Lessson 1 Conjunctions et and etet bothand Verbs Amo I love, I like, I am loving, I am liking, I do love, I do like Amare to love,

ove, to like Laboro I work, I am working, I do work Laborare To work, Laudo I praise, I am praising, I do praise Laudare to praise Porto I carry, I am carrying, I do carry Portare to carry Voco I call, I am calling, I do call Vocare to call Nouns Agricola the farmer Agricolae of the farmer Aqua the water Aquae of the water Casa the house, the cottage Casae of the house, of the cottage Femina the woman Feminae of the woman Puella the girl Puellae of the girl Stella the star Stellae of the star Terra the earth, the land Terrae of the earth, of he land Noun declensions Latin nouns are identified by listing their case, number, and gender. The different forms of a noun which are indicated by the endings are known as cases. The cases included nominative (subject), genitive (possession), dative (indirect object), accusative (direct object), ablative (prepositional phrase), and vocative (direct address). Nouns can also be either singular or plural in number. The gender of a noun is part of its meaning and should be memorized when learning new vocabulary.

The most important case to know while learning Latin is the genitive singular. As stated before, this is the case that supplies the stem, or base, of the noun. All other cases, except for the nominative singular, are formed by adding case-specific endings to the base. The nominative singular may also be formed that way, as it is in the nouns you have seen so far, but it may also be formed differently. A Latin dictionary will supply the genitive singular, along with the nominative singular. This will give you enough information to form the other cases of the noun in ways that will be explained later on. Nouns fall into predictable pattersfive of themknown as declensions. More information about these different declensions and how to form different cases in each will follow. First declension nouns When you list the different cases of a noun, you are declining that noun. Latin has five different declensions, and each noun belongs to one of these five declensional patters. In this chapter, you are learning the first declension, also known as the a-declension. Nouns with a genitive singular ending in ae, as those above, are known as first declension nouns, and are typically, although not always, feminine in gender. It should be noted that some Latin dictionaries will list only the genitive singular ending, rather than the entire genitive form, for words which use the same base in the genitive as in the nominative form (for example, stella, -ae). All first declension nouns use the same base in both the nominative and genitive singular forms. First declension nouns have a- in most of the case endings. First declension nouns are all feminine, unless the word indicates a male, as in the case of Agricola, which means farmer. Most masculine first declension nouns are words that have been borrowed from Greek. Consider the declension of the first declension noun stella. Case Name Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative Use subject possession Indirect object Direct object Prepositional phrases Direct address Singular Stella, the star Stellae, of the star Stellae, to, for the star Stellam, the star Stella, from, by, with, in the star Stella, O star Plural Stellae, the stars Stellarum, of the stars Stellis, to, for the stars Stellas, the stars Stellis, from, by, with, in the stars Stellae, O stars Example The star shines brightly. The light of the star is bright. The rocket flies to the stars. I like the stars The light came from the stars. O stars, shine brightly.

The base or root, of stella, stellae is stell-. This is obtained by dropping the genitive singular ending, -ae. The other endings can be added directly onto the base. These endings are:

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative -a -ae -ae -am -a -a

Singular -ae -arum -is -as -is -ae

Plural

This is true of all first declension nouns. You will notice that some cases have the same endings. For example, the genitive and dative singular, as well as the nominative and vocative plural, all end in ae. However, when you encounter the word stellae, you will be able to figure out which case it is in from the words around it. The a of the ablative singular form is long and is pronounced differently from the nominative and vocative singular forms. For the purpose of clarity, the vocative will not be used in the exercise except when specifically indicated. Later lessons will explore the use and meanings of the various cases in greater detail. For now, all you have to do is practice what you have learned so far. Grammar Practice No. 1 Decline, puella, terra, aqua, casa, femina, and agricola in the same way stella is declined, giving the Latin form and its English meaning, and then check your answers in the Answer Chapter. Do this until you can give all the forms including the vocative, easily and quickly. Example: puella, the girl; puellae, of the girl; puellae, to, for the girl; puellam, the girl; etc. Answer to Grammar Pratice No. 1 Puella the girl Puellae of the girl Puellae to, for the girl Puellam the girl Puella from, by, with, in the girl Puella O girl Puellae the girls Puellarum of the girls Puellis to, for the girls Puellas the girls Puellis from, by, with, in the girls Puellae --O girls Terra the land, the earth Terrae of the earth, of the land

Terrae to, for the earth, to, for the land Terram the land, the earth Terra from, by, with, in the land, from, by, with, in the earth Terra O earth, O land Terrae the lands, the earths Terrarum of the lands, of the earths Terris to, for the earths, to, for the lands Terras the lands, the earths Terris from, by, with, in the lands, from, by, with, in the earths Terrae O lands, O earths Aqua the water Aquae of the water Aquae to, for the water Aquam the water Aqua from, by, with, in the water Aqua O water Aquae the waters Aquaum of the waters Aquis to, for the waters Aquas the waters Aquis from, by, with, in the waters Aquae O waters Casa the house, the cottages Casae of the house, of the cottages Casae to, for the house, to, for the cottages Casam the cottage, the house Casa from, by, with, in the house, from, by, with, in the cottage Casa o house, o cottage Casae the houses, the cottages Casarum of the houses, of the cottages Casis to, for the houses, to, for the cottages Casas the houses, the cottages Casis from, by, with, in the houses, from, by, with, in the cottages Casis O houses, o cottages Femina the woman Feminae of the woman

Feminae to, for the woman Feminam the woman femina from, by, with, in the woman, from, by, with, in the woman femina O woman feminae the women feminarum of the women feminis to, for the women feminas the woman feminis from, by, with, in the women feminae o women Agricola the farmer Agricolae of the farmer Agricolae to, for the farmer Agricolam the farmer Agricola from, by, with, in the famer Agricola o farm Agricolae the farmers Agricolarum of the farmers Agricolis to, for the farmers Agricolas the farmers Agricolis from, by, with, in the farmers Agricolae o farmers Verb Conjugations Verbs are ide4ntified by listing their person, number, tense, voice, and mood, Person can be first, second, or third, depending on whether the subject includes the speaker (I or we), is being addressed directly (you or you all) or is referred to (he, she, it, they, or an expressed subject like the king). Number, as with nouns, is either singular or plural. Latin has six tenses (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, or past perfect, and future perfect). Voice refers to whether an action is active (the subject performs the action) or passive (action is performed upon the subject). The most important moods are indicative, subjunctive, and imperative, but others include the infinitive, participle, gerund, and supine. The first form of each verb listed in the vocabulary section is the first person of the present active indicative tense. For example, amo, I like, I am liking, I do like (all three possible translations indicate present time, but also indicate simple, progressive, or emphatic aspect). The second form is the present active infinitive. For example, amare, to like. This infinitive furnishes the base or stem on which the present tenses are formed. Bases of the verbs previously listed are: ama-, porta-, lauda-, labora-, voca-.

In a Latin dictionary, verbs are usually listed under the first person singular of the present tense. This form is followed by the present infinitive (as above) and then by one, or more often, two other forms. These forms are called the principal parts of the verb. The principal parts are those forms of the verb from which all other forms are derived. IN other words, if you know the principal parts of a verb in Latin, you can figure out all the other forms of that verb from them. Each verb, fortunately, belongs to one of four patterns known as conjugations (described in greater detail later) which greatly facilitates learning. Verbs with infinitive ending in are, as those listed above, are known as first conjugation verbs. The appendices include a listing of the principal parts for all of the verbs used in this text. To keep things simple in the earlier portions of this program, only the first two principal parts are listed for now. First Conjugation The ending of a verb changes to show person (the subject of the verb), number (singular or plural), and tense (time). These endings are added to one of the four principal parts, depending on the tense. You already know the first two principal parts of the verbs listed in the vocabulary for this chapter: the first person singular of the present active indicative and the present active infinitive. When you list the different forms of a verb, you are conjugating that verb. Latin has four different conjugations. Each verb belongs to one of the four conjugations and is conjugated in only one way. A few verbs are irregular and do not belong to any of the four conjugations. The first of these irregular verbs will be examined later in this chapter. At this point, you are learning the first or a-conjugation. Verbs that en in are in the present active infinitive (the second principal part) are first conjugation verbs, also known as a-conjugation verbs. This infinitive supplies the base onto which the endings for the present active indicative are added. First conjugation verbs have a- in most of the forms. A verb must be in the same person and number as its subject. This is known as subject-verb agreement. For example: Agricola laborat, the farmer works (third person singular) Agricolae laborant, the farmers work (third person plural) Present Ative Indicative Tense of First Conjugation Verbs You will notice that verb in this tense can be translated in three ways. Although all three translations are listed only for the first person singular, they are understood to be present for three persons, singular and plural, in this tense. These different translations represent progressive, simple, or emphatic aspect within present time. Person 1st Singular Amo, I like, am liking, Plural Amamus, we like Example Amamus aquam, We

2nd 3rd

do like Amas, You like Amat, he, she, it likes

Amatis. You like Amant, they like

like the water. Amas aquam. You like the water. Amant aquam. They like the water.

These are the present active indicative forms of amo. Present because the action is taking place in the present; active because the subject of the verb is doing, not receiving the action. Consider the following sentences: The girl likes the farmer. The girl is liked by the farmer.

The subject of both sentences is The girl. However, the verb is active in the first sentence, in which The girl is doing the liking, and passive in the second, in which she is receiving the liking. The farmer is doing the liking, but is not the subject of the sentence. Later chapters will explain the use of the passive in greater detail. For now, unless other wise indicated, you will be dealing with the active voice. The forms of amo given above are also indicative. The indicative mood is used when dealing with concrete situation. There are several other moods in Latin; the two most important are the imperative, for giving orders, and the subjunctive, used to express hoped-for-or possible actions. These will be considered much later. For now, unless otherwise indicated, you will be dealing only with the indicative mood. There is one other form of amo, that you already know. This is amare, the present active infinitive. Amare means to love. Infinitives by definition, are not limited (in + finis) byperson and number like the finite (limited) forms of the verb, and therefore are identified by tense, voice, and mood only.

Puella the girl Puellae the girls Puellae of the girl Puellarum of the girls Puella to, for the girl Puellis to, for the girls Puellam the girl Puellas the girls Puella from, by, with, in the star