INDEX AND SEARCH ENGINE Two of the most popular appraches are indexes and search engines.

Indexes present a highly structured way to find information. They enable you to browser a lot of informations, so you can click a category and you are then presented with a series of subcategories might be available. When you get to the subcategory that you are interested in, you can choose and select file in a list of relevant document. Indexes enable you to search by typing words that describe the information youre looking for. Search engines are essentially massive databases. Search engine dont present information in hierchically. Instaed , you search trough them as you would a database, by typing key-words that describe the information that you want. They are composed of three parts: one spider, a database and a search. Search engines return results in different ways; some show the size of document, some show the first sentence of the document, the title and the URL of the document. WORLD WIDE WEB World wide web is a globally connected network. One of the most important thing of the web are the pages. Pages are connected one to another using hypertext. It was introduced by Ted Nelson in 1960. Pages are built using HTML. The language contains command that tell browser how to display text, graphics and multimedia files. The web operates on a client/server model. The client contacts a server and request information and after the server sends the information. The home page is often the first page of a website. It is a similar to a magazine cover and it acts as an introduction to the site. Web site use three types of organizational structures: -tree structure, where the informations is arranged hierchically; -linear structure, where one page leads to the next; -random structure, where pages are connected to one another seemingly at random. FTP AND TELNET There are many internet tools. Some of them, such as the web, are quite known. Others, such as FTP and Telnet, are used quite often and sometimes people use them without even knowing it. One of the most uses of the internet is to download files. Most of these download use the internets FTP. FTP works on a client/server model. On the FTP server, a program called daemon allows you to download and upload files. To log on to an FTP site,you use an account and a password. FTP,HTTP and browser are used for downloading files, but FTP is more efficient than HTTP. Telnet is still in widespread use. It enables you to use the resource of a distant computer. Most people use Telnet to access online databases or to read articles. From your own home, you can log in to another computer, issue commands and the gain access to all computer resources. You can access to many hosts on the internet. They are different computer, so many of them dont work. As a way to make things easier many hosts use a menuing system that gives you access to their resources. Telnet gives you away to use those menuing systems by using something called terminal emulation. It lets you use your computer to emulate the type of keyboard that each of different computers expect.

OPERATING SYSTEM BRIEF The means of communication between user, systems, hardware and software is called the operating system. The O.S. system and its graphical user interface are the heart of the software action, but not all computer have an O.S; for example the microwave doesnt need an O.S. because it runs a single program at time. The typical function of an O.S. are: -it allocates a time slot and memory for storing programs and data; -it ensures that jobs with different priorities; -the system takes care data storage in the computer systems memory; -it has routines for handling input and output operations; -it accepts commands and data from the user by input and output operations; -the system cooks after transfers of data between the backing store and memory; -the O.S. also manages system security; There are generally four types of O.S.: -Real time O.S: is used to control machinery scientific instruments and industrial system. It has a very little user interface capability and no-end user utilities it is automatically updated; -Single user, single task: is designed to perform a single operation at time; -Single user, multitasking: this O.S. lets single user have several programs in operating at the same time; -Multiuser: allows many user to take advantage of the computers resources simultaneously. SPREADSHEETS Spreadsheet is a simply piece of paper, but it is inside the computer and is composed of rows and columns. The name spreadsheet mean that figures were spread on a sheet of paper. Its consist of a bi-dimensional arrangement of cells; these cells are references by looking at intersection of row and column numbers and letters respectively. The power of spreadsheet stems from the fact that it can easily manipulate formulae based around the cell references. Spreadsheets provide a wide range of functions: mathematical, financial, statistical, date, etc. A sophisticated spreadsheet can be built up to rappresent complex relationship between a hube number of variables. WORD PROCESSING Word processing is a software lets you create, edit and format document in preparation for output. Word processing packages are WYSIWYG, short for what you see is what you get. You can make a revisions and corrections on a computer-based file. This software help you in formatting document and finding the right word. You can insert images and save the document into the disk and recall later for edit it. Word processing software offer several helpful tools: -Spelling checker that checks every word in the text using an online dictionary; -Online thesaurus that helps you to find right word; -Grammar and style checker; It allows you to merge data in a database with the text of document. Mail merge applications enable you to merge data in a database with the text of document. For example boilerplate is an exciting text that can be reused and customized. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Language is a necessity for a computer. You use it to create a Software. There are two types of language: Low level and high level. Lower level languages are more difficult to work, but they produce programs that are smaller and faster. An example is Assembly. It manipulates the values contained in the memory. Hight- level languages are simpler than low- level. An example are C and Java. C is simple to write, while Java can run on any computers. Parsing is the joining, deletion, or extraction of some text characters. Branching is used in combination with the Boolean logic functions of the programming languages.