Wireless Transmission of Audion & Data Using Laser

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
EXTC-SSJCET, ASANGAON
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Our final year project is based on the concept of laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) for transmitting analog as well as digital signals. We have used phototransistor to receive the signal at receiver. For voice transmission amplitude modulation of laser pulse was used to transmit the voice signal. Condenser microphone converts the voice into electric pulse which was then amplified and transmitted through laser. Photo detector at receiver detects the laser light and voice was output through loud speaker. Data transmission is based on pulse width modulation by the use of microcontroller. Different width of laser pulse was used for different number and character. The m i crocont rol l er was used to decode the different characters and the received data is used to turn on devices. Now a day, information transmission plays a crucial role, where an ever-growing capacity for communication services is required. The Various communications modes provide us various routes data channels through which data and information can flow among individuals. Communication can be between individuals, and even between machines. The flow of information can be form a human being to equipment and vice versa. Just like the satellite mode of communication or the optical mode of communication, communication can also occur with the help of laser. In this mode of communication, the information is transferred through free space. In the laser mode of communication; the signals are transmitted from the wireless transmitter to a wireless receiver without any hindrance or obstruction. Such condition is also called line of sight condition where the signals are transmitted without any obstruction. Laser diode is the major carrier in this mode of communication. It does not require any kind of wires and cables and hence is not a very expensive mode of communication. This mode of communication is also faster as compared to the other modes and thus is mostly preferred over other types of communication system.
EXTC-SSJCET, ASANGAON 2
Two of the major requirements in communication systems are privacy and security. This project is a proof-of-concept device that transmits an audio and digital signal using a laser beam, while removing the need for the user to align the beam themselves. Light is already becoming a popular means of communication, thanks to fiber optics, which can guide optical data much like a wire transmits current. It might seem impractical, then, to use lasers without a guiding medium to transmit information. However, in contexts where a physical connection is impossible or unfeasible, and the need for a focused beam arises, it would seem logical to use laser light. In particular, free space laser communication has useful applications to military logistics, where information on the front must be kept limited to friendly ears, and ground-to-air links are important. We decided to create a simple and inexpensive proof-of-concept to demonstrate the advantages of this seemingly impractical scheme.
Our project is divided into two distinct sections: audio transmission via hardware, and alignment control via software. The former can be accomplished once the latter has succeeded, making the two tasks mutually dependent for overall functionality. This is done by detecting the light emitted from the receivers laser using a phototransistor. The transmitter scans over its free range until it finds the receiver, at which point the transmitting laser is turned on and the audio signal is picked up by an array of photodiodes. The details of this process are explored below. Since our device is a low power setup that produces minimal interfering noise, there are no legal issues at hand.
CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE SURVEY
CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Literature
LASER- LIGHT AMPLIFICATION (BY) STIMULATED EMISSION (OF) RADIATION
Laser based project has been attempted before but data were inputted through computer. We have tried to simplify it by using 4x3 keypad which provides the complete set of alphabetical letters. We have also tried to enhance it by implementing voice communication as well. Laser communication is a modern technology in the world of
communication where bandwidth allocation, power requirement, and dispersion parameter are becoming major hurdle due to rapid increase in number of user. So considering these facts we put our interest in this project.
There were various methods for implementing this project but due to scarcity of resources, components, we decided to use simple modulation and demodulation techniques.
Hence we have designed communication system based on LASER that could be implemented commercially facilitating the general people in terms of convenient friendly system. Also it reduces the complexity for communication in some cases where optical fiber or any wired communication is very difficult and expensive.
2.2 Background Theory

2.2.1 The general principle of laser Every atom has a certain energy levels, which may be high or low. Once excited by heating, it goes to high energy level. After certain time in high energy level, it return back to original energy level, consequently emitting energy in the form of light having energy E=hf.
Incident photon with energy to E2-E1 interacts with an atom in conduction band, causing it to return to low energy level with the emission of second photon. This photon has same phase, frequency and polarization as first. This whole phenomenon is known as stimulated emission, which gives the laser its spectral properties such as narrow spectral width, highly directed beam and intense light.
Figure.1: Diagram Of Stimulated emission
Einstein demonstrated that for stimulated emission to dominate it was necessary that the photon radiation density and population density (N2) of the upper energy level must be increased relative to lower energy lever (N1). Thus when density of atom in higher energy level is greater than lower energy level (i.e. N2>N1), this phenomenon.
EXTC-SSJCET, ASANGAON 6
2.3 Pulse Width Modulation
In pulse width modulation the average value of voltage (and current) is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast pace. The longer the switch is on compared to the periods, the higher the power supplied to the load will be. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. The advantage of using the PWM is that power loss, the product of voltage and current, of the switching device is close to zero. When it is in switch off condition then there is practically no current and when it is on there will be almost no voltage drop across the switch. Because of their duty cycle, on/off nature, they can use in digital controls too.
2.4 Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation (AM) is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied linearly with the message signal [3]. It is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave.
The envelope of the amplitude modulated signal embeds the information bearing signal. The total power of the transmitted signal varies with the modulating signal whereas the carrier power remains constant.
The main defect of this modulation is that in an AM wave the signal is in the amplitude variations of the carrier, practically all the natural and man noises consists of amplitude disturbances. electrical
As a receiver cannot di st i ngui sh between amplitude that
represents noise and that contain the desired signal so reception is generally noisy.
Transmitter
The Transmitter involves a signal processing circuit, and a laser. A laser diode is used to create the laser signal.
Receiver
This is the "Antenna" of the system. The Receiver involves a Signal Processor and Detector (Some kind of Photodiode) that will capture and read the incoming laser signal.
2.5
Objectives of Project
To provide simple and cheap wireless communication for larger date rate with less distortion. To reduce the complexity for communication in the places where optical fiber or any wired communication is very difficult and expensive.
CHAPTER 03 PROBLEM DEFINITION
CHAPTER 03 PROBLEM DEFINITION
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.1.1Transmitter Section Block Diagram:-
KEYPAD DTMF ENCODER
MICROPHONE
OPTICAL SOURCE
AMPLIFIER
LASER LED BASED
Fig.2: Diagram of Transmitter Section Block
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3.1.2 TRASNMITTER SECTION EXPLANATION Transmitter section is divided is divided into two parts: Analog (Audio) signal transmission. Data transmission. Analog Signal Transmission : In Audio transmisson, the analog signal is send through microphone/mic uses as input device, also with the help of 3.5mm audio jack we can transmit the audio signal from mobile phones, mp3 player etc. Input analog (audio) signal then goes cocequence steps of amplifification in low operational amplfier. Amplified signal then tranfered to the laser device for transmission. Data Transmission:In data transmission, with the help of DTMF keypad we transmit combination 1s & 0s throgh laser. The input signal is converted into given specific voltages and current in DTMF encoder and then the encoded voltage and current and then tranmitted via laser which is then detected at receiver section by photodiode.
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3.1.3 Receiver Section Block Diagram
SPEAKER
AMPLIFER
OPTICAL DETECTOR PHOTO TRANSISTOR BASED
RELAYS
MICROCONTROLLER
DTMF DECODER
Fig.3: Diagram of Receiver Section Block
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3.1.4 RECEIVER SECTION EXPLANATION
The receiver circuit somewhat resembles the transmitter circuit. Rather than a single phototransistor, however, it instead uses two photodiodes, which have much larger sensitive areas compared to the transistor. Since the response of the diodes directly affects the audio quality, a more complex circuit is called for. The diodes themselves are placed between the two terminals of an op-amp, whose output voltage is determined by the current that flows through the diodes. Using an op-amp instead of biasing the diodes allows us to utilize a near-ideal shortcircuit current. With two diodes in parallel, we effectively double the area upon which we can receive a signal. After amplifying the signal with a second op-amp, the result is then fed directly to an audio jack, where the signal can be heard using any compatible device. The same circuitry is required for data receiver section only difference is that detected signal is first send to the DTMF decoder for decoding the signal to its original form and then send it to the microcontroller through which we can control different devices which is connected at the output of relay normally devices is connected at open position of relay.
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CHAPTER 04 APPLIED METHODOLOGY
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CHAPTER 04 APPLIED METHODOLOGY
4.1 Circuit Diagram 4.1.1 Transmitter section:-
Fig.4: Diagram of Transmitter Section Ciruit
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4.1.2 Receiver Section:-
Fig.5: Diagram of Receiver Section Circuit
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4.2 Hardware Required
Transmitter Section: Keypad
DTMF Encoder
Low power operational amplifier
Microphone
Laser
Receiver Section: Speaker
Amplifier
Photo detector
Decoder
Relay
Microcontroller
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Transmitter Section
4.2.1 Keypad Board
Description:There are total 12 keys. These are normally open push buttons. When button is normal not pressed then it gives logic zero. And when button is pressed then it gives logic high +5 Volt 1. Rows are used as input and columns are used as output. All eight pins are set high at first. Row 1 is the set low. All four columns are checked if anyone is low. A low would appear if first column were pressed. If no column was low, row 1 is set high and row 2 is set low. Again the columns are checked for low. If no key was pressed row 2 was set high and row 3 is set low and process continued. To get the value of the key pressed, as soon as a column is low for a low row is obtained, 8-bit binary value of the key was returned
Fig.6: Diagram 4x3 Matrixes
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Features:
Ultra-thin design Adhesive backing Excellent price/performance ratio Easy interface to any microcontroller
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4.2.2 DTMF Encoder
Description:DTMF means Dual Tone Modulation Frequency. This system is intended to transmit keys pressed on a keyboard through an audio channel such as a telephone line or a radio connection. Every time a key is pressed two audio frequencies are transmitted: one corresponds to the column in which the key is in, and the other one corresponds to the row. This encoding handles a maximum of 4 rows by 4 columns, that means 16 keys (from 0 to 9, *, #, and from A to D). This table shows graphically the layout of the keys on the DTMF keyboard with the corresponding frequencies and the minimum and maximum values for each tone
Fig.7: Diagram of DTMF Encoding
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Features: Full DTMF receiver Less than 35mW power consumption Uses quartz crystal or ceramic resonators Adjustable acquisition and release times
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4.2.3 Low Power Dual Operational Amplifiers
Description:The symbol indicates an LM358 integrated circuit to 8 feet. One of the particularities of this integrated is to be designed to operate with a single static power supply that ranges from a minimum of 3 V to a maximum of 32 V although typically there are stabilizing at levels between 5 V and 15 V. In fact, while most of the integrated circuits containing the operational needs two power supplies, one positive and one negative, the LM358 can be connected to the positive power only while the negative supply is replaced by the mass. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional opamp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems.
Fig.8: Diagram of Operational Amplifiers
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Features:
Wide bandwidth 1.1mhz Very low supply current (500a) .
Low input offset voltage: 2mv
Low input offset current: 2na
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4.2.4 Microphone
Description:A microphone is a electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape
recorders, karaoke systems, hearing aids, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, speech. Sometimes other characteristics such as diaphragm size, intended use or orientation of the principal sound input to the principal axis (end- or side-address) of the microphone are used to describe the phone.
Fig.9: Diagram of Microphone or Mic
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4.2.5 LASER
Description:Laser is safe design, use and implementation of lasers to minimize the risk of laser accidents, especially those involving eye injuries. Since even relatively small amounts of laser light can lead to permanent eye injuries, the sale and usage of lasers is typically subject to government regulations. Moderate and high-power lasers are potentially hazardous because they can burn the retina of the eye, or even the skin. To control the risk of injury, various specifications, for example ANSI Z136 in the US and IEC 60825 internationally, define "classes" of laser depending on their power and wavelength. These regulations also prescribe required safety measures, such as labeling lasers with specific warnings, and wearing laser safety goggles when operating lasers.
Laser Classes: Class I Class II Class II a Class III a Class III b Class IV
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Class I
This can be either because of a low output power (in which case eye damage is impossible even after hours of exposure) Class I lasers is inherently safe. No possibility of eye damage. In CD players or laser printers.
Class II
The blink reflex of the human eye (aversion response) will prevent eye damage, unless the person deliberately stares into the beam for an extended period. This class includes only lasers that emit visible light. Most laser pointers are in this category.
Class II a
In Class II a, region in the low-power end of Class II where the laser requires in excess of 1000 seconds of continuous viewing to produce a burn to the retina. Commercial laser scanners are in this subclass.
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Class III a
Lasers in this class are mostly dangerous in combination with optical instruments though even without optical instrument enhancement direct contact with the eye for over two minutes may cause serious damage to the retina. The device is not labeled with a "caution" warning label; otherwise a "danger" warning label is required. Many laser sights for firearms and laser pointers are in this category.
Class III b
Lasers in this class may cause damage if the beam enters the eye directly. Lasers in this category can cause permanent eye damage with exposures of 1/100th of a second or less depending on the strength of the laser.
Protective eyewear is recommended when direct beam viewing of Class III b lasers may occur.
Class IV
In the beam and may cause severe, permanent damage to eye or skin. Many industrial, scientific, military and medical lasers are in this category.
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Fig.10: Diagram of Laser Pointer
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Receiver Section
4.2.6 Microcontroller Description:Used for information gathering from mic & keypad, encode the data & pass it to the Decoder to output at relay speaker. Microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051 family. ATMEL 89C51 has 4KB of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a maximum of 1000 times.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional, nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides highlyflexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
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Fig.11: Diagram of Pin structure 89C51
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Features: 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory. Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Tab.1: Table for Port Pin Structure
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4.2.7 Loudspeaker
Description:A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electroacoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. Non-electrical loudspeakers were developed as accessories to telephone systems, but electronic amplification by vacuum tube made loudspeakers more generally useful. The most common form of loudspeaker uses a paper cone supporting a voice coil electromagnet acting on a permanent magnet, but many other types exist. Where high fidelity reproduction of sound is required, multiple loudspeakers may be used, each reproducing a part of the audible frequency range. Miniature loudspeakers are found in devices such as radio and TV receivers, and many forms of music players. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music, sound reinforcement in theatres and concerts, and in public address systems.
Fig.12: Diagram of Loudspeaker
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4.2.8 Relay Description:A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another.. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults, in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays. In our project we are using relay G5LE
Fig.13: Diagram of Relay
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Feature:1 Subminiature sugar cube relay
Contact ratings of 10 A
Withstands impulses of up to 4,500 V
Ideal for applications in security equipment, household electrical appliances, garage door openers, and audio equipment.
34
4.2.9 Photodiode
Description:The BPW32 is an opto-electronic integrated circuit containing a photodiode and trans impedance trans impedance amplifier consists of a precision FET input op amp and an on-chip metal film resistor. The integrated combination of photodiode eliminates the problems commonly encountered in discrete designs such as leakage current errors, noise pick-up and gain peaking due to stray capacitance.
Fig.14: Diagram of Photodiode
Features:
Photodiode Size: 0.090 x 0.090 inch Improved UV Response Low Dark Errors: 2mV Bandwidth: 4kHz Wide Supply Range: 2.25 to 18V
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4.3 Software
START
4.3.1 Flow chart:Configure the port
Audio transfer Transmission of signal Data transfer Get data from keypad Get audio signal from 3.5jack or mic
Encode with help of DTMF encoder
Amplifies the voice signal
Modulates the voice signal / data signal using laser light and transmit the signal
Detect data from photo transistor NO YES Decode with help of DTMF decoder
Detect voice signal using photo transisitor NO YES Amplifes the voice signal
Send to microcontroller Pass the decoded signal to output device from relay STOP EXTC-SSJCET, ASANGAON 36
Pass the voice to the loud speaker
STOP
4.3.2 Algorithm
Algorithm for Voice Communication: First the input voice is taken through condenser microphone. The voice signal is amplified through preamplifier phase. Then, the signal is transmitted through laser light. The phototransistor at receiving side converts the signal into electrical signal. The electrical signal is passed through two transistor amplifier phases. Then audio amplifier amplifies the signal and drive speaker to generate voice output.
Algorithm for Data Communication: First the data are inputted through keypad. These data is then encoded by the DTMF encoder and gives the corresponding pulse duration to laser via one of the pins. The phototransistor detects the laser light incident on it and converts it into electrical signal. These electrical signals are fed to microcontroller which sends data to relay.
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4.4 PROGRAM
#include<reg51.h>
sbit DecoderOp1 = P1^0; sbit DecoderOp2 = P1^1; sbit DecoderOp3 = P1^2; sbit DecoderOp4 = P1^3;
sbit Relay1 = P0^0; sbit Relay2 = P0^1; sbit Relay3 = P0^2; sbit Relay4 = P0^3;
void main() { P1=0xFF; P0=0;
while(1) { if(DecoderOp1 == 1 && DecoderOp2 == 1 && DecoderOp3 == 0 && DecoderOp4 == 0 ) Pressed '1' { Relay1=1; } ///
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if(DecoderOp1 == 1 && DecoderOp2 == 0 && DecoderOp3 == 0 && DecoderOp4 == 0 ) Pressed '2' { Relay1=0; } /* if(DecoderOp1 == 0 && DecoderOp2 == 1 && DecoderOp3 == 0 && DecoderOp4 == 0 ) Pressed '4' { Relay2=1; } if(DecoderOp1 == 0 && DecoderOp2 == 1 && DecoderOp3 == 0 && DecoderOp4 == 1 ) Pressed '5' { Relay2=0; } if(DecoderOp1 == 0 && DecoderOp2 == 1 && DecoderOp3 == 1 && DecoderOp4 == 1 ) Pressed '7' { Relay3=1; } if(DecoderOp1 == 1 && DecoderOp2 == 0 && DecoderOp3 == 0 && DecoderOp4 == 0 ) Pressed '8' { Relay3=0; } if(DecoderOp1 == 1 && DecoderOp2 == 0 && DecoderOp3 == 1 && DecoderOp4 == 1 ) Pressed '*' {
///
///
///
///
///
///
39
Relay4=1; } if(DecoderOp1 == 1 && DecoderOp2 == 0 && DecoderOp3 == 1 && DecoderOp4 == 0 ) Pressed '0' { Relay4=0; ///
if(DecoderOp1 == 0 && DecoderOp2 == 0 && DecoderOp3 == 1 && DecoderOp4 == 1 ) Pressed '3' { Relay1=0; Relay2=0; Relay3=0; Relay4=0; }
///
if(DecoderOp1 == 0 && DecoderOp2 == 1 && DecoderOp3 == 1 && DecoderOp4 == 0 ) Pressed '6' { Relay1=1; Relay2=1; Relay3=1; Relay4=1; }
///
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CHAPTER 05 PCB FABRICATION
41
CHAPTER 05 PCB FABRICATION
5.1 Developing The PCB

Now that the Circuit Diagrams are ready, we can use them to develop the Printed Circuit Boards. 1 The first step is to design the schematics in a PCB Layout Editor such as EAGLE. After the schematic is entered, the PCB layout program is used to place the parts on the board and route the copper traces.
Fig.15: Diagram of Schematic PCB Layout
After the first few parts are mounted, the "rats nest" begins to clear up. If you're lucky, you get a PCB that requires no external jumper wires.
Fig16: Diagram of Printed Circuit
42
When the layout is done, the board layers are printed onto special toner transfer paper with a laser printer. This board "image" is transferred to the bare copper board with a laminating machine, or a hot clothes iron.
Fig.17: Diagram of Laser Printer
After laminating, the board with the paper stuck to it is soaked to remove the paper, leaving only the toner behind
Fig.18: Diagram of PCB Solution
43
To the right is a photo of the raw copper board with toner
remaining, after the transfer paper has been soaked off
Fig.19: Diagram of Raw Copper Board
Inside the etch tank, two aquarium pumps circulate etchant
(Ammonium Per sulfate) over the copper boards while two aquarium heaters 110F.This anywhere keep the solution can at take minutes
process from
10-30
depending on the freshness of the solution and thickness of the copper.
Fig.20: Diagram of Etch Tank
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After etching, the toner is removed with solvent and the board is tinned using a soldering iron and a small piece of tinned solder wick. Tinning isn't absolutely necessary but it improves the appearance of the board, and prevents the copper from oxidizing before it's time to solder the parts to the board.
Fig.21: Diagram of Toner Removed
At this point, holes are drilled for any leaded components and
mounting holes.
Fig.22: Diagram of PCB Drilling
Here is the completed board ready to be populated
Fig.23 Diagram of Final PCB Layout
45
CHAPTER 06 PCB IMPLEMENTATION
46
CHAPTER 06 PCB IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 PCB Layout 6.1.1 Transmitter PCB Layout:-
Fig.24: Diagram of Transmitter Bottom
Fig.25: Diagram of Transmitter top
47
6.1.2 Receiver PCB Layout:-
Fig.26: Diagram of Receiver Bottom
Fig.27: Diagram of Receiver Top
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CHAPTER 07 APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
49
CHAPTER 07 APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 Applications
In arenas & concerts it would use as temporary set up without caballing material.
In internet, it is use as fast medium for transmission of data packets.
Military application. Severe weather conditions will be bypassed by Laser Lights meshed inter-satellite rerouting capabilities. Laser Light considers this approach a significant refinement, enabling it to dynamically identify and deliver traffic to Light way ground access nodes with interconnected fiber access and hence is it is used for weather forecast.
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7.2 Future Scope
In future, there is possibility by this audio transmission of laser we can connect the all musical concerts worldwide using the same technology.
Multiple voice, data, picture, video can be multiplied simultaneously to perform communication using Multiplexer.
A more power laser can be used to increase the range of communication.
Laser can be replaced by IR laser that cant be visible by bare eye
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7.3 Advantages
Unlike radio systems, laser communications is an optical technology that does not require spectrum licensing or frequency coordination. Optical satellite systems are not susceptible to interference from one to another system or equipment since the point-to-point laser signal is extremely difficult to intercept. Lighter than equivalent copper wires or cables. Make the system as cost effective as possible. Wider bandwidth for data transmission, Very fast communication speed more than 1GBps. This means that it does not fall under the regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in terms of frequency allocation and spectrum regulations. The new medium of information transfer higher quality. Alternative communication systems during disasters (PSTN ).Less noise, inexpensive, power efficient both transmitter and receiver
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7.4
Disadvantages
Direct line-of-sight. Rain, smoke, fog, glass etc-reduce the light intensitywhich affect the overall project. Obstacle comming in between the Transimeter and receiver. For longer distance communication high power laser is required which is costly.
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CHAPTER 08 RESULTS
54
CHAPTER 8 RESULTS
Result
Thus we have achieved the following results: Transmitting equipment that is biologically safe and consumes minimum of bandwidth, when dealing with audio transmission.
Generally, the AUDIO is generally up to its mark.
A system that is immune to external noise.
Thus our project gives wireless technique to offer security to valuable commodities
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Chapter 09 Conclusions
56
Chapter 09 Conclusions
Conclusions
Our final product nearly met our initial expectations. We didnt expect the audio quality to be as good as it was given the relative ease of designing the circuits, but the unreliable nature of the alignment was something we hadnt anticipated, and didnt have a solution readily available for. As for hardware, we found that considering every device as if the operating conditions were ideal cost us time and money that could have otherwise been more productive. Not considering the area of the phototransistors, for example, was an avoidable oversight. Additionally, with more time and an expanded budget we could deal with the alignment issue and build on it: with more investment in optical hardware the lasers could be secured with more precision.
57
REFERENCES
58
REFERENCES
[1] Author-Mazidi and Ayala Kenneth. Book-Microcontroller Edition-5 20
th
architecture,
programming and applications. Publication- Penram Publication.
[2]
Author- Dr. Roy Chaudhari.
Book- Linear integration circuits.
Publication-New age international. Edition- 3rd 2007.
Web site:
www.google.com www.alldatasheet.com www.howstuffworks.com
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APPENDIX
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Wireless Transmission of Audion & Data Using Laser

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.2 Background Theory

Figure.1: Diagram Of Stimulated emission

2.3 Pulse Width Modulation

2.4 Amplitude Modulation

As a receiver cannot di st i ngui sh between amplitude that

CHAPTER 03 PROBLEM DEFINITION

CHAPTER 03 PROBLEM DEFINITION

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.1.1Transmitter Section Block Diagram:-

KEYPAD DTMF ENCODER

Fig.2: Diagram of Transmitter Section Block

3.1.3 Receiver Section Block Diagram

OPTICAL DETECTOR PHOTO TRANSISTOR BASED

Fig.3: Diagram of Receiver Section Block

3.1.4 RECEIVER SECTION EXPLANATION

CHAPTER 04 APPLIED METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 04 APPLIED METHODOLOGY

4.1 Circuit Diagram 4.1.1 Transmitter section:-

Fig.4: Diagram of Transmitter Section Ciruit

4.1.2 Receiver Section:-

Fig.5: Diagram of Receiver Section Circuit

4.2 Hardware Required

Transmitter Section: Keypad

Low power operational amplifier

Receiver Section: Speaker

4.2.1 Keypad Board

Fig.6: Diagram 4x3 Matrixes

4.2.2 DTMF Encoder

Fig.7: Diagram of DTMF Encoding

4.2.3 Low Power Dual Operational Amplifiers

Fig.8: Diagram of Operational Amplifiers

Wide bandwidth 1.1mhz Very low supply current (500a) .

Low input offset voltage: 2mv

Low input offset current: 2na

Fig.9: Diagram of Microphone or Mic

Fig.10: Diagram of Laser Pointer

Fig.11: Diagram of Pin structure 89C51

Tab.1: Table for Port Pin Structure

Fig.12: Diagram of Loudspeaker

Fig.13: Diagram of Relay

Feature:1 Subminiature sugar cube relay

Withstands impulses of up to 4,500 V

Fig.14: Diagram of Photodiode

4.3.1 Flow chart:Configure the port

Encode with help of DTMF encoder

Amplifies the voice signal

Pass the voice to the loud speaker

void main() { P1=0xFF; P0=0;

CHAPTER 05 PCB FABRICATION

CHAPTER 05 PCB FABRICATION

5.1 Developing The PCB

Fig.15: Diagram of Schematic PCB Layout

Fig16: Diagram of Printed Circuit

Fig.17: Diagram of Laser Printer

Fig.18: Diagram of PCB Solution

To the right is a photo of the raw copper board with toner

remaining, after the transfer paper has been soaked off

Fig.19: Diagram of Raw Copper Board

Inside the etch tank, two aquarium pumps circulate etchant

depending on the freshness of the solution and thickness of the copper.

Fig.20: Diagram of Etch Tank