The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Magnitude and Phase The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs
CS 450: Introduction to Digital Signal and Image Processing
Bryan Morse BYU Computer Science Remember: complex numbers can be thought of as (real,imaginary) or (magnitude,phase). Magnitude: Phase: Real part Imaginary part Magnitude Phase |F | (F ) = = (F )2 + (F )2 F) tan1 ( (F )
1 /2

How much of a cosine of that frequency you need How much of a sine of that frequency you need Amplitude of combined cosine and sine Relative proportions of sine and cosine

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Example: Fourier Transform of a Cosine

Z F (u ) = = = = = Z Z Z

Example: Fourier Transform of a Cosine

Spatial Domain cos(2 st ) Frequency Domain
1 2 (u

f (t ) = cos(2 st ) f (t ) e
i 2 ut

dt
i 2 ut

cos(2 st ) e

dt
1 0.5

s) + 1 2 (u + s )
1 0.8 0.6

cos(2 st ) [cos(2 ut ) + i sin(2 ut )] dt Z cos(2 st ) cos(2 ut ) dt + i cos(2 st ) sin(2 ut ) dt Z Z cos(2 st ) cos(2 ut ) dt i cos(2 st ) sin(2 ut ) dt

0.2 -0.5 -1

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.4 0.2 -10 -5 5 10

0 except when u = s 1 1 (u s) + (u + s) 2 2

0 for all u

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Odd and Even Functions

Sinusoids

Even f (t ) = f (t ) Symmetric Cosines Transform is real

Odd f (t ) = f (t ) Anti-symmetric Sines Transform is imaginary

Spatial Domain f (t ) cos(2 st ) sin(2 st )

1 2 1 2i

Frequency Domain F (u ) [ (u + s) + (u s)] [ (u + s) (u s)]

for real-valued signals

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Constant Functions

Delta Functions

Spatial Domain f (t ) 1 a

Frequency Domain F (u ) (u ) a (u )

Spatial Domain f (t ) (t )

Frequency Domain F (u ) 1

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Square Pulse

Square Pulse

Spatial Domain f (t ) 1 if a/2 t a/2 0 otherwise

Frequency Domain F (u ) sinc(a u ) =

sin(a u ) a u

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Triangle

Comb

Spatial Domain f (t ) 1 |t | if a t a 0 otherwise

Frequency Domain F (u ) sinc2 (a u )

Spatial Domain f (t ) (t mod k )

Frequency Domain F (u ) (u mod 1/k )

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Gaussian

Differentiation

Spatial Domain f (t ) e t
2

Frequency Domain F (u ) e u
2

Spatial Domain f (t )
d dt

Frequency Domain F (u ) 2 iu

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Some Common Fourier Transform Pairs

Spatial Domain f (t ) Cosine cos(2 st ) Sine sin(2 st ) Unit 1 Constant a Delta (t ) Comb (t mod k ) Frequency Domain F (u ) Deltas 1 2 [ (u + s ) + (u s )] Deltas 1 2 i [ (u + s ) (u s )] Delta (u ) Delta a (u ) Unit 1 Comb (u mod 1/k )

More Common Fourier Transform Pairs

Spatial Domain f (t ) 1 if a/2 t a/2 Square 0 otherwise 1 |t | if a t a Triangle 0 otherwise 2 Gaussian et d Differentiation dt Frequency Domain F (u ) Sinc Sinc2 Gaussian Ramp sinc(a u ) sinc2 (a u ) e u 2 iu
2

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Properties: Notation
Let F denote the Fourier Transform: F = F (f ) Let F 1 denote the Inverse Fourier Transform: f = F 1 (F )

Properties: Linearity
Adding two functions together adds their Fourier Transforms together: F (f + g ) = F (f ) + F (g ) Multiplying a function by a scalar constant multiplies its Fourier Transform by the same constant: F (af ) = a F (f )

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Properties: Translation
Translating a function leaves the magnitude unchanged and adds a constant to the phase. If f2 = f1 ( t a ) F1 = F (f1 ) F2 = F (f2 ) then |F2 | = |F1 | (F2 ) = (F1 ) 2 ua

Change of Scale: Square Pulse Revisited

Intuition: magnitude tells you how much, phase tells you where.

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Rayleighs Theorem

Total energy (sum of squares) is the same in either domain:

|f (t )| dt =

|F (u )| du