LESSON 12 GENDER OF LATIN NOUNS ACCORDING TO THE SECOND METHOD (THEIR ENDINGS) JUXTAPOSED SENTENCE 12.

.1 Gender of Latin Nouns According to the Second Method: The second method of determining the gender of nouns is to look at the ending of the nominative case singular number. If the noun has no single form, the ending of the nominative case plural number should be taken into account. RULE NO.1: Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in A: a) If they belong to the first declension, are FEMININE. Ex. Vit-A, ae the life Exceptions: Masculine Hdria, ae the town of Hadria Comta, ae - the comet Planta, ae the planet b) If they belong to the third declension, they are NEUTER. Ex. Dogma, atis the dogma RULE NO. 2: All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in E are NEUTER. Ex. Cuble, is the room Altre, is the altar Mare, is the sea RULE NO. 3: a) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in O are MASCULINE. Ex. Turb-O, inis the whirlwind. Exception: FEMININE Car-O, carn-is the flesh b) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in DO are FEMININE. Ex. Dulcdo, inis - the sweetness Exceptions: MASCULINE Cardo, inis the hinge Ordo, inis the order Udo, nis the slippers or shoes c) All Latin nouns ending in the nominative singular number in GO are FEMININE. Ex. Imgo, inis the image Exceptions: MASCULINE Hrpago, nis the large hook Ligo, nis the hoe d) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in IO are FEMININE.

Ex. Lactio, onis the lesson Natio, onis the nation RULE NO. 4: Nouns in Um and U. a) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in Um and U (indeclinable in the singular) are NEUTER. Ex. Templ-Um, I the temple Genu the knee RULE NO. 5: All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in C, T, L are NEUTER. Ex. Lac, lactis the milk Caput, it is the head Vectgal, alis the tribute Exceptions: MASCULINE Sol, solis the sun Sal, salis the salt RULE NO. 6: a) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in AN, IN and ON are MASCULINE Ex. Titan, nis the sun Delphin, nis the dolphin Canon,onis the canon law b) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in EN are NEUTER. Ex. Gramen, inis the grass Exceptions: MASCULINE Hymen, inis the marriage song Ren, renis the kidney RULE NO. 7: All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in ER and belonging to the second declension or the third declension are MASCULINE. Ex. Aper, apri-the wild pig Imb-er, bris-the rain Exceptions: NEUTER Cadver,eris-the dead body Iter,itneris-the way Uber, eris-the breast Ver, veris-the springtime Verber,eris-the whip RULE NO. 8: a) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular in AR are Neuter. Ex. Calc-AR, ris-the spur

b) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in UR are NEUTER. Ex. Murm-UR, uris-the murmuring Exceptions: MASCULINE Vultur, uris- the vulture Turtur,uris-the dove Exceptions:COMMON Fur, furis-the thief c) All Latin nouns ending the nominative case singular number in OR are MASCULINE. Ex. Ard-OR,oris the ardor Exceptions: FEMININE Arbor,oris the tree Rigor, ris the rigor Exceptions: NEUTER Aequor, oris the sea Cor, cordis the heart Marmor,oris the marble 12.2 JUXTAPOSED SENTENCES Juxtaposed sentences are two or more simple sentences, placed side by side of each other, without any conjunction while conserving their mutual independence. Ex. Veni,vidi, vici. (Caes.) I came, I saw, I conquered Exercise 12 Adolscens, tis the adolescent, the youth Altre, is the altar Angstus, a, um the narrow Anser, eris the goose Apis, is the bee Arbor, oris - the tree Argntum, I the silver urum, I the gold Cput, itis the head Ccero, onis Cicero Clamor, ris the clamor, noise Clarus, a, um clear, famous Exmplum, I the example Fortna, ae the fortune, fate Frgifer, a, um fruitful Hortius, ii Horace Imbecllus, a, um weak Ingrtus, a, um unpleasant, ungrateful

Inquius, a, um restless, uneasy Laetus, a, um happy Leo, nis the lion Lquidus, a, um -= liquid Magnus, a, um big, great Mxime very Mel, mellis the honey Metllum, I the metal Moetus, a, um sad Multus, a, um many much Nmen, inis the name Nunc, nunc now, now, at one timeat another Opinion, nis the opinion rdo, inis the order Poema, atis the poem Praecptum, I the precept Pretisus, a, um precious Pudictia, ae chastity, shame Pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, lovely Pulchritde, inis the beauty Rbur, oris the force, the strength Rotndus, a, um round, circular Sacer, cra, crum sacred Salus, utis the health, safety, deliverance Senex, senis the old man Stipo, as to compress, gather Ut as, since Vrius, a, um various, varying, diverse Vectgal, lis the revenue, the tax Virglius, ii Virgil (Roman poet) 1. Umbra terrae est rotnda. 2. Pudictia est amgna glria adolescntium. 3. Pulchra sunt Hortii pomata. 4. Altre est sacrum. 5. Magna est pulchritdo rdinis. 6. Ubque est opnion bona de Cesare. 7. Imbeclla sunt senum gnua. 8. urum et argntum pretisa metlla sunt. 9. Multa et magna sunt cvium vectiglia. 10. Exmpla et praecpta patris ac matris fliis mxime frugfera sunt. 11. Apes lquida mella stipant. 12. Clara sunt Cicernes, Virglii et Hortii nmina. 13. Ager patris est angstus.

14. Fortna iter monstrat saltis exerctui. 15. Magnum est robur lenum. 16. Clamor nseris ingrtus est. 17. Arbores nunc moestae sunt, nunc laetae. 18. Inquitum est cor hminis. 19. Vriae sunt hminum sentntiae, ut varia sunt cpita. 20. The head of the image is of gold. 21. Heaven hides from men the book of fate. 22. The glory of young men is (their) strength, and the beauty of old men is the gray (canus, a, um) head. (Pr. 20:29)