COMS3100/7100 I t d ti to Introduction t Communications

Lecture15: PulseModulation
Thislecture: PulseAmplitudeModulation PulseTimeModulation

PulseDurationandPulsePositionModulation

Ref: Carlson,Chapter6.26.3;Haykin,Chapter3.33.4

PulseModulation

Pulsemodulation(PM)offerstwopotentialadvantagesoverCW modulation Thetransmittedpowercanbeconcentratedintoshortbursts insteadofbeinggeneratedcontinuously.Thisenablestheuseof deviceswhichoperatebetterinpulseregimethaninCWregime, mostlyduetothermalreasons(e.g.semiconductorlasers, microwaveactivedevices) Timebetweenpulsescanbefilledbysampledsignalformother sources aschemetermedtimedivisionmultiplexing. AnaloguePMhasadisadvantageofrequiringlargebandwidth comparedtomessagebandwidth

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PulseAmplitude p Modulation(PAM)

Ifamessagewaveformisadequatelydescribedbyperiodic samplevalues,itcanbetransmittedusinganaloguepulse modulationwhereinthesamplevaluesmodulatethe amplitudeofpulsetrain. Therefore,theamplitudes ofregularlyspacedpulsesare varied inproportion tothecorrespondingsamplevalues of facontinuousmessagesignal lx(t). ThistechniqueistermedPulseAmplitudeModulation

Note:DCcontent andincreasedBW

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Generationof fthePAMsignal g
Therearetwooperations involvedinthegenerationof thePAMsignal: 1. Instantaneoussampling ofthemessagesignalx(t) every Ts seconds, seconds wherethesamplingratefs = 1/Ts ischosenin accordancewiththesamplingtheorem 2 Lengthening 2. L th i the th duration d ti of feach hsample l soobtained bt i dto t someconstantvalue (sampleandhold)

s (t )

x(t )

Ts
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Flattop pSampling p gandPAM

PracticalmethodforobtainingPAM(orimplementingthe steps1 1.and2 2.isthesampleandhold (S/H)technique. technique Thismethodproducesflattoppulses

sampleandhold circuit
1. 2. 3.

G1closestosample CHoldsvalue G2dischargesvalue

waveformobtained
x p ( t ) = x ( kTs ) p ( t kTs ) p ( t kTs ) = p ( t ) ( t kTs )
k

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Generationof fPAM holding gnetworkimpulse p response p

Thefinitewidthpulseobtainedbythesampleandhold circuitcanbeinterpretedmathematicallyusingthe followingholdingnetwork. p(t )

p (t )

Impulseresponseof(ZOH) holdingnetwork

P( f )

t / 2 p(t) =
arg[ P ( f )]

Amplituderesponseof holdingnetwork

P( f ) = sinc f
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Phaseresponseof holdingnetwork

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Flattop pSampling p gandPAM sampled p wave

PeriodicgatingoftheS/Hcircuitgeneratesthesampledwave
Sampling train, p gpulse p ,p(t) p( ) SignalvalueatkTS

Sampledwave

Sofarwehavenotyetspecified theshape shape ofthep(t)orP(f)

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PAM

Flattopsamplingisequivalenttopassinganidealsampledwave throughanetworkhavingtransferfunctionP( f ) = F[p(t)] Lossofhighfrequencycontentiscalledapertureeffect Thelargerthepulsedurationoraperture,thelargertheeffect C b t dusing i equalizer li H eq ( f ) = K e j t d P ( f ) Can becorrected Noequalizationisneededift/Ts<< 1 andat Harmonicsoffs Spectrumforideal samplingwhen X( f ) = ( f/2W )
W W

apertureeffectin flattopsampling
t / 2 p(t) =
W

P( f ) = sinc f

P( f ) = F[ p(t)] = sinc f e j f
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X p ( f ) = P( f ) X ( f )

Apertureislowpass filter

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PAM

Consideraunipolar flattopPAMsignaldefinedby

TheconstantA0 equalstheunmodulatedpulseamplitude,andthe modulationindex controlstheamountofamplitudevariation variation. Unipolar waveformwithnomissingpulsesisensuredbythecondition Theresultingconstantpulseratefs isimportantforsynchronizationin timedivisionmultiplexedsystems Comparisonof and

shows h that th taPAMsignal i lcanbe b obtained bt i dfrom f asample l and dhold h ldcircuit i it withinput
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PAM

ThePAMspectrumwillresemblethesampledspectrumwithaperture effect,withtheaperturefunctionX(f)replacedby

10

PAMspectrumcontainsspectralimpulsesatallharmonicsoffs andat f=0andwillrequireDCblockandlowpassfiltering Andperhapsequalisation

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PAM

TherearemanysimilaritiesbetweenPAMandAMCWmodulation

Modulationindex Spectralimpulses DCblock

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PAMspectrumextends d from f DCupthrough h hseveral lh harmonics i of ffs Requiredtransmissionbandwidthcanbeestimatedbasedontime domainconsiderations Assumingsmallpulsedurationcomparedtotimebetweenpulses

AdequatepulseresolutionthenrequiresTransmissionBandwidth

UsePAMwhen hentransmittingpulses p lsesisadvantageous ad antageo sandBWisnotanissue iss e

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PulseTimeModulation(PTM)
Thesamplevaluesofamessagecanalsomodulatethetime parametersofapulsetrain: 1. Pulsewidth pulsedurationmodulation(PDM) 2 Pulseposition pulsepositionmodulation(PPM) 2.

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Thepulsewidthorpulsepositionvariesindirectproportionto thesamplevaluesofx(t)

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PulseDurationandPulsePositionModulation

Inbothcasesatime parameterofthepulseisbeingmodulated Inbothcasesamplitude remainsconstant

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robusttononlinearamplitudedistortion(phaseisimportant)

MethodsforproducingPDMandPPMaresimilar

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Generationof fPDMandPPM

Whenx(t) exceedsthesawtoothwave(periodTs) comparator outputisapositiveconstant A Otherwisecomparatoroutputiszero

ThisisanexampleofPDM with ithtrailing t ili edge d modulationofthepulse duration

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Reversesawtoothfor leadingedgePDM Triangle l f forb both hedges d

ForPPMsignal,thePDM signaltriggersamonostable pulsegenerator(triggerson trailingedgeandproduces shortpulseoffixedduration

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Generationof fPDMandPPM

Samplevaluesarenonuniformly spaced PPMthiscanbetoleratediftk- kTs<< Ts Fornearlyuniformsamplingthedurationofthe kth pulseinthePDMsignalis wheretheunmodulatedduration0representsx(kTs) = 0 PPMp pulseshavefixeddurationandamplitude >therecanbe p nopotentialmissingpulses.kth pulsebeginsattime

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wheretheunmodulatedpositionkTs+td representsx(kTs) = 0 and theconstantt0 controlsthedisplacementofthemodulatedpulse

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Generationof fPDM

Anapproximation forthePDMcanbeformulatedifweassume g p pulsescentredatt = kTs andassuming gtk varies rectangular slowlyfrompulsetopulse.FourierSeriesexpansionis

c0 cn

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where PDMsignalcontainsthemessagesignalplusadccomponent andphasemodulatedsignalattheharmonicsoffs Message(c1) recoveredwithLPFandDCblock

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PTMtoPAMconversion

MessagecanbereconstructedbyfirstconvertingPDD/PPMtoPAM. Middlewaveformisproducedbyarampgeneratorthatstartsattime kTs andstopsattk andrestartsat(k + 1)Ts etc

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Demodulationrequiresreceivedpulseswithshortrisetimeto preserveaccuratemessageinformationTr << Ts so BT 1/(2tr) AlsoBWcanbeincreasedtoincreaseSNR(likePM) COMS3100

Lecture 15