Wesley Ng Biology Killough Biology Homework Apply the Concept: 1) The sequence of the codon should be CCTGAGGAG and

so the first A turns into T and the gene mutation that changed the sequence will lead to sickle allele. 2) CCTGTGGAG This is the cut DNA with the sickle alleles CCTNTGG where N is any base 3)

4) No because the relative intensity will show that the band produced by a specific fragment shows the amount of the fragment. 5) In order to join DNA fragments, you must from phosphodiester bonds between them. This is done through the separate fragments of DNA through electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. Do You Understand 13.1 1) Restriction enzyme- bacteria defend themselves from invasions; it cuts out the double stranded DNA molecules. These are injected by bacteriophage, causing them to break up into smaller, noninfectious fragments. The enzymes then break the DNA backbone that is between the 3 hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5 phosphate group of the next nucleotide. DNA Ligase- This is involved in the DNA metabolism in cells. It catalyzes the joining of the joining of DNA fragments by forming the phosphodiester bonds between them. This is also known as the enzyme that joins okazaki fragments during DNA replication. 2) Scientists can cut DNA into fragments and then split them into new combinations known as recombinant DNA. Herbert Buyer and Stanley Cohen used restriction enzymes to cut sequences from the E. Coli plasmids containing different antibiotic resistance genes the tools described in this concept- restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis and DNA ligase. Scientists can ct and rejoin different DNA molecules from any and all sources. 3) Conditions Size of Fragments (KB) Enzyme A 2 ,10 Enzyme B 2, 10 Enzyme A+B 2, 8

Investigation: a) Yes, it is transformed efficiency because the number of resistance in the colonies had decreased by a large amount, also the resisting DNA is still functional. You can see that during the EcoRI cut, the number of resistant colonies was a lot less than that of no DNA treatment. b) No, it didnt because the number is the highest in the resistancy of both antibiotics in the DNA treatment., E CORI, then ligase. You see that the amount of resistant Tetracycline is more than in the ligase than cut. c) Silent Mutations can occur in the no transcribed regions and will not have any effect on the sequencing of the proteins. A mutation in a protein-coding region can lead to the alteration of the amino acid sequences of the proteins. This is spontaneous mutations occur because of instabilities in DNA or chromosomes. d) Yes, there was an increase in the doubly antibiotic resistant bacteria because as seen, the plasmids were cut with EcoRI and then the DNA Ligase are incubated with antibiotic- sensitive E. Coli and were grown on various combinations of the antibiotics so that there is a production of different combinations in which there are higher chances of doubly antibiotic-resistance bacteria. Do you Understand 13.2 1) A plasmid has genes for resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline 2) Foreign DNA is inserted at the BAMHI recognition site in which it lies within the tetr gene. 3) The resulting recombinant DNA has an intact functional gene for ampicillin resistance but not for tetracycline resistance.