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Marxism & Cell Biology: Can political perspectives enrich science?
Author(s): Douglas Allchin, Department Editor
Source: The American Biology Teacher, 70(5):303-305. 2008.
Published By: National Association of Biology Teachers
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1662/0002-7685(2008)70[303:MCBCPP]2.0.CO;2
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1662/0002-7685%282008%2970%5B303%3AMCBCPP
%5D2.0.CO%3B2
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T|crc : nc rcya rcaa tc c:cncc, ana cny t|cc v|c
ac nct arcaa t|c jat:gn:ng c:mb cj :t tccp pat| |avc
a c|ancc cj ga:n:ng :t nm:ncn nmm:t.
Karl Marx, Da Kap:ta

Icw liology cachcrs havc lilcly hcarJ ol Alcx Noviloll
(11`187) (Iigurc 1), whilc surcly rccognizing hc lruis
ol his scicncc Hc hclpcJ Jiscovcr lysosoncs in 155, visual
izing hc organcllc ha Chrisian Jc Duvc haJ characcrizcJ
only cyochcnically Hc JcnonsracJ hc lirs cnzync ol
hc Golgi loJy (nuclcosiJc Jiphosphaasc) Hc also Jcvcl
opcJ clccron nicroscopc sains lor iJcnilying lysosoncs
(aciJ phosphaasc) anJ pcroxisoncs (caalasc), criical o
hcir conplcc suJy Noviloll was also argccJ ly hc ani
Connunis novcncn in hc niJ!0h ccnury In 15` hc
was JisnisscJ lron hc Univcrsiy ol Vcrnon lor Jcclining
o answcr qucsions lclorc a Congrcssional connicc In
17+ hc was clcccJ o hc Naional AcaJcny ol Scicnccs
His IBI lilc hcn conaincJ 8!! pagcs Noviloll's lascinaing
casc (Holncs, 18, Allchin, !007) raiscs inporan issucs
alou how scicncc anJ poliical iJcology rclac
In 18! hc Ancrican Socicy lor Ccll
Biology honorcJ Noviloll wih is prcsigious
E B Vilson AwarJ lor his lounJaional
conriluions o hc cncrging liclJ In hc
lac 1`0s hc was, inJccJ, a ncnlcr ol hc
Connunis Pary Ior hin, i cxprcsscJ his
qucs lor social jusicc anJ his apprcciaion
ol Karl Marx's scicnilic posurc owarJs
socicy Vhilc hc rcscarchcJ cxpcrincnal
cnlryology as a PhD suJcn a Colunlia
Univcrsiy, hc also hclpcJ wric anJ Jisril
uc hc Connunis ncwslccr a Broollyn
Collcgc, whcrc hc augh Poliical cllors o
Jisrup hc cachcrs union hcrc ulinacly
lcJ o sccrc lilcs lising Noviloll as a sus
pcccJ Connunis Vhcn VorlJ Var II
lcgan, Noviloll wancJ o scrvc hc naion
Hc applicJ lor a ncJical connission in hc
niliary Hc was wicc JcnicJ, howcvcr, Juc
o Jouls alou his loyaly Hc lacr consul
cJ lor hc Arny on wo liological lilnsunil
hcy lounJ his vaguc Connunis rccorJ (Onc wonJcrs DiJ
sonconc inaginc ha hc coulJ rcnJcr cnzyncs anJ carlo
hyJrac ncalolisn sulvcrsivc`) Lacr, Noviloll los his
laculy posiionno lor any poliical aciviy, lu lor invol
ing hc Iilh AncnJncn in aniConnunis hcaringsanJ
Jcspic rcconncnJaions lron lcllow laculy alou his
irclcss" rcscarch cllors In shor, culural poliics aJvcrscly
allcccJ Noviloll's scicnilic carccr
Noviloll's casc nay sccn a lirs o cpionizc how sci
cncc anJ poliics Jon' nix" Yc i also illusracs viviJly
ha scicncc is no wholly insulacJ lron culurc, Jcspic
popular inagcs ol scicncc as purc anJ ransccnJcnal How
arc hc wo o cocxis` Thc casc nay sccn o conlirn a wiJc
sprcaJ inprcssion ha poliics can only Janagc or incrlcrc
wih hc conJuc ol scicncc Sill, onc nay prolially consiJ
cr hc assunpion anohcr sacrcJ lovinc` ha scicncc is
lcs shclcrcJ lron poliical iJcologics
Noviloll's sory woulJ no lc ncarly so cngaging nor
pcrhaps ncri nuch lurhcr conncn il his poliics JiJ
no also posiivcly inllucncc his worl Traccs ol Marxis
iJcas pcrncac his conccpual oulool anJ his incrprca
ions ol cviJcncc, as wcll as
his prolcssional conJuc Ccll
liology, ol all suljccs, nay
sccn incrcJilly rcnoc lron
poliics Yc Noviloll's worl,
carclully consiJcrcJ, shows
how poliical iJcology nay
soncincs conriluc lruilully
o hc pracicc, anJ cvcn hc
concn, ol scicncc Ulinacly,
such analysis nigh Jccpcn
rcllccion on hc naurc ol sci
cncc anJ wha suJcns nigh
lcarn alou wha nalcs lnowl
cJgc rcliallc
%JBMFDUJDT$FMMT
Noviloll canc lron a
poor, sruggling innigran
lanily An ousanJing su
Jcn, hc graJuacJ lron high
school a agc lourccn Vhcn
hc conplccJ suJics a Colunlia Univcrsiy, insiuions
haJ lcgun liniing opporuniics lor Jcws Dcspic scllar
crcJcnials, Alcx was no aJnicJ o ncJical school Hc was
licr anJ JcvclopcJ an unconpronising aJvocacy lor social
jusicc Thosc lcclings wcrc ignicJ whcn hc lcgan caching
a Broollyn Collcgc in 1`1 anJ cncouncrcJ Jispariics
.BSYJTN$FMM#JPMPHZ
Can pc:t:ca pcrpcct:vc cnr:c| c:cncc`
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DOUG L A S AL LC HI N, DEPARTMENT EDI TOR
SACRED BOVINES 303
&17).#5#..%*+0|a tang|t bct| |:g| c|cc ana cccgc b:ccgy
ana ncv tcac|c H:tcry cj Sc:cncc at t|c Ln:vcr:ty cj M:nnccta,
M:nncapc:, MN 55+55, c-ma: acrca.bcv:ncCnabt.crg. Hc :
a Iccv at t|c M:nnccta Ccntcr jcr t|c F|:ccp|y cj Sc:cncc
ana ca:t t|c SH:FS Rccnrcc Ccntcr (|:p.nmn.can). Hc |:|c,
p|ctcgrap| :c|cn, ana cn,cy tca.
Figure 1. Alex Novikoff in 1955, at the elec-
tron microscope of Albert Einstein College of
Medicine. Photo by Jay Walker, courtesy of Phyllis Novikoff.
lcwccn junior anJ scnior laculy, llinJ o aliliy Ior Noviloll,
Connunis iJcology ollcrcJ prospccivc soluions o wha
sccncJ an unjus powcr srucurc
By 1+5 Noviloll, narricJ, agc `!, haJ lornally scvcrcJ
ics wih hc Connunis Pary Bu Marxis pacrns ol hinling
rcnaincJ In onc papcr ha ycar, Noviloll (1+5a) prolilcJ hc
prollcns lor liology ol cxrcnc rcJucionisn, on hc onc hanJ,
anJ inplici vialisn, on hc ohcr Pars anJ wholcs nccJcJ o
lc unJcrsooJ ogchcr, hc urgcJ, using a Jialccical approach"
(p !15) Thc conccp ol FKCNGEVKEU was lron Marx Ior Marx
socicy cxhilicJ a srugglc lcwccn wo ccononic groups
hosc who owncJ capial (anJ hus hclJ powcr) anJ lalorcrs
Thcir conllic woulJ lc rcsolvcJanJ worlcrs lrccJonly ly
gcncraing a ncw syscn ha conplccly JissolvcJ hc owncr
lalorcr rclaionship anJ incgracJ cvcryonc a a ncw lcvcl ol
connunisn Philosophically, hcrc was a synhcsis ol opposing
pcrspccivcs Tha was Marx's csscnial Jialccic progrcss cncrg
ing lron incgraing polar opposics, as noJclcJ in poliical his
ory Noviloll cchocJ ha conccp anJ languagc Hc argucJ lor
rcconciling hc wo opposing liological vicws in wha hc callcJ
hc conccp ol incgraivc lcvcls in liology"
Noviloll privilcgcJ ncihcr aonisn nor organicisn
Nonchclcss, hc rcscrvcJ his srongcs criicisns lor hc rcJuc
ioniss Hc rcninJcJ rcaJcrs ha o unJcrsanJ cclls lully,
liochcnisry, howcvcr csscnial, was no cnough Onc also
nccJcJ lnowlcJgc ol ccll srucurc Lilcwisc, isolacJ ccll lunc
ions alonc wcrc no physiology Onc nccJcJ hc Jcvclopncnal
concx Noviloll's prinary conccrn, howcvcr, was incrprcing
socicy anJ Joing so scicnilically, as Marx aJvocacJ Hc
JccricJ hc nislcaJing organisnsocicy analogy, as proposcJ ly
Hcrlcr Spcnccr anJ his lollowcrs, ha rcJuccJ culurc o liol
ogy (5CETGF $QXKPGU, !007) Conllaing lcvcls, hc claincJ, coulJ
lcaJ o crroncous anJ Jangcrous social conclusions" (p !1`)
Noviloll poincJly iJcnilicJ as an cxanplc hc lasciss (nancly,
hc Nazis), who haJ allcgcJ ha nan's liology JcciJcs his
social lchavior" (p !1+) Socioculural inhcriancc supplcncns
gcncics, hc olscrvcJ Disincly sociological principlcs (a hc
appropriac lcvcl) wcrc nccJcJ, hc nainaincJ, o lccp socicy
lrcc anJ Jcnocraic" (p !1+) Hcrc, his anircJucionis sci
cncc was clcarly inlorncJ ly poliical iJcology
Noviloll coninucJ o apply Marx's Jialccical approach
lruilully ovcr hc ncx hrcc JccaJcs VQJKUKPXGUVKICVKQPUQHEGNNU
In a rcJucionis vcin, hc localizcJ liochcnical luncions o pars
wihin cclls Bu hc also JiJ no losc sigh ol concx anJ norc
holisic pcrspccivcs Hc suJicJ lysosoncs anJ pcroxisoncs
in Jivcrsc ccll ypcs anJ issucs anJ in pahological conJiions
(such as lay livcr, unors or ncphrosis) Tha rcvcalcJ how hc
sanc" unis JillcrcJ JcpcnJing on various ccllular concxs, or
wholcs
In 165 Jancs Vason pullishcJ /QNGEWNCT $KQNQI[ QH VJG
)GPG Noviloll saw an unproJucivc nolccular lias In 170 hc
aincJ o rcncJy i Jialccically" in coauhoring his own cx
on %GNNU CPF 1TICPGNNGU I was onc ol hc lirs cxlools ol ccll
liology, wiJcly uscJ hrough hrcc cJiions Hcrc, pars anJ
wholcs rcccivcJ pariy Alcr Jcscripions ol hc nany QTICPGNNGU
(as pars), Noviloll incluJcJ jus as nuch covcragc on hc nany
EGNN V[RGU, naJc lron rcconlining hcn ino Jillcrcn wholcs
An unsacJ Marxis pcrspccivc highlighcJ how cclls (lilc
socicics) JiJ no rcJucc o a sinplc sun ol hcir inJcpcnJcn
conponcn pars
Noviloll's poliical pcrspccivc lcJ o an apprcciaion ol
how pars rclacJ in lorning highcr lcvcls ol liological organiza
ion Ior cxanplc, whilc lysosoncs, pcroxisoncs, anJ cnJoplas
nic rciculun wcrc no consiJcrcJ Joninan" organcllcs, hc
rccognizcJ hc inplici signilicancc ol hcir lalor" o hc wholc
anJ JcvocJ suJy o hcn Noviloll was also scnsiizcJ o scc
Jillcrcnccs in pars, wih hcir inpor lor incgracJ wholcs In
an inporan 15` papcr, hc ccnrilugcJ lrolcn cclls ino cn
lracions, rahcr han hc cusonary lour Tha allowcJ a lincr
scalc analysis Hc cscJ cach lracion lor hc aciviy ol scvcn
carclully sclcccJ cnzyncs, hcn noJilicJ hc lracions, aligning
hc Jillcrcnccs ly naching paricular pariclc sizcs wih cnzync
aciviy Ulinacly, hc haJ nappcJ hc characcrisic cnzyncs
o UKZ organcllcs, wo no yc lnown In a sinilar way, hc cxan
incJ livcr issuc, Jcnonsraing ha cclls assuncJ o lc all hc
sanc" wcrc liochcnically anJ cyologically Jillcrcn SuJying
pcroxisoncs wih an cyc o Jillcrcnccs also allowcJ Noviloll
o Jiscovcr nicropcroxisoncs in 17! Hc also noiccJ a closc
associaion ol hc Golgi loJy, cnJoplasnic rciculun anJ lyso
soncs, a hylriJ srucurc hc callcJ GERL, which hclpcJ clarily
lysosonc liogcncsis Noviloll's Jiscovcrics wcrc guiJcJ ly a
conccpual nap ol wha ncricJ noicc
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Thc 1+5 papcr on incgraivc lcvcls cxhilicJ anohcr corc
Marxis principlc OCVGTKCNKUO Noviloll nocJ ha nany non
rcJucioniss appcalcJ o various guiJing lorccs in cvoluion,
such as an organizing rcnJ," inhcrcn progrcss, or Jirccional
(orhogcncic) rajccorics ToJay, such lorccs arc wcll ousiJc
sounJ liology, lu all haJ lccn posulacJ ly liologiss in hc
carly !0h ccnury o cxplain various lcaurcs ol hc lossil rccorJ
Noviloll criicizcJ such nonnacrialisic lorccs as unsulsani
acJ anJ supcrlluous Hcrc, hc cchocJ Marx's vicw ol hisory
Marx saw how ccononic rclaions shapcJ socicy, as wcll as
poliical changcs hrough hisory Hc hus rcgarJcJ incllccual
novcncns as rcsponscs, no causcs Hc cnphasizcJ inscaJ hc
nacrial causal clcncns ol hisory AccorJingly, Marx vicwcJ
Darwin's hcory ol Jcsccn wih noJilicaion quic lavorally I
JcscrilcJ organic changc in nacrial crns Ior Marx, naural
hisory anJ hunan hisory wcrc parallcl Tha nacrialis lranc
worl cnallcJ Noviloll o iJcnily hc liological wcalncsscs ol
hc cvoluionary conccps
Noviloll's Jiscussion haJ poliical ovcroncs hcrc, as wcll
Many lollowcrs ol Spcnccr claincJ ha progrcss was naural,"
anJ ha hunans shoulJ no Jisurl i, lcs i ccasc Thcy pro
nocJ a laissczlairc approach o socicy (5CETGF$QXKPGU, !007)
Iron a Connunis pcrspccivc, Noviloll coulJ casily scc ha
such an arguncn, aincJ a prcscrving hc saus quo, scrvcJ
only hc incrcss ol hc alrcaJy powcrlul Hc callcJ such rus
in progrcss unsounJ laalisn Rahcr, social progrcss," hc
JcclarcJ, rcss upon hc planncJ aciviics ol ncn" (p !1+) In
a scnsc, hc sc poliical acion in a liological concx
Connunis iJcology aincJ o inspirc lalorcrs o ac o
changc hisory nacrially Noviloll cchocJ hosc scnincns in
porraying hc cvoluion ol hunans anJ hcir rais Hc olscrvcJ
ha hunans arc allc o conrol hcir cnvironncn Thcy arc no
lounJ o hcir poliical hisory Thcir inclligcncc, lilcwisc, is
plasic Poliical changc is possillc Hc lurhcr conncncJ ha
nan posscsscs a uniquc hcaJ anJ hanJ" (p !11), alluJing in
paricular o hc powcr ol nanual lalorcrs Marxis iJcology
gavc spccial rclcvancc o ccrain lcaurcs ol cvoluion
Noviloll also vicwcJ scicncc concrccly as a lorn ol worl
In hc opcning anJ closing chapcrs ol his cxlool, hc prolilcJ
hc hisory anJ nchoJs ol ccll liology Scicncc was no saic
304 THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 70, NO. 5, MAY 2008
inlornaion, lu an acivc, cngaging liclJ ha hc rcaJcr nigh
consiJcr pursuing Sinilarly, in a chilJrcn's lool on physiol
ogy, Noviloll JcscrilcJ nany hisorical scicniss scicncc as
a hunan cnJcavor Noviloll hinscll was cxrcncly acivc Hc
worlcJ wih lilc slccp Hc wroc nos ol his PhD hcsis whilc
connuing o anJ lron school anJ worl In 155, hc collalo
racJ wih Chrisian Jc Duvc on lysosoncs Bccausc no clccron
nicroscopc was availallc in Louvain, Bclgiun, hc paclcJ up hc
ccll sanplcs in an iccJ hcrnos a hc cnJ ol hc Jay, ool wo
rains o a lal in Paris, anJ coninucJ worling ino hc nigh o
proJucc hc inagcs, rcurning o rcpca hc rouinc again hc
ncx Jay Collcagucs rcpcacJly JcscrilcJ Noviloll's cllors as
irclcss" Hc ccrainly cxcnplilicJ hc principlc valuing nacrial
worl
4PDJBMJTN
Iinally, onc nay noc how Noviloll's Marxis oricnaion
allcccJ hc pracicc, no jus hc concn, ol his scicncc Socialis
iJcals wcrc cxprcsscJ in nany ways Iirs, Noviloll was onc ol
hc lirs o wric scicncc lools lor chilJrcn C:mb:ng Onr Iam:y
Trcc (1+5l), an inroJucion o cvoluion, is a lanJnarl in
chilJrcn's licraurc Noviloll, no yc wih chilJrcn ol his own,
clcarly saw cvcn young rcaJcrs as inporan So oo, prcsunally,
JiJ hc Connunis prcss ha pullishcJ hc lool Thc cx is
inlornaivc, whilc also highlighing Marxis hcncs Noviloll
JranaizcJ cvoluionary innovaionssuch as honcosaic incr
nal cnvironncns, hc ransiion o lanJ, incrnal Jcvclopncn,
anJ honcohcrnyas scps in organisns lcconing lrccr lron
hcir cnvironncn Thc linal chapcrs inroJuccJ hunan socicy,
oo, as a proJuc ol cvoluion, anJ unJcrscorcJ hc lasis lor cul
urc anJ coopcraion Mcn, worling wih cach ohcr," hc con
cluJcJ, can lcconc cvcr norc lrcccvcr norc hunan" (p `)
ScconJ, Noviloll vicwcJ hc scicnilic connuniy as onc ol
cqual pccrs (No all scicniss Jo) A onc lcvcl, hc gcncrously
sharcJ crcJi lor worl Jonc Ncarly all his pullishcJ papcrs arc
coauhorcJ Morc Jccply, hc was also opcn o convcrsing wih
anyonc, nuch o hc surprisc ol suJcns anJ junior scicniss
Such Jiscoursc pronocs hc cxchangc ol iJcas Givcn ha
Noviloll cnJorscJ Jialccics, hc also cnjoycJ hc opporuniy o
vigorously Jclac alcrnac vicws wih anyonc yc graciously
conccJcJ whcn shown o lc wrong Tha socialis" spiri con
rilucJ o criical analysis anJ hcrcly o norc rolus scicnilic
conclusions
*OUFSQSFUJOH1PMJUJDTJO4DJFODF
No all inllucnccs ol poliics on scicncc arc posiivc, surcly
Onc nay rcaJily poin o Lyscnlo's noorious supprcssion ol
McnJclisn in hc lorncr Sovic Union Givcn Noviloll's casc,
howcvcr, onc nus qualily any univcrsal ncgaivc clain Onc nay
also lc cnpcJ o consiJcr Noviloll as jus a gooJ liologis,"
his achicvcncns wholly unrclacJ o his poliics Howcvcr, such
a conclusion lails o cxplain |cv Noviloll canc ly his slills
Thc languagc ol his 1+5 pullicaions, in paricular, lcavcs no
Joul alou his conccpual roos To cxplain Noviloll's scicnilic
achicvcncns lully, his pcrsonal hisory anJ Marxis pcrspccivc
arc csscnial
Noviloll's scicncc was scicncc" in par lccausc i was
no cxcn:vcy Marxis Nor JiJ Noviloll cvcr prcscn poliical
arguncns o ,nt:jy his conclusions (as Lyscnlo JiJ) Rahcr,
his poliical iJcology luncioncJ in wha philosophcrs ol sci
cncc soncincs call hc concx ol Jiscovcry" AccorJingly,
Noviloll's iJcology was a valuallc ool lor gcncraing alcrnaivc
approachcs or proling possillc incrprcaions Noviloll coulJ
soncincs apprcciac wha ohcrs coulJ no, Juc o hc llinJ
spos ol hcir conccpual oricnaions Scicncc also rclics on a
conplcncnary concx ol jusilicaion," whcrc sanJarJs ol
cviJcncc apply Scicncc cvolvcs" hrough a coupling ol llinJ
variaion ana sclccivc rccnion a proccss laniliar o liologiss
Noviloll JiJ inJccJ rcspcc arguncns lor alcrnaivcs In
his 15` suJy ol ccllular cnzyncs, lor cxanplc, hc lirs incr
prccJ hc hccrogcnciy ol his lracions as variaions in hc sizc
anJ cnzync aciviy ol hc lnown organcllcs, hc niochonJria,
anJ nicrosoncs (rilosoncs) Alcr Chrisian Jc Duvc lcarncJ
ol hc rcsuls, hc wo nc in Ncw Yorl anJ chacJ in Ccnral
Parl Dc Duvc sharcJ his rcsuls inJicaing hc prcscncc ol
an unJocuncncJ organcllc hc lysosonc Noviloll acccpcJ
his incrprcaion Thc wo wcn on o collalorac lriclly anJ
lccanc lilclong lricnJs Poliical iJcology can lc proJucivc, so
long as onc sill liscns o criicisn anJ ninJs hc cviJcncc
Ulinacly, Noviloll's Marxis poliical pcrspccivc cnrichcJ
scicncc Ironically, such rcalanJ lruilulinllucnccs wcrc ncvcr
hc conccrn ol hc aniConnunis Jcnagogucs who JoggcJ
Noviloll lor hc allcgcJly sulvcrsivc conscqucnccs ol his polii
cal vicws
3FGFSFODFT
Allchin, D (!007) Social unDarwinisn T|c Amcr:can B:ccgy
Tcac|cr, 69(!), 11`115
Allchin, D (!007) Alcx Bcnjanin Noviloll Ncv D:ct:cnary cj
Sc:cnt:j:c B:cgrap|y, 2, !81!85 Dcroi, MI Charlcs Scrilncr's
Sons
Holncs, DR (18) Sta|:ng t|c Acaacm:c Ccmmnn:t Intccctna
Irccacm ana t|c I:r:ng cj Acx Ncv:|cjj Hanovcr, VT Univcrsiy
Prcss ol Ncw EnglanJ
Noviloll, A B (1+5a) Thc conccp ol incgraivc lcvcls anJ liol
ogy Sc:cncc, 101, !0!15
Noviloll, A B (1+5l) C:mb:ng Onr Iam:y Trcc Ncw Yorl
Incrnaional Pullishcrs
Noviloll, A B & Holznan, E (170) Cc ana Organcc Ncw
Yorl Hol, Rinchar anJ Vinson
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