( )
0
max
r s
, . s C | = e | |
s s

For define by 0 H >
H
C C c
{ }
: .
H
C C | | = e < H
, If is continuous, then,
for each t in
| ) : ,
n
x r A 9
| ) 0, ,
0 A < s
A
t
x in C is defined by
( ) ( ), 0,
t
x s x t s r s t 0. = + s s >
Let G be an open subset of C and consider the general
autonomous delay differential system with finite delay
( ) ( ) ( , 0 0,
0, 0,
t t
x F x F x x t
r t
), u
u
= = =
s s >

n
+

where is continuous and maps closed and
bounded sets into bounded sets. It follows from these
conditions on F that each initial value problem
: F G9
( ),
t
x F x =
0
x G | = e
has a unique solution defined on some interval | ) 0, , A
0 A . < s This solution will be denoted by ( )( ) . x |
so that ( ) .
0
x | | =
Definition. The zero solution, of 0, x= ( )
t
x F x =
is stable if for each 0 c > there exists ( ) 0 o o c = >
such that | o < implies that ( )( ) x t | c < for all
The zero solution is said to be unstable if it is not
stable.
0. t >
The result to be proved is the following theorem.
Theorem. In addition to the basic assumptions im-
posed on A, B, E, F, G and H that appear in Equation (2),
we suppose that there are constants
1
and , a
2
, a
6
a
o such that the following conditions hold:
The matrices A, B, E, F, G and ( )
H
J X are symmetric
and ( )
1 1 1
sgn sgn ,
i
A a a a > ( )
2
, B a >
i
( ) 0 0, H =
( ) 0, H X = when 0, X = and ( ) (
i H
a J
)
. 0 <
6
s
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
1
. sgn ( . 0,
4
i i
G a E
a
o
1
> >
( ) 1,2, , . i n =
If
6
,
na
o
t <
then the zero solution of Equation (2) is unstable.
Remark. It is worth mentioning that there is no sign
restriction on eigenvalues of F, and it is obvious that for
the delay case our assumptions also have a very simple
form and their applicability can be easily verified.
Proof. Define a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional
( ) ( )
1 1
. , , , , ,
t t t t t t
V V X Y Z W U S = :
( )
0
2
1 0 1
sgn d d ,
t
t s
V V a Y s
t
u u
+
=
} }

where
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
0
0 0
0
2
, d , d
, , ,
1
, , ,
2
1
, d d ,
2
t
t s
V F Y Y Y H X X
S Y AU Y BW Y
BZ Z Z U AW Z
W W Y s
t
o o o o
u u
+
=

+ + +

} }
} }
o

Copyright 2012 SciRes. AM
C. TUN
999
where is a certain positive constant and will be de-
termined later in the proof.
It follows that
( )
1
0,0,0,0,0,0 0 V =
and
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2
1 1 1 2
1 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
0,0, sgn ,0, 1 ,0
1
sgn , sgn sgn , 1 sgn
2
1
, sgn , 1
2
1 1
1 1 0
2 2
V a a
B a a a a
B a a
a a a
c c
c c c c
c c c c
c c c
+

= + +

1
a
`
= + +
| |
> + + = + >
|
\ .
)

for all arbitrary 0, c = so that the property
of Krasovskii [2] holds.
n
c e9
( )
1
P
Using a basic calculation, the time derivative of
along solutions of (3) results in
1
V
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
d
. , ,
d
, . , .
d
( ) , d
d
d
, sgn
d
d ,
d
d d .
d
t
H
t
t
t s
V AW W F Y Z Y
t
, H X Y E W Y G Y Y
F Y Y Y
t
H X X d a
t
J X s Y s s Y
Y s
t
t
t
o o o
o o
u u

= +

+ + +

`
)

}
}
}
} }

The following estimates can be easily calculated:
( ) ( )
1
0
d
, d ,
d
, H X X H X Y
t
o o =
}

( ) ( )
1
0
d
, d ,
d
, F Y Y Y F Y Z Y
t
o o o =
}

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
6 6
2 2
6 6
d ,
d
d d
1 1
d
2 2
t
H
t
t
H
t
t t
t t
t
t
J X s Y s s Y
Y J X s Y s s
na Y Y s s na Y Y s s
na Y na Y s s
t
t
t
t
t

>
> >
>
}
}
} }
}
t

and
( ) ( )
0
2 2 2 d
d d d
d
t t
t s t
Y s Y Y
t
t t
u u t u
+
=
} } }
u
so that
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
1 1
2 2
6 6
d
. , . , . , sg
d
1 1
d .
2 2
t
t
V AW W E W Y G Y Y
t
na Y na Y
t
t u

> + +
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
}
na
u

Using the assumptions of the theorem, we get
( ) ( ) { }
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2
6 6
2
1 1
1 1
2
1 6
2
6
1
1
2
6
d
. , (.) , . , sgn
d
1 1
d
2 2
1 1
. sgn . , .
2 4
1
. , sgn
2
1
d
2
1
. , . . , sgn
4
1
2
t
t
t
t
V aW W E W Y G Y Y a
t
na Y na Y
a W E Y a E Y E Y
a a
G Y Y a na Y
na Y
E Y E Y G Y Y a
a
na Y
t
t
t u u
t
u u
t

> + +
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
= +
| |
+ +
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
> +
| |
+ +
|
\ .
}
}
( )
( )
2
6
2 2
6 6
1
d
2
1 1
d .
2 2
t
t
t
t
na Y
na Y na Y
t
t
u u
o t u

| |
|
\ .
| | | |
> + +
`
| |
\ . \ . )
}
}
u

Let
6
1

2
na =
so that
( )
( )
2
1 6
d
. .
d
V na
t
o t > Y
If
6
,
na
o
t < then, for a positive constant we
have
1
, k
( )
2
1 1
d
. 0
d
V k Y
t
> >
so that the property ( )
2
P of Krasovskii [2] holds.
It is seen that
( )
1
d
. 0 , 0, 0
d
0, 0for all 0
V Y X Z Y W Z
t
U W S U t
, = = = = = =
= = = = >



so that
, 0 X Y Z W U S . = = = = = =
Using these estimates in (3) and the assumptions of the
theorem, we get ( ) 0 H 0. = = Thus, we have
Copyright 2012 SciRes. AM
C. TUN
Copyright 2012 SciRes. AM
1000
0 X Y Z W U T = = = = = =
(
for all So that the
property
0. t >
)
3
P of Krasovskii [2] holds.
The proof of the theorem is complete.
Example. For the particular case in Equation
(2), we have
2 n=
10 1
,
1 10
A
(
=
(


( )
1
9, A = ( )
2
11, A =
( )
1 1
sgn 9 sgn ,
i 1
A a a > = a
( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
4
2
1
.
0
4
0 2
1
x s
E ,
x s
(
+
(
+ + +
(
=
(
+
(
+ + +

( ) ( )
1 2 2
1 1
4
. 2
1
E ,
x s
= +
+ + +

( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2
4
. 2
1
E ,
x s
= +
+ + +

( ) ( )
2
. 3
i
E s 6,
,

( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
6 0
.
0 6
x s
G
x s
+ + +
=

+ + +

(
(

1
, s
2
, s

( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
. 6 G x = + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
. 6 G x = + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
1
1
. sgn . 5 0,
4
i i
G a E
a
> o = >
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2
9
,
9
x t
H X t
x t
t
t
t
(
=
(

(


( )
9 0
,
0 9
H
J X
(
=
(

( ) ( )
. 9
i H
J = ,
( ) ( )
6
9 .
i H
a J = s < 0, ( ) 1,2 . i =
If
5
,
9 2
t <
then all the assumptions of the theorem hold.
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