ENGLISH NEWS Part 4 Unit 16 Housing and Architecture Lexical Database Shapes

triangle = triunghi square = ptrat oblong / rectangle = dreptunghi rhombus = romb hexagon = hexagon circle = cerc oval = oval ellipse = elips Volumes

cube = cub parallelepiped = paralelipiped sphere = sfer pyramid = piramid truncated pyramid = trunchi de piramid cone = con truncated cone = trunchi de con Dwellings

cottage (sinonim: bungalow) = csu, caban mansion = conac chalet = vil la munte condominium (condo) = apartament Construction materials

timber = cherestea roof tiles = igl brick = crmid reinforced concrete = beton armat plaster = work ghips, tencuial floor tiles / slates = gresie Elements of a house

front door / entrance door = ua de intrare door step = pragul uii

bow window = fereastr arcuit chimney = horn, co eaves = streini sash window = window opening vertically (sliding) Various

lane = alee; band de circulaie hamlet = ctun precinct = district de poliie borough = unitate administrativ; vecintate pedestrian area = zon pietonal penthouse = apartament mansardat bedsit (< bedroom + sitting room )= garsonier loft = pod (la cas) thatched roof = acoperi din paie (sau stuf) mortgage = ipotec installments = rate Idioms

homemaker(Am.) = housewife (Br.) = woman having no job, doing housework to strike home = to get to the point / to strike the bulls eye to be first home = to win a race to be stoned = to be drugged / high stone-cold = as cold as ice stone-deaf = completely deaf Grammar

Unit 17 Fashion and Garments Lexical Database Materials

TEXTILES = Any type of woven cloth that is made in large quantities, used especially by people in the business of making clothes etc CLOTH = FABRIC = 1. Material used for making things such as clothes. 2. A piece of cloth used for a particular purpose Cloth used for making clothes, curtains, etc.

Compounds with cloth = A soft flat cap with a stiff pointed piece at the front. = A large cloth for covering furniture or floors in order to protect them from dust or paint (= dustsheet)

Cloth cap Drop cloth

Ground cloth = A piece of material that water cannot pass through, which people sleep on when they are camping (=groundsheet) Tea cloth = A towel you dry the dishes you have washed with (tea towel / dish towel).

Materials, according to their origin

- Natural, of animal origin: leather = piele fur = blan suede = piele ntoars - Natural, of vegetal origin: linen = in cotton = blan hemp = cnep - Artificial, man-made: polyester = poliester acrylic = acrilic mock leather = piele artificial Types of fabric

terry cloth = flauat cord(uroy) = catifea raiat velvet = catifea satin = satin

Fabric making

to weave, wove, woven = a ese to knit = a tricota, a coeta Verbs

to dye = a vopsi (esturi, prul, oule de Pate) to crease = a plisa to tear, tore, torn = a sfia, a rupe (o pnz, o hrtie, etc.) to crumple = a ifona Adjectives

faded = decolorat frayed = uzat ragged = zdrenuit moth eaten = mncat de molii threadbare = ros pn la urzeal (despre un covor) Patterns

dotted = cu puncte striped = cu dungi checked = n carouri hounds tooth = pepit herringboned = n zig-zag tartan = the checked pattern of Scottish kilts Tops

turtleneck / poloneck = helanca, bluz pe gt cardigan = pardesiu Bottoms

flannels = izmene slaks = pantaloni sport, din doc cords = jeans raiai flares = pantaloni evazai Idiomatic Phrases

the Sunday best = the best clothes a night cap = one last drink before going to bed mad as a hatter = completely mad thats old hat = its an old stoy thats where the shoe pinches = thats the problem to wear the trousers = (about a woman) to be dominant in the marriage

 GRAMMAR

Unit 18 Arts and Entertainment Lexical Database Dramatic performances (slang phrases)

courtroom drama = play (or movie) taking place in a courtroom. costume drama = historical play or movie kitchen sink drama = play or movie about family problems horse opera = western soap opera = serial dealing with (endless!!) family problems, love affairs, etc. (Rom. telenovel) Opera compounds and derivatives

grand opera = tragedy in which the lines are sung (Rom. oper) operetta (Am.: musical) = comedy in which the actors sing and dance at certain points. Theatre vocabulary

cast = the list of actors appearing in a movie or play. leading role = the most important part in a movie or play supporting part = a less important part in a movie or play extras = occasional, non-professional persons appearing in movies (usually in crowd scenes) understudy = the actor/actress who is prepared to take the place of the protagonist in case he/she falls ill prompter = the person who helps the actors if they forget the text (in television, its a machine) premiere / opening night = the first show with a play or movie String instruments

violin = viar viola = viol cello = violoncel double bass = contrabas guitar = ghitar harp = harp Wind instruments

piccolo = piculin flute = flaut Woodwinds

clarinet = clarinet oboe = oboi

bassoon = fagot flute = fluier Brass instruments

trumpet = trompet trombone = rombon horn = corn bugle = goarn Percussion instruments

drum = tob cymbals = cinel, talgere kettledrums / timpani = timpan bells = clopoei Keyboard instruments

grand piano = pian de concert (pian cu coad) upright piano = pianin harpsichord = clavecin Idiomatic phrases

to steal the show = to be by far better than all the other actors in a show to run the show = to wear the trousers / to be dominant, to impose ones rules to upstage a rival= to put a rival at a disadvantage its the same old song = thats old hat, its something well known its curtains for him = he is finished and all that jazz = and what not, etc.

Grammar

Adverbs and examples

Unit 19 Religion and Spiritual Life Lexical Database Various religions Jesus Christ is Gods earthly embodiment. The Bible is the Holy Book. Yahweh / Elohim is the Jewish name for God. The Torah (first 5 books of the Old Testament. The Talmud is a book of moral teachings) Allah id the name of God and Mohammed that of his prophet. The Quran / Koran is their Bible Brahman is the name of God, identified with the entire Universe (considered by some as a trinity Brahma (the Creator) Vishnu (the Preserver) and Shiva (the Destroyer). The Vedas are their holy books the oldest on Earth. A moral system without a god following the teachings of the Buddha in order to achieve Nirvana.

CHRISTIANITY JUDAISM ISLAMISM HINDUISM

BUDDHISM

The worship places = CHRISTIANS = JEWS = MUSLIMS = place where monks live = a place where nuns live

CHURCH / CATHEDRAL SYNAGOGUE MOSQUE MONASTERY CONVENT / NUNNERY

Religion related synonymic / antonymic pairs = = = = = MYSTIC PRIEST JEWISH TO RESCUE HEATHEN ATHEIST LAYMAN ANTI-SEMITE TO DOOM BELIEVER

BELIEVER CLERGYMAN ZIONIST TO REDEEM PAGAN

Catholic hierarchy

POPE = Papa ARCHBISHOP = arhiepiscop BISHOP = episcop CARDINAL = cardinal PRIEST / MINISTER / VICAR = preot, vicar MONK / NUN = clugr / clugri Romanian religious holidays

EASTER = Pate LENT = Postul Patelui

GOOD FRIDAY = Vinerea Mare WHIT SUNDAY = Duminica Rusaliilor ASSUMPTION DAY = Adormirea Maicii Domnului The zodiac = Berbec = Taur = Gemeni = Rac = Leu = Fecioara LIBRA SCORPIO SAGITTARIUS CAPRICORN AQUARIUS PISCES = Balan = Scorpion = Sgettor = Capricorn = Vrstor = Peti

ARIES TAURUS GEMINI CANCER LEO VIRGO

Idiomatic phrases

I did it for the hell of it = I did it simply because I wanted to when hell freezes over = never (Rom. cnd o face plopul mere) to stink to go hell for leather = to run like hell an act of God = a natural catastrophe Godsgate = religious scandal Grammar o The Modal verbs Basics: No long Infinitive, Participle or Imperative No -s ending for the 3rd person Singular Never followed by a long Infinitive (Exc. ought to) Never conjugated with Auxiliaries or other Modals

Details: CAN = to be able to - expressing physical / intellectual ability !!! In the past: could = past capability E.g. He could swim when he was five. was able to = past achievement E.g. Finally he was able to swim to the shore. MAY = to be allowed / permitted to - expressing permission !!! In colloquial polite requests it is replaced by can E.g. Can I help you with this luggage ? !!! Used to express possibility E.g. He may be home by now, I guess. MUST = to have to

- expressing obligation E.g. You must do it ! - expressing possibility E.g. He must be there ! !!! In the Present: must = assumed obligation to have to = external (imposed) obligation have got to = stronger obligation !!! Lack of obligation = neednt / dont have to E.g. Must I wait here all this time? No, of course you neednt! !!! must not = interdiction E.g. You must not wait here = You are forbidden to wait here. ` MIGHT COULD = expressing probability E.g. He could be home by now.

= expressing possibility E.g. He might be home, but I doubt it. !!! Weaker than the possibility expressed by may. = expressing determination E.g. You shall do it, whatever it takes ! = expressing recommendation E.g. You should do as you are told. = expressing (slight) probability E.g. If you should see him, invite him over. = expressing will E.g. You may come along if you will. ( = if you want to). = expressing probability E.g. That will be your hotel, I guess. = expressing logical situations E.g. Boys will be boys ! = expressing the idea of present. E.g. That will be enough !

SHALL SHOULD

WILL

WOULD

= conditioned desire E.g. I would do the same thing if I could.

DARE = meaning to have the courage / impudence to (in interrogative sentences mostly) E.g. How dare you say such a thing ? NEED = expressing necessity E.g. Need he really wait so long ? !!! neednt have + Past Participle = unnecessary action E.g. You neednt have watered the garden: its raining ! !!! didnt need to + Short Infinitive = unperformed action E.g. We didnt need to water the garden, for it started to rain.

OUGHT TO =

1. Strong recommendation E.g. You ought to read that book; its great! 2. Moral obligation E.g. One ought to respect others religion. 3. Logical consequence E.g. The experiments ought to confirm the hypothesis!

Unit 20 The Army and War Lexical Database Military branches:

infantry/foot = military fighting on the ground. (Rom. infanterie) marine corps = military fighting at sea, on warships. (Rom. marin) air force = military fighting in the air, on aircraft. (Rom. aviaie) military intelligence = military watching over the military classified information of their army and trying to find out that of others. (Rom. contrainformaii) engineers = military doing earthwork and dismantling mines, bombs, explosive devices, etc. (Rom. geniti) Military ranks

general = general colonel = colonel major = maior captain = cpitan lieutenant = locotenent sergeant = sergent corporal = caporal private = soldat Army corps

division = divizie brigade = brigad regiment = regiment battalion = batalion company = compnie platoon = pluton squad = grup Weapons:

grenade = small exploding device meant to me hand-thrown revolver = hand gun holding the bullets into a revolving barrel machine gun = gun that fires rapidly and repeatedly (bullets are located on a metal belt) (Rom. puc mitralier) Tommy gun = Thompson submachine gun (light machine gun) (Rom. pistol mitralier) cannon = A large, mounted weapon that fires heavy projectiles (Rom. tun) rocket launcher(bazooka) = A shoulder-held weapon consisting of a long metal smoothbore tube for firing armor-piercing rockets at short range. pistol = handgun in which the bullets are located in the handle Vehicles

warship = A combat ship. Also called man-of-war. aircraft = A machine or device, such as an airplane, a helicopter, a glider, or a dirigible, that is capable of atmospheric flight. armored vehicle = heavy, metal-plated vehicle submarine = vessel capable of submerging and moving under water mobile missile carrier = vehicle carrying a large missile launcher tank = military armored vehicle endowed with a machine gun and a gun on its turret aircraft carrier = A large naval vessel designed as a mobile air base, having a long flat deck on which aircraft can take off and land at sea. The end of war

cease-fire = When two armies stop fighting. truce = A temporary cessation or suspension of hostilities by agreement of the opposing sides; an armistice. demobilization = When soldiers are being dismissed after the war is over. decommission = When a warship is turned into a commercial one . Idiomatic phrases

to fight back (tears) = to refrain (from crying) to have no fight left = to have lost the desire to fight to fight tooth and nail = to fight using all possible means a shooting pain = an intense pain to call the shots = to make the rules to shoot up = to grow very quickly (about children) Grammar o The Subjunctive Mood The Subjunctive expresses an unreal state or action. Strange situation: It has no form of its own! It may be identical to: the Infinitive the Past Tense the Past Perfect the Future in the Past

 or, may be formed with modals (should, would, let, may, might) = Short Infinitive - After expressions like: it is necessary, it is desirable, it is important, it is compulsory, etc., in a that clause: E.g. It is important that you be there on time. It is necessary that he come with us this time. It is compulsory that you hand in the report. - This form is rather obsolete (formally used nowadays). You can as well say: E.g. It is important that you are there on time. It is necessary that he should come with us this time. It is compulsory that you should hand in the report. - After expressions like: had better, would rather E.g. You had better quit smoking. I would rather take a nap than work on. But: I would rather you took a nap than work on. = SHOULD + Short Infinitive - After verbs like: to request, to require, to ask, to pretend, etc. in a that clause: E.g. I request that you should be there on time. It was asked that he should come with us this time. The boss pretends that you should hand in the report. = MAY + Short Infinitive E.g. Im afraid you may miss the offer if you dont hurry. May you live long and enjoy your life! Ive come so that you may tell me the news. However much I may like her, I cant stand her fits.

- After ever compounds, in uncertain actions: E.g. Whoever you may be, youre welcome here. Wherever you may go, behave yourself ! Whomever you may have seen must have been a thief. = Past Tense / Past Perfect / Future-in-the-Past - After : to wish, as if, if only, it is time : E.g. I wish you would come with us tomorrow. I wish you came with us today. I wish you had come with us yesterday. E.g. It is time you listened to my advice. It is time he had arrived by now. E.g. If only she were with me in these moments! If only he had taken my advice!

= Set phrases involving the Subjunctive - if needed be - be it so / so be it - be that as it may - far be it from me to - come what may - a year come Monday - suffice it to say - Heaven forbid it! = dac e cazul = aa s fie = oricum ar fi = departe de mine gndul s = fie ce-o fi = luni se mplinete un an = este de ajuns s spun = Doamne ferete!