Generator protection types

GENERATOR PROTECTION TYPES OF PROTECTION
TYPE OF PRIME - MOVER AND CONSTRUCTION MW AND VOLTAGE RATINGS MODE OF OPERATION METHOD OF CONNECTION TO POWER SYSTEMS METHOD OF EARTHING
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PRIME MOVERS
STEAM TURBINES GAS TURBINES HYDRO DIESEL
CONSTRUCTION
CYLINDRICAL ROTOR SALIENT POLE
MODE OF OPERATION
BASE LOAD PEAK LOAD STAND - BY
CONNECTION TO POWER SYSTEM
DIRECT
CONNECTION TO POWER SYSTEM
DIRECT
VIA TRANSFORMER
METHOD OF EARTHING
SOLID
METHOD OF EARTHING
SOLID
RESISTANCE
METHOD OF EARTHING
SOLID
RESISTANCE
HIGH IMPEDANCE
GENERATOR PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

DETECT FAULTS ON THE GENERATOR PROTECT FROM ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS ISOLATE SO GENERATOR G O FROM O UNCLEARED C SYSTEM S S FAULTS
ACTIONS REQUIRED
URGENT
NOT URGENT ALARM
GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROVIDES HIGH SPEED PROTECTION FOR ALL FAULT TYPES MAY BE HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE OR BIASED DIFFERENTIAL TYPE
GOOD QUALITY CTS ARE REQUIRED AT LINE AND NEUTRAL ENDS

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE
~
Differential Relay Stabilising g Resistor
ZG9323

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE
~
If V RCT 2RL

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE
V = If x { RCT + 2RL } Z = V / IS RSTAB = Z - RRELAY
~
If V
RCT 2RL

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE
STABILISING RESISTOR CALCULATION Rstab = If x ( RCT + 2 RL) Is ( VA ) Is2
WHERE If = MAXIMUM THROUGH FAULT CURRENT RCT = RESISTANCE OF CT WINDING 2RL = TWO WAY LEAD RESISTANCE VA = RELAY BURDEN Is = RELAY SETTING

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE
EXAMPLE 50 MVA Xd = 18 % RCT = 3 Ohms SETTING = 0.5A 11KV F L. F. L C. C = 2624 Amps
C. T. RATIO = 3000 / 1 2RL = 2 Ohms

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE
FAULT CURRENT ( IF ) = 50 x 103 1.732 x 11 x 0.18 = 4.86 A ( Sec ) RSTAB = = = IF x ( RCT + 2 RL ) Is 4.86 x (3 + 2 ) 0.5 48.6 - 4 = ( VA ) Is2 1 0.52 44.6 Ohms = 14579 A

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE
CT REQUIREMENT ACCURACY CLASS KNEE POINT VOLTAGE VK : PS CLASS > 2 IF ( RCT + 2RL )
MAGNETISING CURRENT IMAG < 3 % OF In AT VK / 2

LOW IMPEDANCE TYPE
~
BIAS COIL BIAS COIL
ZG9323
OPERATING COIL

LOW IMPEDANCE TYPE
DIFF. CURREN D NT
OPERATE
RESTRAIN
BIAS CURRENT

OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME
~
RELAY
UAT
ICT
GENERATOR PROTECTION OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

BIASED RELAYS SHOULD ONLY BE USED NO MAG - INRUSH AS TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE IS GRADUALLY DEVELOPED HOWEVER MAG - INRUSH CURRENT WILL FLOW FOR THE FOLLOWING CONDITION WHEN A THROUGH FAULT IS CLEARED WHEN A LARGE STATION TRANSFORMER CONNECTED TO G T BUSBAR IS ENERGISED
GENERATOR PROTECTION INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION

LONGITUDINAL DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM DOES NOT DETECT INTERTURN FAULTS INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION NOT COMMONLY PROVIDED BECAUSE FAULTS ARE RARE EVEN IF THEY OCCUR OCCUR, THEY WILL QUICKLY DEVELOP INTO STATOR EARTH FAULTS

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE PROTECTION
R Y B DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
STABILISING RESISTOR

LOW IMPEDANCE TYPE PROTECTION
R Y B DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
GENERATOR PROTECTION INTER TURN FAULT PROTECTION

SETTINGS RELAY PICK - UP = SHOULD BE LESS THAN DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT DUE TO SINGLE TURN SHORT CIRCUIT Rstab = SAME AS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION EXCEPT FAULT CURRENT ( If ) = MVA x 103 1.732 x KV x Xd x 2
GENERATOR PROTECTION COMBINED DIFFERENTIAL & INTERTURN

R Y B RELAY
GENERATOR PROTECTION ZERO SEQ. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
SHORT CIRCUIT OF ONE OR MORE TURNS WILL CAUSE THE GENERATED E M F TO CONTAIN ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENT EXTERNAL EARTHFAULTS WILL ALSO PRODUCE A ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE - MOST OF THE VOLTAGE WILL BE EXPENDED ON EARTHING RESISTOR HENCE, DROP ACROSS THE WINDING SHOULD BE MEASURED

ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE DETECTION
TUNED RELAY SHOUD BE USED R VR =VA + VB + VC
GENERATOR PROTECTION STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

CAUSED BY INSULATION FAILURE LEADS TO BURNING OF MACHINE CORE, WELDING OF LAMINATIONS REBUILDING OF MACHINE CORE CAN BE A VERY EXPENSIVE PROCESS HENCE EARTH FAULT PROTECTION IS A MUST
GENERATOR PROTECTION STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

DEPENDS ON SYSTEM EARTHING 95 % STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAYS WITH INVERSE CHARACTERISTICS PREFERRED
95 % S. E. F. PROTECTION - CURRENT OPERATED

R
~
R 10 % - 40 %
SUITABLE FOR RESISTANCE AND SOLIDLY EARTHED SYSTEMS
95 % S. E. F. PROTECTION - VOLTAGE OPERATED
~
64 SUITABLE FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE EARTHED SYSTEMS SHOULD BE A TUNED RELAY R
GENERATOR PROTECTION NEED FOR 100 % S. E. F. PROTECTION

OVERCURRENT AND OVERVOLTAGE RELAYS WILL NOT DETECT EARTH FAULT NEAR NEUTRAL
DIFFERENT METHODS

SUB - HARMONIC INJECTION THIRD HARMONIC UNDERVOLTAGE COMPARISON OF THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE AT NEUTRAL AND LINE ENDS
GENERATOR PROTECTION SUB - HARMONIC INJECTION METHOD
WILL NOT DETECT OPEN CIRCUITING OF GROUND TRANSFORMER PRIMARY OR SECONDARY CHANGES THE EARTHING PARAMETERS WHICH IS NOT DESIRABLE OFF - LINE SUPERVISION IS REQUIRED COST OF IMPLEMENTAION AND MAINTENANCE IS VERY HIGH
GENERATOR PROTECTION THIRD HARMONIC UNDERVOLTAGE
SUFFICIENT NEUTRAL THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE SHOULD BE AVAILABLE
IT WILL ALSO BE OUT - OF - SERVICE IF SUFFICIENT VOLTAGE HAS NOT DEVELOPED DURING LIGHTLY LOADED CONDITIONS
GENERATOR PROTECTION THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE COMPARISON
LINE SIDE AND NEUTRAL SIDE THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGES ARE COMPARED
V L3
V N3
NORMAL CONDITION

GROUND FAULT AT NEUTRAL END ( VN 3 = 0 )
V N3
V L3

GROUND FAULT AT NEUTRAL END ( VN 3 = 0 )
V N3
GROUND FAULT AT LINE END ( VL 3 = 0 )
V L3
V N3
V L3
FAULT AT 50 % OF GENERATOR WINDING
V L3
DEAD ZONE THE V L 3 , V N 3 BALANCE WILL BE MAINTAINED THE 100 % UNIT MAY NOT DETECT HENCE , USE A 95 % UNIT ALSO
V N3
GENERATOR PROTECTION 100 % STATOR EARTH FAULT

95 % MODULE 100 % MODULE GENERATOR WINDING
0%
100 %
95 % MODULE SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO GROUNDING TRANSFORMER SECONDARY SHOULD BE TUNED
GENERATOR PROTECTION 100 % STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

DEFINITE TIME DELAYED 100 % UNIT INVERSE TIME DELAYED 0 - 95 % UNIT IMMUNITY AGAINST FUSE FAILURE PROVIDES MONITORING POINTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF OPERATING QUANTITIES USED IN MANY 500 MW AND 210 MW GENERATING SETS
GENERATOR PROTECTION UNBALANCED LOADING

GIVES RISE TO NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE STATOR CURRENT WHICH CAUSES CONTRA - ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELDS
STATOR FLUX CUTS ROTOR AT TWICE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED INDUCING DOUBLE FREQUENCY CURRENT IN FIELD SYSTEM AND ROTOR BODY
RESULTING . . . . .
GENERATOR PROTECTION UNBALANCED LOADING

RESULTING EDDY CURRENTS CAUSE OVERHEATING MACHINES ARE ASSIGNED I2 S = CONTINUOUS NPS RATING I22 t = SHORT TIME NPS RATING IF SYSTEM UNBALANCE APPROACHES MACHINE CONTINUOUS WITHSTAND THEN PROTECTION IS REQUIRED
TYPICAL NPS CURRENT WITHSTAND TABLE
TYPE OF MACHINE
TURBO ALTERNATOR TURBO ALTERNATOR TURBO ALTERNATOR TURBO ALTERNATOR SALIENT POLE
TYPE OF COOLING
DIRECT HYDROGEN 30 LB / SQ. FT CONVENTIONAL HYDROGEN 30 LB / SQ. FT CONVENTIONAL HYDROGEN 15 LB / SQ. FT CONVENTIONAL HYDROGEN 0.5 LB / SQ. FT CONVENTIONAL AIR
I2 S
10 15 15 15 40
I 22 t
7 12 15 20 60
GENERATOR PROTECTION NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION I22 t = K

WHERE I2 = t = NEGATIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT WITHSTAND TIME (SECS)
K = CONSTANT PROPORTIONAL TO THE THERMAL CAPACITY OF GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION OVERLOAD

OVER - TEMPERATURE IN STATOR AND ROTOR INSULATION FAILURE
OVERLOAD PROTECTION

PICK - UP
ABOVE THE MAX LOAD CURRENT
ALTERNATIVELY , CURRENT OPERATED THERMAL REPLICA RELAYS
GENERATOR PROTECTION VOLTAGE RELAYS
FIELD EXCITATION SYSTEM USUALLY PREVENTS UNDER- AND OVER- VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
OVER - VOLTAGE CONDITION OCCURS WHEN

1 ) PRIME - MOVER OVERSPEEDS DUE TO SUDDEN LOSS OF LOAD 2 ) VOLTAGE REGULATOR IS DEFECTIVE
OVER VOLTAGE
ENDANGERS INTEGRITY OF INSULATION OVERFLUXING DEFINITE TIME DELAYED / INVERSE TIME OVERVOLTAGE IS PROVIDED
UNDER VOLTAGE
DEFINITE TIME DELAYED UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION IS GENERALLY PROVIDED BACK - UP FOR OTHER MAIN PROTECTION RELAYS
GENERATOR PROTECTION FUSE FAILURE PROTECTION

USED FOR BLOCKING PROTECTION RELAYS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FUSES SHOULD BE MONITORED
GENERATOR PROTECTION VT FUSE FAILURE PROTECTION

PT - 1
MVAPM32 (1)
MVAPM32 (2) MVAPM32 (1)
PT - 2
(+)
C1 C2
MVAPM32 (2)
(-)
MVAPM32 (1)
MVAPM32 (2)
C1 : C2 :
PT - 1 FAILURE PT - 2 FAILURE
Loss of Excitation
Generator Capability Curve
Can be translated to R-X Plane ( MVA , ) Z = ( Z, ) [ secy.]
( KV2 / MVA ) . ( CTR / PTR )
KV : Voltage for which the capability curve is valid
Loss of Excitation
Causes
Accidental tripping of field breaker Short circuit in the field P Poor b brush h contact t t AVR failure Loss of AC supply to the excitation system Loss of field to the pilot exciter
Loss of Excitation
Consequences

Generator damage
Induction generator rotor heating
Synchronous
Slip frequency induced currents High currents
stator heating
Stator end iron heating Hydrogenerators : saliency
Loss of Excitation Consequences

Effects on the system
Substantial reactive drain System instability Voltage collapse
Loss of Excitation Field Failure Characteristic X
R Xd/ 2
Xd
L Loss of f Excitation E it ti
Protection X
R Xd/ 2
Xd
L Loss of f Excitation E it ti
Protection
Time delays required for field failure protection

Delay on pick-up Delay on drop-off drop off
Measuring Element TDDO TDPU
Pole Slipping
System considerations
System complexity Performance criteria Machine design advancements
Pole Slipping
C Causes

Prolonged fault clearing Excessive system impedances Underexcited operation Low system voltage Line switching operations
Pole Slipping
Steady - state stability

Response to small and gradual changes in the y system P = ( Vs.Vr / X ) Sin Vs , Vr : sending & receiving end voltages X : Reactance between Vs and Vr : Power angle
Pole Slipping Consequences High currents, voltage swings

St t winding Stator i di stress t Pulsating torques Transients in the step -up transformer
Pole Slipping
Characteristics EA ZA X B ZB ZL ZA A P R ZL ZB EB
Pole Slipping jX
Protection - Type ZTO

Directional cum blinder Directional identifies severe swings Blinder identifies swings leading to pole - slip Timer distinguishes fault conditions
Locus of Pole Slip
R stable g swing
GENERATOR PROTECTION Motoring

Failure of mechanical input
Synchronous Generator
Synchronous Motor
Prime mover is the main concern

Prime Mover Diesel Engine Motoring Power 5 % - 25 % Possible Damage Risk of fire or explosion l i Mechanical
Gas Turbine
10% - 15 %
Hydro - Turbine
0.2 % - 2 %
Blade & runner cavitation Thermal stress damage
Steam turbine
0.5 % - 3 %

Protection Considerations

Automatic disconnection Non-electrical means of protection Electrical detection Sensitive reverse p power relay y Three-phase detection CT / PT accuracy

Protection Considerations
P Va Q
Reverse power relay High operating angle range Time delays -- Transients -- Asymmetrical faults Disabling -- Pumped storage schemes -- Synchronous compensation
Ia
Abnormal Voltages
Over voltages - Causes

AVR failure Operator Errors Lightly loaded conditions Load rejection Hydro generators
Abnormal Voltages
Overvoltages - Consequences

Damage to insulation Over fluxing Damage to isolated loads
Abnormal Voltages
Overvoltages - Protection
Definite Time relays 100 % - 120 % threshold 1s - 3s delay Instantaneous relay, if desired 130% - 150 % threshold
Ab Abnormal lV Voltages l
Undervoltage Function
A V R failure B k Back-up f uncleared for l df faults lt -- Parallel connected generators Prevents damage to loads I t l ki Interlocking
Abnormal Frequency
Basics

Load - frequency link Load shedding schemes Relieve overload on generators Minimise risk of damage g Minimise possibility of cascading Restoration of normal frequency
Abnormal Frequency
Underfrequency - Causes
Loss of Generation Overload S t System split lit Load shedding Underfrequency
Abnormal Frequency
Under frequency - Consequences
Generator
Reduced output capability Thermal damage Overfluxing
Turbines
Blade stresses Mechanical resonances
Ab Abnormal lF Frequency Prohibited operation
Restricted Time Operating Frequency Limits Continuous operation Restricted Time Operating Frequency Limits
Prohibited operation
Duration
Frequency
50
Abnormal Frequency q y
Underfrequency q y - Consequences q
Plant Auxiliaries - Steam Loss of Capacity at reduced speeds Plant Pl tA Auxiliaries ili i - Nuclear N l Coolant Pump outputs reduced Combustion Turbines H d generators Hydro t
Abnormal Frequency
Under frequency - Protection

Suggested criteria ( I E E E )
Establish trip points & time delays based on turbine limits Co-ordination with automated load shedding Failure of any single relay should not cause machine tripping
Under frequency - Protection

Suggested criteria ( I E E E )
Failure of any single relay should not jeopardise the protection scheme Scheme should be in operation whenever the unit is synchronised y / supplying pp y g auxiliaries Separate S t alarms l for f reduced d df frequency / pending trip
Over frequency
Fault clearing
- Causes
Over shedding Loss of Load
Overfrequency
Fault clearing
- Causes
Overshedding Loss of Load
Load rejection
Abnormal Frequency
Overfrequency
Fault clearing
- Causes
Over frequency
Overshedding Loss of Load
Load rejection
Over frequency q y - Considerations

High speed sets : centrifugal forces Control action possible p Protection - backup to governor - Hydroturbines - Time delays
O fl i Overfluxing
Causes
Prior to synchronisation - Operator / System errors
Failure of excitation system - Loss of nearby generators - Operation in overexcited mode
Load rejection
Overfluxing Overexcitation High Flux Density
Saturation of Iron
Saturation of Iron Leakage Paths
Saturation of Iron Leakage Paths Eddy Currents
O fl i Overfluxing Overexcitation High Flux Density
Saturation of Iron Leakage Paths Eddy Currents Heat Interlaminar voltage
O fl i Overfluxing
Protection
Combined with transformer protection Volts / Hz limiter Definite - time relays y Inverse - time relays t V Hz
Back up Protection Back-up
Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Protection

Overload Ch Characteristic t i ti Current Pick - up
Is
Fault Characteristic
Vs Voltage
B k Back-up P t ti Protection
Voltage Controlled Overcurrent - Settings Under voltage switching threshold

No switching under single phase - earth faults Should switch for remote - end faults
Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection
More suited for indirect connected generators g Curre ent Pick k-up Equivalent to impedance devices I> KI>
VS2 VS1 Voltage
Back-up Back up Protection
Voltage Restrained Over current Protection Settings

I> VS1 : : Maximum possible load current No switching for earth-faults Should pick - up for remote end feeder fault
K I > & VS2 :
Basics
Subtransient Period
Xd , ( 0.1 - 0.2 p.u. )
Td
Transient Period
Xd , Td ( 0.15 0 15 - 0.35 0 35 p.u. ) Xd ( 1.2 - 1.8 p.u. )
Steady - State Period
C Co-ordination di ti with ith d downstream t relays l Low pick - up required
Back up Protection Back-up
Distance Type Back Back-up up
~
21
Single zone with mho / offset mho characteristic
Distance Type yp Back-up p

Settings T cover the To th longest l t outgoing t i line li Z = ZT ZL n ZT + n ZL
= Transformer impedance = Outgoing line impedance = Number of parallel connected generators
Back-up Earth fault Protection

Direct Connected Machines Indirect Connected Machines Coordination -- Pickup for remote - end earth faults. 51N
B k Failure Breaker F il
Considerations

Faults involving low currents Abnormal operating conditions
Use high sensitivity detectors OR Use auxiliary contacts from breaker
G Generator t Tripping Ti i
Tripping Modes
Class A
HV breaker , Field breaker, , Turbine For faults in the generator zone
Class B
Turbine Trip HV Breaker & Field Breaker interlocked with low forward power relay
Class C
HV breaker
S t System Effects Eff t
Concerns
Accidental Energizing
Shaft Torques
Unbalanced Currents Improper p ope Synchronising Sy c o s g Abnormal Voltages Transient Instability
Accidental Energisation
Operating Errors
Energisation through the HV disconnect switch - Breaker Head Flashover Hi h di High dielectric l t i stress t +S Small ll contact t t gaps
Accidental Energisation - Consequences

Induced Currents Rapid heating of the rotor surface Mechanical damage Hi h primary High i currents t ( Because machine impedance
Xd )
Accidental Energisation - Protection

Voltage Supervised O / C relays Frequency supervised O / C relays Auxiliary contact enabled O/C relays Di t Distance R Relays l Directional I D M T relays y
Generator Tripping FB
Suggested Trip L i ( IEEE ) Logic
Device
87 59G 32 40 46 21/51V 78 81 64F
GB

PM
Alarm
R t Earth Rotor E th Faults F lt
Considerations
First Earth Fault
Not Harmful Raises the probability of second fault Unbalanced fluxes Rotor vibration
Second Earth Fault
VTUM VTUM O CTIG

CTIG
VTT 11
VTT 11
U/V
VAA
TD DO
VAA
Dead Machine Tripping Backup Tripping
TYPICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPPING
PROTECTIVE RELAY Generator Differential Relay Generator Transformer Differential Relay Unit Overall Differential Relay Generator Stator E/F Relay (100%) Generator Stator E/F Relay (95%) Generator Transformer Overfluxing Relay Generator Under frequency Relay Generator Rotor Earth Fault Relay Generator Pole slipping Relay Generator Field Failure Relay Generator Low Forward Power Relay TRIPPING MODE Class A Class A Class A Class A Class A Class B Class C After some time (say 30mins) II stage Class B II stage Class C Class B Without Under voltage For interlock in Class B tripping I stage alarm I stage alarm I stage alarm REMARKS
PROTECTIVE RELAY Generator Reverse Power Relay Generator Distance Backup Impedance Relay Generator Voltage Restrained Relay Generator Transformer H.V. side Backup O/C relay Generator Transformer H.V. side Backup E/F relay Unit Auxiliary Transformer Differential Relay Generator Negative Sequence Current Relay Generator Definite time O/C Relay Unit Auxiliary Transformer H.V. side O/C Relays (Backuup) Generator Transformer Buchholz Relay Generator Transformer Winding Temperature Device Generator Transformer Oil Temperature Device Class A Class A II-stage Class C II-stage Class C II-stage I-stage alarm I-stage alarm I-stage alarm TRIPPING MODE Class A Class C Class A Class C Class B Class A Class C I-stage alarm For alarm REMARKS
PROTECTIVE RELAY Generator Transformer Oil Level Device Unit Auxiliary Transformer Buchholz Relay(s) Unit Auxiliary Transformer(s) Oil Temperature Device(s) Class C TRIPPING MODE REMARKS Alarm I-stage alarm I-stage alarm II-stage-trip unit switch gear incomer breaker(s) and Auto change-over to station service
Unit Auxiliary Transformer(s) Oil Temperature Devices
I-stage alarm II-stage-trip unit switch gear incomer breaker(s) and Auto change-over.
Unit Auxiliary Transformer(s) Oil Level Device
Alarm

Generator protection types

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Generator protection types

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GENERATOR PROTECTION TYPES OF PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

NOT URGENT ALARM

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GOOD QUALITY CTS ARE REQUIRED AT LINE AND NEUTRAL ENDS

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

C. T. RATIO = 3000 / 1 2RL = 2 Ohms

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

MAGNETISING CURRENT IMAG < 3 % OF In AT VK / 2

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION INTER TURN FAULT PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION COMBINED DIFFERENTIAL & INTERTURN

GENERATOR PROTECTION ZERO SEQ. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

GENERATOR PROTECTION INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION

TUNED RELAY SHOUD BE USED R VR =VA + VB + VC

GENERATOR PROTECTION STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

95 % S. E. F. PROTECTION - CURRENT OPERATED

SUITABLE FOR RESISTANCE AND SOLIDLY EARTHED SYSTEMS

95 % S. E. F. PROTECTION - VOLTAGE OPERATED

GENERATOR PROTECTION NEED FOR 100 % S. E. F. PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION SUB - HARMONIC INJECTION METHOD

GENERATOR PROTECTION THIRD HARMONIC UNDERVOLTAGE

SUFFICIENT NEUTRAL THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE SHOULD BE AVAILABLE

GENERATOR PROTECTION THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE COMPARISON

GENERATOR PROTECTION THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE COMPARISON

GENERATOR PROTECTION THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE COMPARISON

GENERATOR PROTECTION 100 % STATOR EARTH FAULT

95 % MODULE SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO GROUNDING TRANSFORMER SECONDARY SHOULD BE TUNED

GENERATOR PROTECTION 100 % STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION UNBALANCED LOADING

GENERATOR PROTECTION UNBALANCED LOADING

GENERATOR PROTECTION NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION I22 t = K

K = CONSTANT PROPORTIONAL TO THE THERMAL CAPACITY OF GENERATOR

GENERATOR PROTECTION OVERLOAD

OVER - TEMPERATURE IN STATOR AND ROTOR INSULATION FAILURE

ABOVE THE MAX LOAD CURRENT

ALTERNATIVELY , CURRENT OPERATED THERMAL REPLICA RELAYS

GENERATOR PROTECTION VOLTAGE RELAYS

OVER - VOLTAGE CONDITION OCCURS WHEN

GENERATOR PROTECTION FUSE FAILURE PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION VT FUSE FAILURE PROTECTION

MVAPM32 (2) MVAPM32 (1)

Generator Capability Curve

Can be translated to R-X Plane ( MVA , ) Z = ( Z, ) [ secy.]

( KV2 / MVA ) . ( CTR / PTR )

KV : Voltage for which the capability curve is valid

Slip frequency induced currents High currents

Stator end iron heating Hydrogenerators : saliency

Effects on the system

Substantial reactive drain System instability Voltage collapse

Time delays required for field failure protection