LINUX

Free Linux is free. First ,It's available free of cost (You don't have to pay to use this OS, other OSes like MSWindows or Commercial version of Unix may cost you money) Second free means freedom to use Linux, i.e. when you get Linux you will also get source code of Linux, so you can modify OS (Yes OS! Linux OS!!) according to your taste. It also offers many Free Software applications, programming languages, and development tools etc. Most of the Program/Software/OS are under GNU General Public License (GPL). Unix Like Unix is almost 35 year old Os. In 1964 OS called MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing System) was developed by Bell Labs, MIT & General Electric. But this OS was not the successful one. Then Ken Thompson (System programmer of Bell Labs) thinks he could do better (In 1991, Linus Torvalds felt he could do better than Minix - History repeats itself.). So Ken Thompson wrote OS on PDP - 7 Computer, assembler and few utilities, this is know as Unix (1969). But this version of Unix is not portable. Then Unix was rewrote in C. Because Unix written in 'C', it is portable. It means Unix can run on verity of Hardware platform (1970-71). At the same time Unix was started to be distribute to Universities. There students and professor started more experiments on Unix. Because of this Unix gain more popularity, also several new features are added to Unix. Then US govt. & military used Unix for there inter-network (now it is know as INTERNET). So Unix is Multi-user, Multitasking, Internet-aware Network OS. Linux almost had same Unix Like feature for e.g. Like Unix, Linux is also written in C. Like Unix, Linux is also the Multi-user/Multitasking/32 or 64 bit Network OS. Like Unix, Linux is rich in Development/Programming environment. Like Unix, Linux runs on different hardware platform; for e.g. Intel x86 processor (Celeron/PII/PIII/PIV/Old-Pentiums/80386/80486) Macintosh PC's Cyrix processor AMD processor Sun Microsystems Sparc processor Alpha Processor (Compaq)

Open Source

Linux is developed under the GNU Public License. This is sometimes referred to as a "copyleft", to distinguish it from a copyright. Under GPL the source code is available to anyone who wants it, and can be freely modified, developed, and so forth. There are only a few restrictions on the use of the code. If you make changes to the programs , you have to make those changes available to everyone. This basically means you can't take the Linux source code, make a few changes, and then sell your modified version without making the source code available.

Useful commands: cd................Change Directory cp................Copy File(s) cat...............Print Out A File Onto The Screen mv................Move File(s) mkdir.............Make A Directory locate............Find A File(s) ed................Editor vi................Editor ls -a.............List ALL Files locate /..........List ALL Files on entire hard drive rm................Delete tar...............Untar (like zip) a file netstat -r........Show all computers connected pine..............Opens pine, and e-mail system telnet............Program to connect to other computers lynx..............Internet browser who...............Show who you are kill..............Stop a program man...............Get help passwd...........Change password Another list: ls ................. logout ............. mkdir .............. rmdir .............. files) rm ................. cd ................. man (command) ...... talk (user) ........ write (user) ....... end) show directory, in alphabetical order logs off system make a directory remove directory (rm -r to delete folders with remove files change current directory shows help on a specific command pages user for chat - (user) is a email address write a user on the local system (control-c to

pico (filename) .... easy to use text editor to edit files pine ............... easy to use mailer more (file) ........ views a file, pausing every screenful sz ................. send a file (to you) using zmodem rz ................. recieve a file (to the unix system) using zmodem telnet (host) ...... connect to another Internet site

ftp (host) ......... archie (filename) .. site irc ................ lynx ............... gopher ............. tin, trn ...........

connects to a FTP site search the Archie database for a file on a FTP connect to Internet Relay Chat a textual World Wide Web browset a Gopher database browser read Usenet newsgroups

passwd ............. change your password chfn ............... change your "Real Name" as seen on finger chsh ............... change the shell you log into grep ............... tail ............... who ................ w .................. finger (emailaddr).. df ................. du ................. folders chmod .............. bc ................. search for a string in a file show the last few lines of a file shows who is logged into the local system shows who is logged on and what they're doing shows more information about a user shows disk space available on the system shows how much disk space is being used up by changes permissions on a file a simple calculator

make ............... compiles source code gcc (file.c) ....... compiles C source into a file named 'a.out' gzip ............... zip ................ tar ................ lharc, lzh, lha .... best compression for UNIX files zip for IBM files combines multiple files into one or vice-versa un-arc'ers, may not be on your system

dos2unix (file) (new) - strips CR's out of dos text files unix2dos (file) (new) - adds CR's to unix text files

display list of files display contents of file display file with pauses copy file find string in file compare files rename file delete file delete directory change file protection create directory change working directory get help display date and time display free disk space print file

dir/w dir dir type type filename | more copy find comp rename OR ren erase OR del rmdir OR rd attrib mkdir OR md chdir OR cd help date, time chkdsk print

ls ls -l cat more cp grep fgrep diff mv rm rmdir chmod mkdir cd man apropos date df lpr

display print queue Unix commands reference card

print

lpq

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Environment Control Command cd d mkdir d rmdir d mv f1 [f2...] d mv d1 d2 passwd alias name1 name2 alias name1="name2" unalias name1[na2...] ssh nd exit sentenv name v export name="v" (ksh/bash) Description Change to directory d Create new directory d Remove directory d Move file f to directory d Rename directory d1 as d2 Change password Create command alias (csh/tcsh) Create command alias (ksh/bash) Remove command alias na Login securely to remote node End terminal session Set env var to value v (csh/tcsh) set environment variable to value v

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Output, Communication, & Help Command Description lpr -P printer f or lp -d printer f script exit [f]

Output file f to line printer Save terminal session to f Stop saving terminal session

mailx username man name

Send mail to user Unix manual entry for name

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Process Control Command CTRL/c * CTRL/s * CTRL/q * sleep n jobs kill % ps kill -9 n Description Interrupt processes Stop screen scrolling Resume screen output Sleep for n seconds Print list of jobs Kill job n Print process status stats Remove process n Suspend current process Suspend background job n Run cmmd in background Resume background job n Resume foreground job n Exit from shell

CTRL/z * stop cmmd& bg fg exit [%n] [%n] %n

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Environment Status Command ls [d] [f...] [f...] [name] [name] Description List files in directory List files in detail Display command aliases Print environment values

ls -1 alias

printenv

quota date who whoami finger chfn pwd history ! n [username]

Display disk quota Print date & time List logged in users Display current user Output user information Change finger information Print working directory Display recent commands Submit recent command n

------------------------------------------------------------------------------File Manipulation Command vi [f] [f] Description Vi fullscreen editor Emacs fullscreen editor Text editor Line, word, & char count f f List contents of file List file contents by screen Concatenates f1 & f2 into f3 Change protection mode of f Compare two files Copy file f1 into f2 Alphabetically sort f [-n] f2 f Split f into n-line pieces Rename file f1 as f2 Delete (remove) file f f Outputs lines that match ptn

emacs ed wc cat more [f] f

cat f1 f2 >f3 chmod mode f cmp f1 f2 cp f1 f2 sort f split mv f1 rm f grep 'ptn'

diff f1 f2 head f tail f

Lists file differences Output beginning of f Output end of f

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Compiler Command cc [-o f1] f2 Description C compiler Check C code for errors Fortran77 compiler Pascal compiler

lint f f77 pc [-o f1] f2 [-o f1] f2