Masonry structures

Course 5
March 2010

Damages to brick walls

Factors to consider when rehabilitating a masonry structure

the age of the building; the masonry type;

stone brick

the type of the join(t)ing material between the masonry stone

dry masonry loam or lime mortar cement mortar plain masonry masonry with metallic elements masonry with reinforced concrete columns and belts

the structural system:

the foundation type

Masonry damage due to local soil degradation

DECREASED BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL AT PRESENT

Local failures

Typical failure of masonry structure during earthquakes

Evidence marks to monitor the developing of further cracks

Damages to brick walls

Masonry rehabilitation must include:

the removal of the possible causes of material degradation,

improving the load transmission to foundations, joining the contiguous vertical elements,

achieving co-working between vertical structural elements

avoiding changes in the structural system,

Local protection when working to reveal the foundations

Preservation of the front walls

Principles of masonry rehabilitation

displaced masonry recovery; partial concreting with concrete denticulations; crack and craze injection and caulking; crack fastening with steel dogs; wall jacketing; opening planking; corner area binding; cross-tie implementation; the use of metallic cover plates; horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete element placement; composite material jacketing.

Masonry preparations

the existing plastering removal;

joint deepening for 15-20 mm; the inadherent material removal by wire brush rubbing till the opening of the masonry stone pores; the air blast of the cleaned areas to remove the dust.

displaced masonry recovery

Repointing masonry
1 perete din zidrie de crmid; 2 fisur; 3 gol creat prin scoaterea crmizilor;

4 suprafa curat cu peria de srm;

5 gol tratat pentru a fi rezidit; 6 zidrie nou executat; 7 scrie (plase) amplasate n mortar de ciment; 8 zone tratate prin pensulare cu amors

Incorrect repointing of masonry walls

Masonry injection - performance

removing the dust from the crack by means of a compressed-air jet; washing the crack with a water jet if injection is done with grouting or cement mortar; introducing some fittings in the walls, 5 cm deep and 1 m from one another along the crack to facilitate injection; applying coating with a cement mortar layer on both sides of the cracked areas (crack caulking); a bottom to top injection with a pressure of maximum 3 atm. When the injection material reaches this level, vertical injection is performed through the next fitting; fitting removal after the injection material has hardened and the areas have been repaired.

Using steel dogs

CRACK

CONCRETING ZONE

FLAT STRIP

Wall jacketing/coating/strengthening
STEEL DOGS

10-15
20 cm
20 c m

The thickness of the covering will be of:

4 cm in case of using mortar 10 cm when using concrete

Opening planking

DOGS
A

BOUNDING MEMBER
A-A A-A A A

10

3-5

REINFORCED RAMA DIN CONCRETE BETON ARMAT FRAME

METALLIC FRAMING

Corner area binding

10

Cross-tie system

FRONT PLATE

CROSSING MEMBER

CRAMP

CROSS-TIE

CONNECTING NUT

CROSS-TIE 1- 1

CROSSING MEMBER

Introducing reinforced concrete belts/girdles

80 - 100 cm

CONNECTOR

EXISTING MASONRY

REINFORCED CONCRETE BELT

Case study Banffy Castle, Botinda

Masonry of stones & bricks

Mortar samples

Restoration of the wall cornice at the main entrance

Restoration and strengthening works

Mosque of Mopti - Mali

Block of flats 1960 - Canada

Damages of brick masonry walls cracks, local failures

Repointing the brick works

Block of flats 1973 - Ontario

EXTERIOR INSULATION FINISHING SYSTEM - EIFS

Conclusive remarks

Rehabilitation of masonry structures have the particularity that:

It is difficult to assess the structural improvement in terms of material properties after repairments are made;
All operations require a special skill of workers and less technological newness.