PRELIMINARIES

Linear and Quadratic Equations a2 > b2 = a?b Linear Relationship: y = ax + b Quadratic Relationship: y = ax2 + bx + c Quadratic Equations: ax2 + bx + c = 0 = x = Questions: (1) Graph y = 3x 2 and y = x + 5. (2) Solve the simultaneous linear equations y = 3x 2 (3) Solve 2x2 3x + 5 = 0. (4) Graph y = 2x2 3x + 5.
b+ b2 4ac 2a

y = x + 5

Scientic Notation: 2.3458E 2 = 2.3458 102 = 234.58 4.5678E 3 = 4.5678 103 = 0.0045678 Questions: (1) A boy bicycles 21.2 meters in 5.6382756 seconds. What is his speed? (2) A swimming pool can be lled using two pipes. The rst pipe lls it up in 3 hours, while the second will do so in 6 hours. How long will it take to ll the pool when both pipes are opened?

Trigonometry:

sin =

BA OB ;

cos =

OA OB ;

tan =

BA OA .

sin2 + cos2 = 1

Geometrical Objects: Circle Circumference = 2 r Area = r2 Sphere SurfaceArea = 4 r2 4 Volume = r3 3 Area of Triangle = 1 2 hd Area of Trapezoid = 1 2 h(a + b)

Dimensional Analysis: L : Length: meters, feet, miles, micrometers, light-years M : Mass: kilograms, pounds, milligrams T : Time: seconds, days, years Only quantities with identical units can be added or equated

CHAPTER 2

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE

Kiematics: Characterization and classication of motion. An origin and + and real numbers can be used to dene postion x on a line. What about distance and dispacement? x = x + 2 x1 Speed and Velocity: Average Speed: total distance / time Average Velocity: vave = [V ] = [L][T ]1 Questions: (1) A man walks 1.7 km due west. What is the distance traveled and what is his displacement? (2) Now he retraces his path to return home. How far has he traveled overall? What is his overall displacement? (3) A jogger runs 4.0 km northward at 10.0 km/sec, and then walks the next 4.0 km (also northward) at 6.0 km/sec. What are her average speed and velocity?
x t

x2 x1 t2 t1

Intantaneous Velocity Questions: (1) The position of a particle at time t is given by x = 1.0 + 3.0t + 2.0t2 . Find its position at times t = 2, 1.1, 1.01, 1.001, 1.0001. Find the average velocity between t = 1 and these times. Explain graphically. x dx = t0 t dt

v = lim (1) Redo Problem (1). Acceleration: Average Acceleration:

v t

(1)

v 2 v1 t2 t1 dv dt

Instantaneous Acceleration: a =

= 3

d2 x dt2

 [A] = [L][T ]2 Questions: (1) A car goes from 0 to 60 mph in 6.2 seconds. Find the average acceleration. (2) A particles position is given by x(t) = 4 27t + t3 . Find its velocity and acceleration. Graph x(t), v (t) and a(t).

Constant Acceleration: A Special Case v = v0 + at

2 x = x0 + v0 t + 1 2 at 2 + 2a(x x ) v 2 = v0 0

Questions: (1) Graph v (t) and x(t) for a > 0, a = 0 and a < 0. (2) A train begins with a speed of 0.5m/s, and accelerates for 2.0 seconds at 2.00m/s2 ; it then moves at a constant velocity for 45.0 seconds and decelerates at 1.5m/s2 for 1.2 seconds. Find (a) the nal velocity, and (b) the average acceleration. (3) A park ranger moving with a speed of 11.4m/s spots a deer 20.0meters ahead on the road and brakes with a deceleration of 3.80m/s2 . Does he hit the deer? If not how close does he get? (4) A speedster moves at 40.0mph in a 25mph zone and passes a police car. The policeman begins chasing the car immediately with an acceleration of 4.50m/s2 . (a) How long does it take for the policemen to reach the speedster? How far did he travel?

Free-Fall Acceleration: a = g where g = 9.81m/s2 Videos: Linear Kinematics/Guinea and Feather 14aEN and Linear Kinematics/Guinea and Feather 14bEN Questions: (1) A boy throws a baseball vertically upwards with a speed of 12 m/s. (a) How long does it take 4

to reach the maximum height? (b) How long does it take to return to the ground? (c) What is the maximum height? (d) Find its velocity when it reaches the ground. (3) A kid standing on top of SR1 throws a stone up vertically with a speed of 5.2m/s. How long does it take to fall to the ground? Find the speed with which it hits the ground.

Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis: The area under the a-t graph is the velocity increment. The area under the v -t graph is the displacement. The slope of the x-t graph is the velocity. The slope of the v -t graph is the acceleration.

Rotations: Angle (in radians): = arc length / radius Angular Velocity: =

d dt d dt

Angular Acceleration: =

Questions: (1) A string is rolled around a wheel of radius 1.2 meters. How far will the free end of the string move when the wheel rotates by 60 degrees about its axis? (2) The free end falls at a speed of 2.3m/s. What is the angular speed of the wheel?

Kinematic Equations for Rotations: = 0 + t

2 = 0 + t + 1 2 t 2 + 2( ) 2 = 0 0

Questions: (1) A ywheel is rotating about its axis at 22.5 rotations/minute when a child touches it and makes it decelerate at a rate of 0.50radians/sec2 . (a) How long does the wheel take to come to rest? (b) What is the angle through which it has rotated during this time? (2) A car, whose wheels have a radius 0.32 meters is moving with a uniform speed of 25.0m/s. What is the angular velocity of a wheel?

Additional Problems: Chapter 2: 11, 12, 17, 22, 26, 40, 44, 49, 66, 67, 80, 101

CHAPTER 3

VECTORS
Denitions and Notations A Scalar has magnitude: temperature, speed, distance A Vector has magnitude and direction: displacement, velocity, acceleration Components in 2D = (r cos , r sin ) A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k |A| = size or magnitude of A = = direction of A A Properties: a+b=b+a (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) a b = a + (b) Videos: Units and Vectors/Vector Addition Units and Vectors/Vector Components Questions: (1) Write the vector whose size is 5 units that bears a direction bisecting the x and y axes. Give the unit vector in this direction. (2) What angles do i + j + k make with the 3 coordinate axes?

2 2 A2 x + Ay + Az

Addition of Vectors and Multiplication by a Scalar (2i + 4j) + (3i + 2j) = (1i + 6j) (4) (2i + 4j) = 8i 16j: same direction 7

 a is a unit vector if |a| = 1: examples x and y . Questions: (1) A dragony moves from (2.0m)i + (3.5m)j to (3.0m)i + (5.5m)j in 3.2 seconds. Calculate its velocity. (2) A trout swims with a velocity of (3.7m/s)i + (1.3m/s)j. Find its speed and direction of motion. (3) v1 = (2.1i aj) and v2 = (bi + 1.2j). If v1 + 3v2 = (1.0i + 0.3j), nd a and b. (4) A car moves northeast at a uniform speed of 30.0m/s for 0.45 hours, and then moves northwest at a speed of 19.5m/s for 1.2 hours. What is the displacement? What is the distance between the initial and nal locations. (5) A vector v = 4.0i + 3.0j. Express it in a set of axes which are rotated clockwise by 30 degrees. (6) A small airplane leaves an airport on an overcast day and is later sighted 215 km away in a direction making an angle 22o east due north. How far north and east is the plane from the airpost when sighted? (7) New Orleans is 500 km east of Houston; Washington D.C. is 1200 km NE from New Orleans; New York is 500 km in a direction 60o north of east. What is the distance from Houston to New York?

Vectors and the Laws of Physics

Multiplying Vectors Scalar Product: a b = ab cos() = ax bx + ay by + az bz Questions: (1) What angles do i + j + k make with the 3 coordinate axes? Vector Product: axb is a vector whose direction is given by the right hand rule, and whose magnitude is |axb| = ab sin(). In term of components axb = (ay bz az by )i + (az bx ax bz )j + (ax by ay bx )k Questions: (1) Calculate (3i 4j)x(2i + 3k). 8 (3) (2)

Additional Problems: Chapter 3: 14, 23, 25, 27, 40, 44, 45, 57, 6472

CHAPTER 4

MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS

Projections in the x- y- and z- directions are idependent Position: r = xi + y j + z k Displacement: r = r2 r1 = (x2 x1 )i + (y2 y1 )j + (z2 z1 )k Questions: (1) An object moves so that x = 0.31t2 + 7.2t + 28 and y = 0.22t2 9.1t + 30. Find its position at t = 15 and the displacement between t = 10 and t = 15. (2) An eagle sitting atop a tree of height 19.5 meters spots a mouse on the ground in a direction 20o below the horizontal. (a) how far away is the mouse from the base of the tree? (b) If the eagle begins to move at the mouse with a speed of 3.10m/s, how long will it take to reach the mouse?

Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity vave = r/t dr dt

v=

(4)

Questions: (1) An object moves so that x = 0.31t2 + 7.2t + 28 and y = 0.22t2 9.1t + 30. Find its velocity at t = 15.

Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration aave = v/t dv dt

a=

(5)

Kinematic Equations: v = v0 + at
2 x = x0 + v t + 1 2 at 2 + 2a (x x ) v2 = v0 0

Projectile Motion: 10

 a = g j Videos: Motion in a Plane/Range Gun Motion in a Plane/Vertical Gun on Car Motion in a Plane/Shooter Dropper Motion in a Plane/Vertical Gun on Accelerated Car Results The equation of the path of a projectile is y = (tan 0 )x = Its horizontal range is R= The time of ight of the projectile is T = 2v0 cos 0 g (8)
2 v0 sin 20 g

1 gx2 2 (v0 cos 0 )2

(6)

(7)

Questions: (1) A kid standing atop SR1 throws a stone horizontally with a speed of 10.2m/s. How far from the bottom of the building will it hit the ground? What are its velocity and speed then? (2) The kid now walks down to the ground, and throws a second stone with a speed of 12.4m/s at an angle 32o above the horizontal. How long will it take to reach the ground? How far from the kid will it land? (3) The kid now throws a second stone with the same speed at an angle 58o above the horizontal. How long will it take to reach the ground? How far from the kid will it land? (4) A golfer notices a 3.0 meter high tree 14.0 meters in front and wants to hit the ball over it. She hits the ball with a speed of 13.5m/s at an angle 54o above the horizontal. Is she successful at clearing the tree? Where will the ball land? (5) A rescue plane ies at 198 km/h at a constant height h=500m towards a point directly over a victim, where a rescue capsule is to land. What should the angle of the pilots line of sight to the victim be when the capsule is released? What is the velocity and speed with which the capsule lands on the water? 11

(6) A soccer eld has an incline of 10o . A ball is kicked with a speed of 45 m/s at an angle 30o from the eld. Where will it land? Uniform Circular Motion: Periodic motion of period T = 2 r/v , and frequency = 1/T . = = v/r. There is an acceleration towards the center -centripetalAngular speed is constant acceleration- a = v 2 /r. Questions: (1) Find the magnitude of the acceleration (in terms of g ) of a pilot whose aircraft enters a horizontal circlular turn with a velocity vi = 400i + 500j m/s and 24.0s later leaves the turn with a velocity vf = 400i 500j m/s. Assume uniform circular motion. Relative Motion in One and Two Dimensions Denoting the velocity of A relative to B by vAB , then vP A = vP B + vBA . If vB A is constant then aP A = aP B .

Questions: (1) If a train moves northward with a speed of 100 m/s and a man on it walks southwards at a speed of 5 m/s, nd the velocity of the man as seen by someone standing by the tracks. What happens if the observer is moving northwards with a speed of 6 m/s? (2) An airplane traveling east (wrt the ground) moves with a speed 215 km/h in a direction south of east on a windy day. The wind speed is 65 km/h in a direction 200 east of north. Find . How long does it take for the plane to get between airports that are 500 km apart? Additional Problems: Chapter 4: 10, 16, 20, 29, 34, 45, 49, 57, 66, 71, 78, 80, 90

12

CHAPTER 5

FORCE & MOTIONI

Kinetics: causes of motion Newtons First Law What happens to free objects? Inertial Reference Frames: those for which Newtons First Law holds Videos: Inertia/Shifted Air Track Inertia Inertia/Tablecloth Jerk Rotational Kinematics/Circle with Gap Newtons Second Law F = ma Units of F: Newtons, kg-weight, etc. [F ] = [M ][L][T ]2 Newtons Third Law Videos: Action and Reaction/Car on Rolling Board Fan Car with Sail Motion in a Plane/Local Vertical Acceleration Particular Forces gravitational Force Weight Normal Forces Friction 13

 Tension Questions: (1) A car moves with an acceleration of 0.59m/s2 under a force of 540N . Find its mass. (2) What is the weight of a box of mass 3.2kg ? (3) A box of mass 3.2kg is placed on a horizontal table. Draw all the forces acting on it. (4) A box of mass 14.5kg lies on a rough horizontal surface. A boy pushes it with a force in a direction 30o below horizontal. Draw all the forces acting on the box.

Questions: (1) A boy of mass 50.0kg standing on a skateboard of mass 1.0kg pushes another of mass 45.0kg standing on a similar board. Find the acceleration of each kid. (2) A box of mass 3.5kg is placed on a smooth horizontal table next to one of mass 1.2kg . The rst is then pushed towards the second with a force of 1.1N . Find the acceleration of the boxes and the force between them. (3) A ower pot is hung from two strings. The rst, bearing an angle 28o to the vertical applies a force of 11N . The second has a tension of 7.0N . Find (a) the angle it bears to the vertical, (b) the mass of the ower pot. (4) A girl is dragging a box of mass 4.60kg along a smooth horizontal surface by pulling on a rope inclined 35o to the horizontal with a force of 10.3N . Find the velocity of the box 1.5 seconds after the beginning. How far does it travel during this time? What is the normal force between the box and the ground. (5) The mass of an astronaut and his suit is 250kg . How much will she weigh on the moon, where the gravitational acceleration is 1.62m/s2 . (6) A 60.0kg reman slides down a pole of 3.0m in 1.2 sec. What is the force on the pole? (7) A man of mass 72.0kg stands on a stationary elevator. The reading is 72.0. Explain. (8) Now the elevator accelerates up at a rate of 0.25m/s2 . What will the reading be? What will the reading be if it accelerates downwards at 0.50m/s2 . (9) Two boys are pushing a box of mass 6.0kg sitting on a smooth horizontal surface in opposite directions. The rst applies a force 13N in a direction 60o from the horizontal, while the second applies a force 11N , 30o from the horizontal. Find (a) the acceleration of the box, and (2) the normal force between the box and the ground. (10) A box of mass m is placed on a smooth surface inclined at an angle to the horizontal. What is its acceleration?

Additional Problems: Chapter 5: 6, 12, 15, 34, 60, 66, 68, 78, 101, 104.

14

CHAPTER 6

FORCE & MOTION II

Friction Static Friction: Opposes the net external force; Fs s N Kinetic Friction: Opposes motion; Fk = k N s and k are proerties of the wo surfaces in contact; independt of speed and contact area Usually s k Videos: Friction/Air Track Friction Friction/Area Dependence on Friction Friction/Surface Dependence on Friction Friction/Weight Dependence on Friction Questions: (1) A kid pushes a salt shaker of mass 50.0g towards his mother at a speed of 1.15m/s. It comes to rest at a distance 0.840 meters. Find k for the contact. (2) A sea-lion slides down a 3.0m long ramp inclined at 23o to the horizontal. If k = 0.26, nd the time it takes for the sea-lion to come down the ramp. (3) A box of mass m is placed on a rough plane which is inclined about one edge. When the incline increases to , the box begins to slide. (a) nd s for the contact between the box and the plane. (b) what is the frictional force when the box is about to slide. (4) Is the friction between the tires of a moving car and the road static or kinetic? (5) A 3 kg block slides along a oor while a force F of magnitude 12 N is applied at an angle upwards of the horizontal. k = 0.40. As is varied, what is the maximum acceleration of the box?

The Drag Force and Terminal Speed

2 A blunt object moving in a uid experiences a Drag Force given by D = 1 2 C Av , ehre A is the area of the object normal to the motion, C is the drag coecient, is the density of the uid, and v is the speed of the object.

15

 The terminal speed of an object moving under a Force Fg is vt =

2Fg /C A.

Questions: (1) If a falling cat reaches a rst terminal speed of 97 km/h while it is tucked in and then stretches out, doubling A, what is its new terminal speed? (2) A raindrop of radius R = 1.5 mm fall from a cloud of height h = 1200 m. The drag coecient is 0.6, and the density of water and air are 1000 kg/m3 and 1.2kg/m3 respectively. What is the terminal speed of the raindrop? What would be the speed just before impact if there was no drag?

Uniform Circular Motion Acceleration is towards the center, i.e., centripetal aCP = v 2 /r; FCP = mv 2 /r Videos: Rotational Kinematics/Ball on Chord Rotational Kinematics/Centrifuge Hoops Questions: (1) A cosmonaut of mass 79 kg moves in a circular orbit at a height h=520 km above the earth with a constant speed of 7.6 km/s. What is his acceleration? What is the force exerted by the earth on him? (2) A daredevil rides the side of a cylinder of radius R=2.1 m, the coecient of friction being s = 0.40. (a) Find the minimum speed of the cylinder and the rider if she does not fall. (b) If the riders mass is m=49 kg, what is the centripetal force acting on her? (3) A Grand Prix car of mass m=600 kg travels on a at track of radius R=100m. The passing air exerts a downward force FL on the car because of its shape. s = 0.75. (a) If the car is about to slide when its speed is v=28.6 m/s, nd FL . (b) The magnitude of FL depends on v 2 . What is its magnitude when the car moves at 90 m/s. (c) How can the road be banked so that there is no frictional force in (a)?

Additional Problems: Chapter 6: 29, 32, 37, 45, 47, 55, 59, 60, 68, 100, 109.

16

CHAPTER 7 KINETIC ENERGY AND WORK Motivational Questions: 1. A child sits at the top of a straight, frictionless slide. The child sits 2 m above the ground, and the slide is 4 m long. If the child starts from rest, what will be her speed at the bottom of the slide? 2. A child sits at the top of a wavy, frictionless slide. The child sits 2 m above the ground. If the child starts from rest, what will be her speed at the bottom of the slide? Kinetic Energy KE = ! mv2; Units = Joule; [KE] = [M][L]2[T]-2 Work Work is the transfer of mechanical energy. Work done by a constant force, W = F d; Units of work and energy: Joules, calorie, etc. [W] = [M][L2][T-2] Worktotal = "(KE) Questions: 1. An amount of work W1 is required to accelerate a car from v = 0 to v = 50 km/hr. How much work is required to accelerate this car from 50 km/hr to 100 km/hr? 2. A force F is applied on a mass m initially moving with a velocity v0. What is its velocity after it has been displaced by d? Find the change in kinetic energy and the work done by the force. Comment. 3. You drag your book 0.75 m across your horizontal desk, with a constant force of 6.0 N, oriented at 30 above horizontal. What is the work done by you on the book? 4. Two forces act on a safe, sliding it 8.5 m on the horizontal, frictionless ground. The safe has a mass of 225 kg. F1 has magnitude 12 N, and is oriented 30 down from horizontal. F2 has magnitude 10 N, and is oriented 40 up from horizontal. a) What is the net work done on the safe by F1 and F2? b) What is the work done on the safe by gravity? By the normal force? c) If the safes initial speed was 0, what is its speed after the 8.5 m displacement? 1 W = Fd cos !

Work Done by Gravitational Force Wg =mgh 1. An object of mass m is thrown vertically upwards with a sped v0. What is its speed when it is at a height h 2. An initially stationary 150 kg crate is pulled via a cable a distance 5.70 m up a frictionless ramp of height of 2.50 m where it stops. Find the force? Find the work done by the force and by gravity. Work done by a spring Hookes Law: Fs = -k d, k=spring constant.

Wspring = # F.dx = -(1/2) k df2 + (1/2) k di2 1. 2. A mass on a spring with k = 40.0 N/m moves on a flat surface from x = 0 to x = -0.15 m. What work is done by the spring on the mass during this displacement? A canister of mass M slides across a horizontal smooth surface with a speed v0 towards a spring of spring constant k. Find how far the spring gets compressed.

Work done by a variable force W = # F.dx = # Fxdx + # Fydy + # Fzdz 1. Prove that W = "K. 2. A force F = 3x2 i + 4 j acts on a particle as it moves from (2,3) to (3,0). Find the work done. Does the speed increase? Power Pave =

W !t

or generally P = dW/dt;

P = F.v;

units= Watts; [P] = ?

Question: 1. A car of mass 2000 kg uses 75 kiloWatts of power. What is the force on it when it moves with a speed of 10 m/s? What is its acceleration? What happens when the speed is 40 m/s? Graph the acceleration as a function of its speed. 2. A car of mass M moves under power P for a time t. If it started from rest, find its speed. How far has it travelled?

CHAPTER 8 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Potential energy is energy associated with position. Gravitational potential energy "U = - W = mgh Conservative and non-conservative forces. Conservative: work is stored Path independence of work with conservative forces. Potential Energy: (a) " U = -# F.dx (b) Gravitational potential energy = mg "h (c) Spring potential energy = (1/2) k x2 2. A sloth of mass 2.0 kg hangs 5.0m above ground. What is its potential energy if the reference point is (a) the ground, (b) a balcony 3 m above ground? Conservation of Mechanical Energy In isolated systems where only conservative forces change energy, the total mechanical energy of the system is unchanged. "Emech = "K + "U 3. How does the different energies of the mass-spring system change? 4. A child of mass 40 kg starts down a water-slide at a height 8.5 m above ground. What is his speed at the bottom? Videos: Chapter 8 Work, Energy, and Power Energy Well Track 12a & b High Bounce Paradox Triple track 15a & b X-Squared Spring Energy Dependence 10 a, b, & c 3

Questions: 1. At the bowling alley, the ball-feeder mechanism exerts a force to push the bowling balls up a 1.0 m long ramp (the force is parallel to the ramp). The ramp leads to a chute 0.5 m above the base of the ramp. How much force must be exerted on a 5.0 kg bowling ball? 2. A spring-loaded toy dart gun is used to shoot a dart straight up in the air, and the dart reaches a maximum height of 24 m. The same dart is shot again from the same gun, but this time the spring is only compressed half as far. How high does the date go this time? (Neglect air resistance.) Potential Energy Curves, Turning Points, Equilibrium Points, Types of Equilibria Demonstration: Energy of a Cart on a Ramp Questions: 1. A man pushes a crate of mass 14kg across a floor with a constant horizontal force of 40 N. The speed of the crate decreases from 0.6m/s to 0.2m/s during a straight-line displacement of 0.5 m. Explain how this can happen. (a) What is the work done by the force? (b) what was the work done by friction? Conservation of Energy The change in total energy of a system (mechanical, thermal, etc.) equals the work done on it. W = " Emech + " Ether +
.

The total energy of an isolated system does not change.

2. A 2.0kg package slides along a floor with speed 4.0 m/s. It runs into a spring, which is cmpressed until the package stops. Its path to the initially relaxed spring is smooth, but as it compresses the spring a kinetic frictional force of 15 N acts on the package. If k=10,000 N/m, by what distance is the spring compressed? 3. A mountain slope inclined at 45o ends at a horizontal valley. A rock of mass m falls fro a height H, first along the slope, and then a distance d2 along the valley. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.6, what is d2/H?

CHAPTER 9

CENTER OF MASS AND LINEAR MOMENTUM Momentum: p = mv [p] = [M][L][T-1] Question:

. + 6.0 m/s y 1. A 600 kg rhino has a velocity of 5.0 m/s x

a) Find its momentum. b) Find the magnitude of its momentum. c) If a baseball, m = 0.145 kg, has the same p, what is its speed? Conservation of Momentum If the total external forces on a system are zero, then that systems momentum is conserved. ! ! !p F= !t Question:
. 1. A 0.005 kg fire cracker is lit and slid across the ice with a constant initial velocity of v = 5 m/s x . What is It explodes into two pieces, one with m = 0.002 kg and a new velocity of v1 = 20 m/s x the new velocity of the second piece?

Collisions: In an elastic collision, the systems KE is conserved. In an inelastic collision, KE is not conserved. In a completely inelastic collision, KE is not conserved and the colliding objects stick together. Demonstration: Collisions 5

Questions: 1. Two masses move towards each other, with equal speeds, on a frictionless table. They collide in a completely inelastic collision. Find vf. 2. Two particles make a 1-D, head on, elastic collision on a frictionless surface. Mass m1 has an initial velocity of v1 towards m2, m2 is at rest. a) Find the velocity of each mass after the collision. b) What would the final velocities be if m1 = m2? 3. Two masses are headed toward the origin, where they collide in a completely inelastic collision. , and mass 2, m2 = 20 kg, is traveling 3 m/s Initially, mass 1, m1 = 10 kg, has a velocity of 3 m/s x at an angle of 20, as shown. Find the final velocity of the masses after the collision. y

m1 x
20

m2

CHAPTER 11

ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS AND STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Center of Mass

! " ri mi Position of center of mass: rcm = ! mi i ! ! ! ! ! rcm mi vi pcm Velocity of center of mass: v cm = =" = !t mi Mtot i
Video: Chapter 9 Center of Mass Center of Mass Disc For a Solid Body: rcom = # r dm / M Questions: 1. Three masses m1=1.2 kg, m2=2.5 kg, and m3=3.4 kg form an equilateral triangle of side a=140 cm. Find the center of mass of the system. 2. An astronaut, ma = 150 kg, is connected to the space station, mss = 1500 kg, by a tether. The astronaut is 100 m from the center of the station, and far from Earth. a) Find the center of mass of the astronaut and space station, relative to the center of the space station. b) The astronaut begins to pull herself towards the station at a speed of 2.0 m/s. Find the resulting velocity of the space station. 3. A circle of radius R is cut off uniform circular metal plate of radius 2R. The diameter of the section removed is on a radius of the original plate. Find the center of mass of the remainder. Newtons 2nd Law for a System of Particles Fnet = M acom Questions: 1. Three forces F1=10i+5j, F2=-4i-6j, and F3=2i-10j, act on the particles of Q1. Find the acceleration of the center of mass? Will the acceleration of the com remain the same?

Linear Momentum Linear momentum of a particle: p = m v F = dp/dt For a system of particles: P = M vcom Fnet = dP/dt

Collision and Impulse Impulse during a collision: I = pf-pi = # F(t) dt Questions: 1. 2. A male bighorn of mass 90.0 kg runs into another and stops on 0.27 seconds. Its acceleration is symmetric tent shaped and peaks at 34 m/s2. What are the impulse of the collision and the average force? A race-car collides with a wall and gets thrown back. Just before the collision its speed is 70 m/s in a straight line 30o from the wall. Just after the collision the speed is 50 m/s along a line 10o from the wall. Find the impulse on the car.

Conservation of Linear Momentum When a system of particles is not acted on by an external force Pf = Pi Questions: 1. A space hauler and cargo module of total mass M has an initial velocity of v0. With a small explosion, the hauler ejects the cargo module of mass 0.2M. Following the ejection the hauler moves with a velocity "v faster than the cargo module, both moving in the same direction as before the explosion. Find the speed of the hauler and the module. 2. A firecracker place inside a coconut of mass M is initially at rest on a frictionless floor, blows the coconut into three pieces A, B, and C that slide radially outwards across the floor. The angle between A and C is 100o and that between C and B is 130o. Piece C of mass 0.3 M has a final speed 5.0 m/s. Find the speed of B of mass 0.2 M. Inelastic Collisions Colliding particles combine following the collision. Questions: 1. A ballistic pendulum of mass M hangs from two long chords. A bullet of mass m is fired into the block and comes to rest within the block quickly. The block stops having moved a distance h vertically upwards. Find the speed of the bullet. Find the kinetic energy lost in the collision. Elastic Collisions Both energy and momentum are conserved. Questions: 1. A mass m1, moving with a speed u1, collides elastically with a mass m2 moving with speed u2. What are the speeds of the objects following the collision?

2. The spheres of two pendula are placed next to each other. Sphere 1 of mass 30g, is pulled to a side and a height of 8.0cm and released. It undergoes an elastic collision with the second sphere of mass 75g. What are the velocities of the spheres after collision? How high will each move? Systems with Varying Mass When the fuel is emitted at a speed vrel with respect to the rocket -(dM/dt) vrel = M dv/dt whose solution is vf vi = vrel ln (Mi/Mf)

10

CHAPTER 10 ROTATION

!, $ = d!/dt, and % = d$/dt, are vectors. Linear and angular variables are related by s=R!; v=R$; a=R% Kinematic equations: $ = $0 + %t !-!0 = $0t + (1/2) %t2 $2 = $02 + 2%(!-!0) Questions: 1. A horizontal track has a circular arc of angle !P followed by a straight segment. A toy car begins at the free end and accelerates at a rate g along the track. Find the value of ! so that the total acceleration when the car reaches the linear segment is 4g. Kinetic Energy of Rotation K = (1/2) I $2; I=moment of Inertia; I = &mr2 = # r2 dm Calculating I Parallel-Axis Theorem Perpendicular-Axis Theorem Questions: 1. Find the rotational inertia of a rod of mass M and length L about an axis normal to it and passing through its center. 2. Find the rotational inertia of a thin circular ring of radius R and mass M. 3. Find the rotational inertia of a circular disk of radius R and mass M. 4. Find the rotational inertia of a thick circular ring of radii R1 and R2, and mass M. Torque of a Force about an Axis ' =rxF Newtons 2nd Law ' =I% Questions: 1. A uniform disk of mass M=2.5kg and radius R=20cm is mounted on a fixed horizontal axis. A block of mass m =1.2kg hangs from a massless cord wrapped around its rim. Find the acceleration of the block, and the angular acceleration of the disk. Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy W = ' .(! - ! 0) 11

Questions: 1. The disk in the last question starts from rest. What is its rotational kinetic energy at t=2.5 sec. What is the kinetic energy of the mass at that time. What is the loss of potential energy during the interval? 2. A rod of mass M and length L, which is free to move about a horizontal axis at the lower end is held vertically and released to tip over. What is its angular speed when it bears an angle ! with the vertical. Plot the angular speed as a function of !.

12

CHAPTER 11 ROLLING, TORQUE, AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM

Rolling can be thought of as a rotation and translation combined. Questions: 1. A bicycle wheel rolls at a speed v along a rough floor. Describe its motion. What is its angular speed? What point of the wheel moves fastest? 2. Explain the role of friction in the keeping the wheel rolling. Is it kinetic or static friction? 3. How does the value of the coefficient of friction limit rolling? Kinetic Energy of a rolling object = (1/2) Icom$2 + (1/2) M vcom2 Questions: 1. A uniform solid ball of mass M and radius R rolls from rest down a incline of angle !. Find its acceleration. What is its velocity and angular velocity when it has gone a distance d? 2. Explain how a yo-yo works. If the yo-yo has a mass M and rotational inertia Icom, and if the string is strung at a radius R, what is the acceleration of the com? Angular Momentum For an object with momentum p, a distance r from the axis Newtons 2nd Law ' = dl/dt Questions: 3. An object of mass M falls starting from a horizontal distance d from point A. What is its angular momentum as a function of time? Angular Momentum of a system of Particles L = & lk ' net = dL/dt For a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis L=I$ l=rxp

Questions: 4. A bicycle wheel of radius 0.4 m is made from a circular section of mass 1.0kg and 24 spokes, each of 50 g. Find its angular momentum when it is rotating with an angular speed of 1.5 radians/sec. What is its total kinetic energy when the wheel is rolling at a speed of 10m/s? Conservation of Angular Momentum When there if no torque acting on an object L is conserved. Questions: 6. Explain the actions of a diver, a rotating skater 13

CHAPTER 12 EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY

Equilibrium P=const; L=const. Static equilibrium; P=0; L=0; Equilibrium can be stable, unstable, or marginal Requirements for Equilibrium Fnet=0; ' net=0; Center of Gravity The gravitational force effectively acts on a single point of a rigid body; When g is constant, it is the center of mass Questions: 1. A uniform beam of length L and mass m=1.8kg rests on two scales at its ends. A block of mass M=2.7 kg is at rest on the beam, a distance L/4 from the left end. What are the readings of the scales? 2. A ladder of length L=12 m and mass m=45 kg leans against a frictionless wall. Its upper end is at a height h=9.3 m. The ladders center of mass is L/3 from the lower end. A firefighter of mass M = 72 kg climbs the ladder until her center of mass is L/2 from the lower end. What are the forces on the ladder from the wall and the floor. What is the minimum coefficient of friction of the floor? 3. Sample Problem 12.3 4. Sample Problem 12.4 Elasticity Stress = Force/area Strain = extension/length or compression/length It is found experimentally that F/A = E "L/L. E: Youngs modulus. What are the units of E? The linear expression breaks down at Yield Strength. The specimen ruptures at Ultimate Strength. Shear modulus is given by F/A = G "x/L Important in buckling of shafts and bone fractures Hydraulic Stress P = B "V/V B: bulk modulus Questions:

14

5. One end of a steel rod of radius R=9.5 mm and length L=81 cm is held fixed. The other end is pulled with a uniformly applied force F=62 kN perpendicular to the face. What are the stress, the elongation, and the strain on the rod? 6. A table has three legs that are 1.0 m long and a fourth that is longer by 0.50 mm. A steel cylinder of mass 290 kg (much larger than the mass of the table) is placed on the table so that all four legs are compressed but unbuckled. The table is level. The legs are wooden cylinders with cross sectional area A=1.0 cm2. The Youngs modulus is 1.3x1010 N/m2. What are the forces on the four legs from the floor?

15

CHAPTER 14

FLUIDS
Fluid: can ow. Shape can change because uids cannot sustain a tangential force. Includes liquids and gases. Fluids are characterized by density. External inuences are described using pressure. = M ; V p= F A

Questions: (1) A living room has oor dimensions 3.5m and 4.2m and a height of 2.4m. The air pressure is 1.0atm. (a) what is the weight of the air in the room? (b) What is the downward force on your head which is taken to have an area 0.040 m2 ? When a uid is at rest p = p0 + gh. Questions: (2) A swimmer expands his lungs fully at a depth of L (taking air from a tank) and swims to the surface. The dierence between the internal and external pressures is 9.3kP a. What is L? (3) A U -tube contains two uids in equilibrium. One of them contains a water column of height l = 135mm, and the the meniscus on the other side is d = 12.3mm higher. What is the density of the second uid?

Pascals Principle: A change in pressure applied on an enclosed incompressible uid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the uid and to the walls of the container. The action of a hydraulic lever can be explained using the principle.

Archimedes Principle: When a body is fully or partially submerged in a uid, the buoyant force acting on it is upwards and equal to the weight of the displaced uid. Questions: (4) A surfer on a surfboard (combined mass 83.0kg) rides the front of a wave of slope 30o . The board has a submerged volume of V = 2.5 102 m3 . The surfer maintains his position as the wave moves backwards. What are the magnitude and direction of of the drag force? (5) A block of density = 800kg/m3 and height H = 6.0cm oats face down in a uid of density f = 1200kg/m3 . (a) Find the submerged depth of the block. (b) if the block is submerged fully and released, what is its acceleration? 1

Real uids are highly complex, and dicult to study. Instead we consider ideal uids, whose ow is steady, incompressible, non-viscous, and irrotational.

Equation of Continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2 .

Questions: (6) A stream of water emerging from a faucet necks down as it falls. The initial cross section is A0 = 1.2cm2 and that at a point h = 45mm below is A = 0.35cm2 . What is the volume ow rate from the tap?

Bernoullis Equation 1 2 1 2 p1 + v1 + gy1 = p2 + v2 + gy2 . 2 2 Questions: (7) Ethanol (density = 791kg/m3 ows through a horizontal pipe that tapers in area from A1 = 1.20 103 to A2 = A1 /2. The pressure dierence between the wide and narrow sections are 4120P a. What is the volume ow rate? (8) Find the speed of a uid that leaks out from a hole a distance h below the top of the uid surface?

CHAPTER 15

OSCILLATIONS
Harmonic Motion: repeats at regular intervals. Periodicity can be dened using the period T or the frequency f = 1/T . Simple Harmonic Motion: has the form x(t) = xm cos( t + ). xm is the amplitude; is the phase constant; ( t + ) is the phase; omega is the angular frequency. = 2 = 2 f T

Questions: (1) Show that the velocity is v (t) = xm sin( t + ), and that the acceleration is a(t) = 2 xm cos( t + ). Hence a(t) = 2 x(t). (2) Show that the angular frequency of a mass M at one end of a spring of spring constant k whose other end is xed is = k/M . (3) If the mass of (2) is pulled a distance a and released, what is its motion? (4) If the mass of (2) is pulled a distance a and pushed with a speed u, what is its motion?

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion Questions: (5) Find the kinetic, potential, and total energies of the SHM. Graph them as functions of time.

An Angular SHO: Torsion Pendulum A circular disk hanging from a string. T = 2

Questions: (6) A thin rod of of length L = 12.4cm and mass M = 135g is suspended by a string from its mid-point. Te period of rotations is found to be 2.53s. When a second object is hung from the same wire, the period changes to 4.76s. What is the rotational iertia of the second object.

Pendulums For a pendulum with executing motions with small angular displacement = 3 mgL I

For a simple pendulum T = 2

L g

Questions: (7) A meter stick swings about a pivot point at one end, at a distance h from the sticks center of mass. (a) What is the period of the oscillation? (b) What is the distance Lq between the pivot point O of the and its center of oscillation?

CHAPTER 16

WAVESI
Waves: particles execute local motions, Energy is transmitted far. Examples of waves: (1) Mechanical waves, (2) Electromagnetic waves, (3) Matter waves In Transverse Waves particles move normal to energy transmission, while in Longitudinal Waves particles move parallel to energy transmission. The displacement of a particle due to a wave can be written y (x, t) = ym sin(kx t). amplitude = ym ; phase = (kx t); wavelength = 2 /; period = 2 / ; frequency = 1/T . The speed of the wave is v = /k = f . Questions: (1) A wave is given by y (x, t) = 0.00327 sin(72.1x 2.72t), where the parameters are given in SI units. (a) What are the amplitude, wavelength. period, and the speed of the wave. (2) Find the velocity and acceleration of a particle at x at time t.

Wave Speed on a Stretched String v=

Questions: (3) Two strings are tied together by a knot and stretched between two rigid supports. They have linear densities 1 = 1.4 104 kg/m and 2 = 2.8 104 kg/m, and their lengths are L1 = 3.0m and L2 = 2.0m. The rst string is under a tension T = 400N . Simultaneously, on each string a pulse is sent from the support towards the knot. Which pulse reaches the knot rst?

2 . Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling along a String Power transmission = (1/2)v 2 ym

The Principle of Superposition When there are two waves acting at a point y (x, t) = y1 (x, t) + y2 (x, t) 5

Oveerlapping waves do not alter the travel of each other.

Interference of Waves If y1 (x, t) = ym sin(kx t) and y2 (x, t) = ym sin(kx t + ), then y (x, t) = 2y + m cos(/2) sin(kx t + /2). = 0 is constructive interference, and = destructive interference. Questions: (4) Two identical sinusoidal waves moving in the same direction along a stretched string, interferes with each other. The amplitude of each wave is 9.8mm and the phase dierence is 100o . (a) What is the amplitude of the resultant? (b) What phase dierence (in terms of the wavelength) will give the resultant an amplitude of 4.9mm. The sum of two identical waves can be obtained using phasors. Questions: (5) Solve Q(4) using phasors.

Standing Waves When two waves move in opposite directions y1 (x, t) = ym sin(kx t) and y2 (x, t) = ym sin(kx + t), their interference produces a standing wave. The string never moves at the nodes. Maximum mation occurs at anti-nodes. Nodes are at x = n/2. Anti-nodes are at (n + 1/2)/2.

Reections at Boundaries